IDENTI-KIT HANDBOOK
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
CIA-RDP78-03642A000500030061-6
Release Decision:
RIPPUB
Original Classification:
C
Document Page Count:
18
Document Creation Date:
December 22, 2016
Document Release Date:
May 4, 2011
Sequence Number:
61
Case Number:
Content Type:
REPORT
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IDENTI-KIT HANDBOOK
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IDENTI - KIT HANDBOOK
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Table of Contents
FOREWORD
Page No.
1
I. IDENTI-KIT 2
A. INTRODUCTION TO IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM 2
B. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF KIT 4
C. OPERATION OF KIT 6
D. CODING
II. PSYCHOLOGY OF USE 9
A. INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES
B. TECHNIQUES OF OBSERVATION
III. CHARACTERISTICS CATALOG
AGELINES (27)
A
BEARDS & MUSTACHES (19) B
CHIN LINES (52) C
EYE BROWS (80) D
FACE COLORS (4) F
GLASSES (9) G
HAIR (102) H
LIPS (33) L
NOSES (32) N
SCAR GRID (1) S
HEAD GEAR (14) T
EYES (102)
12
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FOREWORD
This handbook is intended for the use of the Identi-Kit operator as an aid
in the interrogation of witnesses and as an instruction manual in the operation
of the Identi-Kit. The first portion of the book is concerned with a description
of the Identi-Kit and its manner of use. The next section is devoted to the
interrogation techniques and techniques of observation which can result in ob-
taining facial likenesses of the subject more accurately. The final portion of
the handbook presents a complete illustrative catalog of the facial character-
istics and accessories contained in the kit. These are arranged in order by
characteristic, and are to be used by an operator or witness as an aid in deter-
mining the facial make-up of a subject.
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1. THE IDENTI-KIT
A. INTRODUCTION TO IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM
In those fields requiring identification of individuals the Identi-Kit meets
the need existing for a method or system to adequately describe and record
recognizable facial characteristics of an individual. Such characteristics must
be capable of being tabulated or coded in such a manner as to provide a ready
catalog or file system by which a particular individual could be identified once
his facial code data was established.
The determination of individual human characteristics on a scientific
basis was conceived by Bertillon at the beginning of the century. He called his
identification system the "Portrait Parle" and while certain portions of this
method of measurements have been used extensively by law enforcement agencies
all over the world with tremendous success, until the Identi-Kit was developed
no practical means had been utilized for describing an individual for visual iden-
tification with respect to facial characteristics. The use of Bertillon' s methods,
however, has made possible all of the infallible methods of identification that
are acceptable today; that is, fingerprints, palm prints, poroscopy, and so forth.
The basic premise of these systems is the scientifically established fact
that Nature never repeats herself. Unfortunately, the use of these methods re-
quires a physical contact of some type with the individual or suspect in order to
obtain a "print" adequate for cataloguing and identification. On the other hand,
with the Identi-Kit, no contact with the subject other than visual is required.
The Identi-Kit system produces a head-on view of an individual and is compatible
with the photographic system in use by all police forces producing the so-called
"mug shots" showing a head-on and side view photograph of an individual' s face.
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A limit exists in that recognition of one human being by another human
being, as a result of reducing to pictorial or schematic form certain character-
istics which are peculiar to the subject who is to be recognized in combination
with word descriptions of certain physical and habitual peculiarities, presents
psychological problems which must be overcome. If it were possible to visually
compare every natural mark and line in a human face with an adequate photo-
graph of a subject, wherein all of those lines and marks were discernible, it
would be possible to make complete and positive identification of an individual.
Such a system, as a means of positive identification, is not practical for several
reasons, the primary one which is the inability of the human eye and brain to
look at a person' s face and see all of the natural marks and lines and to retain
in their memory the exact location on that face so that a pictorial representa-
tion could be made. The recognition of the impossibility of providing for this
system is evident.
Recognizing the fact that any system of visual identification must be
limited in its practicability, consideration must be given to a concept of visual
identification that is suitable for the requirements at hand. The Identi-Kit con-
cept, in order to offer a practical and utilitarian approach, is actually based
upon a process of elimination in which, by means of visual comparison, great
numbers of possible individuals are eliminated because they do not approach,
in any way, a comparative likeness of the wanted subject.
The process of elimination should first be by means of the physical char-
acteristics currently used by law enforcement agencies such as weight, height,
hair coloring, and such similar physical data and then, further elimination is
accomplished by the use of the visual or pictorial technique provided by the
Identi -Kit .
?N1II ` (I
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B. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF KIT
The Identi-Kit is available in two models; one model containing 4 1/4"
x 5 1/2" transparent picture slides, and the other, a smaller model, for
2 1/4" x 3 1/2" slides. Each Identi-Kit consists of a container, transparent
pictorial slides, and a handbook.
Containers
The larger metal container is a portable filing and storage bin
for the films and handbook. When opened and latched into position
this unit provides a table for operation of the kit. The handbook is
retained in the left hand tray under the make-up pad. This pad is
removable and can be placed on a table for greater freedom of
operation if so desired. The right-hand tray can be used for dis-
carded film, note paper, pencils, etc. Each half of the container
is inscribed with the proper filing position of the films. This con-
tainer is capable of being divided into two sections for insertion in
a large brief case.
The smaller container for the card size films is merely a storage
receptacle for the slides and the handbook. A make-up pad is not
provided, the slides being of such size that they can be easily handled
in the hand for make-up.
Slides
The transparent pictorial slides are divided into groups of identifying
facial characteristics and accessories, each of these groups having its
own code letter and every slide in each respective group having an
individual number.
Each of these slides is coded with its respective letter and number
code at the top of the slide for filing purposes, and at the bottom of the
slide for final code reading of the completed picture.
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In the larger model, each film has 5 notches along its side which
are to lengthen or shorten any desired facial characteristic. The
make-up pad of this model has an index pointer which acts as a regis-
tration device. As each slide is placed on the pad the pointer fits
into one of the five notches. The particular notch position of each
individual slide on the make-up pad is noted in the final code reading.
Some of the slides are notched on both sides for reversal of the slide
on the make-up pad in order to obtain a more accurate representation.
When a film is used in reverse position, this is also noted in the final
code reading.
Handbook
The catalog portion of the handbook contains a picture of each slide
together with its code letter and number. These pictures are grouped
by code letter (pictorial group) but are not placed in numerical sequence.
The catalog is used to select the particular individual facial character-
istic or accessory which most closely illustrates the pictorial repre-
sentation under consideration.
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C. OPE R.ATI ONj 9F KIT
In building lO. a facial representation of a subject, slides of each group
are selected on the; basis of the catalog illustrations and assembled one upon
the other on the inae-up pad, in case of the larger model, or in the hand, in
case of the sma14erl model. The individual slides when assembled will form
a line drawing zepresentation of a face viewed head-on compatible with a
head-on view produced by a "mug shot".
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D. CODING
The Identi-Kit code readings are to be used for transmittal and/or re-
cording purposes. There are two aspects of coding from the Identi-Kit:
(1) Coding of facial characteristics and accessories by.means of the code
letter, number and notch used of each slide, and (2) Coding of scars, moles
or marks on the face by use of the Scar Grid.
1. Coding of Facial Characteristics and Accessories
When the code reading is determined by use of overlaid slides,
it is obtained from the reading on the bottom of the slides. An
example utilizing all facial characteristics and accessories would
thus appear:
A F N C E L D H G B T
17 01 21 30 76 16 55 92 07 11 12
The coding as presented from the above reading would be re-
corded and/or transmitted as below:
A17 F01 N21 C30 E76 L16 D55 H92 G07 B11 T12
Should any of the slides be raised or lowered by means of the
notches on the side of the slide, the code of the respective slide
would have the code notation of that particular notch. The coding
of the five notches are:
Xl - for the lowest notch
X2 - for the next to lowest notch
X3 - normal position (it is not necessary to note this
position in code as it is assumed unless otherwise
noted)
X4 - for the next to highest notch
X5 - for the highest notch
As an example, the raising of the Hair to "X4" position and the
lowering of the nose to a "Xl" position would make the code noted
above read:
A17 F01 N21X1 C30 E76 L16 D55 H92X4 G07 B11 T12
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turned over, tbe- code. letter - " is added to the code: of the'rei O
pective slide. ''AB; an: examp l.. tke -use ",of a,reveraed Hair 04*
would re'olt in the following eode v-1H99 C4R
' WI en the coding, of the facial cbaracteriatics, and aicaes$ories.'
As obtained by use., yf . the handbook , the same procedure is..
formed with the Operator obt tng the code number of the U.
vidual characteriBttc and accessories: from the catalog p U 'ol
the' hacdboik..-, owever', the 004k position cs *not be ue?ed when
.transwittlAS4i kardiug the fr catalog ibis or r *es
'the sm~allarr taM iel, is uedd
,gd scars.,' moles oaf":: Idwr -
The prat at "8" together --the 'IV" prefix and caber of to ,
wrarticii place a on tl Scar-. ;'and thr "Us' pi~e ?' number
:,the how lslr~ p emQnt o the Scar
Cori d, is used to, sites .
the'`poaltis>a~ of *'acar,, maw aoct rks on the face.
F, KU 11H
tI a Coati is e o ny pmrens E 1 I pal!il! j"i!II;III!!Iilill!iili~!I! ~ i~'ilil!!I!
the scar, Grid over., ' the aon%ple
picture a4d noting the vertical .
horizoutat' poai of these it o ", JV
Should any of these films bd.useO n reversed pos#tisaf I. e..,
tying marks. An example of the is
.illustrated-On the right. The cods'
reading from' a example womW be
ef`hi ~ft! to 6A EMIM, V.7 to 4 0 -A AA ,ant. A91
''4~h tits u rmiAativn of a~ a t :ot scars, motes and other
marks iii made from the cat'al the same type; of.coding insd
by utfli ng,%4 Scar- Grid .iUu ralien O pegs superior-
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II - PSYCHOLOGY OF USE
A. TECHNIQUES OF OBSERVATION
Because of its unique capabilities, the use of the Identi-Kit presents
a new area of observation and requires recognition techniques with which most
people are completely unfamiliar. The kit operator will notice that viewing the
characteristic portions of the human face alone and not in their proper relation-
ship with the rest of the face presents an identification problem that can be over-
come only by modifying his present method of observation. He will find that this
problem is present in an even greater degree by a witness who has viewed a sub-
ject without contemplating the need for reconstruction of that face, feature by
feature. People are just not familiar with viewing a pair of eyes, or a nose,
or a mouth removed from the rest of the face.
The usual manner of looking at a man's face is to see the whole face
at one time, thereby forming a mental picture of the sum total of all the com-
ponents of the face. Unfortunately, when the eyes, nose or mouth is removed
from a face that has been viewed in this manner, the witness may fail to recog-
nize it because it has been removed from its normal association with the other
facial parts. Here it is being seen individually and not as a part of the entire
picture.
In order to become proficient in the use of the Identi-Kit, the observer
must change his observation habits. He must learn to view the component parts
of the face individually, and not as a part of the whole. In order to accomplish
this change, it is necessary to make the observations in a definite pattern. A
pattern of observation that has been found to be very effective has the observer
first view the face of the subject to establish the presence or absence of age
lines, wrinkles, permanent scars or marks. If any of these exigt, he will com-
mit to memory their location on the face as related to the fixed portions of the
face. If there are no such lines or marks, he will commit this fact to memory.
The permanent lines, wrinkles and scars or marks of the face, or the absence
of any of these, are important identifying data.
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After committing such primary identifying data to memory, the
observer then views and commits to memory the hair line of the subject,
not in relationship to the rest of the face, but as an individual hair line that
might fit on any face. He should observe the eyes and eyebrows, noting their
size, shape and expression; then the nose as to size, shape and length. This
is followed by the mouth. Here the observer should view the mouth as to size,
shape, and particularly the mouth line. Is it straight, turned up, or turned
down? Are the lips heavy or thin? The mouth characteristics should be com-
mitted to memory as an individual component, and not viewed in relationship
with the other portions of the face. Lastly, the chin line should be memorized
as to shape, size, and contour of the jaw line from the base of each ear to the
point of the chin.
After this process, the observer will view and categorize the subject
as to the general physical characteristics, size, weight, and complexion, no-
ticing peculiarities of manner and the general circumstances surrounding the
subject.
The observer will find that by continually following this pattern of
observation he will be able to recall the data from his memory by following
the same pattern in the recall process. He will become accustomed to view-
ing component parts of the face as individual parts9 and will be able to identify
them as individual parts on the slides of the "Identi-Kit". When all of these
individual parts are recognized and placed on the viewing plate, the resulting
picture will be a striking likeness of the subject.
The adoption of this viewing pattern is not a tiring process nor a long
one. The observer will find that in only a very few minutes of practice he will
be able to conform with the pattern, and he will be surprised to discover that
his process of recall from memory has been improved tremendously, almost
immediately.
The use of this observation pattern will simplify the use of the "Identi-
Kit" and will clear up the confusion created by the inability to recognize indivi-
dual component parts of the face. Invariably, a novice operator, when first
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using the kit, will be unable to produce a good likeness, even if the subject is
seated in front of him. Once he understands the observations pattern and tech-
nique, he will be able to reproduce a likeness rapidly and accurately.
When the operator is confronted with an untrained witness who has viewed
a subject in the usual manner and who cannot recognize the individual parts of
the face, a helpful technique in successfully completing a likeness of the wanted
subject is to instruct the witness in the use of the kit and allow him to use it.
This increases his interest, acquanits him with the operating process and keeps
his attention.
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B. INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES
The basic problem presented to the interrogator or kit operator is
that of extracting from the memory of another individual, the witness, the
necessary data to construct a recognizable likeness of a person the individual
has viewed sometime in the past. In most cases there is an attitude of com-
plete cooperation on the part of the person trying to furnish the information,
but a difficulty arises by his inability to recall from memory the faciJ details
required. At least part of this failure is the result of lack of understanding of
the process of "memory recall". It therefore becomes necessary for the kit
operator to explain the phenomona of "Memory Recall", and describe techniques
that will assist the individual in accomplishing the desired results. The follow-
ing explanation has been found to be very effective:
"The human brain is probably the greatest filing system known
in all of the world. It is a fact that everything the human eye
sees is indelibly recorded on the brain. If twenty years ago the
witness had seen a very complicated piece of machinery with
hundreds of moving parts, the image of that piece of machinery
is still filed away in the brain. It is there in all of the minutest
detail. Every other object seen by the human eye over the years
is also filed away in the human brain. This scientific fact is
proven in various ways, the most common of which is the pro-
cess of recession in hypnotism. In this process an adult is
hypnotized and taken back through the years to his childhood
days. fie is then able to recall circumstances vividly and to
describe objects and persons in detail that he has not recalled
or thought of in any way for many years. The hypnotist makes
no suggestions as to the subject. The memory recall is entire-
ly voluntary. The subject can then be transported mentally
forward through the years, recalling incident after incident
accurately, proving conclusively that the information is filed
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in the brain, and that the inability of an individual to remember
is only the result of a failure in perfecting a method of recall.
This explanation should help in convincing the witness that the informa-
tion the operator is trying to extract from his memory is actually there and
that it can be recalled if the proper recall pattern is applied. Once the sub-
ject believes this to be true, his attitude, which might have been I-just-can't-
do-anj-more, will change and he will begin to cooperate with the operator in
trying to discover the proper recall pattern.
The operator must be very cautious at this point and not suggest any
specific features to the witness. The witness is literally racking his brain
trying to recall the desired information, and if specific suggestions are made,
it is likely that subconsciously he will accept the suggestion, and in a short
time hand it bacK to the operator as a bit of recall information. The witness,
in following this pattern, is quite sincere, and does not realize that he is using
the suggestion of the operator.
Rather than suggesting certain facial features, the operator should
use the following technique which has been proven to be very helpful:
The operator should question the witness as to the exact
circumstances under which he viewed the individual in
question. He should insist upon the most minute detail in
the description of those circumstances, i. e. , a man sit-
ting in a cafe drinking it cup of coffee. Exactly how was he
dressed? With which hand did he handle the cup? Between
which fingers did he hold the handle of the cup? What was
the color and specific design of his tie?
The operator will refrain from referring to the facial characteristics
during this type of interrogation. Oniy after he has completed the entire pic-
ture of the surrounding circumstances in the most minute detail will he again
refer to the facial characteristics. It will be found that by forcing the witness
to remember the details in the less important areas, their ability to recall
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the detail in the facial characteristics will be greatly improved.
In those cases where the witness denies complete ability to recall the
identifying data desired, it is suggested that the operator consider a different
technique. Take the very vague and general descriptive material forthcoming
from any witness and reduce this material to a pictorial likeness representing
the operator's conception of the individual. This pictorial representation should
be constructed out of view of the witness. The complete picture should then.be
shown to the witness and the question asked, "Is this a good likeness of the man
you are trying to describe?" The witness will, in most cases, answer yes or
no. If the answer is yes, the operator should destroy the picture and then in-
sist upon the witness rebuilding it. If the answer is no, the witness automatically
and almost without knowledge, affirms the fact that they would recognize a proper
likeness, that they do know exactly what the subject looks like, and, in fact, did
recognize immediately that the picture in front of them was not a proper likeness.
At this point the operator should begin the process of trying each of the
features individually in the picture or allowing the witness to do this himself.
This negative recognition indicates that when the proper characteristic is placed
in the picture, the witness will probably recognize it.
If the witness's answer to the question is neither yes nor no, but "I
don't know", it is quite possible that the witness truly can be of no assistance.
In this case, the witness's story as to the circumstances under which he saw
the subject should be investigated thoroughly. The investigation will probably
show that the witness did not actually see the person or saw him under such cir-
cumstances as to prevent a positive identification.
In those most difficult cases where it is obvious to the operator that
the witness did actually view the subject in question, and where all other tech-
niques have failed in producing the required data, the following method may be
successful:
The interrogator will reduce all of the information available
regarding the subject, the circumstances surrounding the
viewing, the mannerisms, etc. , to writing, and then by apply-
ing a process of analytical thinking, separate those items which
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he can definitely pinpoint as being facts, I. e. , a subject was
a very large person, both in height and in weight, with a large
paunch, heavy, thick neck, and fat hands. He was seen in a
cafe, let us say, that caters almost entirely to Italians. His
manners were loud and coarse.
Having pinpointed the above observations as to being possible identifica-
tion factors, it becomes possible to determine that the facial characteristics of
the man would certainly not be slender or fine; that the jaw line could hardly be
pointed, that the lips would most probably not be thin, etc. An operator, by
virtue of his experience in the field of facial synthesis, would be projecting
from a basis provided by known facts and further authenticated by the depth of
his experience.
He would build a face that would fit the skeletal description, plus a
figure picture. Mannerisms, which so often result from the individual's desire
to compensate for facial appearances, often provide detail with such accuracy
as to provide a startling likeness of the individual so described, to the point
where the witness's memory would be orientated into complete recall of the
errors contained in the picture, thus enabling the witness to apply corrective
measures.
In those cases where the operator suspects the witness is deliberately
lying, either for the purpose of giving a faulty description to mislead the oper-
ator, or where the witness is claiming to have seen a certain person and has
never actually seen him, but is trying to collect some type of reward for com-
ing up with a good description, the following technique may be used to expose
the lie.
The operator will determine all of the supporting information before
going into the detail of the facial characteristics. The general physical des-
cription of the individual will indicate, at least generally, the type of facial
characteristics. The operator will then begin the process of obtaining the
identifying data regarding the facial characteristics. During this process he
will suggest that he has some other source of information concerning the facial
o"i
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appearance of the individual, and is using this witness only to fill in the blank
spots. The operator will then indicate certain features that have already been
placed in the face by the other source. These features will not be compatible
with the general description. If the witness agrees that these features are the
proper ones, and completes the picture with matching features resulting in an
entire face that is completely incompatible with the other physical features, it
is obvious that he is only agreeing with what he thinks is another source of in-
formation and that he is not concerned with setting forth the true facts. If he
has never seen the person and is only making the attempt for purposes of re-
ward, he will quickly agree with the supposed other source. If, on the other
hand, he actually knows the individual, and is deliberately attempting to re-
produce a picture that does not in any way resemble the subject, he will realize
that his purpose is being well served by agreeing with the other source.
This technique is almost fool proof. It affords the liar the very oppor-
tunity he is seeking. It offers support of the lie from some other source and
affords the operator a system that he can use to definitely trap the liar, leaving
no doors open for him to wiggle out. Once the witness has definitely stated that
the likeness in front of him is a true likeness of the subject, he is trapped.
Another technique that can be used to trap the liar, but which is some-
what more obvious, is for the operator to request that the witness construct a
picture of a subject whom the operator either knows, or has a picture of. He
will emphasize the importance of the identification and the amount of reward
forthcoming if a good picture is constructed. Any attempt to construct a picture
of this individual is subject to a direct comparison with a good picture of the in-
dividual, or the operator's knowledge of him, and the truth is quickly eptablished.
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