UNDERWATER BALLOON SYSTEMS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 41
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 19, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 12, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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General Mills. Inc.
Mechanical Division
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ENGINEERING RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT
2003 EAST HENNEPIN AVENUE
MINNEAPOLIS 13, MINN.
8268 MD-2
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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1527
UNDERWATER BALLOON SYSTEMS
Submitted to:
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH
WASHINGTON 25?D.C.
Prepared by: H. H. Bailer
D. A. Church
H. E. Froehlich
R. I. Hakomaki
D. F. Melton
R. L. Schwoebel
12 April 1956
Approved by:
Mechanical Division of
GENERAL MTLLS, INC.
1620 Central Avenue
Minneapolis 13, Minnesota
DOO/
Barkley
Associate Direc
Engineering, Resea
Development
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ORM COMP CP-TJI
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I. ABSTRACT
II. INTRODUCTION
III. APPLICATIONS
A. Environmental Research
1. Study of underwater currents
2. Study of temperature gradients
3. Study of ocean composition
4. Study of ocean bottom
B. Underwater Recovery
C. Underwater Sound Countermeasures
D. Underwater Delivery
E. Underwater Testing
IV. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
A. System Design
1. Lifting vessel
2. Instrumentation) controls) and instrument gondolas
B. Performance
1. Lifting fluids
2. Ascent and descent
3. Duration
C. Communications
D. Launching and Recovery
V. POWERED UNDERWATER VEHICLE
VI. SUGGESTED PROGRAM
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LIST OF FIGUnS
Figure 1 Underwater Balloon System
Figure 2 - Instrument Gondola
Figure 3 - Hypothetical Underwater Balloon
Figure 4 - Descent
Gross Lift vs Balloon Diameter
Figure 5 - Launching Technique - using underwater filling
Figure 6 - Launching Technique - utilizing a launching tank
Figure 7 - Powered Underwater Vehicle
Figure 8 - Ocean Surface Currents and Major Deeps
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UNDERWATER BALLOONS
I. ABSTRACT
A program is suggested for the development of underwater balloon
systems as basic research and operational vehicles. These systems would, in
general, consist of a lifting vessel filled with a fluid lighter than sea
water, controls necessary to program the system underwater; instruments to
collect, record and/or telemeter information collected by the system, and means
for tracking and recovery. The underwater balloon systems described appear to
be promising both technically and economically for underwater research and
operational applications.
INTRODUCTION
The earth's bodies of water can be considered analogous to its
atmosphere. The oceans have pressure and temperature gradients and currents
corresponding to those of the atmosphere.
Whereas the lower regions of the atmosphere have been studied
extensively, and the upper regions to a lesser extent, the converse is
true of the oceans.
Oceanography is a fertile field for scientific endeavor. An under-
standing of the earth's oceans can be as important as an understanding of its
atmosphere.
There appear to be new military applications as well as possible
increases in efficiency of present underwater weapons which could result
from a better knowledge of the ocean masses.
The underwater balloon could be an important tool in utilizing
and extending our knowledge of the oceans.
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This report presents a general discussion of underwater balloons
and some possible applications of them. The principles, as a wholes are
not new. What may be new is the consideration of underwater balloon
systemz? as a basic tool for various types of research and operations and
some of the applications for which they may be suited.
General Mills, Inc., feels that the best approach is that of first
gaining an understanding of underwater balloons. Having gained the basic
knowledge, it will be straightforward to provide the necessary modifications
and improvements to fit them to various specific applications.
The technical problems) operations, and applications of underwater
balloons can, to some extent, be anticipated by the experience gained from
atmospheric balloons.
The parallel between atmospheric balloons and underwater balloons
is striking, if the present status of underwater balloons is compared to
that of atmospheric balloons) fifteen years ago.
In ballooning, the elimination of the pilot has disposed of impos-
ing problems arising from balloon sizes and safety considerations, and has
led to an era of extensive and economical experimentation at altitudes
previously not thought to be practical. It appears that the same evolution
could take place in underwater ballooning.
By 1940 it was felt that the large) impregnated fabric, marl-
carrying balloon had been exploited to its limit of usefulness. The cost
and technical problems associated with making routine flights of the
"Explorer" type were considered to be too great for the value received.
By this time, however, Dr. Jean Piccard and others, had pointed out the
possibilities of making balloons from plastic materials, not previouslyused
in balloons.
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These balloons had the great advantages of being less expensive, and easier
to fly than their predecessors.
Underwater balloons can be considered to be in the same state
today. Experiments have been made by Dr. A. Piccard and others which established
the feasibility of underwater balloon prinCiples. To date, the vehicles built
have been directed toward man-carrying applications and have therefore been
large and expensive. The change to unmanned systems allowing use of new
design criteria and techniques, different materials, and automated operations
could make it economically feasible to greatly expand underwater activities.
Some nomenclature used in this report may not be appropriate to
underwater usage. General Mills, Inc., has for some years been in the "lighter-
.than-air" balloon business and.some of the word usage in this field has been
carried over.
The word "balloon" generally is defined as being "a nonporous bag
of tough, light material filled with heated air or a gas lighter than air so
as to rise and float in the atmosphere". In this proposal it has been used
to describe a nonporous vessel of tough, light material either rigid or
non-rigid filled with a fluid lighter than water, etc.
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III. APPLICATIONS
Below are listed some possible applications for underw ter balloon
systems. Both research and operational applications are included.
Experts in underwater research and development and various branches
of science undoubtedly couldconceivemore uses for the basic system or
variations of it, once the system has been developed and its performance
determined.
A. Environmental Research
1. Study of Underwater Currents
By using a series of separate underwater balloons, main-
tained at various pre7.set depths, a three dimensional study of ocean currents
could be made.
Posbible uses for the collected data would include data
for submarine navigation, movement of micro-organisms in the ocean, and a
better basic knowledge of oceanography.
2. Study of Temperature Gradients
Profiles of water temperature could be obtained by using
underwater balloons carrying temperature sensing elements. Data for three
dimensional temperature contours could be obtained by making descents at
a number of geographical locations.
Possible uses for the collected data mould include, a
better understanding of underwater sound transmission and ocean life
environment.
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3. Study of Ocean Composition
Variations in ocean composition could be studied using
underwater balloon systems by carrying instruments which sense the variables
being measured, or by collecting samples at various depths. Underwater
photography could be used for some studies.
Possible worthy studies would include profiles of:
cosmic ray intensity, light intensity, chemical composition, organism density,
radio-active intensity. The latter may be of particular value after nuclear
tests and around submerged waste materials.
4. Study of Ocean Bottoms
It would be possible to develop balloon systems which
would descend to the ocean bottom, obtain a sample and/or photograph of the
bottom, and return it to the surface.
Possible applications of this would be in obtaining data
for mine laying, studying bottom plant and animal life.
A variation of this system might be of value in making
geological surveys. An explosive charge could be implanted in the bottom and
detonated to provide seismographical data.
B. Underwater Recovery
A present specialized application of underwater balloons is the
recovery of experimental weapons from deep water. A project sponsored by the
Naval Ordnance Laboratory is now being conducted by General Mills, Inc.
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It seems possible that large underwater balloons could be
attached to or placed within sunken vessels, airplanes, etc., and inflated to
bring them to the surface. In this way, the balloons would replace the large
metal tanks presently used for this purpose. To provide a greater lift, the
balloons could be sent down empty and inflated with air supplied from
compressors on the surface ship.
C. Underwater Sound Countermeasures
At present, sonar surveillence is complicated to some extent by
naturally occuring ocean noises. Underwater balloons carrying sound emitters
could be used to confuse underwater sound determinations. They could, for
example, be dropped at random intervals from a convoy. Enemy submarines would
be faced with the problem of filtering out the ship's noise from that of
several other sources. A submarine could use the same technique to confuse
the spotting and tracking efforts of an enemy.
D. Underwater Delivery
Making use of natural currents, underwater balloons could be
used to carry a payload from one location to another.
Being noiseless and submerged, such delivery systems would be
difficult to intercept. Possible uses would include remote laying of mines,
remote placing of surface weather stations, and mobile listening stations.
They could also carry sound transmitters which could be actuated at the proper
time to conceal an actual ship movement elsewhere, or to force an enemy to
tie up his forces in defense against a non-existent attack.
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It is conceivable that underwater balloon systems could be used
for transporting freight. During wartime, large balloons filled with jet fuel,
for example, might be towed into position, in the proper ocean currents, sub-
merged and left to drift to the desired delivery point. The balloons then
would be recovered and towed to shore for pumping. The empty balloons possibly
could be flown back for re-use. The same technique might be used to deliver
fuel to fleets at sea.
The main advantages of this method of delivery would be
invulnerability to interception and a great reduction in the exposure of
personnel and equipment.
A world map showing the surface currents of the oceans is
included as Figure 8 in the appendix of this report.
It is interesting to note the use made of surface currents by
the Kon Tiki raft in its voyage from the coast of South America to a small
island in the South Pacific.
E. Underwater Testing
Underwater balloon systems could be used to test under actual
conditions, underwater devices such as fuzes, hydrostatic switches, pressure
vessels and cameras. The item to be tested would be carried to the desired
depth, data taken on it for the desired time and returned to the surface for
recovery and study.
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IV. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
The following sections discuss the basic considerations involved
in developing and operating underwater balloon systems.
A. System Design
The typical system will consist of a vessel filled with a fluid
lighter than water, instruments and devices to measure and control the per
formance of the system, and a means for carrying a payload. One possible
configuration of an underwater balloon system is shown in Figure 1.
1. Lifting Vessel (Balloon)
The lifting vessel of the system could be either rigid or non-
rigid. Both types would be filled with a lifting fluid and opened to ambient
pressure to eliminate having to make them sufficiently strong to withstand
high hydrostatic pressures.
Multiple balloons in series or parallel could be used to
increase the load carrying capability of the system and may show advantages
over a single larger vessel.
The lifting vessel would be equipped with the fittings required
for system operation. These would include: a filling connection for intro-
ducing lifting fluid into the balloon, a filling vent located near the top
of the vessel to release entrapped air during filling a hoisting ring for
handling the system prior to launching and after recovery, and ,a load ring
for attaching the payload and instruments.
A provision would be required to allow for small changes
in volume of the lifting fluid caused by compressibility or temperature
differentials.
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A flexible membrane at the bottom of the vessel would serve this purpose.
Non-Rigid Vessel
Although the subject must receive further analysis, it
appears that the non-rigid type would have the advantages of lover manufac-
turing cost, greater handling ease, less shipping space, and lower tooling
cost making model changes easier.
The non-rigid type could be made of two layers, one
having the required strength cand the other having the required impermeability
and compatibility with the lifting fluid. It may be possible to find a
material and lifting fluid combination which eliminates the need for two
layers.
Analysis will be required to determine the best non-
rigid balloon design. The "natural shape" concept developed for atmospheric
balloons may apply, giving a controlled stress distribution. For certain
applications the natural shape balloon formed by bringing together the ends
of a cylinder and clamping them with end fittings mould make a balloon
economical to build.
Load tapes, vires, ropes or nylon shrouds may prove
adantageous in increasing the load carrying capacity of the balloon as well
as its durability.
Rigid Vessel
For some applications, a rigid lifting vessel may prove
superior. It, in general, would be a lightweight tank, with the associated
fittings required for underwater operation.
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Analysis should be made to determine the best shapes from
a stress standpoint, and best materials and methods of manufacture.
The possible materials and methods of manufacture for use
in making rigid vessels include spinning or stamping sheet metal, blowing
or casting plastics, and fabricating fabric-plastic laminates over a form.
2. Instrumentation, Controls and Instrumentation Gondolas
Basic instrumentation of an underwater balloon system
generally falls into two categories (a) Those required for system operation
and (b) those required for collecting ,recording and/or transmitting data
collected by the system.
a. System Control and Operation
Rate of Descent and Ascent Control
Differential pressure across an orifice or a
calibrated drag device can be used for rate sensing. These can actuate
ballast and valve controls or other means provided for changing the system
balance. The rate control instrument should be adjustable over the desired
range of descent rates. Rate controls would not be required on simpler
systems.
Depth Control
The problem of depth control would require
study. It appears that the law variation in density would lead to instability,
and a constantly active depth control system might be necessary. A low
displacement high pressure fluid transfer system, or a pressure controlled
chemical reaction, should be investigated for constant depth control.
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A pressure sensitive cell might consist of a thin flexible capsule filled with
a compressible fluid.
In the simple case, pressure sensing elements such as Bourdon
tithes could be connected with the ballast and valve (or equivalents) to control
the system at a constant depth. For maximum utilization of lifting fluid and
ballast, a /late control can be connected to the depth control to anticipate
changes in depth. The depth control should be adjustable over the applicable
range.
Various time-depth functions could be established by special
instruments. A typical programmed mission would be a step function where various
pre-set depths are maintained for specified periods of time.
Controls could be developed which would maintain the balloon
system at a constant distance above the bottom.
A "sounding" type operation could be accomplished by simple
means. The system could be "launched" heavy and allowed to reach the ocean
bottom. A release lever could drop a weight on contact with the ocean bottom
and the system would return to the surface. The ocean bottom might lack firmness,
but correct design would lead to a reliable detaching mechanism. This mechanism
would be external and no pressurized containers would be required for any of its
components.
Timer
A timer would be required to regulate the sequence of opera-
tion in some applications. In some applications, combinations of pressure-time
control sequences could be combined to program the system.
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Remote Control
By means of suitable ultra-sonic links, remote control of
the system functions would be possible.
b. Data Collecting, Recording, and Transmitting Instruments
Instruments to collect data are varied depending on the
specific task to be accomplished. These may include sensing elements such as
diaphragms or Bourdon tubes for pressure, bimetels or thermisters for temperature,
photo cells for transparency and light intensity, capacitance or resistance
elements for conductivity andsalinity, scintillations counters for cosmic ray
intensity, etc.
Probably each system would carry standard instruments such
as time depth and temperature recorders.
Much of this information could be telenetered. Communications
problems are discussed in a later section.
c. Instrument Containers
Instrument containers using the principle of the liquid
filled balloon could be developed. These would be spheres made from thin metal.
They could be filled with a suitable fluid (possibly light oil) and would have
an opening at the bottom to equalize internal and external pressures. This
technique would eliminate the need of making instrument vessels capable of
withstanding large static pressures. Each instrument component would have to be
able to withstand the ambient pressure since the instrument gondola would offer
no pressure protection. It might be necessary to make a small pressure vessel
to contain electron tubes and other pressure critical components. A cross
section of a typical gondola of this type is shown in Figure 3.
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In some cases instruments could be located externally without
special containers.
For moderate depths, it may be more practical to design the
instrument gondola as a pressure vessel.
It appears that the pressure type gondola could be cast in
two separate hemispheres. The problem of pressure sealing the equatorial seam
might be solved by using the available hydrostatic pressure for clamping force.
One of the abutting surfaces would have a narrow ridge which would conform to a
narrow groove in the other hemisphere. By filling the groove with soft, base
metal and allowing the pressure to drive the ridge into the groove, a good seal
should be obtained.
As an example, the pressure at a depth of five miles is
11,700 pounds per square inch. The compressive stress on a 30 inch diameter
sphere with a one and one half inch wall thickness would be 58,000 pounds per
square inch. This is a satisfactory working stress for most steels and some
types of aluminum. The sphere would weigh 1085 pounds in air and would have
a submerged weight of 564 pounds.
B. Performance
In general, it will be required to send the system at a controlled
rate of descent, to some pre-determined depth, maintain it there for a specified
time, and return it to the surface. The system will move with the currents and
will trace out a trajectory while it is in the water.
Atypical (hypothetical) time-depth curve is shown in Figure 3.
Information that might be included on the record of an underwater experiment has
been given as an example.
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The time-depth program could, of course, be changed to fit special
applications.
For some applications it may be desirable to allow the system to
sink to the bottom, and then inflate the balloon to bring it back to the surface.
Gas generation devices or compressed gas containers could be used for this.
1. Effects of Lifting Fluid on Performance
With but small error, water can be considered incom-
pressible over the depths occurring in the ocean. (See table below) Likewise,
the pressure can be assumed to vary linearly with depth.
COMPRESSIBILITY OF WAITa
(Ref: Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 1946)
The table below gives the relative volumes of water at various temperatures and
pressures. The volume at 0?C and one normal atmosphere (760 mm of Hg) is taken
as unity. (NOTE: This table is for pure water).
Depth, ft.
P atm
(approx.) -10?C 0?C 10?C 200C 11.0?C 60?c
1
0
1.0017
1.000 1.001
1.0016
1.0076
1.0168
500
18,064
0.9788
0.9767 0.9778
0.804
0.9867
0.9967
1000
36,164
0.9581
0.9566 0.9591
0.9619
0.9689
0.9780
1500
54,156
0.9399
0.9394 0.9424
0.9456
0.9529
0.9617
2000
72,220
0.9223
0.9241 0.9277
0.9312
0.9386
0.9472
If a gas is used as the buoyant force, it will compress as the
system descends, and since the water density remains nearly constant, the lifting
force will decrease. As a rough example, an air-inflated balloon that has a
lift of 1,000 lbs. at sea level would have a lift of approximately 1 lb. at a
depth of 36,000 feet, presenting an impractical control situation.
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Deviations from the perfect gas law should be considered for exact figures.
This has led past investigators to use as a lifting medium, a
liquid having a specific gravity less than water. The lift of the system then
remains nearly constant with depth, the only change being that due to the
difference between the compressibility coefficients for water and the lifting
liquid.
medium.
Dr. A. Piccard, in his bathyscaphe, used a hydrocarbon as the lifting
Using gasoline as an example (others may be better
standpoint),
the specific lift is:
specific gravity of gasoline
wt. per ft3 of gasoline
specific gravity of sea water
wt. per ft3 of sea water
Thus, the lift per cubic foot
from a safety.
= 0.66
= 41 lb.
. 1.025
63.86 lb.
of gasoline in sea water is
21.85 lb. per ft3. A 100 ft3 balloon (5.76 ft. diameter) would have a lift of
2185 lb. Figure 4 shows the relationship between gross lift and balloon diameter,
for gasoline in sea water.
The weight of the system and payload considered should be the
effective weight in water. Balloon materials which have a specific gravity near
one, for example, would be nearly self-supporting and would not contribute to
the load that the lifting fluid must support. A solid aluminum body which weighs
150 lbs. in air would weigh about 100 lbs. in sea water.
There are a number of liquids which are potential lifting fluids.
The following table lists some of these:
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Liquid
Specific
Gravity
Weight
1.12/112
Lift in Sea Water
Lbs/ft3
Methyl alcohol
.791
49.3
14.56
Ethyl alcohol
.788
49.2
14.66
Heptane
.684
42.7
21.16
Octane
.70
43.7
20.16
Pentane
.62
38.7
25.16
Fuel Oil
.80
49.9
13.96
Acetone
.791
49.4
14.46
The final choice of lifting fluid should include considerations
of cost, safety (inflammability, toxicity, corrosiveness, etc.) availability,
compatibility with balloon materials, and viscosity, as well as the specific
gravity.
2. Ascent and Descent
Because of the negligible variation of density with depth, the
system will have no equilibrium floating depth. If the system is weighed-off
heavy, (i.e., that the total weight exceeds the buoyant force) so as to cause it
to descend, it will proceed at a nearly constant rate to the bottom.
One method of changing the rate of descent and ascent, and
controlling the system at a constant level would be by using ballast and a
valve in the balloon. If the rate of descent were too great, ballast could be
dropped. If the rate of descent were too small, lifting medium could be valved.
A constant level would be maintained by alternate dropping of ballast and valving
of lifting medium, so as to approach equilibrium.
More efficient methods of maintaining a constant depth have been
developed for other applications and may be adaptable to underwater balloons.
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3. Duration
The duration capability of the balloon will depend primarily upon
its leakage rate. Since a given stratum of sea water is nearly iso-thermal,
there will be no appreciable loss of lifting medium due to "pumping" caused by
temperature variations. A membrane could be used at the bottom of the balloon,
so that internal and external pressures would be equalized, without allowing
mixing of sea water with the lifting medium.
E. Communications
1. General
The communication requirements of an underwater balloon system
result from the need to transmit data from the instruments to a receiver, and
the need to locate or track the balloon.
Underwater sonic communication is suitable for short range data
transmission from the balloon to a shipborne or floating buoy receiver, or for
long range communication to an underwater receiver located at the proper depth.
Radio frequency communication is required to re-transmit data from floating buoys
over long distances to a central land or ship station.
2. Water Communications
Underwater sonic wave propagation is influenced by the inevitable
process of attenuation, and also by the acoustical impedance discontinuities
which result from stratification of water layers. Clearly defined strata may,
exist with significant differences in temperature or saline content. Ocean
currents may produce similar discontinuities in a vertical plane.
At the boundary between two layers of water of different acoustical
impedance, an incident sound wave is refracted and reflected.
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For sound transmission at angles close to the perpendicular to the boundary plane,
the principal effect is loss of amplitude due to reflection. Therefore, it may
be expected that relatively low power sonic or ultrasonic communication links
will be reliable and effective for transmission of data, from the balloon to a
receiver located nearby on the surface.
For long distance communication, the sound waves are incident on
the horizontal boundary layers at small angles. With significant discontinuities
of acoustic impedance, total reflection may occur at such angles and the sound
wave may be trapped in the layer. Many instances of extremely long range
communication have been observed due to this effect. Of course, the receiver
should be located in the same layer of water as the source, for longest range.
3. Radio Communication
For data transmission in excess of 100 miles it would be desirable
to use a floating buoy transmitter. Many beacon transmitters have developed
already, and it is possible that one of them now in existence may be suitable
The transmitter would probably be a pulsed ultra-sonic generator. The methods
for putting sound energy into the water are: magneto-striction, quartz crystals,
Rochelle salts, and ceramics.
The information rate requirements for underwater ballooning are
similar to those of airborne vehicles. In order to conserve power and bandwidth,
it might be advisable to design spetial transducers with low power consumption
and a communication link with continuous and commutated channels.
A small radio beacon, used commonly In rescue operations today
would be of great help in locating the balloon after re-surfacing. This
could be located on the balloon top and could be actuated by a pressure switch
or by a timer.
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
The antenna pattern of the underwater transmitter may be adjusted
by proper design for the particular function desired. If data is to be trans-
mitted up to the surface) it will be coupled to the water by means of a conven-
tional large flat plate whose surface is driven by crystal or magnetostriction
transducers in phase. If horizontal beam action, or pencil beam is desired) other
transducer arrays can be used.
The balloon program can be controlled by command signals trans-
mitted frOm the surface down to the balloon) if necessary.
4. Summary
It appears to be feasible to perform all of the data transmission
and communication functions of underwater balloon systems by application of
components and techniques which are now known. Much underwater signaling equip-
ment would be adaptable with little change) while other requirements may only be
provided by new engineering designs.
F. Power Supply
The power supply- to operate inptrrnents, devices to perform underwater
functions, and possibly to propel the system itself could be supplied from
batteries. Because of the potentially large loads that could be carried by
underwater balloon systems, the weight of a battery power supply will present no
great problem.
When balloon descents of long duration are attempted, it will be
necessary to devote considerable attention to economy in use of power. Chemical
battery storage appears to be the Most suitable power supply since temperatures
underwater are not extreme. Internal combustion or pneumatic power sources are
unsuitable because of their need for intake and exhaust connections.
- PP -
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
The pressure inside and outside the batteries could be equalized by
using a flexible membrane to separate the battery electrolyte from sea water.
The battery case then would not have to be built as a pressure vessel. It may be
possible to design a battery to withstand the high pressures involved.
G. Launching and Recovery
Probably most underwater balloons would be launched from a boat or ship.
Some applications could dictate special launching methods to be used from
helicopters, aircraft, submarines, or large ships. These special techniques and
the associated devices would best be developed as the applications dictate.
In launching an underwater balloon, it will be necessary to (a) ready
and attach the system instruments and payload; (b) inflate the balloon so as to
give it the proper balance in the water; (c) place the system in the water; (d)
release it.
The best sequence of the above steps will depend upon the type of
launching vessel used, the size of balloon system, and the conditions of the
sea and weather.
For small systems, the steps above could be carried out in the order
given. The entire system less lifting medium would be weighed to provide data
for proper weigh-off. The lifting fluid then would be pumned or poured into the
balloon, the proper amount determined by weighing or volumetric metering. The
system would be hoisted over the side, eased into the water and released.
The filling of the balloon may be accomplished in the water during
moderate or calm sea conditions. The weigh-off in this case would be direct, the
balloon being filled until the system weight exceeds the buoyancy by the amount
'required to give the proper rate of descent.
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
Flexible attachments would be necessary to allow for the roll of the ship A
sequence of this launching procedure is shown in Figure 5.
This method of inflation in the water has the advantage of reducing
the stress which the balloon must withstand. As an example, 100 cubic feet of
gasoline weighs 11.100 pounds in air and will provide a lift of 2100 pounds in
the water. It would be inefficient to design a balloon which must both support
the 11.100 pounds of gasoline and also withstand the lifting force of 2100 pounds
underwater.
One launching system which could be used to combine the advantage of
the two systems mentioned above, would be to use a tank large enough to contain
the balloon, which could be hoisted aboard ship. The deflated balloon would be
placed in the tank, the tank filled with water, and the balloon filled. The
launching tank, containing the balloon then would be hoisted into the water
and .separated from the balloon. A sequence of this launching procedure is shown
in. Figure 6.
Another possible launching system Would make use of a specially designed
launching craft which has an inboard opening to the water. A hoist would be
provided over the opening. The balloon system could then be supported by the
hoist during the readying period, lowered into the water and inflated. This
craft would provide a convenient working area around the system and would provide
a buffer to rough sea surface conditions. A raft which could be hoisted aboard
a mother ship could also be considered as a launching craft.
The above techniques would apply (in reverse) to system recovery.
The system would be made captive by connecting a cable to the upper load ring,
then. hoisted aboard and the lifting fluid pumped out or the fluid could be pumped
out while the balloon is in the water. In some cases the balloon or all of the
system can be considered expendable and, therefore, requires no recovery.
n s
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
V. .POWERED UNDERWATER VEHICLE
An extension of the underwater balloon concept mould be in supplying
a means of propulsion to the vehicle. This mould enable the positioning and
movement of the system to be controlled without depending solely on the natural
currents.
It may be desirable in the applications for underwater balloon systems
previously mentioned to consider a powered system. In addition there may be
some applications requiring an unmanned powered system. Prescribed courses may
be traveled, including a return to the launching base.
To illustrate the general feasibility of such a system, a specific
example is presented.
A streamlined shape vessel, powered by electrically itel:ven propellers
is considered. Assuming a frontal area of 25 sq. ft., a gross load of 2000
lbs., 500 lbs. of batteries, a drag coefficient of .05 and a speed of 2 ft/sec.
(1 3/8 miles per hour) it can be shown that the system would have a range of
approximately 400 miles and a duration of about 23 days. This calculation is
based on a propulsive efficiency of 50% and batteries having a capacity of 1
watt hour per ounce (lead acid).
This is an example and does not indicate a limit in either range or
speed. Figure 6 illustrates how the vehicle might appear. Various other forms
may be more practical depending upon the task to be accomplished.
Previous discussion on communications,instrumentation? and control
also apply to this vehicle. Rudders could be used to provide horizontal and
verticle control.
-25
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
VI. SUGGESTED PROGRAM
-
It is suggestea that a research and development contract be undertaken
to study, develop and test a basic underwater system.
The objective of this program would be to study the feasibility of an
underwater balloon system outlining the problems and directing the development
effort. The effort would then be aimed at building a balloon, control and
tracking instruments, launching and recovery equipment and making a series of
underwater tests.
As part of the program, a survey would be made to determine what
existing equipment and facilities are adaptable to underwater balloon use.
The program is proposed in three phases:
1. Preliminary Study of Underwater Balloon Systems and Operation
The objective of this phase would be to study and investigate
all phases of the system and operation, and establish a target specification for
a basic underwater balloon system.
2. Design and Construction of a Basic Underwater Balloon System
A detailed design would be made based on knowledge gained
from phase 1. A series of test systems meeting the specifications established
in phase 1 would be built for test.
3. Underwater Balloon System Testing
A series of underwater tests would be made on the test
systems. Performance data of the system and operation of its component parts
would be determined and compared to the theoretical analysis. A revision of the
specifications would be made.
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
Upon completion of phase 3, enough data and experience should be
available to allow underwater balloon systems to be designed to meet the require-
ments of specific applications.
A more detailed description of the work proposed in each phase
follows;
Phase 1. Preliminary Study of Underwater Balloon Systems and Operation
a. System Design
A study would be made to determine the most promising materials
and methods of construction for underwater balloons. Laboratory tests would be
made to determine the properties of candidate? materials. Sample balloons would
be made and laboratory tested. A study of balloon configuration and stresses
would be made.
This study would provide criteria for underwater balloon design.
b. Performance and Control
A study would be made to establish the performance characteristics
of underwater balloon systems. Included would be a study of rates of descent
and ascent, load carrying capability, duration, and control forces required.
A study would be made to determine the best ways to control the
system. Valving and ballast, thrust pumps and compressed gas devices would be
included in the study of controlling floating levels and descent rates. A study
would be made of various types of instrument containers including pressure vessels
and pressure equalized containers. The pressure resistance of instrument com-
ponents would be considered. A study would be made of pressure resistant seals
and connections.
This study would provide basic performance data for designing under-
water balloon systems and control devices.
-
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
c. Lifting Fluid
A study would be made to determine the best lifting fluid for
underwater balloons. Included would be considerations of the cost, safety,
availability, compatibility with other materials, handling, and specific lift
of each fluid.
This study would provide data on the relative merits of each
candidate lifting fluid.
d. Instrumentation
A study would be made of the instruments required to control and
record underwater balloon performance. The study would cover underwater
telemetering? pressure and temperature recording, constant level and rate of
descent controls, timers, and radio telemetering for surface recovery.
This study would provide data for designing underwater balloon
system instrumentation.
e. Power Supply
A study would be made of power supplies to determine the most
promising ones. This would include an evaluation of different types of
batteries and a consideration of compressed gas power systems. The evaluation
will include factors of cost, weight, reliability and duration.
This study will provide data for designing power supplies for
underwater use.
f. Launching and Recovery
A study would be made of the problems of launching and recovery,
and possible solutions. Launching and recovery devices and techniques would
be evaluated.
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
This study would provide data for design of launching and recovery
equipment required as well as specifying shore and ship facilities required.
Having established the basic design and operational criteria
for underwater balloon systems, in cooperation with the sponsor, the specifica-
tions for a system could be established. An attempt should be made to specify
a system which will be satisfactory for operational test purposes and be adaptable
to some particular application of interest.
Phase 2. Design and Construction of a Basic Underwater Balloon System
Using data and the target specifications established in phase 1,
a detailed design of an underwater balloon system will be made. Functional
tests of all parts of the system will be made to establish their suitability
under salt water environment and high pressure. Launching and recovery equip-
ment needed will be designed and built. Shipboard equipment needed for the
communication link will be procured. Several complete underwater balloon systems
will be readied for open water tests.
Phase 3. Underwater Balloon System Testing
Preliminary tests may be carried ott locally. Full scale tests
should be carried out in cooperation with the U. S. Navy.
Since these tests will require extensive use of Government
personnel and facilities, it is recommended that a representative of the Sponsor
participate in the tests and coordinate the activities.
The choice of the best location for testing depends largely upon
the Government facilities available.
-29-
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
It is estimated that a 65' vessel equipped with a 5 ton crane would be adequate
for launching and recovery. The vessel should have a speed considerably greater
than the water current speeds which will be encountered.*
Sonar or other special equipment may be required for underwater
tracking and radio direction finding equipment for surface recovery.
The water depth in the test area should be great enough to provide
desired pressures. The bottom should be regular enough that the systems can be
tested without becoming entangled. (The problems of coping with irregular bottoms
could be part of a longer range program.)
Since it would appear that underwater balloons will have greatest
application in the oceans, it would be better to test the systems in the ocean.
In some cases, testing in fresh water lakes may be more convenient.
Lake Superior, for example, would be a possible test area, having a maximum depth
of 2302 feet. U. S. Coast Guard vessels and facilities adequate for testing
purposes exist there.
Some of the major ocean deeps are located near Cuba. Figure 7
in the Appendix shows the major ocean deeps.
The open water tests may uncover some difficulties and shortcomings
in the system. These would be overcome so that phase 3 would end having demon-
strated a workable underwater balloon system.
* It is possible that underwater currents do not have the same direction and
velocity as surface currents. Thus, the surface vessel may have to go "counter
current" in tracking the underwater balloon.
- .30-
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
FACILITIES REWIRED
As part of phase 1, it is intended to purchase or build test equipment
required for underwater balloon systems and components. It is believed that
this equipment is required for development of the underwater equipment and
will, throughout the proposed and possible subsequent programs, be justifiable
when the alternate method of extensive open water testing is considered.
Two essential items of test equipment are:
(1) High pressure, temperature controlled test chamber; for
pressure testing of components.
(2) A tank 12 feet in diameter and 30 feet high in which the
control characteristics of underwater balloon systems can
be determined. This tank would be equipped with instru-
mentation for measuring lifting forces, rates of rise and
descent, and accelerations. It would be used also for studies
on balloon configuration and stress analysis.
-
3j
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
UNDERWATER BALLOON SYSTEM
Filling Connection
Filling Vent
Hoisting Ring
Recovery Beacon
End Fitting And Valve
Pressure
Equalizing
Membrane
Opening To
Membrane
Payload
End Fitting And Load Ring
Figure 1
Instrument Vessel
And Ballast Container
Balloon
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
Pressure
Vessel
INSTRUMENT GONDOLA
( NON 'PRESSURIZED TYPE )
Electrical
ZConnection
Filler
Liquid
Instruments
And Batteries
Pressure
Equalizing
Membrane
NOpenin.g To
Membrane
Figure 2
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
?1?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8
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t i
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. s A - Wharton Deeps 22,9es Ft. I - Haeckel Deeps - 18,588 Ft.
'.-
..---;-- ?
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--
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-- ...-- .....- ? ? --- -- ? ??- __ --- ----- __- ? ? -- ? ,- ---;-....--:.?---------- ? ----- ' ------ ? ? ?
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D - Nero
__-? __.. ---- -- _
..., ,--
--, --- ? ----
-- --
-- ? -- ___ _ ? ? ---- --- _7-2- ?
E - Mansyn
F - Planet
Fipi?re ?8 fe'
6 - Aldrich
" - 31,614 Ft
M - MI1118 Edwards "
- 20,208 Fl.
" -32,208 Ft.
N -Bartlett
"
- 23,748 Ft
" -moss FL
0 - Milwaukee
"
- 30,246 Ft
- -30,630 Ft
P - Dares
.
- 22,949 Ft
-28,152 Ft
II - Monaco
"
- 20,646 Ft
574 Ft
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/19: CIA-RDP78-03639A001200120001-8