THE RAPIDLY PROPAGATING KUNG-NUNG MODEL 7 HAND TRACTOR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04546A003200010002-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 16, 2003
• Sequence Number: 2
• Content Type: REPORT

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CONFIDENTIAL ` 332/00014-67 (1 of 2)
THE RAPIDLY PROPAGATING KUNG-NUNG MODEL 7
HAND TRACTOR.
Source: Chugoku Sangyo Shashin Tsushin (Photos and Features on Chinese
Industry)-, No 46, 15 July 1 965., pp 1-11
In 1955, China started construction on the First Loyang Tractor
Manufacturing Workshop which officially started production. inn 1958. Ur.
til then, for tractors people exclusively relied on foreign: imports but
during the year of the Great Leap Fonrard when the Loyang Tractor
Workshop started production, the mechanical. plants .in various .
parts of China were already putting out more than 240 varieties of trac-
tors. After 1955 more than ten tractor manufacturing plants were con-
structed in Tientsin, Anshan, Shen3-ang, Changshun, Kc:ninrtung, Shih-chin=
chuang, Shanghai,.etc. and as a consequence, a great.deal of tractors,
came to be produced.
Number, of Tractors. in 411 of China .
1952 1,532. (1) 1
960
79,000 (3)
1956 19,367 1
961
99,000 (4).
.
1957 ' 24,629 1
'
(2)
962
100,000 (5)
1958
45,330
1
963
113,293 (6)'
1959 59, 000 1
964
123,11;.5 (7)
Sourceu:.(x) 1957 People's Handbook
(2) National Statistical Bureau, Ton Great Years.
(5) Jenmin Jihpao editorial of, 9 November 1962,
(3) Li Fu-chun report at the 1960 National Peop e's Congress
(4) By adding. 40,000 to the 1959 figure (the supposed increase.)
(6) RecFnned from essays on rice in Chinese newspapers pub-
lished 3 October .1964
National' Congress
(7). Reckoned from Chou En-lai's. report to the 1964 People's
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Six Standard Models Appropriate for China
Up to now the main tractors produced in China
have been the "Tung-fang-hung" Model 54 xmbd:Nx large-size carterpillar
tractors produced by the First Loyang Tractor Manufacturing t?Jorkshop.
These tractors are-a almost as large as the imported trac-
tors, they are merely Chinese copies of foreign large-size tractors.
But the terrain of China is not uniform as in the Soviet Union or
in the States, it is formed with plains and mountain lands, with dry. and
wet ttai2n that are separated to= from each other baLt by very little
distance, that require intensive cultivation and Immmanztxx very complex
management. For this reason, to produce tractors that would fit the
actual conditions of the agriculture of China as well as its.' industrial
conditi.~ns requires continuous efforts over several years.
The medium and small-size tractors mm have a higher economic value,
while they can do all the functions at the start of the season, at mid-
season or at harvest time. Besides, they require little raw materials,
fuelx and labor. Even on wide plain areas, the combination of large-Zi
size with medium and small-size tractors can be very effective. This is.
why in China people have followed the maxim of combining large, medium
and small-size tractors while stressing the middle and small-size ones,
and of making full use of all of them. However, there are at present
more than 100 models of tractors in current use in China and since this
?s makes for a great deal of incovenience as far as usage, management
and repair work are concerned, a maxim has been taken to lay down sti-
pulations as to the models and series of tractors and Diesel engines, to
reduce as much as possible the production series, and to heighten the ef-
ficiency of production, use and repair work. Then, after years of study
and experimental use in the fields, six models have been decided upon
which are not only rational in construction and of high efficiency but
which also fit with the natural conditions of :k various areas and with
the LW&aammt requirements of different cultures. These models are also
in lim with the xtmulx level of mec:ianical industry in China. The six
models that have been decided upon and which are now being produced are
as follows:
Hung-ch'i 100
This is a large-size carterpillar tractor with a motor generating
power of 100 PS, fuel consumption rate rf 210 g/PS/h, weight 11,100 kg,
fit for large cultivation surfaces but can also be used both industrially
and agriculturally, can be changed into a bulldozer, power shovel, roller,
and crane for use in irrigation or earthwork.
Tung-fang-hung 75
This is an improvement on the design of the basic Tung-fang-hung 54
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Model, it is a carterpillar tractor with a motor generating power of 75
PS, a fuel consumption rate of 205 g/PS/h, weight 5,100 IT., fast speed,
high cultivation efficiency, capable of tilling 14 mu (one mu is 1/15 of
a, hectare) per hour, it can also be used im for soil preparation and
sowing purposes and is particularly fit for dry field cultivation in the
Northeast and in the North.
Tung-fang-hung 54
It is a carterpillar tractor of 54 PS meant chiefly for dry field
cultivation in the plains. It is the model that is produced in the great-
est quantity in China and because it has been long in use,
puixttm it has been proven to be a solid and fine
machine of easy manipulation and high efficiency.
Nung-shou 35
A multi-purpose tire tractor, it has a motor generating power of
35 PS, a fuel consumption of 215 g/PS/h, and weighs 1400 kg. It can make
small tm= circles, it can work on'narrow wetfields of 3-5 mu up and tills
about 5 mu per hour. The quality of its work is good and it is easy to
move around. It has been specially designed for cultivation on wetfields
in the South and can be used for such purposes as the administration of
fertilizers, drainage and irrigation, transport.
Tung-fang-hung 28
This is also a small-size multi-purpose tire tractor. 28 PS. De-
signed specially for handling such terrains as cotton and corn fields,
it is characterized by a high chassis, adjustable wheel distance, a large
range of speeds with the maximum speed of 25 km per hour. It is fit for
a whole range of operations: initial cultivation, soil breaking, soil
preparation, sowing of seed, mid-season cultivation, application of
fertilizers, and transport.
Kung-nung 7
A hand tractor.
Birth of the Kung-nung Model 7 Hand Tractor
In 1958, the Nan-ch fang Diesel Engine Workshop started to manufac-
ture hand tractors by producing five of them. A hand tractor is a
tractor fit for. cultivation in both kinds of fields, the wet and the dry,
with a it tactile power of ib m one ton, while costing only 3,500 yuan.
In 1962, when the Ministry' of Agriculture organized a conference of agri-
cultural technicians in 11 southern provinces and autonomous zones, they
reached the conclusion that for use in wetfields, the hand tractor is
as appropriate as the #u Nung-shou 35 Model tractor.
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Heeding this conclusion, in 1963, the Shanghai Tractor.VEmick Work-
shop completed the design of the Kung-nung 7 Model Hand Tractor which
tkmgr it succeeded in producing on an experimental basis thanks to the co-
operation of other plants such as the Shanghai Power Machine Plant, etc.
In February 19614, this model was selected to be'a standard model by the
National Assessment Commission: as a consequence, in the first half of
1964 x 'after mass production had officially started, Shang
hai alone already produced 203 such tractors. Also in the first half of,
that year, the Peking Hsuan-shih Machine Workshop, then Shenyang's Tung-
sheng Agricultural Machinery, Workshop in November succeeded in the pro-
duction of the tractor on an mquaci= experimental basis. At the begin-
ning of 1965, the Small-Size Tractor Workshops of Wuhan 1=1 also succeeded
in mass producing it with the cooperation of the Wuhan Diesel Engine ';fork-
shop. At present, thanks to the standard blueprints of the Eighth Machine
Industry Department, besides Shanghai, Shenyang and Wuhan, other .
places such as Chang-thou and Fukien have also come to mass produce the
new model.
In every locality, whenever they manufacture this hand tractor, many.
plants would pull together dividing the production into two main branches,
the'production of Diesel engines xx9xtk (Model 195) and the production of
chassis, and before starting mass production, they would carefully expe--.
riment with the model in the countryside first. Thus, two years of ac-
tual use of the Kung-nung 7 model have fully demonstrated its superiority.
That is, it can be used for work on wetfields, on vegetable. garden fields,
on orchards, and on hilly terrace fields, it is best fit for small-size
plots but is also fine as adjunct to the large-size tractors. Its
horse-power is a4Lq appropriate for use in fixed operations and it is
.also mu:y convenient to move around. Should it have all the, attachments
and related agricultural machinery, its over-all rate of utility during
the year comes to above 70 percent. The volume and price of, the new
model are tailored to the purchasing and utilizing capacity'of the peo-
ple's communes and production hag teams, it is also easy.to manage.
Consequently, we can' foresee that this Kung-nung Model 7 h hand
truck is going to propagate fast to the people's communes everywhere.
Hereunder, we would like to present the specifications of the new model
as found in the standard design charts of the Eighth :Machine Industry
Department.
Specifications of Kung-nung 7 Tractors
Form: Manual, single-axed, igau tire type. '
Size: in millimeters, 2570 x 807 x 1050.
Distance to ground plant 250 mm from the ground plan to the'oil-
releasing screw of the transmission part.
Distance between the wheels: in millimeters, 1482, 542, 6)40,..and 700.
Weight: when dry, 485 ? 10 kg ,
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Running,speed: 5 :00:.- 12 tires, motor gives 1500 rom.
Speed
(km/h)
Speed
(Ii/h)
Kith regular
With as p
With regular
With fast pul-
pulley:.
lei
puI1
lei..
Forward
V
4.56.
8.85
1
1.28
2.148
VI
7.13
13.84
II
1.67
3.24
Backt?Tard
III
2.01
3.90
I
1.60
3.10
IV
2.61
5.o6 .
II
2.51
4.86
Revolutions per minute of rotating plough: motor gives .1500 rpm,
with a low speed 'of 182 and a high speed of 273.
Gear operation:. Speeds I and II, cultivation depth x-cultivation
breadth at highest range is 180 mm (usually 120-160 mm) x 614 mm.
Tactile power: On wetfields (iron wheels, paddy fields, at speeds
III and IV) is 160-200 kg. On dry fields (rubber tires, wheat fields,
at speeds III and IV), it is 180-200 kg. For road transport (rubber
tires, automobile roads, at speed V), it is 260-290 kg.
Motor
Form:. Model 195, horizontal, single cylinder, four-stroke Diesel
engine.
Size '(in mill3meters,.length x width x'height): 935 x 600 x X90..
Cylinder diameter x strokes (in milli-meters).-.95 x .115.
Compression rate : 17.5.
Revolutions p er minute (rpm) : 1300-1500.
Related power: 6-7 YS.
Stipulated fuel consumption (g/PS/h):-=200.
Stipulated lubricating oil cozisurrrption (g/PS/h):
Weight (at dry state,. in kg.): 185 . 2 ro.
Starting method: By hand, with installation of pressure redaction.
Cooling method: Water boiling and steam sending met:iod..,
Lubricationg method:. Pressure sending, blowing method,, oiling.
Steam distribution: Intake valve opens at 5? before uppr:per.dead
point, closes'at 40? after lower dead point; exhaust valve opens at
40? before lower dead point and closes. at 5? before. upper. dead point.
Between-valve gap (in millimeters, at cold state); Intake valves.,
0.4 mm: exhaust valves, 0.5 mm*
nozzle: x multi valve closing method, jet pressure of 160 kg/cm';
speed regulator: mmmJocig centrifugal all through. , ..
Power extracting method (Extracting from the motor crank axis edge).--
V-pulley of 236 mm for large wheels, two B-model pulleys of 142 mm for
small wheels, three B-model pulleys with average diameter x width equal
to 113 mm x 140 mm, with key accessory axis diameter of 40 mm.
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Clutch: Dry type, two-face, friction, ordinarily gear-engaging type,
transmission box: cogwheel transmission, coupling type, breaks: band .
type installed on clutch axis, directing mechanism: right and left gear-
engaging type clutches, oil valves: flexible taqu tube, collapsible type
hand valves.
Running wheels: Rubber ta= tires (5 : 00 - 12, air pressure 2 kg/
cm2) or iron wheels, cultivating rear wheels (rubber tires) of diameter x
width (in millimeters): when close together 280 x 22, and when far apart
280 x 30, x?c transport rear wheels 3 : 50 - 5 tires, air pressure 2.5 kg/
cm2, saddle 1, balance xt weighlz 5kg for two, cultivation equipment: ho-
rizontal, 16 running type rotating plough, plough model: regular straight
share, straight share with blades i attached, pointed head straight
share, and bending type, that is, four types altogether.
Fuel and Lubricating Oil Specifications
Fuel: Number 20 or Number 10 light Diesel oil (SYB 1071 - 60).
Crankshaft x box lubricating oil: During the summer, number TiLf
machine oil (SYB 1152 - 60) and for the winter Number T8 machine oil
(sYB 1152 - 60).
Transmission system lubricating oil: For the summer use g car gear
oil (SYB 1103 - 602), and for the winter car gear oil (SYB 1103 - 602).
Yellow oil nozzle lubricating oil: Coal soap base grease (SYB 1401 -
59).
The Many Uses of Kung-nung Model 7 Tractors
1. Cultivation purposes. Can plough to a depth of 12-16 cm gene-
rally (about 14 cm in the case of wetfields and dry fields and about 16 cm
in the case of vegetable dry fields) when provided with rotating culti-
vation blades. If the soil is clayey and the water content low (7-8 %)
or high (20 % or more), the depth is about 12 cm. The undulating rate of
the cultivation depth usually comes to about 5-7 percent and depends
mainly on the degree of ruggedness of the land surface, on the forward
going speed of the tractor and on the rotating speed of the cultivation
blades.
The tractor's soil-breaking capacity is usually high, the soil-
breaking coefficient usually xa reaching about 70 percent, obtaining
m even more than 90 percent in case the water content of the sandy soil
is right, i.e. 15 percent. Since the soil gets fine broken up when cul-
tivated with rotary ploughs, the soil gets puffed up to a level of 20-40
percent, xs which is xxg3mzxt very good for retaining water. The land
surface and bottom are flat (the degree of ruggedness of the land surface
of wetfields is about 10 percent, that of dry fields about 5 percent,
that of vegetable fields about 3 percent and the submersion rate about
80 percent).
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The proportion of land that does not get ploughed is extremely small:
for a standard surface of 50 x 50 m2 the proportion is 0.85 percent in
the case of x wetfield dry cultivation (rubber tires used).
tractors complementary ploughs, the rate at left uncultivated is 0.08 per-
cent, or eight times 1/1-150th of the land left
unploughed should one use water buffaloes.
tl~am Generally, should one attach across to 30 percent of the four-wheel
twin-direction plough). Cultivation depth of wetfields come to about
18 cm. Undulation rate about 5-10 percent, reversing at the beginning,
good planting submersion (submersion rate about 70 percent), fine soil
clods, the soil after 2ir initial cultivation grows puffed by about
30-L10 percent, the degree of unevenness is about 10 percent, and the pro-
ductivity about 0.8 mu per hour corresponding to the work of 1-2
head of draught animals, with one inu taking up 1.2-1.5 kg of fuel.
At the time mixdrpmad of dry cultivation of the wet fields, since
the soil water content is high (above 30 percent), the length of the soil
clods reaches 50-60 cm, with the. degree of aimanumm= unevenness of the
land surface as high as 40 percent. 0thert-rise, it is the same
as wet cultivation.
. For one hour, one usually zmpcbm completes 1-1.5 mu, corresponding
to the work of 3 draught animals or 25-30 man-days of
work, and consuming 0.5 to 0.9 kg of fuel per mu.
2. Ploughing operations(when equipped with one L-1-20 model t share,
For initial cultivation on dry fields, the tractor also gives fine
earth clods (40-60 percent), a rate of plant submersion above
80 percent, a cultivation productivity of 0.7-1 mu/h, one mu requiring
0.9 to 1.3 kg of fuel.
3. Raking operations. There are complex and single operations to
be done at the same time as the cultivation. Mm= v/hen there is need
for intensive cultivation, these operations are performed at the time of
the second cultivation, which the tractor can do to the same level as
that done kWxthm with water buffaloes. When it is a single operation,
the degree of resistance is small and one can use a high speed. At
speed V, the productivity is good while requiring but little fuel, yet
the quality of the operation is fine: this, however, requires a high
level of operating technique xx since a great power of concentration is
demanded. Generally, it is proper to go at speed III for complex ope-
rations and speed IV for single operations. The productivity is 5-8 mu
per hour, each mu requiringx 0.15-0.2 kg of fuel.
. Down pressing (With installation of 3YV-1 Model pressing machine).
In treading wheat plants during the spring in the North China dry fields,
pressing down after sowing is enough to fulfill the require-
ment of agricultural techniques.
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Should one use transport rear wheels, one can reduce the labor in-
tensity while raising the speed of the operation. Productivity is 3-7
mu per hour, each mu requiring fx2 about 0..2 kg of fuel.
5. Ditch-digging (With installation of earth pounder and of dragging
board type or adjustable type excavator). Works best with an adjustable.
type excavator, giving fine ditches and trapezoid mounds, giving sharp
ditch walls with little crumbled earth, and by adjusting the machine one
can dig ditches of about 19-25 cm in depth, 50-65 cm in breadth and 10-
20 cm in bottom width. Productivity is 800-1000 meters per hour, each
hour requiring 0.7-1.2 kg of fuel.
6. Water-pumping. By changing the V-pulley of the motor crankshaft
into a plain pulley and by connecting to it a four-inch or six-inch. pump,
one can pump 50-90 tons of water per hour to irrigate 1-2 mu of land,
each hour requiring 0.6-1.2 kg of fuel.
7. Midseason cultivation (With installation of mid-season cultiva-
tion machines). TTJorks fine for early mid-season and single mid-season
cultivation of hxwt sugar beets, Indian corn and kaoliang, is appropriate
for various souring operations while the rate of young plants that get
hurt is low. 50-70 cm spacing out, depth of mid-season cultivation 4-6 cm,.
weeding rate 90 percent, and young plant hurting rate less than fft 0.1
percent. Productivity is.4-5.mu per hectare, one mu requiring 0.15 to
0.2 kg of fuel. For pounding, the rate of fuel consumption, is somewhat
higher, from 0.2 to 0.25 kg. per hour.
8.'Yam digging(;tlith the use of stockade-type plough). By going at
speed V, you dig one row each at each time, exposing from 25-80 percent.
of the yam with a loss rate relatively high at about 20 percent, produc-
tivity 2.5 to 3 mu per ka hour, each mu requiring 0.3-0o5 kg of fuel.
9. Threshing xx and other processing of agricultural by-products.
Should one connect to the tractor a TY-3 corn husk remover and assign
25 laborers to it, one can reach a productivity of 4000-5000 kg per hour,
one hour requiring 1.2-1.4 kg of fuel, grain removing rate of 93 percent
and broken grain rate *F 5 percent. Besides, one can connect various
other machines such as paddy and wheat threshers, cotton gins, rice po-
lishers, and flour grinders, etc.. .
10. Transportation (Towing a 750 kg-capacity trailer). By changing
the motor mith to a fast speed pulley, one can get around 12 lug per hour
at speed V or IV. 7-10 t/km/h, fuel consumption 0.13-0.18 kg/tfkm.
Operation Costs of.a Kung-nung 7 Tractor
Agricultural operations, differ from locality to locality an& since
the economic conditions are not. the same everS There either, as a whole
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one cannot compare the costs of operations when done by men and animals
on the one hand and by tractors on them other. For instance., .should one
list out the cultivation operations, the opmratingx3mxt operation cost 'f.
a hand tractor for every mu.in the region of Peking is'l.2-;L.35'yuan .
while that done by animals comes to 1.14 yuan, for Honan we have '.l?.55 Yuan-
and 1.2-1.3 yuan respectively,' and for the region of Shanghai I.5.yuant
and 3.22 yuan respectively. However, the efficiency of a hand tractor is
.higher than that of domestic animals and its great functions. can. be pro
rooted during the busy season. According to the accounted costs 'of two
production kx?k brigades in the province of Szechuan, using.- the. hand trac-
.tor, one can complete the transplanting from six to ten days earlier than
if that was done by men and animals, thus representing an increase. of:2i;-
33 percent. Ash Also, a production brigade in the region .f Saanghai
has been able to save about 3000 xmdat man-days of work: during the su :mler
and autumn crops thancs to the use of the tractor. A production brigade,
in the region of Peking rias used one hand tractor to do tacr.-trie. worx oi'
two draught animals, then used the two animals to carry fertilizers 'nd.
others, thus.bei.ng able .to deduct more than ten yuan from the costs.
Easy Ihtanipulation and Maint?.nsnce
isecause the? Kung-nung and tractor is simple in i.;.echanism and, there
fore convenient for operation, the more lciowledgeable,youths at the coun-
tryside can learn to use it independently after about one.
month of training, then after manipulating . it; for about one or two opera-
tion seasons, they can do simple maintenance' work and repair minor
breakdowns. The motor is started manually and should the tech-,
nical conditions be right, and the temperature below 5-100C, it should
start after two or three seconds. If the temperature drops below c
0?C, one should pour hot water on the machine and it should start after
about 5 to 7 minutes. The operating force needed for various',control
atx.sticks is below 10 kg.
Maintenance is relatively easy, with one man spending.about 30 mi-
nutes each time it should be enough. As for tools,, there are 'eight kinds..
and 11 points to. remember. Number 1 maintenance requires oneman spend-
ing 1 hour 'and a half using 10 kinds of tools and checkir_.g .16 points,
n'.mber.2 maintenance requires one man spending half a day'using 20 tools.'.
and checking 28 points, and .number 3 maintenance .requires two risen spend-
ing two. days using 26, tools and checking -37 Points.' By testing, m
1500 to 2000 hours, the = ^% mai iten,snce 'coef-
ficient is.found to be'about 10 percent. .
Repair work is convenient, needing no jacIcing. equipiaent and?.tir_th
the exception of crankshaft friction and inside boring of cylinders a1.1
the repair work can be done :oh. a self-help basis, even the -overhaul. wok:
can be done at some people's cominuries tinat have the coed bons, thus
saving time and money.
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According to an assessment of the. tests carried out in the last two
years at various localities, the degree of reliability of the machines
is about 90 percent. After 1000 hours of use, the motor still retains
its stipulated generating power while fuel consumption rises to about
200 grams per hour per .' horse-power. After 2000 hours of use, the
stipulated generating power drops by about 0.5 > horsepower while fuel
consuirrption rises to 250 grams per horsepower per hour. Now,
the efficiency and anti-friction capacity of part of the parts have be-
come good with another part getting better and better.
Several Remaining Problems
As far as the deficiencies of the Kung-nung 7 hand tractor are con-
cerned, the cultivation depth ft still xkmli does not go it far enough,
JJ= while the ix machine still does not break the earth fine enough., it
is still hard to turn about. For this reason, they cannot be used for
intensive cultivation, autumn cultivation and turning about during winter
cultivation. As the machine is long, it is hard to change direction,
dust and mud stick to it, and at dry cultivation of the paddy fields
should the water content be high and the earth stick too much to the
machine, various problems arise.
As for what should be improved upon in the future, it should have
more accessory implements so that it can be used for all kind of agricul-
tural operations. Besides, there is also the problems of the plough
structure, of its hardness, of its strength, and of its manufacturing
quality. The depth and width of the ploughing operations also are
still xmctt unstable. The redemption and maintenance costs of the agri-
cultural implements xtt= as well as of the tractor are said to come to
60 percent of the total operations costs, thus
my, it is necessary to lower the cost of production of
sar,ie, to raise their xx quality and to better the longevity of the parts.
Thus it is necessary to stabilize and better the quality of the
parts one step further, to improve upon their construction. For instance,
there is still room for improvement in regard to the three iz valves of
the motor (intake valve, exhaust valve,, and loading valve of the fuel
pump), the three filters (air filter, fuel filter, lubricating oil filter),
the wheels for use in paddy fields, the cultivation rear wheels, and the
gear clutch, etc. It is also necessary to better the protection against
water in case of operations in paddy fields. The running wheels of the
tractor do not cling fast, the draught efficiency is still low while
the hauling power is weak: thus it is necessary to improve the
whole running system, to rearrange it, to make it stay fast, to improve
upon the use efficiency for weights as well as upon the hauling power.
At present, the new tractor is being manufactured everywhere accor-
ding to the standard design charts, in Shanghai, Ch'angchou, Wuhan, Fu-
kien, and Shenyang. In Shanghai and Chang-thou, the combustion room
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has been improved upon, the machine iu powered up, various parts such
as the fuel nozzle, the piston, the cylinder cover, etc. bettered
or E in the process of being experimented with. Also, in Shenyang the
tractor has had its capacity stabilized for use on ridge-separated lands,
and in order to make use of the connection of various agricultural im-
plements, the structures of the chassis and of the connections have been
improved upon. Thus, when the Kung-nung 7 hand tractor has ? been im-
proved upon and then mass produced9 there is no doubt that because of
its extraordinary appropriateness to the intensive
cultivation and local industries of China, it will be widely propagated
to the people Is communes everywhere.
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