COMMUNIST PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03581R000300020017-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 1, 2001
• Sequence Number: 17
• Publication Date: February 1, 1961
• Content Type: BULL

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Communist Psychological Warfare
STF.FAN T. POSSONY
Georgetown University and Foreign Policy Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania
Itompleitioil Iwo 5s ITANPOND iteseence PASTITUTS 1131/1111164. - Poo* Chriegeo, 19170
The Free World will make important progress in meeting the Communists' threat if we onso.
derstand the techniques by u.thich they sell an illogical philosophy and if we comprehend that
the cold-hot alternation is h one of the major tools in their long-range strategy cotyfid,
Caimplasikis hold that WitiMer WIN b4omertipli-
IOW Ihrough Ike csownitaillei nviksiat,
1?
rristztet are many disquieting indications that the Communists may have
I developed, or stumbled upon, an all.inclusive or a totalitarian doctrine
of psychological warfare.
Perhaps the most striking characteristic of Communist propaganda is haw
dull and unconvincing it is. Its arguments are not logically persuasive, and
their presentation is commonly repellent and unattractive. Nevertheless.
Communism has been able to achieve considerable SOCCOVIGS, even in the In-
tellectual domain.
This anomaly may have explanation in the circumstance that the Coin.
munists do not at ail aim to persuade the mind. Instead they seem to be
orienting the sosd's of their audience.
If we a :tent this as our first hypothesis, we should sour* neat that the
techniques of soul surgery should become dearest in situations where they are
easiest to apply. Hence, mite of looking for such techniques in the field of
international diplomacy, we should expect that Communist psychological-
warfare techniques are revealed most dramatically in the indoctrination of
party members and in the activities commonly celled "brainwashing" at
"brain changing." The treatment of war and political prisoners, including
party members, of young party recruits, and of captive populations may give
more valuable hints about the Communists' secret doctrine of psychological
warfare than their purely verbal efforts in so-called propaganda campaigns.
"Educating" the Party Worker
Fundamentally, Communists hold that behavior, especially the behavior of
groups, classes, and nations, can be manipulated through the conditioning of
rfflexes. To a large extent, this theory underlies Soviet propaganda, especially
Ailt twromuGemce IntikiNINC OULLEVN
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its ima?telif eJi monotonous ,..petition and t4capbire words
which, to speak, "ring a IAA; usual in the case ot' planners,- It is
not spet dicAl ta.w. the planners are planned, or hm he human -conditioners-
can be ,unclitio:.eil ht ;in be deduced horn th that tdrri.outinas
assume Ihr ii own elittt.'s hecdoin froirt the conditioned reflex mechanism
The Cominunists have learned a great deal aboutthc inter,rclationships
between plIriiolog) and psychology. This knowledge allows them, in their
domestic and iiitrapat ty operations, to influence behavior through proper reg.
ulation of work, food, and leisure. In other words, they approach the mind
through the body. The Communists appear to be consciously employing
methods for ir,ducing psychological disturb ince s in living organisms. By de-
liberate manipulation of stimuli, the desire for independent action, or the
"freedom urge," is weakened or extinguished and neurotic behavior induced.
The artificial creation of insanity- device whi,h the Communists have
applied to their prisoners by subjecting them to various forms of "invisible
torture" such as uncertainty, fear, sleeplessness, strong light effects, and kneel-
ing or standing?may not lend itself to the treatment of large numbers of
people. However, unpredictable behavior, the acceleration and calming of
. disturbances and crises, alternations between strides an growls, i.e., variable
creations and releases of fear, and the maintenance of tension in peipetuity
may induce quasi-neurotic behavior, increase the values of tlic "signal:. and
facilitate the acceptance of new word-signals. By interfering with family life
and placing major emphasis on public nnucation of infanu, the father image
is vested in an external and non-human entity, the state, or the party. This
method of rearing children probably induces than to become more sub-
miasive to higher authority; it undoubtedly aims at restricting the sphere of
private life And conceivably alters the emotional structure.
The Soviets make sure that thehuman herd obeys the "tigrish" of authcaity,
while individual consciousness, emoticinsty, and initiative remain under-
developed. Relegation of sex and other types of affection to minor and
regressive roles is expected to induce "sublimation" through productive work
and party chores. This particular technique is employed to tran.sform human
beings into mere cogs within a gigantic machine.
The Communists adopted, although not for curative purposes, the basic
techniques of psychoanalysis, in particular the psychoartalytic interview. The
psychoanalytic interview between phvs.:cian and patient obviously would be
impractical if patients were to be treated in large munbers. Hence the Com-
munists have developed more streamlined methods that allow the mass pro-
duction, not of cores, but of "complexes" and "traumas." These techniques
include the compulsory writing of diaries, autobiographies, and histories of
one's thought development; of oral interviews with party members; of hearings
before organizational and ideological commissions and the political police;
and of public "confessions."
These interviews, frequently repeated, inculcate in the "patient" feelings of
error, guilt, shame, and fear, as well as desiret for repentance and revenge?
and provide the party with powerful lever* of blackmail. This process aims to
weaken the patient's conscience, to increase his will to obey and believe,
stimulate his survival instincts, and augment his pliability for pan-ty purpose*.
Whenever the Communists succeed in convincing people that they are a
sort of incarnation of humanity's social conscience and that they are history's
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anointed arbiters of any action undcrtakm by non-Commune a person will
tend to be apologetic about any doubts. he harbors concerning Communism.
Oppoaition to or deviation from Communism is tantamount te a negation et
mankind's loftiest ideals and of menkind's inevitable future.
The Communists try to exploit, negatively and positively, a pervon's rela-
tionship to communitiet such as his family. In this connection they have
adopted or reinvented, in their own fashion, the inks-kicky complex etiel the
power urge. They evoke in the "patient" various feelings of insufficiency, thus
hoping to stimulate him into compensatory action that would satidy iiis power
cravings and those of the party.
Whiie the therapist 'wee to eliminate the moves of nexible, the Communise
psycholegical manipulator works toward the destructiori of the eigketient
personality. To employ modern tissue he tries Ms hind at "braLriwating."
Once thie operation ham been completed, a supplementiry activity, "brain
changing," must be weelerteltere The brain is emptied of inundarre tiveughts,
while aimultatteausly arid wherever possible the lxxiy ia weakened and the
serasuoto drives are subdued by Wipe, hunger, deprivation, aod *aguish. The
mind enters a state of receptivity and estaltation. At this pane thoughts, ides*,
symbols, and emotions-4i short, "visions"?art put into the cleamed mind. ?
The "patient" ?who may be a meniber of ts Westeen Communist party or a
student se a party "university"?ie invited to kW% by rote some of the bade
texts of the Communist literature. He iv suited to write down the various
thoughts be considers right, and to appiy the doctrine t current and ctrictoste
ileum He May even be asked to participate in conspirsitoried activities end to
commit himself through acts of inussorality, which may range aft of the way
from informing and spying to tlse betrayal of one's meats, item leading a
lynching pony to straight murdes. The propositiona of the doctrine must be
attached to Mt posses by eitirtele emotions. Wherever possible, dile process is
mood by public diecuasions, leech es "derroaratie aitiCitak," confession, trial',
etc., which my induce trance or, conversely, "hardening" of the soul.
The Communists extensively employ hypnotic and suggestive techniques.
The student is wind to tell hinuelf, often by mechanical repetition, that he
I becoming a better Communist, that he is cutting himself lame from all the
Wick shadows ei the pat, and tbst be desires to sacrifice himself to the COIL
The "patients"' thentseheee while lemming and acquiring the preeser relleees,
mint ago produce the **nab to which they thestwelves strid others must reset.
The indstence on perrot-tike repetition is designed to harden the conditioned
reflexes, to maintain a system of mutual suggestion or hypnosis, and to "fix"
the desired complexes.
A nation ie more likely to win in conflict if it considen us he jure
While the attempt by a nation's Weiser., durkng a COCIfikt, ti) endow their
cause with righteousness is not new, the Communists push this to the limit
The purpose is to inculcate into the Free 'Arid guilt feelings about race
to Communism and at use same time immunise the "Soviet peoples" with a
sort al ideological vaccination agabist stay notion that CA112011,1011lt waits ce
even aggrestions may be entssethirta its than emanations of an exalted SPAN
all ;wake. The Free %rid boa been infected to some degree by bed conscience
and guilt feelings. Halm nerdy et leen, the often surprising paralrgs of
democratic wUl.
Th weal universe brekes down Into such (seeming relettestaltipi as
few,* stiel Eno% exploiter end retpleiseee cletteeemeites elevessoinests end
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backward dements. "comrade" acid ctiemy, orgunaaotun ane inert loiees,
etc. The craving inr justice is nionopoltzed in the sense that, occoriling w the
suggestion, only the Communists ever roe really satOfy it. Communism, to
put it differently, is Itoth a myth that fulfills the eternal human requirement
for myths, and 41 myth that satisfies the concrete tends ot orientation?it gives
direction and purpose to a man's daily chores.
Conwaunist Surrogates for adieus
The Communist drive against religion aseureses particular importance. In
their attempts to undermine hostile societies, the Communists make every
effort to destroy religious, ethicist, and other higheo motivations. They hope,
thereby. that the preoccupetion with inunediate, mundane, onoteriai and
private interests and the destruction of spiritual reserves will create frustrate
tions and `.atomize" society.
As religious beliefs wane, the numbei of possible recruits for Conununkon
tends to increase. This is so not only because there is a mechanical relationship
between Communism and atheism., but, also, more signifkandy, bezause the
human hunger for redemption and arsurance must be stWed and btoestue the
ingrained desire for a god craves satisfactioet. Comnsunism redeems on earth
and proclaims man to he "gtxl." The revolution is seen as the crucial "relit-
event that transforms man from the object into the subject of history,
i.e., into the creator of the perfect society.
The (.:ormouniste most powerful weapon in their onslaught on religion is
social criticism addressed to situations of economic hardship, oppression,
racial tensiott, delinquency, family trouble, and to shortconiings of neligioue
organizations. The porpose a social criticism is to produce frustration.
consciousness and persuade people that they catt001 take such frustrations in
their stride, let alone sublimete them by religious abnegation and hope for a
hereafter. Instead they must overcome them by revolutionary and violent
actien, and by ective sacrifice. Frustrotion, let us note, ie a forerunrter of
aggressiveneto especially if aggressive impulse% can be stimulated saelficially.
The Communists must find for the societies under their rsde a substitute for
reltgion as a foundation of mental health. 'They cannot adopt reon, ce.
tainly riot openly, because thisewoulti sensitise human conscience and thus
undermine the foundations of their nate end their waid movement. Neither
can they condone hedonistic tendencies or any objective, probabilistic, Green-
minded and multhyalurei thinking that would jeopardise their dogmatic
ideology and. moo sigoilleandy in our context, preclude the effective app1i.
cation of prychologIcal warfare. Commuribt style. Their obvious solution is,
first, to peddle the peruilsoretigion of materialistic Communism; second, to
retain the aspects of religions: faith, brotherhood, initiation, salvationi, re-
demption, grace, paradises, consecration, guilt, sin, sairtifice, acorseinerie
asceticism?all of which have their counterparts in the Communist ideology;
and third, to be excessively dogmatic about it all.
Communist dogmatism knows of saints and devils, incantations, indite% of
forbidden books, self-chastisement, anathemas upon heretics, ritualism, exo-
gesis, apologetics, mysticism and talmudism (but not of x wailing wall for the
leaden in power), This quashreligiousness Ls at the bottom of the variout
psychoanalytic and hypnotic techniques whieh. without this "spiritual" faun-
aation, probably would not "take."
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1 tics c tiLitlitt- way of looking t ilk4 Iii thr; extent that COMMUiliSM
mbr at MI, a tidilStiC Or SthelitIC cosmogony, it is religion. It annvent one
of the: basic human questions by pointing w nutter, use laws of' nature, and
accident as the causes and meaning of the universe and, by implicadon, to
true death and extinction as the future. Communiun admits the exissence of
a higher power, but it 'Intim! that power?or force?to be blind and non-
personal. Thus, it purges religion of the concept of a higher power which is
purposive, and it rejects the notion of a higher power that hes revealed its
purposes in terms understandable by humans. It accepts the idea that higher
forces are intervening in human lives, but it allitilritt this intervention to be
entirely accidental and nseaningless. Thus, it postulates that "science" may,
give man a capability to influence the higher forces, nay, to dominate thank
but it rejects any eke of a personal relationship of man with God.
The dictatoe becomes god, the only god for that matter; and the perty be-
comes the church. As a variant, collective leadership becomes* ion otliktaity.
The central committee and the local leaders take care of polytheistic needs.
The parallels could be premed further. The point is that all the emmettial
elements at religion except the Virgin Mother complex are represensed.
essarausist atatielagied Anumptinsts
Fear is fropmendy * eau* of human difficulty; it dkninkhre survival sapa.
hilitka of all kinds; and it is the didittegrating factor ihw exiwasse.1114.
course, is not a new discovery. it is not osrprking that the Cosnenasisterlways
have laid peat stress on teller, violence, and purges, and newatlays
enlisted the specter of nuckar war in their strategy at terror. They use*
obtain good result* front makery threats and niovements, and from giving
the impression that they are willing to go beyond the "brink of war.? ink ft
"specter'. ' of Caturnuakei now k in the nature of a ghtet la the &mt. Tha
specter that really haunts the world is that of a technological ntotester heavily
armed with nuclei and bacilli and peoptiied by jets sad tockek.
However, the 0:111331111141101 have added sin laproventeett to the sleedd set
of inducing fright. Once a phenomenon is understoad and its behavior hes
become predicable, awn no longer fear it. A danger that k.peetelvod ow*
may become a sthisulant for setion?a most unwelcome prodbility. Omeno.
quendy, the Ccentuuniets have adopted the toehniques iereedng Impale?
treble "curtains" and of eedng unpredictably mod eapsiciaraly. They alternate
smiles with growls, an the buneeent and free the guilty, kap primes In
captivity beyond their terms but edente than at any add 1001110IL In ismaral
they show thezesehres impervious to mumble argument and inkatwahle by
meads of snoderatko. Deliberately, the impraskin is being avoid diatoms
never can know %vhat is going to happen next; eves if everything le Oohs wows
the next disturbance may be of unparalleled vielenee.'
"Frequency mothsladun" i is designed to dblocate a okliern't
fortitude. The technique k patterned alter Vilder's pionsering attompkdkaing
1936-1939. The ups and downs from 61Pectittiolli elf "Pout 1gut 111010ft's.
don" to fears cf total war, and the kequost rearangemarak between Wki
is usual and war prepseednek made redone' decidenenaldni qulis krito
pselible. Although in 1939 dse decialoa WU !leak awls kr reibtasioe,
Conunutdos apparendy expect that in the iota* the deenacrade deckles NS.
be arks* nuclear war. The pareoebovoell thew pinsclad and made
convindrig war scam, k delved to bill the sedated eseesdensa.
AIR iNTELAJWICS MAIMS suu.srrem
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Communist Crowd Psychui p
The CothiritzhiStsh. ed ); ,(111iled jtL by du CCI
physical contacts among 4 (MLA Of ix ()pit% skid! 11,re ws 4,1* demonsir.i?
tions. I .stead, crowd a ttittldt!ti i'311 ise CI-ea tett uru.g people AN t.0 are ph vsically
isolated. lt is merely Cieceyssary to arouse exces,ivc fears, exploit .1 calamity,
stimulate a panicky attitude, givc signals far action against scapegoats or for
actions with a symbolic character, and keep the maerity of the population
paralr xi. One of the great objectives is to induce in all hostile groups the
tit tide of no-will.
Communise fleketion Process
The Communist techniques are particularly apparent in the sdection of
their party members. The process embodies mentially five aapects.
1--The candidate is requelted to prepare extensive biographical accounts
of himsdf and to repeat this literary effort several times for the purpose of
revealing whatever petvonal weaknesses or strengths he might have.
2?The . individual must show a capability of absorbing the Commtutist
doctrine and at the same time eliminadng A011-031110211fliSt tisoughts. T!?
result is achieved by restricting his reading to approved Commintist texts, by
having him learn many of these by rote, and by keeping track, through diaries,
of the person's intellectual development.
3?In accepting an individual into .the party, and particularly into the
apparatus, the COMMtifliSti see to it that the party satisfies all his needs for
community and pervonal Ilk. The major needs are taken care of to such an
extent that, even if the party member should lose faith, his personal attacb.
ments would keep him in the foki.
4?Great emphasis is placed on evoking In the member an motional *neck--
merit to his "iron will." He must develop an image of eetl' characterised by
such ceaselessly repeated words as merciless, implacable, irreconcilable, ruth-
len, relentless, fearless, etc.
5?The party employs the member for many chores and maks, gladly
pushing him into ever more responaible and perilous assignmenta It is on the
basis of his behavior in tight situations, his initiative and drive as, an "or-
ganizer," and his ability to instill clan hawed in others, that the final evalua-
tion of his capacity and reliability is made. Time methods are strengthened
einuiderably by more brutal forms at pressure such as the splitdng up of
families, keeping of hostages, involvement in rximinal acts, and in mend the
incorporation into the party of tbe mnnber's entire family, or, convent*,
the encouragement of lianons and marriages between party members.
Communist Casutounications Theory
Within these various efforts, the tandem tool of radio bat played a gem
role, although older tools such as newspapers, posters, and books hstve not
? been neglected. Inside the areas under Communiat control, alt audiences are
captive. The radios are ubiquitous and noisiy, 01111111C4 bt turned off. The
purpose is to prevent independent thinking, to meke sure that whatnots*
message goes into a pawn's mind is clan approved and planned type, and
to drown out all messages which interfere with the process of conditioning..
Radio also is used on a large sesdi in countries outside of the Iron Curtidn.
While the Communists find no captive audiences for their broadcasts, they
have captured nurnemus listeners indirendy, by repeating a limited numbs,
The?, ate fro isolationist Common's( $."
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Ph* Csoserthiat "milk* lir swat tre twits.
Whim ka et* blink ford .010*, re 14 saw t?is
teriwk, wawa asoraws.
(it tlogans A}mbs,k. iii)o-4o11411isat aperkcii iilt0 replica suid
arguments, prupuqing And oppoii3.0ii_0(14?Itto, 411.114&ig-1101/11." Counter
-
propaganda, aimed at the Corrimurrists, it executed ciunsaily, may recruit
followers into the Commtinist fold, imply because to refute it must pick up
Communist points The da-ger they must avoid is the silent treatment.
In their radio and conventional moos communications the Conutsunists
simplify and sloganize their messages, employ estoggeratiore, distortions,
:emotionalism, human-interest stories, and scapegoats, and slant the elbellsosei
according to situation and target. They do not hesitate to use lies. They couch
their menage in an authoritative style, intik siting that only they inflow the
atuivrers, while the non-Communists preach impractical echidnas and, in
addition, are inferior human beings.
Beyond this, the more or Ins conventioesid, though swearolitied, propaganda
technique, the C.'ortununists hove dt veloved throe improvements: ?
1?They make a distinction between agitation and propaganda, that 14
they address themselves to concrete IMO *Ad de:avers, es Mil as to the more
fuswiantentni and enduring problem& They try to mate, especially althelle
the mote intelligent audienots, an undenstanding of the COMZeiginilli domriaa
ss much. At the same time they try to capitalize on the grievances wad defines
of any group, especially of the underprivileged type, which by 'woe otelocuris.
stances is renternpLting, or engaged in, mom kind al rstbeftkous action.
2-- Par fresta preaching we Ample gospel, and addressing it to the asentally
mots advanced, they present num different teachinp ranging all the way
from part Communions via crypto - and setni-Commustiam "Boat dm:Arhus"
and even synthetic ideologies for such inslikely elatOrAeill us siatioaadots, COW
servatives, libentla, and even anti-Communists. By and Large, their halt target
among the educated and seenbeducated itt the frustrated intellection whoa
scientific thought habits are under-doveloped Tb, ideal devotee at the Quip
minim gospel is one who oaks certainty, is renorstionally attacked to a prifedins
or & pre-estahlithed position, Isuawilling to verify hie pieconetived notiaws,
and issis che wrong idea of *nativity.
3--The Coninsunists combine prilvpihpreds with orrusization. The rap&.
prim of their messages leads necessarily so the recruitment of additional
members. The new members, in tom, notast parthipete ha the wider propleve
tier of the faith.
The Caututturdsts snake the mot cif creating ail imams itt tidy black and
white or in either-ar terms, without admitting the possibility of shading. The
Constriunnts employ this device hi their "weird criticism" 4 the impeder:doe*
ot the fru -enterprise system. At thee th the icaptsfecdora et the Rada
Wy14.150% CM% be gleamed ever by painting it that the welfare a the maim b
dewily increasing.
"Either-or" thinking, however, is les a deviot thee set ensemdal infrodkat
of COMOtitielett thaltaght. The Commatusiet thinks in simple therm tivies, and
only in thews, such as friand-enuay, "who is VIC4 for ant against rose," "one
or the other system will win." 1144* in sill-nr-rodsing tams (wail ospl.
talho are . ..") is a variant of thit ponicinotific rondo dcogitisting. ,
The Consenualets ire wive at ad hind* of sainsinsic *ad isclobillik chinansapt
They point au that the au ostrtdrconse thmapat la a capibribt?,
a nava of capitalism or, in asvi'dhocht, pet a proletarian and owtaialy mist a
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covers many different e.:onornic systems.
Spetific Goals of the Communist Effort
In summary it can be said that Communist psychological warfare aims at
the following objectives:
I ?The creation of a psycholog.cally strong, obedient, disciplined, stead-
fast, and iron-willed leadership core which thinks and behaves in a certain
way, in that way only, and in that way for a on time regardless of obstacles.
2?The creation of a larger group of oriented propagandists who spread
Communist notions and *re instrumental in creating and maintaining a suit-
able frame of reference imposed upon non-Communists.
3?The creation in both groura of a burning sense of hatred.
4?Docility, diacipline, and controllability of subject populations which
must be commanded by the unopposed will of. the party leadership.
5?The creation, in the ruling, upper, and intellectual claws of non-
Communist societies, of frustration, confusion, pessimism, guilt, feu, de-
featism, hopelessness, and neurosis, of tack of will, in essence the psychological
destruction of anti-Communist leadership.
6?The splitting ti a society into many competing and mutually hostile
groups arid the sapping of the spirit of loyalty, community, reUtUait helpfulness,
positive expectation, and willingness to take risks aund to act.
7?The creation and stimulation of an all-pervading sense of fear and
anxiety, whether it be fastened onto the dcngers of nuclear war, or physical
terror, or professional, social, and human ruin.
8?The capture of the time cilium:ion in the sense that an expectation of
cataclysm and no-progre.ss under capitalism is established and paired with the
affirmed expectation that the future belongs to Communiarn.
9?The promise of relief from all troubles by IMAMS of an infallible as well
as inevitable solution.
10?The semantic domination of intellectual, emetticoal, and sociopolitical
life as well as the semantic control of all political arguments.
11?The weakening arid destruction of national consciences in the Free
World and the inculcation of bad conscience about firsis opposition to Com-
munism and the ideals usurped and distorted by it.
In former times, the Communists perhaps had illusion* about their ability
to convince. They expected that the great majority of all people: would be.
come "proletarian" in status and conscience. With these early expectations
gone. it seems that the Conununistit have adopted a more enodroate but pre.
surnably more practical objective: simpiy to frustrate the anti-Communist&
The rationale of zigzag tactics is to cauee the opponent to build up a defame
sigairat lig, and shortly before it becomes effective. to "annul" this ddense
(the term is Bulganin's) by perforating a zag. Tim, the initiaUve is alatedl to
remain in Communist hands. The West, it is hoped, never will reach kr ob-
jeedve suceesdully. As a result d the Free World's near failures, the Com-
znimisto achieve mental and psychological ascendancy; in particular they
prove that the stronger will is theirs. The recir is simple: fears, guilt neuroses,
lack of will power, suid disoriented minds for the democracies, and fearlessness
PEORUARY JN
Approved For Release 2001/03/02 : CIA-RDP78-03581R000300020017-6