COURSE OF ARTILLERY BOOK 9. OBSERVED SHOOTING.

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• Publication Date: January 1, 1949
• Content Type: BOOK

25X1A2g
MAJOR G JE;UL of the ARTILLERY
)J. G. DYA1ONOV
25X1A2g
COURSE OF ARTILLERY
BOOK 9.
OBSERVED SHOOTING.
Editbd by
:,AJ; Ii ;' AL OF E"TTIT LEit-ARTILLERY SERVICES
A. D. BLINOV
The Military Publishing House
of the
Ministry of the Armed Forces
of the
TT .S .R.
MOSCOW - 1949.
Gn the i-evei se
? 1
L;ajcr 3e :cral, r rofessor, Doctor of Military Scie7iCeB
f Artillery, Book 9, Observed Shooting.--L,
~ of nd W;A.Ls t ranging, fire for :,q
? .z- der er ~cial condition
r s and firi
i
.i< z
ng w
th shells of a
rac;
t'z .~ ,
to
ri va t
TL-i6 Look is recomtended by the Directorate of the
_j : i t er;; -Scientific Or aniza +4 0"s as a text book for
C r ti, ,0h0013. in addition it may serve as an aid
,N
-
s tad' for officers of the Soviet Aray.
f".
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V. Covering group. 45
10, Order c ro: d burst zGrt _r 5C
11* Sri th a 1n z;e CT ankle.
12. .aarging when f rinb on ;;rest If (;: i tL t,:
between the 4P and * ,, L v
13. tinging on ricochet. 6.
14'. UF;perze. star si:cotin . 7'_
i Obap ter II
Firing for efec t.
T6tsks o artil err- fire.
factiv , es of firF..
Destrjct1 n q GOV.' e lacBments.
Destruction a , $arbed ;:ire ob O ta..Ioa .
Destruction of trenches ui-,, CcmL:u:.i..ti.on VX-V',,.
gktriicLion of anti tan v ;; t4eicc .
Destruction of particu'erl;~ strong field
Striking xerscnne? inthe cI:er. and fire r,'" t._
t ~ V .J 1
. 2
target before end after firinG the firs , round
6. Width of the f,rst i r ek' t. 27
'T . rowiz the bra eke t.
8. Verifying the breci:et.
p Lion of the mean -,Lora jcotory in r::la titan to the
target.
3. Orderin , initi^1 e:ttin a . r~teradna tion of the
3. ermination of the t'rGet.
4. Probability of obtat.r_in5 a r1us or a minus ,With a -iven
Chapter 1.
Bing on ground bursts.
`e task and tie General lan of raring.
2. ink; for line.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
24
21.
22.
28.
24.
2.5.
Be.
Chapter III
Firing uid*r a enia.i oondit.ii.ns.
2?. Peculiarities of firing; in the mc,-ntino.
graphical Pcculic~-~ti::~. f
the mountains.
.
30
31
32.
38.
39.
40.
41.
34.
34.
35.
43.
45.
open.
Striking Fersonnel behind cov:.-.
$t7ik -ez- cnnel or. the
W3 f f -r-"r ~ v r / %,M, 1 \
ko abie defersivt fire.
]keteorolo ica2 peculiarities of r ---C ra ti c n . r
~8
18
7{:
01
r7
99
firf ? then mountains. 22
tiliz&t Q Ajountain r etc r t ;ram. ((Ai..;;)=(A;a 1) i2 .
Viking into account correctiorL- ?.her_ {iris, in t1_?,
mountains,
Firing in the no un tai...:;
horizontal 'p1atforn..
the ountains _~n
Fir on targets . . tr_ote
Night firing.
0Mp to r TV
`~;r,? t of Lout J Lip
L' t r:kc.n t .
Shooting with aLell of sj ecial
ire of shell of
.i~ _
Action of a shra.pnel.
2lisper;i:,n of bs ets, iu.oti ii-
The e2pley en t c r ahmpne 1
Ccrrection of b,eight of burst.
R nging with shrapnel shell.
oting vw i th , eh ra j n e l on to
Action cf s Lrap;:loi.
Shootingrdt::
S.b.octj with smcke ~i.~'-_... .
3JWQt1ng .!tL illumir.etj.nj;
Appendix. Table o'f values
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INTRODUCTION.
The ninth, tenth and eleventh books of the Artillery Course
deal with the firing of a gun, a troop and a battery.
In the scientific development of these problems, an honoured
place belongs to Russians and particularly to Soviet artillerymen.
As far back as the nineteenth century Russian scientist-
artillerymen Zabudski and Mayevski worked out in detail the problems
of external ballistics. On the basis of this work the rules of
artillery fire were first laid down, scientifically based on the
theory of probability and the theory of error. By that time both
these sciences had reached a high level of development thanks to the
work of Russian mathematicians: Chebyshev and Markov.
Prior to the Russo-Japanese war field artillery fired exclusively
from open positions. During the Russo-Japanese war the greater
part of artillery began taking up covered positions.
Lussian artillery officers Paschenko, Gobyato, tie. yayev,
Shikhlinski and others first developed the rules for preparing data
in conjunction with the use of the theodolite (director) and the
rules for firing from closed positions, using the coefficient of
range and the director.
Although Russian artillery was in a leading position even in
the first world war, Russian artillerymen nevertheless had not had
time to work out a number of very important problems connected with
the firing of modern artillery.
Soviet land artillery inherited from the old army the Rules r
Firing published in 1917; which were a copy of the Rules for Firing
of 1911. These were in point of fact merely rules for ranging by
observation. It is true, these rules were worked out and based
theorftically on most exhaustively worked out detail.
However, the wealth of experience accumulated by Russian
artillerymen during the first world war was not reflected in the
Rules for Firing of 1917 and the task of drawing up a balance sheet
and of extracting deductions from the experiences of the first world
war fell to the Soviet Artillerymen.
Amongst the problems which required the most urgent attention
was in the first place the matter of firing without ranging or with
._ limited ranging. The rapid growth during the first world war in
the strength of artillery and the resultant heavy distribution of
artillery to formations required the development of methods of firing
which allowed firing without each troop having to range on all the
targets allotte,~d. To theg2,metho mast be linked the full
artillery preparion on the ,>the switch of fire from land
and air bursts and the employment of ranging guns.
In the Rules for Firing 1917, there were likewise no instructions
on firing at invisible targets and in particular counter battery fire.
At the same time an advance even then could not succeed without the
neutralization of enemy batteries, without striking at reserves not
visible from the ground and without seriously disrupting the work of
the enemy's staff and rear services.
The method of striking other targets was then not yet worked out;
in the Rules for Firing 191?, no mention is made either of the order
of fire or of the rate of expenditure of ammunition when firing at
one or another type of target.
Already in the course of the first world war wide use was nude
of special types of shell: smoke, incendiary, illuminating. But
the rules for firing these shell had not been worked out.
No rules existed for OT shooting, firing in mountainous terrain,
ranging by measured deflections etc.,
All the directions coptained in the Riles for Firing 191?,
dealt with troops and firing by batteries and higher formations was
not touched upon.
This by no means exhausted list of important problems of firing
thQ t had not been worked out by the end of the first world war shows
the magnitude of the task facing Soviet artillerymen. In fact it
was necessary to tackle afresh all questions relating to the prep -
aration for and the control of fire in the conditions of modern L~Rr-
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Those engaged in work on these problems were in the first
instance the Xrtillery Firing and Tactical Committee, the Artillery
Academy-and the Senior School for Artillery Officers. But the
development of the methods of firing was not limited to the narrow
circle of specialists working in the above mentioned scientific
artillery centres - the most active part in the development of the
theory of fire and in the experimental work was played by many
regimental artillery officers. They put forward their theories
through the pages of military Journals and sent their ideas to the
The Firing tactical Committee. A considerable number of these
suggestions were of very great value: In them were brought forward
comp.etely new and original methods of preparation of original gun
data, of ranging and firing for effect and many improvements to
previously worked out methods.
With regard to some of the methoda of preparing gun data and
of firing it is difficult to find the author: an idea submitted by
one officer was immediately seized upon by many others, who by their
contributions r,arkedly improved the method suggested in the first
instance. The result of such fruitful collective effort and the
determined endeavours of many enthusiasts of the art of artillery,
the suggested method finally crystalized itself, took shape in the
most practical form, was accepted into Soviet artillery practice and
was included in the current edition of Rules for Firing.
The Soviet Army worked out, theoretically established and
checked by many experiments and finally entered up in the Rubs for
Firing many methods of ranging by measured deflections, the switching
of fire from a map, bringing effective fire down on invisible targets
and in particular the neutralization and destruction of enemy batteries,
rules for anti tank fire, close support tf infantry and tanks in the
attack, rules for firing in mountainous terrain, shooting with a
large displacement angle and rules for firing with limited and full
preparation of basic gun data.
During the same period much experimental work was done: the rate
of fire of guns was investigated, the fragmentation action of shells,
the most advantageous grouping of shells in a given area and many other
matters were dealt with.
As the science of artillery fire developed so the Rules for
Firing were published. The additions of 1924, 31, 34 and 39 reflected
the continuous improvemant in the Scviet artillery methods of firing;
daring the same period new text books were compiled on artillery firm;.
By the beginning of the Great Fatherland V;ar the Soviet arrk-
possessed artillery which held first place amongst the armies of the
whole world, in the sphere of the scientific development of artillery
fire.
Soviet artillery possessed fully up to date, scientifical]ybe sed
Rules for Firing, the majority of these having been put to the test
experimentally on the ranges.
The artillery of the Soviet army, thanks to the exceptional
efforts of Comrade Stalin, was by this time equipped with the most
modern types of weapons and instruments.
Guided by the directions of Comrade Stalin, the oldest Scviet
artillerymenima.naged to train a large number of young officers who
mastered, to a very high degree, the art of artillery fire.
In the course of the Great Fatherland ti,ar the scientific
correctness and the practical feu sibility of all the principles of the
Rules for Firing were checked and confirmed; the war likewise confir-
med the superiority of our artillery armament over the armament of the
enemy. The war also proved that Soviet artillerymen p.ssessr vast
knowledge and have a greater mastery of the art of firing as compared
with the army of our enemy.
As a result, Soviet artillery passed with honours the greatest
tests act by the war and fully justified Comrade Stalin's definition;
"Artillery is the main striking force of the Red Army".
In the course of the war, Soviet artillerymen continued to perfect
the previously created methods. of firing and at the same time worked
to produce new ones. The basic factors which determined the direction
of development of the met:ods of artillery fire during the Great
Fatherland 'Aar were;
1) the use by the enemy of large numbers of tanks with-an increase,
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and new type of armament;
2) the great overall increase in the numbers of our artillery and
the increase in the distribution of artillery to other formations,
particularly in break-through sectors;
the unprecedented size and scope of advancing operations and the
speed of advance of our troops in the move forward.
The great achievementg of our artillery as compared with the
artillery of other armies taking part in the war was the fact that
thnks to our correct approach to the problems of firing on tanks a
great deal of thought was given to this matter before the war. V/ar
did not catch the Soviet artilleryman unprepared and German tanks
suffered enormous, irreplaceable losses as a result of, our artillery's
accurate fire.
The very heavy concentration of artillery on a break-through
sector (200 and more guns to a kilometer of front), the wide front and
the depth of advance linked with high speed of movement forced a
revision to be made in the existing methods of directing fire.
To achieve operational and tactical surprise it was necessary to
cut down considerably the length of artillery preparation as compared
with the first world war.
Under these conditions of warfare the Soviet artillerymen were
faced with the following problems:
detailed development and prqctical application of methods of
preparation which allow the simultaneous direction of fire from
a large number of guns, either without ranging or with a short-
ened form of ranging;
the development of the technique of directing the fire of large
artillery coneentrations, taking into account the necessity to
be able to concentrate the fire of several batteries and some-
tir~,es of several regii:ents on to one target;
the development and application of speeded up methods of prep-
aration for the opening of directed fire . effectivd.y against
targets deep within the aneurr's defence immediately after a
break through of the eneny's forward positions;
the development and application of methods of close support for
tanks and infantry.
Soviet artillerymen skilfully solved all these problems.
The spectacular success of most offensives was to a large extent
guaranteed by the effective directed massed fire of Soviet artil-ery,
a a ct pre ~.~e::t ;~ underlined in the orders of the day of the Commander
in Chief, Comrade Stalin.
The vast experience gained during the Great Fatherland War in the
realms of artillery firing was reflected in the "Riles for Firing 1942
and to a mach greater extent in the Rules fbr Firing 1945. But
during the short period of time which has elapsed since the end of the
Grut,t Fathei?l,nd '~';ar the problem of stadying the wealth of experience
relating to questions of artillery fire could be only be solved in part.
Soviet artillerymen continue to labour towards their goal of
extracting v'iue from the experiences of war and on a basis of analysis
of results, making use of the latest scientific developments to perfect
sF'- further the methods of firing end to apply them skilfully in their
practical work.
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Capter 1.
_ NGING BY OBSERVATION OF FIRE .
1. The Task and General Plan of Rangy.
The preparation of the initial setting which precedes all forms
of firing is always subject to error which cannot be fully eliminated
method but may only be lessened by the employment of more accurate/of prep-
aration. As a result firing on settings attained through the prep-
(of ataton.does ..not guarantee the coincidence/the mean point of impact
with the.target or even its proximity to it, and therefore does not
guarantee the destruction of the target. The most advantageous
setting for,the destruction of the target 'is determined during the
process of shoot~ng. This, phase of shooting is acalled pranging.
The object of ranging is therefore the determination of the
error in the working out of the initial setting and the introduction
on this basis of. corrections, which guarantee the destruction of the.
target. If the observer could mdasure the correction needed for line then
the determining of the correction necessary to bring the mean point
of impact to, coincide with the target would not present any very great
difficulty, and the problem of ranging would be solved comparatively
simply. In_ practice under certain conditions, such a method of
ranging is employed (see Book 10, Course of Artiller,;, "Ranging by
measu
red ,deflection" )
``However, the employment of this method is not always possible
as the measurement of the lateral error requires a corresponding
organization of fire end the availability of definite recce and
observation resources. Therefore, in cases where the situation
(time, available. observation and communication resources etc., ) does
not allow for the measurement of the lateral error, another method
of ranging is employed, by observing the bursts. Employing this,
type of ranging, the observer measures from his position the lateral
deviation of the burst from the line of observation, and only
determines the sign of error in range, without measuring its size,
i.e., determines whether the burst has occurred on this side or on
the far side of the target, (plus or minus). Having made his
observation for range (plus or minus) the observer makes a correction
for range for the next rounds, gradually bringing the bursts
closer to the target. The process of briny; the bursts closer to the
target is accomplished by means of bracketting the target, i.e., the
discovering of such settings on the sights whereby one results-in a
minus and, the other in a plus, and of further halving of the. achieved
bracket. In this case it is possible to determine the position of
the burst from the point of view of range, that is to determine plus
or mi.rzas, generally speaking only if the bursts are along the line of
observation, i.e., the line observer - target.
Therefore, ranging, for renge is as a rule carried out simul--
taneously with ranging for line.
If there were. no dispersal of the rounds or if the zone of the
gun .,here so small that the dispersal could be ignored, then the
narrowing of the bracket would be lir.ited exclusively by the accurrcy
of the sighting mechanism and the subsequent he lv:ing of the bracket
would bring the mean point of impact to the target. The existence:
of dispersal of rounds introduces material E41t;erations into the clan
of ranging, as with the a; y roaci~ cy the mcr.n point of impact to the
target, there develops the probability of getting plusses at a minus
range and minuses at a plus range.
Fig 1. caption. Getting bracket hl(-) and h~,(+)
,As an example in fig I it is shown that both mean pcints of
impact, one corresponding tc the setting hl and the other to the
setting h2 are minus in rel^ ti on to the target.
If the round fired vli th the setting hi butts on the 7,(Ant plend
the round fired With the setting h2 bursts on the point T" (v, i thin
the limits of dispersal) then the observer on the basin of the
observations (minu3 with :3etti.ng hl end plus with setting h':} will,
consider the bro.cket has hsiring been achieved r;nd for f'n'th(_--r 3h,-W)tine
will Give the sett.inL Thus owing to the influence of t1 ?-e ni::pei al
of rounds the out) 3c-R epaiation UP range
0 m. from 1, 500 to 3, 000 m above 3,000 m
Vigoal
ahorteued
I.after the first alteration to the sight the bursts are found t
be on the same side of the target as before, i.e. the tar
bracketted
another alt get is not
atio
,
er
n of the sami i
,e. szes
made
All the
considevration
ha
.
s
ve been based on ths
e a lateral displacement of the bursts is not measured and only~the plusses
and minuses are determined. If however, the first observation for
-range indicates a considerable error in the determination of the initial
data then. the width of. the first bracket (irrespective of the method of
Pre p tation is taken as 8, 16 or more divisions of the sight, depending
on-the., extent of the error determinedb
yeye or from thp
,e ma.
If .the._firet observation shows that the buret is close to the target
and ,. that _the....bracket of four or- eight divi
i
f
s
ons o
the fight is obviously
too._great the alteration of the sight is either halved or is taken to
! be of a size determined in the
a
e
urse of ranging b th
ye size of
didplacement. the
33 In the event of the first round falling very close to the target
fire ie repeated at the same sight setting.
70 Shortening of Bracket.
Thexcorreet initial setting of the sight was deduced from the
determination of .the tar
et whi
h
g
c
was calculatd th
e one basis of our
knowledge of the errors of preparation. The study-of
of the .target after the initial round made it posible toe make . determination
deduction concerning the width of the first bracket i.e. concerning the
setting of the sights for the second round. In order to establish.
rationai,-.xules for subsequent ra
Bete aging it is necessary to calculate the
motion of the target as it will be after the target is ' taken
into the first bracket. We will make the analysis using an example
under the same conditions of firing as in the case of determining the
width of the first bracket i.e.,
a preparation - shortened (mean error 40A)
b range from gun to target determined as 5,000 m;
o all observations of bursts correct i.e. the fall of sho
corresponds to the observation of plug or minas; t
d For F e1ease 20b0/08/1 A-RDP78-04 8 1A0 1p.00 OO01- Q
go,
Table 12x. .
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(fl
AX = 50 m; B d = 25 m;
on sight setting 100 a minus is obtained, while on sight
setting 104 a plus, i.e. the target is enclosed in a
bracket divided into four.
Figure 9 shows the calculations for the determination'of the
target after obtaining this bracket.
The first line.of the table gives the sectors of the area of
the possible positions of the target, each one to a depth of lAX,
within limits of from sight setting 98 to sight setting 118.
The second line gives the probability of the target being
within these sectors after obtaining. a minus on sight setting 100.
The data for this line are taken from Table fig 8. -On this data.
is basdd the construction of the curve of the determination of the
target after the first round (fig 9 - curve ADE).
The third line gives the probabilities of obtaining a plus on
sight setting 104 with the target in various positions.
e fourth line --gives the .--
ps probabilities of alb ?
obtaining of a plus . As is already known, the probability of a
compound result is equal to the sum of the simple results which
go to make up the compgaind results. In this case it happens to be
the sum of the figures found in the second and third lines of the
The last line of the table gives the probabilities of the target
being within the various sectors after obtaining a bracket divided
four-times,. i.e., the determination of the target of the target is
given.
The figures in this line are worked out according to the formals
of the theorem of hypotheses:
Q? =
P; Pi
2Pip,
Qi - the probability of the hypothesis after trial; in this
case probability of the target being within one of the
Pi - the probability of the same hypotheses prior to trial; In
this case - probability of the target being within the same
sector before the second round (after the first round);
pi - the probability of the accuracy of the hypothesis; in this
case the probability of obtaining a plus on sight setting-
104
h
i
w
t
the given position of the target.
From thh information within this line a curve is constructed of,,.
the determination of the target after obtaining a -bracket - curve ABC
A study of the table and the graph in figure 9 allows one to makeW
e positions of the target has become more precise.
depth of the area of the possible positions of the target was
equal to 20 AX or 40 Bc) (within the limits of sight-settings 98 --. 108) .
After the second round the depth of the area of the possible positioue
of the -target became equal to 8&X or 16 Bd(within the limits of t
settings 98-106), i.e. decreased b 2.5 times. The probability of the
target being within the sector CE (between sight settings 106-118)
became equal to nil, and as a result the probabil i of the target
being within the sector AC increased (between 98 - 106). Consequently'
as a result of bb tRining the second observationsour tyinformation about
th
Prior to obtaining a bracket i.e. after the first round th
The area of the
ApW 9 i ~ R21e a gr
9 Wo 9t a k-
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t?3s
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sectors beyond the limits of the bracket,'4 Bd on either side.
After the first round the curve of the determination of-the
target ADE, was obviously assymetrical. After obtaining the bracket
as may be seen from the table and the graph the. lack of symmetry in
the curve (ABC) became quite negligible. whin reasonable limits
it may be said that the point corresponding to sight setting 102
i.e. the centre of the bracket obtained is the point on which the
target is most likely to lie; this point is the mean point of the
determination of the target i.e. such a point in relation to which
the robability of the target corresponding to it is roughly a ual;
and finally this q
point is the centre of the area of the possible
positions of the target.
--, On the basis of all that has been said it is possible to make
the deduction that the next round must be fired with a sight setting
corresponding to the middle of the bracket, i.e., the shortening of
the bracket must be done by the process of halving.,
But how, after all, is the fact to be explained that the curve
of the determination of the target after obtaining the bracket was
found to be not completely symmetrical and that the maximum of the
curve (the point corresponding to the most probable o the
target) is out of place although slightly, in relationstoitheocentre
of the bracket? In our example the maximum of the curve as may be
seen from the table and the graph is slightly to and side of the
point corresponding to sight setting 100. This is explained by the
fact that the conditions which are being analysed by us include the
determining of the target by two methods: first of all as a result
of the preparation of initial data and secondly as a result of ranging.
In preparaing the initial data the range to the target is determined
as being equal to 5,000 m, which corresponds to sight setting 100.
ght settings
Pro~ab ,ltty of location of target after first. shot (Pi).
Probabity of obtaining a plus with sight setting 104 (pi).
,'The same, taking into account the determination of the target (Pipi)
Probability of location of target after obtaining a bracket of
100 .- and 104 + (Qi) ?
Fig 9. The determination of the target after obtaining a. four-
division" bracket 100 - and 104 + taking into account the
preparation of i -1 4-4
n
a sight settings.
AflE = curve of the determination of the target after
obtaining a minus at sight setting 100.
ABC = the curve of the determination of the target after
obtaining all fur-di i ,,
In. ran
Bing a minus is obtained on sight setting 100 and a plus
on sight setting 104. As the degree of displacement of both bursts
was not measured , then on the basis of the results of ranging alone
(without taking into account the data of the preparation of the
initial sight settings) we should have accepted the range to the
target corresponding; t to the centre of the bracket L.'. sight setting
102.
Thus we have two results: sight setting 100 and sight setting
102.
If both were equal in value as far as accuracy .is concerned
then the most probable position of the target would be the mean point
i.e. the point corresponding to the sight setting 101. The position
? of the highest point of the curve in the case of our example is
considerably closer to sight setting 102; this is e
fact that the obtaining of a"four divisionar bracket giivesemuch more
accurate information about the position of the target than the
preparation of the initial settings, characterized ,by the mean error
E = 4?%, ft * 200 mi.
Consequently the taking into consideration of the preparation of
the initial settings has little effect on the a
of the determination of the target after o ppearance of the curve
b tainin a b
8
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Therefore, in all future calculations for the sake of simplicity,
we will not take into account the preparation of initial settings.
Working on this basis let us calculate the determination of the
target after obtaining the same "four division" bracket when on
sight setting 100 a' minus was obtained and a plus on sight setting
104.
For greater clarity let us take sectors of a lesser depth, i.e.
of JQX, which gives us 1Ba.
The table and the resins of calculations are given in fig 10.
According to the data shown in the bottom line a curve is drawn
giving the determination of the target (curve ABC). As'-expected
in this instance the curve of the determination of. -the Target is
completely symmetrical and the most probable position of the target
is the centre of the bracket obtained (in this case.- sightsetting10
-
Studying the determination of the target we come to the cone
lusing
that we cannot commence firing for effect on the strength off` _the
"four division" bracket as the area of the possible positions of the
target is too great (16 Bd) and consequently it is necessary to
shorten the bracket obtained. The shortening of the bracket must
be done by the process of halving i.e. giving the sight setting for
the next round corresponding to the centre of the bracket. Firing
a round on the setting corresponding to the centre of the bracket
obtained (in this instance sight setting 102) we may expect with
equal probability the obtaining of either a plus or a minus.
p3'1 ? Sight settings.
Probability of obtaining a minus at sight setting 100.
Probability of obtaining a plus at sight setts 104.
Probability of obtaining a bracket 100 (-) 104+)
Prpbability of locating the target after obtaining the bracket
100 (-) 104 (+).
'ig 10. Determination of the target after obtaining a rfour divis
ion" bracket 100 (-) and 104 (+), without taking into account
the preparation of initiet sight settings.
A3C is the curve of the determination of the target after
obtaining a "four division" bracket.
Sight settings.
Probability of obtaining a minus at sight setting 100.
Probability of obtaining a plus at sight setti 102*-
Probabilitiy of obtaining a bracket 100 (-) 102+) .
Probability of locating the target after obtaining the bracket
100 (-) 102 (+).
Fig 11. Determination of the terget after obtaining a "two divis-
ion" bracket 100 (-) and 102 (+),.
ADE is the curve of the determination of the target after
obtaining a "two division" bracket.
Let us assume thpt on sight setting 102 a plus is obtaijed i.e.
the target has been bracketted between sight settings 100 (- and
10^ (+).
Let us work out the determination of the target after obtaining
this bracket.
The method of calculating is exactly the same as in the case of
a "four division" bracket. The table and the resulter of the cal-
culations are liven in fig 11. According to the data found in the
bottom line of the table a curve of the determination of the target
of ter obtaining a 'two division bracket' is constructed (curve Ate) .
E''or compi;rision t e curve of the determination of the target after_
obtaining; a. "four/iivision" bracket is also given in the same figure
(curve ABC).
Basin; oneself on the study of the curve of the determination
of the target (carve ADE) it is possible to make the following
1. After obtaining a'two division' bracket.hearea of gossible
positions of the target is a ual t th 8t1~ the bracket
Approved F~rAR~I~(a YO~AS~`Q8~ ~Q'I~R 78,Q 6.1 O ~i0v0 A7"-0~ L_=__
 Approved For Release 2000/08/17 : CIA-RDP78-04861A000100020001-0
CPYRGHT
-
4. +
25 metres the area of possible positions of the target after obtaini*9
a "two division" target is equal to 4 Be) + 8 Bq1 = 12 Bql or 6A X.
2. The most probable position of the target - centre of the
bracket obtained (in this instance within the sector of sight
setting 101) /of the target/
The study of the determination/after obtaining "four division"
or "two division" brackets enable us to summarize the deductions
obtained in respect of brackets of any length:
(a) the area of possible positions of the target after obtaining
a bracket with one sign at either end is equal in width to the
length of the bracket itself plus 8 BO;
(b) the mist probable p-sition of the target - centre of the bracket
obtained.
With this as a basis let us work out the areas of the possible
positions of the target for brackets of varying length and let us
tabulate the data obtained (Table 13).
Table 1, 7.
rea o *ppssible positions of the
Bracket tar et expressed in
D. B
Before shooting with
shortened preparation
Table 13 enables us to assess the change in the determination
of the target in relation to the halving of the bracket. With
p'k'0 every round fired the area of possible positions of the target
decreases. At the same time the probability of the target being
within the spparate sectors of this area increases. Thus for
example the probability of the target-being within the sector between
sight settings l( O and 102 prior to firing (see fig 8) is equal to
0.13, after obtaining a minus on setting 100 the probability of the
target being within the same sector becomes equal to C.22, after
obtaining a bracket 100 (-) and 104(+) the probability of the target
being within the sector between sight settings 100 and 102 has
increased to 0.43 (fig 10) and finally after obtaining a bracket
100 (-) and 102 (+), the probability in question has increased to
0.71 (see fig 11).
Thus bracketting a target and subsequent halting of this
bracket makes our. information concerning the position of the target
more precise, lessens the humber of sight settings on which fire is
to be conducted, at the same tiLe increasing the probability of
locatinj; the target within certain sectors of the area and consequently
increasing the probability of striking the target.
However, from a study of Table 13 we see that in halving an
"eight division" bracket the area of possible positions of the target
decreases from 24 to 16 Bch; in halving a 'four division' bracket,
this area decreases only by 4 BO and finally in halving a 'two division'
bracket only by 2 Bcj i.e. each subsequent halving becomes less and
less advantageous. This is explained by the fact that in halving
a bracket the only part of the area that decreases by half is the
part lying between the extremities of the bracket (i.e. the length
of the bracket itself), the part of the area of the possible positions
of the target which lies beyond the-extremities of the bracket and
equal to 8 B) remains unchanged. From this we can establish that
hortenirg of the bracket may only be carried out. up to some definite
slims t beyond which any further shortening brings no material advantx}ge.
In order to find out the necessary length of the final bracket let us
consider the gze;;tion of verifying the bracket.
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CPYRGHT
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8. Verifying the Bracket.
Reducing the area of possible positions of the target nay be
achieved not only by halving the bracket but also by verifying the
extremities of the bracket obtained. To establish this point let
us analyize the case of a "two division" verified bracket 100 (- -)
and 102 (++).
* (A confirmed bracket i.e. a verified bracket, is a bracket
with not less than two observed rounds at each extremity: at the
near end at least two minuses and at the far end at least two pluses).
Let us first of all find out the probability of-obtaining two
minuses when firing on setting 100 with a target in various positioi.
The obtaining of two minuses constitutes a compound result consisting
Qf, two simple ones (first minus and second minus), and therebre to
find out the probability of obtaining this compound result it is
necessary employ the theorem of multiplication.
Sight settings. 2
Probability of obtaining/minuses at sight setting 100.
Probability of obtaining 2 plusses at sight setting ,102.
Probability of obtaining bracket-100 - - and 102 + +.
Probability of locating the target after obtaining the
bracket 100 - - and 102 + +.
Fig 12. Determination of the target after obtaining a "two
division" verified bracket 100 - - and 102 + +.
ADE curve of the determination of the target after obtaining
a "two division" unverified bracket 100 - and 102 +.
KIN the curve of the determination of the target after
obtaining a "two division" verified bracket 100 - - and
102 + +.
Let us suppose that the target is to be found on sight setting
100 i.e. at a point through which the mean trajectory passes. Then
the probability of obtaining a minus with one round is equal to
0.5. 2The probability of obtaining two minusses with two rounds will
be C.5 = 0.25 (fig 12).
In the case of the target being at a point corresponding to
sight setting 99.5 the probability of obtaining a minus is 0 25the''
probability of obtaining two minuses with two rounds is 0.252 ='0.063
and so on. The- probabilities worked out in this manner i.e. the
probabilities of obtaining two minuses on sight setting 100 with the
target in various positions are given in the second line of fig 12.
The probabilities of obtaining two plusses when firing on sight
setting 102 with the target in various positions are worked out in
the same N'ay (third line of fig 12).
Employing the theorem of multiplication we will obtain the
probabilities of achieving two minuses on sight setting 100 and'two
plusses on sight setting 102, i.e. the probabilities of bracket
100 4. - and 102 + + with the target in various positions (4th line).
Let us take the sum of the probabilities of obtaining the
bracket with the target in various ppsitions. It is 2.4.
Having divided each figure in the fourth line of fig 22 by 2.4
we obtain the probabilities of the target being within the various
sectors i.e. we obtain the determination of the target. The result
of this division is given in the fifth line of fig 12.
- The determination of the target in graph form, after obtaining
the bracket 100 - and 102 + + is represented by the curse. KLV. For
the purpose of comparison on the same diagram the curve of the
determination of. the Prge-t, after obtaining an unverified "two
division" bracket 100 _ and 102 + is also given.
From a study of the curve of the determination of. the target
K111, we see that in repeating the extremities of, the bracket we have
reduced each side of the area of the possible -positions of the target
b ? 1- B
)
y c
, 1n al by 3 Bd Frior to repeating the rounds on the
extrenatics, the area of possible positions of the target tie AE
t - : ?II: 1"Y 4 DO + B0 = 9 BO. Thus the process of repea n8' 1
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4 13) + 8 DO = -12 BO and after repeating the rounds on the a remities
 Approved For Release 2000/08/17 : CIA-RDP78-04861A000100020001-0
CPYRGHT
-24-
rounds on the extremities leaves the size of the bracket unchanged
but reduces that part of the area which lies beyond the limits of the
bracket. At the same time the probability of the target being
within the specific-sectors of this area increases and consequently
the probability of striking the target on settings appropriate to
these sectors also increases.
Thus, for example, the probability of the target being within
the sector between sight settings 100 and 102 prior to repeating the
rounds on the extremities was 0.71, after repeating the rounds on the
extremities, this probability increased to 0.86.
Thus the reducing of the area of the possible positions of the
target as well as the increasing of the probability of the target
being within specific sectors of this area may be achieved by halving
the bracket and also by repeating the rounds on the extremities of the
bracket. 'In order to determine to what point it is necessary to
halve a bracket and when it is necessary to go over to repeating
rounds on the extremities let us tabulate the sizes of the areas of
the possible positions of the target after obtaining various brackets.
(Table 14),.
Table 14.
Width of bracket, inbX Area of possible positions of the target
and the 4umber of signs expressed in Bcj ($a:.. a
on, etch extremity.
Internal part. External part Whole area
The study of Table 14 allows us to make the following dedu nr s
1. The repeating of rounds on the extremities of a "four division"
bracket reduces-the area of possible positions of the target from
16 to 13 Bcj i.e. by 3 Bo while halving a "four division" bracket
will reduce the same area from 16 to 12 Bcj i.e. by 4 Bc).
If in, addition one takes into account that the repeating of
rounds on the extremities requires the expenditure of two rounds
while the halving of a bracket requires only one round, then it
becomes perfectly obvious that the repeating of rounds on the
extremities of a "four division" bracket should not be undertaken;
a "four division" bracket should be halved. '
2. The repeating of rounds on the extremities of a "two division"
bracket reduces the area of possible positions of the target from
12 Bc) to 9 Bcj whilet halving the bracket reduces the same area
merely from 12 Bcj to 10 Bcj.
If one takes into account that with the approach of the mean
trajectory to the target the number of wrong observations
increases,
it becomes obvious that after obtaining a "two division" bracket
halving should not be done but the rounds on the extremities. shoddbe
repeated. By this means one first of all achieves a greater reduction
of,-the area. of possible positions of the target than in halving the
bracket and_ in addition the probability of obtaining on either
extremity of the bracket two wrong observations becomes very small.
From the above the following rule may be arrived at: "When
firing at short or medium ranges (when Bcj is approximately i-AX) the
shortening of the bracket must be attained by means of consecutive
halving until a "two division" bracket is achieved; after this the
rounds on the extremities of the "two division" bracket obtained, are
repeated.
At long ranges Bc) reaches d X and over."
The size of the areas of possible positions of the target after
obtaining brackets of various sizes when firing at long range, are
given in table 15.
r Width. of bracket inQ X Area of possible positions fTa the ar
and the number of signs expresses target
on each extremity. xpresses in BO (Bc . 4X X) ,
Internal part External part Whole area
From a study of Table 15 it is evident that if the areas of the
possible positions of the target are expressed in terms of Bc), then a
four division" bracket at long range corresponds toa "two division"
bracket at medium range. Therefore, all that has been said a
concerning four and two division" brackets must be a
ppropriaboys
related to "eight and four division" brackets at lop etely
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 CPYRGHf Pproved For Release 2000/08/17 : CIA-RDP78-04861 A000100020001-0
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Consequently, when firing at long range in cases where Bcj is
close to 4. X, a "four division" bracket should not be halved,
instead the rounds on its extremities should be repeated, after
which firing for effect should commence. Generally speaking the
less the dispersal the shorter must be the final bracket and
conversely the greater the dispersal the greater must be the final.
bracket and the greater the importance of repeating the
rounds on its extremities.
Summarizing the deductions arrived at earlier it may be stated
that, "the width of the final bracket which should be verified =4 Bc)
Therefore, when firing guns which have sights calibrated in
thousandths (value of 4X variable), the halving of the bracket is
carried out until the bracket obtained is 100 metres with Bql less
than 40 metres and 200 metres with Bc) more than 40 metres.
When firing mortars the bracket obtained is halveclintil a
bracket of 50 metres is obtained at ranges of up to 2 kilometres
and a bracket of 100 metres at ranges of from 2 to 4 Kilometres, a
bracket of 200 metres st ranges exceeding 4 kilometres, based on the
mean values of Bch at these ranges ( Table 16).
Table 16
Range in
Size of
witb, char a 4 'RA
Width
kilometres
approx.
short
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th 6th Avge
bracket 12
approx
metres.
It remains to answer the question relating to the verification
of the bracket - how many signs must one have at each, of the ends?
To this end let us work out the determination of the target
after obtaining a "two division" bracket with three signs at each
end, i.e. a bracket 100 - - - and 102 + + +.
The method of calculation is the same as for all preceding
cases. The results of calculations are given in fig 13.
Graphical presentation of the determination of the target after
obtaining a bracket 100 - - - and 102 + + + is expressed as curve
NPR. For comparison on the same drawing are given the following
curves of the determination of the target: KLM, after obtaining
a bracket 100 - - and 102 + + and ADE, after obtaining a bracket
100 - and 102 + .
Compering these two curves we see the following.
Whilst the first repetition of the round on the extremities
(only two signs on each of the ends) decreases the area of the
possible positions of the target by 3 Bql, the verification of the
bracket by means of a third sign on each of the ends narrows the
area of the possible positions of the target only by 1 Bc) - by JBO
on either side.
Verification of the extremities by means of a fourth sigh gives
an even smaller advantage. Therefore, in verifying a '%wo division,
bracket it is sufficient to limit oneself to obtaining two signs on
each of the ends.
In view of the fact that the most probable position of the
ttx' et in all cases is the centre of the bracket obtained then fie
for effect should be carried out on the sight setting which corresp-
onds to the centre of the verified bracket.
C. The Covering Grouu.
The combination of plusses- and minuses obtained at the one sight
setting; is called the covering group.
.A covering group may contain a varying proportion -of signs.-
Thus, for example, a covering group of six bursts sgy have the
following proportion. of signs:
5:1 - 5 minuses and 1 plus or 5 plusses 'and 1 'minas;
4:2 = 2:1 - 4 minuses and 2 plusses awii.4 plusses and 2
3:3 = 1:1 - iqual number of plusses and Mizuses;
minuses.
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CPYRGHT
-26-
The particular form of a covering group possessing an equal
number of plusses and minuses is called a nil bracket.
A covering group as well as a bracket may be either verified
or unverified.
A covering group is considered to be verified when it contain
not less thanlobserved plusses and two observed minuses; for example
4 minuses and 2 plusses or 3 minuses and 3 plusses.
Sight settings
Probability of obtaining 3 minuses at sight setting 100. It
Probability of obtaining 3 plusses at sight setting 102.
ProbabiliLty of obtaining bracket 100 - - - and 102 + + +
1-44 Probability of locating target after obtaining a bracket
1004-- and 102 +'+ +.
dig 13. determination of tYie target after obtaining a Rtwo divi
liifM bracket 100 - - - and 102 + + +
NP. = curve of the determination of the target after obtaining a
"
py.
sion
two division" verified bracket 100 - - -- and 102 + + +
A covering group is considered to be unverified if there is
only one observation of dne of the 'signs; for example 3 muses
and 1 plus, 1 plus and 1 minus, 1 minus and 5 plusses.
In order to determine on which sight setting subsequent firing
is to be conducted let us work out the determination of the target
after obtaining covering groups 4th varying proportions of signs.
fight settings.
Probability of obtaining a minus on setting 100.
Probability of obtaining a plus on setting 100.
Probability of obtaining a covering group on setting 100.
Probability of locating the target after obtaining a covering group
Fig 14. Determination-of the target after obtainin an unverified
covering group on sight setting 100 (- & +)
Let us assume that on sight setting 100 with our first round
we obtained a minus, in repeating this end of the bracket we
obtained a plus, i.e. on sight setting 100 we have an unverified
covering group. let us work out the determination of the target
for this particular case. The results of the calculations are
given in fig 14. Employing the data given on the firth line of the
tatlLe we construct a curve of the determination of the target after
obtaining an unverified covering group (-+) on sight setting 100.
From the table and the curve of the determination of the target vie
see that the mean and at the same time the most probable position of
the target corresponds to sight setting 100. The depth of the
/area whole/of the posittle positions of the target equals 4A X or 8 Bd .
The probability of locating the target within the sectors of sight
~,,?$ ? settings 99 and 101 is relatively small (approximately three, timeja
less than within the sector of sight setting 1003. Taking all this
into. account, one must come to the conclusion that further shooting
must be carried out on one sight setting, and namely on that setting
on which the covering group was obtained; in this case sight
setting 100. When continuing the shooting it is possible to obtain
either an equal number of plusses and minuses or the predominance .
of one type of sign over another.
Sight settings.
Probability
of
obtaining
two minuses at sight setting 100,
Probability
of
obtaining
of one plus at sight setting 100.
Probability
of
obtaining
minus, minus, plus at sight setting 100.
Probability
of
locating
the to rget at sight setting 100 after
obtain-inrr minus. minus, plus.
Fig 15. Determination of the target after obtaining an unverified
covering group on sight setting 100 ( - - + ).
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-27-
In the event of another minus and another plus being obtained
the area of the possible positions of the target decreases (1*. Bra
on either side, 3 Bo in all), the most probable-position of the
target remains within the sector of the sight setting on which the
covering group was obtained. ?: Consequently subsequent fire for
effect is carried out on the same sight setting.
.
dominance of one sign over another then the most _ probable posi ion
of the target will not correspond to the sight setting on which the-
covering group has been obtained but will besome distance away
In the event of a covering group being obtained with a
pre-
covering group minus, minus, minus, plus, in figure 16.
The tables and the results of the cacn]ra,j.oxp_ for.the_.,_.
covering group minus, minus, plus, are given in figure 15 and for
minus, minus, minus, plus..
In order to establish how firing is to be carried' out after an
unverified govering group with a varying proportion of signs has
been obtained, let us work out the determination of thetarget afte3
obtaining an unve-rified covering group minus, minus, plus and"
i16. 1'ctermination of the target after obtaining an unverified
sight setting 100.
Probability of obtaining - - - +at sight setting 100.
Probability of locating the target after obtaining - + at
Probability of obtaining 3 minuses at sight setting 100.
Probability of obtaining 3 plusses at sight setting 100.
Sight settings.
coverinC group at sight setting 100 (- - - +)~
.0.
no
u e corract to alter the setting ox the sights for
furtl 'r f
that after obtaining an unverified covering group with a sign ratio
of two to one (in our example two minuses and one plus),, the most
pro' able position of the target is within the sector between si tM
setting 100 and 100.5, i.e. displaced from the sight setting on
Which. the covering has been obtained by less than 1 B. Consequen
i t A ld
+ b
3tadying the cprves of the determination of the target we sew
After obtaining a covering group with a si
n ratio of th
g
ree to
one (in ,ur examples three minuses and one plus) the most probablet
j.usition of the target is displaced from the sight settin
on
hich
g
w
Ch; covering group had been obtained by 1 Bd.. In our example thiscarre
ond
t
i
aj
s
o s
ght getting 1005
..
Su rricing the deductions made above, the following rule may
be given: if '.;hile trying for a bracket or if while repeating
rounds on its extremities an unverified covering group is obtained
on a sight setting, firing continues on this setting until
i
a s
gn
in do is leas than three to one. In the event of the sign ratio
being three to one the sight setting is either left unaltered, or it.
is altered to the extent of 1 Bc) in the direction of the smaller
r.i:ber of signs. In the event of the sign ratio being greater than
tt ref? to one the sight setting is altered to the extent of 2 Bd
(jr by one division of the sights, when X = 50 metres) in the
direction of the smaller number of signs.
If after such an alteration of the sight setting a predominance
of barats- (~f the other sign is obtained, exceeding three to one an
Ln th rmedis to cirection is made for elevation or to the sight setting
in thu opposite direction.
1(. 309u- nce of ranging.
In laying down the principles of ranging with HE by the method
oa ohoervn Lion of bursts directions were given confirmed byr calcul-
ation;3, concerning the ordering of the initial sight settings, the
] en6th of the initial bracket, the sequence of halving e" bracket and
the repitition of rounds on its extremities, and finally for the
solectl.)n of the most v-dvantageous sight setting for subsequent fLftig.
,ppr-ovec En .R, ;leases/08/17 CIA_RDP78-04861A000100020001-0
 Annrnvcrl Pnr Rclcncc 9nnn/nR117 (_LA_RnD7S2_f1
CPIRGHT
In view of the fact that.the expenditure of rounds and time on
ranging depends not only on the selection for esch round of an
appropriate sight setting, but also on the-number, of guns firing,
sequence and rate of fire, it is essential to establish a' sequence
of ranging giving the greatest economy in firing. The question is
eompilicated by the fact that the number -of.-guns firing, the sequen.e
and rated fire, often react differently on the rate of expenditure
of rounds and time.:.used.in_ ranging. Thus increasing the number of
guns firing norn ily speeds up ranging but a t the, same time. increases
the expenditure of ammunition; an increase in.the rate' of fire
whilst speeding up ranging demands in somecgses a greater expend-
f
it
re
m
n
u
o
a
mu
ition and so on.;
,'S MVER"
RM *1
In addition, the sequence of ranging, a - , considerable extent
.
depends on the nature of the target itself. If the observer is
/drroyirg given the task of/n xarltatxg a building and the firing-is conducted
/time a large calibre gun and considerable/is allowed for carrying out
the fire to k th
e , en the whole ranging must be carried out in such
a manner as to ensure the greatest economy of ammunition. But if
for example it is necessary to neutralize the fire of a machine gun,
which is firing on our infantry then the sequence of ranging will be
completely different; it shou'd be based on the economy of time
even at the expense of a consi rable increase in the expenditure of
ammunition. Therefore, it is necessary to view the sequence of
ranging given below as a general guide which justifies itself when
employed systematically but from which under certain circumstances
it is necessary to deviate. It is also necessary to point out
that in the case of shooting with a battery it is necessary to
eliminate the difference in performance of the guns through selecting
guns of like performance for each batte or (i
Y'
y n extreme cases) by
knowing the degree of difference and allowing for it by individual
corrections to the guns.
If this requirement is not met it becomes impossible to
establish rules for firing guns with varying performances.
Let us consider the sequence of ranging on stationary targets
where there is only a small or medium OT angle.
Errors in preparation are such that it cannot be expected. tha t
the first round will burst on the line BT, i.e. a burst Giving
observation for range. In the majority of cases particularly when
firing for the first time in a given position the first burst can
only be utilized in nicking corections for line to. bring .., arsts
on to the line of observation. Therefo2c practising economy
ammunition and. time, one should commence. firing with a single round.
After obtaining the first sign, the target is bracketted into
q116, e, 4 or 2 division 'bra cket, depending on range and the method
of DreoarA t; - _
The repeating of rounds on the -extremities of a bracket is only
necessary when a short bracket is obtained, i.e. a bracket.of two
divisions of the sight. For brack t f
divisions it is sufficient to have only sign none sign n' on eeaci?cho t of four ry
f the ends.
Therefore, bracketting a target with an eight division bracket and
halving it to a. four division bracket must only be done with ;~.i.nGle
rounds, particularly as the probability of obtaining an observation
of plus or minus is considerably greater than fifty per. cent, even
when firing on comparatively narrow targets.
The four division bracket obtained is halved to a two division
one. As it is necessary to have not less than two observt'tions for
range on each of its extremities, so in order to economize in titre
taken for ranging, the halving of a four division bracket must be
combined with the, repetition of rounds on the extremities and muot
be carried out when f
firing with a Gun, bir 2 rounds of
gunfire, and when shooting with a battery troop , by one round-of
troop fire. The same se uence
Pfi i
o
q r ng is-used also on thoce
occasions when a two division bracket is sought straightaway (i.e.
with shortened preparation from the map for ranges of up to three
kilometres, and with full preparation with ranges of. up to eight
kilometres. Bd e 40 mptrpa
Rate of fire must be such as to alloy, observation of the bursts
of each round fir d
therefore when firing with abattery (troop),
(ease=-2000108/17 : CIA-RDP78-04861AOOO100020001-O
 CPYR
St.
proved For 3 lease 2000/0811
~}s S
>si##
RDPTB 04861AQ0
-29-
SS~E~;fl
depending on conditions.of observation wind, , terrain, widtl
of the target, calibre of the gun, etc5 the rate of ' fire should be,.:.
within the limits of. 10 and 30 seconds, after having shot in the
battery (troop) the rate of fire for subsequent firing can be changed
to the normal rate of 1 - 2 seconds. To achieve this it isneoessaty
t
i
d
"
o g
ve the or
er for the new method 'f fi
ore, -yaery_troop
B btt" ()t
Likewise, in firing mortars, fire is carried out with.-sin . gle,
rounds until a short bracket is obtained. A short bracket U-9 ight
and the subsequent firing is conducted in the following manners :int,
f a -4- o .:
the ^0-,n
o
section or troop - troop fire at a rate which allows-for obse,
rva~t~n
In firing on a live moving target, having obtained the dre,on
with a single round the whole of the. subsequent ranging is conduc
in rounds of gunfire from the battery (trnnrl ?n+-r1 +1,e
is obtained and by single rounds of gunfire for the whole remaimitg
. course of the shoot. For economy of time ranging is limited s;to the -
b
racketting of the tatith f diiis
rge w aourvson or an eight diviion;
bracket ' ' th a
++~+ ,sNyl VCiVll V1 yu1G t4zl-dul 15 uw.ltiea witch tae. signte sets
, " n accurate observation on each of the extreaities.
The bracketting of the target is only carried out in the ;case:ofhe
target moving across open country. In the ease of 1h +nlrev+ ..:,.; . .,,
asses or minuses falls sharply as-displacement irp
1 g a o e same size, the probab Xli ty of observing bursts,
d
p s or , ne an for range. In connection with .this;?
tar e t f th
1. In the case of a large OT angle it is necessary to.obse
dis a-" ion f 14
ob-servation, ranging is considerably complicated and posse8eee
If a battery is considerably displaced to one side pf the
11. Ranging with a large OT angle.
Line of fire
T
Let us_ suppose, (fig 17) that the batte
(troo) i _A
V V nervation.
C Bbl - medium displacement to the flank. from the' line
o
the flank when shooting with a large OT an le
Fig 17. Determination of the size of a medium displacement t
r
y p s iepeoed._
to such an extent thetthe line of observation forms an angle w_. iith
the line of f i ra - T-P 0 r i _-J
... ......-- -v v...v -t5av Vi Y11C. . V%r ZVUe
being half the longitudinal axis and B6 half the lot 1
Y g an The sin a of BX ~aay
be determined by projecting in the direction of CR the defleo;t + 86
anA R(i nnA aAAi ins-. +1-4 r --u _
d
i ese con itions, .i.e..
displacement. is considerabl renter +1k B6
g
en o the mean displaC_
e
from the line of observation B6 under th
era _ axis
then the mean .deflection from the line of observation will be 8.3 .ACA;:
.:
Ae may be seen from the fi
ure the ext t f
1 rojection bg on a line CN =
41 ' Chl = Bc)?sine_
i ro jeetion B6 on a line CN =
Aprlying the rule of vector errors running in
we hove :
B61
],fn~~ sir. ,t+ cos ac .
t
e e value of 6i ,
under the conditions of varying displacement, i.e with different,r:
anelen of observat onot, with Bq1 20. metres and B6_=, 2__metrea
The results of our calculations are given in .tablv_27.
Making use of this formula let us dale lot
h
An ??le_ of observation
263 1 in metres.
'proved For Release 2000/08117:
CL1 = B6 ? cos oc
RDP78-04861 A00
020001.-0
the same direet3 o~,
 CPY ,
lease 2000/0811
-30-
Table .17 shows the extent to which th
l
t
e
a
eral. dispersal of
rounds as it appears to the observer, alters according to the
increase in the angle of observation i
i
e w
th an increae in
,..s displacement. But. the greater the extent of lateral dispersal of
rounds, the smaller will be the number of bus'~rts, in the case of
relatively small targets, which will give observation for range.
Thus for example if we take the width of the target to be 21 = 10 m
and with the mean point of impact being brought accurately on to the
line of observation and with the an le of observations= zero, i.e.
with BT shooting, the probability of observing the signs of the
bursts (4-) will equal
1 5
p =. (B6) _ @ ('~) = 0(2.5) s~ 0.91
With a target of the same dimensions but with an angle of
observation,C= 5.00, the probability of observing the signs of the
bursts ( - +) will
l
equa
p = (B 61)' = (10.1) %t:;Z m(o.5) 0.26.
Having calculated the probability of obtaining a sign for the
various angles of displacement and assuming the width of the targ*t
to be 5, ?10 and 20`metreshwill obtain the results shown. in table 18.
Kt
These results are illustrated in
a
h f
gr
p
orm in fig 18h
ure were
along the)(aais a?e laid o
t th
u
e angles of obtid
servaon an along the Y axis the corresponding probability to these angles of
observing the burst. The cur
e 1 if
v
s or a target of 5t i
meresn
width, the curve II is for a. target of in ,,,,,
w ~ ._
tre s i
ta
rget of zu metres in widtho,
sae,_:~e._ .1 10 metres.
rom the ..tab sand the fi
ure it" i
g
s seen that with th ie
encrase
of the angle of observation t
e
with th
i
.
.
e
ncrease in dilmet
,spacen,
the, probability of observing the sign`of the burst is considerably
reduced. As a result of thi
+h-
d
t
s
ranging, expen
i
ure of ammunition on
must increaser and the, e' uence Of rang i $ must alter.
Fig 18. A graph of the, probabilities of 'observing the-sign of the
bar t~uz~de.r....c~nditione of..va in
er' eta f' ,n,;n? :a~L x'Y g angles of observation and
vu.rve ror target of 10 metre, in { +r, .
? T,Le,.eecond.peculiarity in ranging under conditions of considerable
displacement, i.e. with a large OT angle, which greatly increase the
ctf cu,ty, the observer is unable to correct from his obaerva ti on
P e tho,, spread of ,.sho_t according to his troop frontage. In this
case as indicated in Section 2- the guns are brought
Parallel either
from another OP. .,nearer to the line BT
or from the
gun
position by
means of troop fire with high Air 1,--
st
.
3? The usual method of brin
in
g
g the burstn t th
s ooe line of
observation emptoyed in the case of small or medium OT angles, cannot
be used under the conditions of firing with e large OT angle.
This is explained by the fe et the t the formula for the calcul-
ation (f the range coefficient Ky =ak, is approximately correct for
a small OT angle, leads to.very Q6 considerable. errors however,
when firing with a large OT angle.
In some cases the bringing of bursts on to the line of observation
by the normal method, i.e. by altering the setting of the dial eight
is i*possible. From fig 19 it is evident- that in altering the settmtg
of. the dial sight one cannot bring the burst pl on to the- line of
observation as the burst will move along the are of the circumference
of the range.
A roved For Release 2(100/08/17 : CIA-RDP78-04861(1
 C~YRGHTApproved For Release 2000/08/17: CIA-RDP78-04861 A000100020001-0
-31-
In order to bring the bursts on to the line of observation
(point P2) it is necessary to alter the sight setting, as may be
seen-from the figure.
:''i 19. Bringing the burst on to the line of observation byr
alteration of the sight setting.
Fig 20. Scale of the range.
The peculiarities enumerated above make it necessary to condut
c
ranging under conditions of a large OT angle, e to i
It has been found in practice that th
b b
r
ese rules shold
ueou nt
rght
i
use when the correction for displacement is not less than 5-00.
In order to-be able to bring the bursts on to the line of
observation by means of an alteration in the sight setting it is
necessary to know the range scale.
The range ~iroiC~A is the angles (fig 2o) expressed in di
of the dial sight, which is the angle as seen from the observation
point of the displacement of the burst from the target, equalling
14 X.
it 000
Inserting the value PA from formula (2) into formula
-9 k = 4X sin.:,,-
,8
l,
4 X? 1.000 sin .t
,4k
If the angle is expressed in divisions of the dial sight then
?ithaut any sir ificant error we can accept that 1000
1
r
, s
sir
1ere the correction for displacement- i _e _ n'q (p
~L
)
the range factor is expressed as M , then
4X.ic
07-
Y'd = nc
a k C 3)
T?`~'c =?orwula obtained
may be used bth f
o.or the range
scale of
UP sight and for the 'thou
a
d
h
s
n
t
s scale
. In this fornrala Ilk and nC are determined b measure
i y ment on
rna and the value of AX is det
m
er ned from th
e range tables in
accordance with the range relevant
.
,~'cr firing with the si
ht
tt
g
se
s c : I ing set according to the range
the formula obtained ma be sim lified bearing in
dX is const,&nt for all ranges. p ffind that
In girder to d
thi
a
s we mt diid
usve the denominator and the
~..~~. z iter byA X, we will then ha
Q
ve
k ie
..
er,in divisions on the sight. rrange of observation
essing it with R$, we
vii 1 the required formula as folloB
s
L:d='1C
ny
Ilau fight is divided into 'thousandths' (4)
I..:-rt rs) it Is convenient to calculate the value ofn heavy guns and
ends to . tf.e alteration in the range of burst by a 100 metres.
lhtcr, ir;~;ertirC into formula 3,100 metres in la which comes-
p c e _ of AX, we get,
Po
d = 100 n c
= ri C
`
c` T* 11' ?tlf~r ~~ ?moo -~...
kppr CA=RD-P78~'(~48~11a'( O1 0 QQQ1 the
e ex ned by means of calculation,
f rom a Qraph orb
y ranging. In determining the range factor,by
calculation the followinz formiln, io
+'-56, The range factor ma bed
may
k
 correction for displacement, divided by the number of hundreds of
metres of the range .of observation.
Example: fl0= .00, dk = 2, 000, then
Ma~ 60 20 = 0.30.
means of a raph, one proceeds
To determine the range factor by
as follows. , on a sheet
of paper on the point target point), the
,?t0 is constructed (fig 21), equal to the angle-formed by the line
of .the target and the line of observation, i.e. equal to the
correction for displacement. From point " make an intersection P
along the line. u .0 on any desired scale, equal to 1,D. X and from this
point P drop a perpendicular on to the line k K, cutting u K at A,
and measure it according to the scale on which UP is drawn = 1AX.
It is quite evident that if the line PA is divided by one thousandth
of the range of observation, we will obtain an angle under which PA
will be visible from the point of observation. As the points A and
11lie along the same line - the line of observation, then under the
same angle P11 will also be visible from the point of observation,
i.e. a line equal to 1 A X. Consequently the :range factor will be
Mc `= PA
t 7707 MV k
If for some reason, the range factor cannot be worked out prior
to firing it is determined during the process of ranging. To this.
end the following method is adopted. Using the calculated initial
settings, the first ;round is fired and the lateral displacement of
the; burst from the ..target is measured in divisions of the dial sight
The sight setting is altered in such a way as to bring the second
burst as close as possible to the line of observation. After the
second round has been fired the bursts displacement from the targt
is measured. The,angle between the bursts is determined to which
end the displacement of the two bursts from the target are added
together, in the ease of the bursts falling on different sides of
the line of observation, or the lesser displacement is subtracted
from the greater in the event of both bursts being on the same side
of the line of observation. Having divided the angle between the
D.2S.two bursts by the difference in the sight setting for the first and
the second rounds the range factor is determined.
In order to determine to which side the sight setting is to be
altered it is necessary to take into consideration the position of
the gun position, the observation post and the target.
Should the first round be displaced from the target toward the
battery position, the sight setting for t er,econd round should be
increased; if the displacement for the round be in the
Pig 21. Determining the range factor by means of a dia ;ram.
equ4l to 50 metres for all ranges) we employ formula (4).;
Determine the_ correction to, the sight for second-round.
-Solution. We determine the .range factor. As' in this example
firing is being carried out by the range scale (L1 F. is constant
Example 1.
e a ery is to the left of the line of observation; 2/k
=
3,000 metres. 7s C = 6-60; the first round is fired on sight setting
94 (A X = 50 metres). Displacement of burst from target: right 45
As the first buret, erad,splaced in the opposite di To rection to
, the sight setting should be decreased.* determine
the the -battery, to the sight divide the size of. the displacement by
the calculated range ; we have . s y?4 Qy~ 4 divisions of the sight.
biC) - E 6- 0 = 11
W7 1
Example 2. The battery is to the right f` the line of
the scale of the signtd X = 18 metres. Displacement of the burst
from the target; right 30. Determine the__cQrreetion. for the
observation; Lek 2,200 metres; 10 6-00; Q1= 4,000 metres. The
angle for laying on 1.,,,r thousandths scale is_.194. One division of
k
? t
o bl
A
se
v
' I I
~
78f
ppro
ea
l
ol
:
-~
rt
VIUU
f
 rove& For
lease 2000'./1.-':
1A
020
-33-
5 divisions of the dial sight.
Md? - Axe c 122,200 _
?s ,Q~ r
The burst is displaced
it is necessary to increase
correction of the sight =
on the side of the battery, consequently
the setting of the sight. The
30 - 6 div' . .... ,. , a ...
isions of the sight.
79-
d tl~
Example
p 3. The battery is to
the left of the line of observation;
v3000
metres, a0 = 5-00; - sight setting (on . thouad
scale) 120. One
.di visi on__on the scale of ,the.,- sight, e $ 16 m es
17isplacement of the. first__burst from the targets legit 40.
Determine
.,AeM.cQrrecti.on.~oA-the_-sight for the seconds round wo ~x,.
out, the ranee factor by means of a graph. r T,
-IF
Solution. By means of graph determine that the perpendicular
8 metres. Range factor .. MI = PA = 8 6 divisions o
, f she .dial sight.
,3 t Y
It is necessary to raise the sight by 40 = .7 divisions of,-the sight.
W.
If there were no dispersal of rounds and the ground surround
tu4g
he target were flat, then provided the correction-had been aoeti -n
a teat' worked out, after obtaining the first observation, ,; ~,the second
burst,would be.,on the line of, observation. However.,` the_.dieper l
of rounds, the slope of the ground near the target .and armors
measuring the displacement from the target- of the '-fir
' e
it possible that the .second. burst will not be on the ;.line of o
va ti-on'.
The sight is altered for bringing the next round.: on
of observation only in a case where the correction exceed}- 5 a,
If the, lateral displacement of the second burst;from;e
such that the correction on- the sight is less than 25 met
firing continues .without altering the sight setts.a
$ a his"*
explained by the fact that the minor displacement of Tounde
range is the result of dispersal and making a correotion.will b
bring any benefit while at_the. same time.-prolonging rangiigg
Firing with a fixed setting of the dial aight, corections
made on the range sight continues until a clear, observation of"
sign of burst is obtained ( on the line of observation).
movemen4-
Fig .22 of the dial; sight.
Fig' ?3. Determination of the movement of the dial sight ?by
of _a_ diagram.
Having brought the bursts on to the line'% of observation and,..
'caving obtained a sign of burst, the target is bracketted for line.
(Dial sight bracket). If only the dial sight setts
and the range sight setting is not, then as may be-seen i in fie 22
the burst will be switched from point Pi to P2, i.e. will, m
from the line of observation. In order to maintain the burst on
the line of observation it is at the same time necessary
the range sight setting in accordance with the alteratin in8xa r
to the ex ent of P2, P3, while altering the setti
b ~ le ~ of the dialeight "
Y a n6 It is evident that "in order to do this it is neceasary
to know the switch for the. dial sight.
?60 , The formula for determining the switch of the dial sight worked
out for comparatively small corrections for displacement is' not
sufficiently accurate when firing with a big OT angle as in"..this
case, and may lead to considerable errors. Therefore when-fir
'Ni th large displacement the switch of the dial sight is usual 8
determined by means of a diagram. The procedure is. as follo s:
.on point 'l, (point of target) 'constru-ct angle KU,O (fig 23) to the
angle formed by the line target and the line of observation, i.e,
equol to the correction for displacement. Fr oigt kal6rig
line batt: P th@
ry-target, using any scale convezZie e line P egval'
to le ?X. From point P a perpendicular is
observation, catt ~;
, it at to the line
tii~ scale employe point ~. The line $ is measured us i ,41
or drawing 1%F, which was equal to_lA ~,.`,
 It is perfectly evident that if the line PF is divided by ?001
11
.
we will then have, the switch for the dial sight with the sight se~tin
A I +=?aA 'k- I ? 4
w ens oveare
I.
themselves equal, since the left hand parts of the equations are
equal. Consequently,
4 6 _ AX tg aC from which,
The size of the switch. for the dial sight may also be determine
by calculation.
In triangle PM (fig 23) we have:
P15 = 4X tg IN
At the same time we can note the approximate equation
PZ = D6
where Q6 is the shooting range;
is, the angle through which it is necessary to tarn the gun
in order to:bring the burst over from point 13 to point P;
consequently,t is the.switch on the dial sight corresponding
to, a change on the range sight of 1A X.
The right hand parts of the two a ua tions ri +t
d = ni y = AX t ITC
The approximated values of the tangents of the angles are
shown in Table 19.
Example 1. a X = 50 ,m; 11O = 6-00; tan IfC = 0.7; q 6 = 3, 000 m
My= 50 0.12
Example 2. In firing from mortars or from guns with the range sight
calibrated in thousandths the value of My (dial sight switch) is
determined on the: basis of an alteration in range of 100 metres.
The d t
a i
o
s the same as, for, example 1.
MY= 1004.7 = 0-23.
1~ 3_
e
, e ength. of a bracket for line should be such
as to include a whole number (sufficiently accurate). of the corr-
ections for the dial sight.
Approximated Values of?the angle tangents Table 19.
Angle in mfl ,,,ne + A ,
the determining of direction, i.e. withingthe limits ofQ20eandr40n
divisions on the dial 'sight depending on the accuracy of preparNtion.
At the same +im
th 1
. The ,.first. bracket for line is made a al t
__ _ .-,,,~ Va VLLG
dial sight. Calculations., _ dial sight
- - - - - -w" - Vi LLj{,)~?Lj,~LiC~f+''II TI JLV = 6-UV; 41 = 50 metrew.
Battery is to the left. of the 14-MA n- T _ i
?_in the -'field.
Example. Range of observation'JFk = 2 inn ,r,a+,;e~.
iactior ana the move o,f the dial sight
(fiR 4)
PA = 29 1 i tii a .,,,.,
vcrrec-w.on ror the-range sight
.
LLy= .3366 U 9' divisions of the dial sight.
Let us suppose. that after the flm+
.,,,.,A e4.
V the line of observation, a minus
irid ca.tep +hA+ +Ma ,;-e -.0
The .battery being to -the left f 8 a minus is obtained
After-the second round on sight settin 81
Fig 24. Determination of - and. Illy diagrammaticall
a W ` u.ivisions or?.tile range sight.
.coxsid.e f, t a
range sight setting. Taking into a at the same time to alter the
io yuuuing to t ne right of the
target (Pig 25,)? Consequently bracketting the target for line
is necessary to switch to the left d , it
Exact pprax
calculations
 CPYRG
4
X20001-0
-35- .
of the bracket must be betweeh the limits of 20 and 40 _ siivvi.oa_ of
the dia'1 sight and must * contain a whole number 'of corrections, for
switch of the dial sight, one 'must in this case make a bracket equal '
F062 in width either to 9 x 3 27 divisions of the dial sightTor 9x4= 36
divisions of the dial sight. Bearing in mind that from then on it
will be necessary to halve the bracket for line and simultaneously to
alter the range sight setting, it is more convenient to take 36
divisions of the dial sight as the width of the bracket.
Having obtained the first bracket for line one halves it, at the
same time halving the bracket for range. The width of the last
bracket for line when going to fire for effect must be not more than
4 to 6 divisions of the dial sight. After narrowing the bracket to
the indicated limits and having gone over to fire for effect, the
.directional error at the centre point of the bracket' will be not_ 6e-
more than two to three divisions of the dial sight (half of the last
bracket),. which ensures the hitting of the target. When firing on----
personnel the width of the last bracket for line may be as much as
ten to twelve divisions of the dial sight. After going over to r
for effect the directional error at the centre point of thIs,".~ rac e
will not exceed five to six divisions of the dia._3 t; n!8
the front depending on the calibre of the shell )41 one
may" a 07
error in direction as permissable. yJ
Fig,. 25. Bringing the burst on to the line of observation _ an
bracketting the target for line.
bracket, are dispersed from the target and are not observed, bring_ng_
any other reason the burstp,during the process of narrowing the
If ass result of the slope of the ground near the target or
2,400 metres; t 6 = 5,000 metres; 4C = 6-20; AX= 50 metres
:'iring is conducted by one gun on the destruction of pillbox.
Example. Bntery is to the right of the line of observat(on: 1
end of a line bracket, i.e. it is unnecessary to verify the bracket.
One goes over to fire for effect at the centre of the last bracket .
for line. ?g..
Sequence of ranging is as follows: before bracketting the target in the first bracket for line ranging is conducted withingie
rounds; the target has been b re cke tted W or b
Line, susequeu .
ranEi isf conducted b rounds of troop or section fire, when,ti3"
one gun - by gun fire y( two rounds) and with-. compulsory re-playing after
great it is sufficient to have one clear observation of burst at each
In view of the fact that lateral dispemsl of rounds is not
sight setting as was done after the first obseiwation.
shot(s) sight reasonefQ__
proved For R Lease 2000/08/17 cJA-RDP78-04861A00
the bursts on to the line of observation is done, by altering.them ge
-)ight etting 42-80. .
\Ve will work out Mc) and diagrammatically.
30 12 divisions of the dial sight;
2
i.'= 8 divisions of the dial sight.
Sequence of ranging.
No cf dial sight Angle of Range Observation Calculations and
1 (42-80 30-00 100 Right 0 50 + 12 a 4 Z
2 1Q4 . 4 Range correction
less than 25r m.
Range setting not
changed. Repeat.
3 Left .3 - Target in line
bracket 8 4.= 32
divisions of sight
A +32 106 5+ Halve bracket
-6 -16 106 R5+, L2 + . Halve bracket
`-~ - 8 105 L3 +, + Halve bracket
(1 division of pax
sight = 4 divisions:
of of Si a ht ) i
brs cxe - or rour
divisions of dial
i
ht
g
obtained.
11-14 ? `_~.l s
Fire for effeet.
pproved-Far R. D8/1 C -RDP7L 0
 CPYR-5iHT--
Appruved Fur R010350 200010811 Y
In the case of a target' on a forward slope or in the event of
the observation post being on a considerably higher level than the
target ranging with a large OT angle can be conducted without
bringing the bursts on to the line of observation. To this end
one marks out the line of fire on the ground by firing two rounds o
the same line but at different elevations, differing from one anoth
by four to eight AX (200 to 400 metres).
The observer mentally connecting the two points of burst by
means ofastraight line on the ground determines the.line of fire in
relation to the target. After this bracketting the target for line
and the subsequent narrowing of the bracket is done without bringin
the bursts on to the line of observation, altering if necessary, to
sight setting for range to bring the bursts closer to the target.
In order to bring the following bursts closer to the target,
the observer determines from the two initial rounds the approximate
range factor and in accordance with it altersil the range setting
and orders two more rounds gun fire.
Having obtained a bracket for line and an approximate bracket
for range, the observer narrows both these brackets, ordering a
switch appropriate to the position, of the target in relation to the
lines of fire as they appeared on the ground, (with the first and
second settings of the dial sight). If it is found difficult to
determine the switch necessary the bracket obtained for line is
halved.
Subsequent narrowing of the bracket for line and the bracket
for range, sequence of firing, 'width of the last bracket and changin
p.64 to fire for effect are the same as for firing with a large OT angle
a
d'
n
(see page 62)
p.65.
Bursts a ter order;
Left 0-40, elevation 70,
Two rounds gunfire.
Target
Bursts after order;
Right 0-20; elevation 69;
Bursts after order;
Left 0-10; Fire l
Translatots, Note: P and small number equals round fired d number;
ap and number ,.equals elevation at which round was
fired
Ranging with a large OT angle a* a target' situated on the
had also been obtained. The
observer goes over to fire for effect by ordering:
Lower Angle of sight 0-04; Four ro,xnds gu.nfiro."
The target was now in a "box" of four bursts (5., 6, 7 -.nd 8).
and a bracket for line of 0 10
0-10, Frrel" VA. the elevation. ale ordered; ""I-ft
a
y ving the bracket obtained ..('0-20 divisions- of the
dial si ht but not to alt
fo ,ward_.s.Lope or a hill. (Battery on the right)
Example (figs 26 and 27) . Fire".is .carried out -
by a troop of
122 mm howitzers M 1938. The target is a machine gun in an open
nest on the forward slope of a hill. The observer decided to carry
out his fire task with,gne,gun.
e ?...:.
Having had two rounds on the ,same e line but at different
elevations 08 and 72 (seventh charge), the'observer decided that the
line of fire ran to the .right of the target, and that also the
target was within the bracket 68 - 72, since at elevation 68 he
had obtained a minus tburst below the target), and at elevation 72
a, plus (burst above the target). Having given the order: "left
0-40, elevation 70,..two rounds gunfire", the observer got 'left and
plus', namely a bracket for line of 040 and a bracket for ran ge of
68-70. The pbsrerver. decided .,to. halve both these brackets" and there.
fore ordered; "Right 0-20, elevation 69, Firet" He observed one
right and. plus and the other right and minus. The -observer decided
to conclude the. ranging by getting a bracket for line of 0-10
in width b h
l
r% r% r%-7 6 A
 CPY
"IT
between the Observation Post and th
12. Ranging when "firing on oneself" (in the case of the terser being
4
to 408 - 375 8 divisions of the sight clinometer.-
Note: 1ith seveath charge at sight setting (elevation) 72 the angle
of elevation is 408 thousandths, on elevation 68 the angle of elevatiox
is 375 thousandths; one division of the 1216142 range sight corresponds
Preceding paragraphs dealt with hanging under normal cond bons 0
the location of the deployed battery, when the Vt position and the
observation post are on one side of the target.' Under battle eonditio
si j'uations may arise when the target is found to be between the., gan
66 position and the observation pgret. This happens when fire j.s directed
P.66 from within the enemy's position; these cases more often occur`en
edge presents an. irregular line. One of the possible
the forward
out is given in figure 28.
th J
varians of suc aay
The b ret~ ti ~ in ?
initial settings under t e e con ohs
conducted as a rule from a map using normal methods. In order ;to
eon tr,It't +,l t :Cori: -t~.: for the dial sight switch let us oo: at g 29
where at points 0, and K are shown.., the respective pos3 `en e
gun position and the target and the- observation post. From the
diagram it is seen that to the observer situated at point K the s*?tch
on the dial sight will be the same as for the observer sited a
`~~-...
point K, which is on the line of observation but on 'Me-.O
~w
ently the formula for calculatingesvr
the t?ir^et. Consp4
worked out for the norms
_ ]IC
ht is
the dial
i
y
,
g
s
of the observation 0,,01 6 post and is ep roriate
case also; one should at the same time bear in
of the normal position of point aC - it is the angle between,. 81
gun target and the. line of observation, i.e. aC L K1] 0; ii
1, hr
C
30-00,
case however, as may be seen from the diagram JL
fig 28. An instance of the target being
post and the gun position.
~'l{, 29. Correction for displacement 1LU ana tne ewltcr
e
sight fly in the case of firing on Noneself .
'ales for ranging relating to' the -width o e
verifying it ana narrowing it ana,choice of settiinge ror
fire for e ffect are the same as in, the ,- normal _o ition _o
end
n
ame time
n he slz
de
A
he
i
_
g o
j/
L.
VP Vi Vnn p V O V .
s
v V i-"-= w` Y
... necess~ ry to employ either thezles for rangingTwith-a eo
medium OT Engle or rules for ranging with a large OT an~g~e.
p 667
target produces peculiarities . s
p es in determining the -ig~i:`~ora obrrehi l A in the c ne of a normal sighting of the ob nervation ties 'k` "
corrections for line and range always have a sign opposite Ito,:, he: one
in this case t t sign observed and the ones for corre? on
observed
,
are the same. These situations are explained in figs 30 and
fib $0 it is shown that when a burst is obtainedyat point '
observer located at point K1 will observe/a displacement of burst to
t .e left at the angle (l and must order a switch to the right of angle
= Kyl- ill. The observer located at point K on the other aide o the
target will observe the same burst as having a displacement `t o _the`
ri ;-1t at angle .and must order a switch likewise to the right of angle_
"_gle_
A= TY-
A= TY - d- gig 30.
g of
64
31. 1Ioldin the bursts- on the line of ' (employment of
the switch on the dial sight).
III f i;,u re a b to in t:
verz
sign- plus by the observer located ht point Kl who will correo ,
'bur-,L at point Fl, the sight setting for range mush Vie.. reduced.u ITS
tlhV elevation is altered.
., a.
cation in which the burst must be displaced from the Tine oo.r 9erVe-t
seen that the switch on the dial sight is always ordered in the
~:s minus and will .ve a minus correction. Prom fig 3 ~it is s-
giving a minus correction of elevation and the observeres"e at
e gun position.
Thus for example, having obtained a
proved For R lease 2000/08/17 r -RDP78-04861A00000020001.-O
 p.68.
`proved For R' ;lease 2000/081117,J
-38-
fie division on the dial sight is not introduced then to the observer
located at pointnK thelburst will be displaced to the left of the
line of observation (P2); as may be seen from the diagram, the
correction for the switch on the dial sight must also be made to the
left.
Example 1. (Ranging with a. small OT factor). The positions of the
F n position, the observation post and the target are shown in fig 32;
= 3, 600 .metres; Bk = 2,200 metres; 110 = 2-80; line of target 38-60;
fire , is carried out by a troop.
Under these conditions Ky =.&k =-2 200 = 0, 6;
3,600
My
1110__ = 22880 = 8 divisions of the dial sight (by 100 m)
n-7 -
No of Vial sight Angle Elevation Observations Calculations
shots (Director) of sight of < ,observer
and basis for.
'order`s
1 (38-60) 30-00 72 Right 33 33.0,6 _ 20 dais
on the dial sight
2 + 0-20 minus Lower elevation
8 divisions and
take into a/c
switch for dial
sight - 8.4=32
divs of dial st.
3 + 0-32 64 Left 7 + Halve bracket
Take into a/c
displacement L 7
4 - 0-20 68 plus Halve bracket
5 - 8 - 0-08 -70 plus S* itch 2nd. gun
9- 12 2gun-0-20)
remainder
-0-08
Fig 32.
PA 30 = 15 divisions on the dial sight;
l
Ak
MY= = 36 -%v 11 divisions
tM.
Elevation
Example 2. (,Ranging with large OT factor.) Disposition of gun
position, observation post and target -as,shownin__fig 33.
Fig 33. Relating to Example 2, ranging with large OT factor.
-46 = 3P200 metres; O k = 2,000 metres; aC = 6-00.; AX = 50 metres;
line of target 18-10; firing is conducted with one gun to
destroy a strong point. Range factor and switch for the dial
sight determined diagrammatically.
2.
ld6 3.7
Dial sight o S
director
I8-10
Left 35 6 = 20 divs
Right 3 + of dial...eight.
Right 2 + Verify bracket
at elevation 72
Plus Go to fire for
Right 2 - effect at 72..
Right 4 -
Right 3 +
of the dial sight.
Observation CalculE-tions mobs
Left 5?5
and basis for corr.
50 = 520=3 div3/ulev.
6? plus Line brseke ; nE- --
3-4 + 0-22 60
5 - 6' - 0-11 68
;1l?2_22divs/dial si. ght
Left 2 - Halve bracket.
LLI ;ht 2 + Helve bracket.
left 4 +)
+ 0-06 + 0-02 left 7 - Bracket of 6 diva of
12 - 0-03 - 0-01
right 2 - dial sight obtained
Go to fire for effort.
R91aaca-.'?Af10/08/'I7- .C j4_RIlP7R_0dRR'I A11AC14 0090001 .0
Relating; to Bxample 1, ranging,ith small 02 factor.
 -3 -
13.. Ricochet-3hoot ing.(-Rangina).
N hen a shell bursts on the. ground good fragmentation is obtained
if the surface of the soil in the target area is such as to give small
cratering. With the increase in the depth of the crater, the effec-
tiveness of the fragments decreases sharply. Completely negligible
eff,.ot from fragmentation is obtained under conditions of deep snow.
It is necessary .to bear in mind that when a shell bursts on the ground
only open targets are hit. The targets located in trenches, gullies
end likewise those behind cover do not sustain any damage from the
fragments of a shell bursting on the ground. For the neutralization
of such targets it is necessary to employ shell which burst in the air
after ricochet.
',hen meeting an obstacle at a small angle of approach shell
ricochet, i.e. are deflected from the surface of the obstacle, which
they do not destroy, but only dent slightly. The percentage of shell
that ricochet depends on a number of things: type of ground, shape of.
shell, terminal velocity and angle of strike. All other things being
equal the percentage of ricochet is greatest when the angle of strike
is smallest. It has been established by trial that at angles of 8trik
not exeeeding 15 - 180 on soft and medium ground and angles of.18 -22?
on am t hard ground, not less than 8(r of shells ricochet. With the:..
increase of the angles of strike the percentage of shell that ricochet
falls sharply and therefore, the angles of strike given above are -taken
The burst of the shell in the air after a ricochet takes
lace
p
through the action of an exploder (fuze), set for delayed action.. The.
interval and the height of burst of the shell above the ground after
7G t
ie ricochet depend on the tim th f h b
,eeuzeaseen retarded,- on the
terminal velocity of the shell at the moment of ricochet'on the angle
_- ~
of s tri k
t
o?
y f
e an
the
The more the fuze has been retarded, the greater will be the
-
interval and the height above ground of the burst after ricochet, _as
other conditi
b
ons
eing equal the interval bt thic
eweene moment of.r nnhet and 1 -ie moment of ti...
t ; - --'--1 - 1_ I 11 _ ._ ,_._..
rs
The greater the final velocity of the shell
the
reater
,
g
:
interval and the height of burst above the ground
as d
,
interval the shell has time to traverse a greater distance from,
of bu.rst above the ground.
ground is more complicated: on the one hand, with thevdec easing of ;
the an
le of
t
ik
th
g
s
r
e
ere is a decrease in the anlr dflti
ge. oeecon
-1,4.
which at t ho n amp +i nQ lessens the h
f the ~--__ i
e
o
ton the other hand with a decrease in the angle of strike- there.,e
increa
i
th
i
se
n
e
nterval of bursthich bibt i
wrngs aou anncrease
the 'hei rht of th
t ..L -- -
e burn
t
The smaller the Engle of strike the -areatAr thP' +rs,rvn ? '`
The harder the ground, the greater the interval and the height
'to the right. The angle of turn reaches up to 600.
The nature of the dispersal of fragments obtained wh
a
h
ll
en
s
e
.bursts after ricochet, is shown in fig 34
The
reater par
f
.
g
to
,N ;,.,:
the
effective fragments originate from the side walls of the shell and- fly,
sideways
coverin
a co
ti
l
,
g
mpara
ve
y narrow strip LteaA
.sureme,
.-.9
.
s tria) three to fi ?z mm -i--^. -t- A....tt. -
t. ?
_
s t
n
d
rip th h
i
fi
-- - .. YV 4y ZZ'@9 ,.
~,th depending, on the calibre. The direction of th
ri
e st
p
normally not perpendicular to the line of fire and.is governed by the.
o
h
t
turn of the shell After ri
c
c
e
make certain that the angle of descent
hi
h
``
,e
w
c
corresponds to Wtge
-e-n of firi and ttir selected charge, gives the necessary angle of strike.
At the same time it is necessary to take into acco
t
un
the9LOPIP
.- ground at the target. In fig 35 the slope-of the ground is shown _'toe
be towards the battery. '
As is seen from the figure, in this case Cc = - a, where
QC - angle of d
escent;
- angle of strike (impact)
- angle of slope of ground.
fig 36, the ground 1 shown sloping away from the
 CPYRGHT
proved For R? Jease 2000108/17 .:.A
p. 71
In this case 8c = ,u + 'a.
RDP78-04861A000
-40-
020001 0
Fig 34. Strip of the disperal~of fragments of a shell bursting after
ricochet. I
Consequently; solving the problem of the possibility of conducting
ricochet shooting under these conditions it is necessary first of all
to determine the angle of slope of the ground at the target.
If the slope of the ground is towards the battery, then one_ must
subtract from the permissible limit of the angle of impact the angle of
the slope of the ground; if the slope of the ground is away from the
battery, then to the permissible limit of the angle of impact must be
.added the angle of the slope of the ground. A comparison of the resul
obtained with the angle of descent for the particular range will al-ow
one to determine whether it is possible to- conduct ricochet shooting,
and will give the correct choice of charge.
Pig 35. Angle of impact A with the ground sloping towards the battery
sc - angle of descent; a - angle of slope of ground.
Figr 36. Angle of impact u with the ground sloping away from battery:
9o - angle of descent; a - angle of slope of ground.
Example 1. The ground at the target is sloping towards the
battery. Angle of slope a = 50. Ground at the target - soft. Range
3,400 metres. Troop - 152 mm howitzers M 1938. Choose the smallest
charge which will allow ricochet shooting.
We determine the angle of descent which is required under the
given conditions to give the required angle of impact. The permissible
limit of the angle of impact for soft ground is L ;z = 150. Ccnsequently
ec = - a = 150 - 50 = 100.
We choose the smallest charge for which the angle of descent at a
range of 3,400 metres does not exceed 100.
From the range tables we see:
Table 20.
Charge' Full 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th.
-,90 for range of r' `~
3,400 metres 6?26' etc.,
Prom table 20 we see that ricochet sheeting may be co'rducted with
the following charges: full, first and sec(,,nd. According to the tp sk
we choose the smallest,. i.e. in this case charge number 2..
p ? "TZ Example 2. Ground at the target horizontal. Remaining conditions
the same as in example 1.
Under these conditions the angle of impact = to the angle of
descent must not exceed 150. Consequently the smallest charge which
allows ricochet shooting is charge 5.
Example 3. The ground slolies away from the battery. Angle of
slope a = 50. Remaining conditions the same as in example 1. Under
these conditions ec = i + a = 150 + 50 = 200.
The smallest charge which allows ricochet nhootirg
will be charge No 6.
The rules and the sequence of 'ranging on ricochets are the same
as for normal shooting, when the bursts are on the ground.
Observation of bursts during .renging may be as follows:
a) Smoke of air bursts of shell;'
b) Dust and sods tnrown up by the splin to rs .
The most advantageous heiLhht of burst above the ground for effec-
tive fire, which at -the same time allows observation of the sign of
bursts are as follows :
76 mm gun.......3 to 6 metres;
107 mm gun......4 to 8 metres;
122 mm how and gun .... 5 to 10 metres ;
152 mm how and gun/how.6 to 12 metres.
prove or ? Ie e20tf0108/17
OQ$ - 001-0--.-
 If a Firing the average height of bursts above the ground
exceeds twenty metres, i.e. considerably exceeds the limits indicated
the height is reduced, going over to fire with a smaller charge. When
going over to firing with a smaller charge, it is necessary to check
whether the angle of descent gives the necessary angle of impact.
If after going over to a smaller charge the height of burst above
the ground is so great as to make the recognition of signs of burst by
smoke inrpos sihle and at the same time if the ground at the target is
such that tree splinters when falling likewise do not give signs of
bursts, then it is necessary to go over to normal ground burst ranging,
with a fuze set for direct action. The going over to firing for, effect
in the case where ranging was conducted.on ricochet is done according
to general rules, that is on the centre of the verified short bracket
or on the sight setting on which the verified covering group has been
xF:
obtained.
If ranging has been conducted with the fuze set for ground bursts
and fire for effect is to be conducted on ricochet then the settingof
tho range sight when going over to fire for effect mist be given while
taking into account the length of the interval of burst after ricochet.
The basis for this is formed of the following?considerations.
After obtaining a short verified bracket by observing grouad-~
bursts v.i th lin .ts H and H + 2, the mean of all the possible and at_ the
same time the most probable position of the target, will be, as is
known at the centre of the bracket, that is at a point corresponding to
tho range setting H + 1. If after tis when going over to ricochet
73 shooting, the range sight setting is given as H + 1 (fig 37), then the
mean trajectory will pass through the centre of the bracket, that is
through the point corresponding to the most probable position of the
target, but the bursts after ricochet will occur beyond the target to
a distance equal to the interval of burst. In order to obtain bursae
over the target it is evidently, necessary to reduce the range sight
setting by the amount of this interval () .
gig; 37. Going over to fire for effect after obtaining a bracket
\. hen the angles of impact exceed 60 when firing guns and with any angles
of i.mpEct when firing howitzers, on small charges the intervals of
bursts after ricochet are 10 to 15 metres. Bearing in mind the.'small
It-n-th of the interval of burst it is not taken into account when go
fire from guns and howitzers is conducted with the larger charges.
(5G metres) in the case when the angle of impact is less than_6Dand
bursts, the range sight setting used for ranging is reduced byA-R
The length of the interval of burst as pointed out above increases
ti:e increase of the final velocity of the shell and with a ecrea$e
in the angle of impact. In firing guns and howitzers ' on charges -
full, lst and 2nd, with an files of impact less than 60, the length of
interval of burst exceeds * a X, reaching up to dX, Consequently, when
14. Upper 1e~f,ister Shooting'.
ul r ri3ter Shooting is used for the following:
n) for the cie:struction of horizontal coverings;
:,Lo~ftl~:; .
in uj rf;r ster shooting determines the employment of this type of
ouch angles of elevation the angles of descent in the vertical
plane bcochets. Depth
penetration into concrete as ell
Ms
ell.,of a given calibre, at- various.
ranges and ~~; th ff,,,~?+yo
Low trajectory-fire against a wall i
s more effective impaj
n corWn
with upper register fire against overh
ad
e
cover Thi isxlai:
.s epned by the following: while upper register shooting can cmiy be conducte
at comparatively long ranapa i.,.,,
g na velocittiy and a, large
iangle .of
ntact. and as a remj + of +hj e
sic, JG4i uviy
with riuVV cing against walla
is normally conducted at short range. In connection with this, fire
large charges gives hi her fi 1
Gnere is great depth-of penxetzat o
into concrete.
r
according to the fnrm?1a o Wining one hit will.be'to
a a..a.~G V1 Lvw Tire, ea to ry rite. as be~
five kilometres and of upper register fire as being seven'kilomet e$
then the ' exp end i ture of rounds fo
b
If the - -- __-~, "V = V =. 4,
target area wi th 1.,..,
u
pp_er register shooting with the. same howitzer;
at 7,000 metres- wa hnt.n Iaa - ~n __-_ __ _
for upper register fire N. = 16 . B B6 - 16
S
-Lyr j.o tre jectory fire NA 16?Be.B6 = 16.2.9.2
t
deotruction of concrete construction a hie mat advantage ,"
construction
h
g n the -upper register. :
The figures quo
ted clearl
Sv YY brad ec tiory 'ire is appro
twice as gren..taswitfirm i
is apj>roxiuatel twenty ng inrth npperreSieter
fire. In addition under ethemeimnrAS Ater than with, low_.,t i q y=
oll,
Of al:irunf ti on for obtaining one hits whennfib9e' the
ConateE :,
ie1 tly under the conditi
NT= 928
from which we get Nm x.2496 =.27
low tra jector~--
?~4lnst the walls has in co
X-ir
mparison with
u pper regi 1 ore it is esue~,tial to utilize all possible means t?-e f
i' j etcry lire for the dew+r?ctjon ^P :? ti--_ . mp
Range in metres Table
Bs in m. B6 in_
,m
000
u -v 11E uvwi-cver on ru.tl oMrge
the values
of Bs and B6 for various ranges are as follows . b16 ..2
n as the.expenditure of - ammun-
ition and time for the carrying out of the fire task is many times lei
than with upper rerictar fire
In additionl dispersion of rounds in the case of low . trajecto
shooting is considerably smaller a d `th
3,000 10,9
4, 000 2,1
5, OCC 299
6,000 3,9
3,9
7,000
r
3
Lned ~.. 1~uV111~ .LSSarce or all types, the following'
scL!rtF :
11} Location of structure, points from which it may be
viiat obstructs obser
ati
v
on;
1C2 l is file stricture of reinforced conc
rete;
E r;=.
c dimensions and solidity of the structure (thickness of. wal"
of the ovcrhea.d cover, existence of ar
a
n
mour a
d its thiek
rje thickness and nature of materipi
d exi stence of 01its, their number and the direction in
face, disposition ?f the
VK, V R1{1.l j VS etr=
p.proveu ror release zuuuiuorl i ;uaaw-KUrio-V4oC"IHVL:{
 -60-
howitzer may be used F'i y employed; in .isolated cases a 2031
in or.ced concrete or of timber/earth
construction, reconnaissa
122 or 1 reconnaissance by' fire is carried. out.
52 mm howitzers are usuall For this purpose
s o. in icate whether the structure is a
dummy or not; whether it is of re' f
/Visual reconnaissance doe n d
e various forms
._.__.
of camouflage; thepstructu ea itselfeistc my, . P amouflaged as ya house, of t2~oousE
hummock and so on; to hide it from ground observation various forms of
`vertical camouflage are employed: bushes, hed es, camouflage nets and
so 1i, slits are =covered over with # removalkartifical camouflage;
dummy pillboxes are erected
f) presence and type of camouflage:
In, order to ham er r
? re is carried out with HE fragmentation shell
fragmentation i
h
n t
e case of the 203 mm howitzer),with the fuze set fo
~i,~!?M,r%''i~F or delayed action. A definite indicstion of the presence of a rein
a+~' forced .concrete structure is a cha
a
t
t
c
r
c
eris
i
pillbox contour, slits,
naked. concrete.. Indirect indications of reinforced concrete in the ces
of a.. direct hit are a-
il fire ta
a r$low trajectory shooting against the pillbox' walls the gun
osi -ti,
c
p
.
satisfy the following. requirements
a') tale line of fire
m
t
ows.
a) presence of flames at moment of burst, a wide and low smoke cloud
-a with fragmentn hi nn P, z
e;
u.1 k;1"U-Q 01 a P111DOx is to 8, larg(
exit assured_by the correct sighting of the gun position and the OP.
h1 o. t)oR iti nn AnA +1;e .,ti...,.,.- i:- _
au~rp noise or impact different from the sound of burst on norms:
ground
In selecting a gun. position for e k t'
e res t e expenditure of ammunition -increased
0 neiderably and penetration decreases,
i -11 s s ort as possible; in the. case of ranges exceed-
ng four to five kilom t h
us
a as far as possible perpendicular to the
~l ne.of the wall to be destroyed; the maximum angle allowed is 4-00;
b) range must be a h
oo Yng in the upper register one
must aim at -obtaining the greatest angle of descent (not less than 580)
,which,_wil3Kdepend on the
charge the -greatest final velocit
and th
l
y
e
east possible dispersion.
p.103
Eaca t
le. Th
r
.
p
e g
ound allows a dhoice of one of two
(.; Range for. first. Position 7 400 metr d 9LW Positions.
e
a
f
y
s we
teriQt construct a table of. the basic charac-
ca of fire at these ranges (table 29).,
. mploying artiller
tabus
s
n
or the. second 9,000 metres.
,Tr?? Is i : t
,P 0 Pped with 203 mm howitzer $-4
5
7 400 _, 66 33 . 5,
_9000 Ninth 64024' 280 31 593
'
9,00 Eigth 61?29! 291 32 6,1
Seventh65?32' 307 30 6,3
Studying the data contained in this table, the following deductions
may be mades
a) For each one of the ranges the greatest. charge (charge nine for
7, 400 metres and charge seven for n 00
in metres V Charge n Table 29.
B6 in - -
90 sec in m m,
V^"+1%
for shooting: the - C metres) gives the best condition;
greatest angle of descent and great final velocity
with dispersion being the same in each case;
b) comparing the shooting on charges seven and nine, preference must be
given to charge seven as in this case a somewhat greater angle of descent,
and considerably greater final velocity are obtained; however a small
drawback,j,s.an increase in dispersion. Thus under the conditions given
the second gun position should be chosen with the range of 9,000 ms$tres
shooting must be carried out on charge seven.
0i'a,mu~t be .chosen as close as possible 'to the target and Eta far as
Paesibl . 'along the line
gun - target.
the ccuracy in ranging and continuous control over the-results
ea round when firing to destroy pillboxes have a particularly geet
significance. Ranging is conducted with singlr
either a :confirmed short bracket or verified coveringsgroup .are ob e ined. untiD
When firing with a large OT angle, ranging is carrie
for line ,of two divisions of the dial sight until a
bracket
is- ranged, after the first ght is obtained. The
,un has completejran ?i second gun
fire for eff
g n
and i
g
ect.
s ready to go to
Approve.. For J elease,2(m0/08/17CIA-RDP78-04861A000100020001-0
~ft 0
.,, rr V
 Eire for effect is conducted `by means of troop fire at a rate
hi
w
allow's observe tion .of each burst. The introduction of corrections
during the process of fire for effect is carried out according to the
p ox an not against the wall which screens the
enihrPalga -Prom. +iin fr..,
of the pillbox rise above the ground by not less than 1, 5w metres, one
should in this case make certain that fire is being conducted against
the wall of the illb d
w
ran e ? Low trajectory fire e is employed' in the in tance h th
obt-.pining a lsrge final velocity is conducted with first, or in extre
cases, secoild charge, depending on the thickness of the
all and th
Low trajectory fire against the pillbox walls with the ob ?ect of
If the well of the pillbox i^ protected fr th
Ire, ;ti:c s looting in the upper register or..45
I 11 ith delayed action fuze or instentane
de end in or the g tren gth of th otza _
ze are employed.
In the crane of i
I
f
III the c:,,se of low tra jectors?sfirenc,ornccrete piercingi b,
shell with dclr!1red action P- 1
fin for gil'b ,. . - e overhead cover.
Approved For Release 2b0n%08/17.: C!A-RDP78-04861A0
The mean expected expenditure of ammunition
for ob is irz3.ng on" .
hit is cletermi nark }qtr
or the upper cover cover of the pil box isosm kehissui rough the del
the holes or the emhrFlrn,rpa oi,'4 +i^.., - ~1~ ' -0-01 T
Several ahots ri t . th
obtained. An indication of a -+-4 t t
Fire for effect is conducted until
r
mm how~.tzers are employed, depend
ing
thickness of the r?ar+h ^=-j-
u
e removed or at least loosened up with BE,
For this purpose 152 o
2Qlz
o
p o the main structure. In this , eas
the earth cover m
t
re n the upper register f
P
the destruction of the horizontal cover. A pillbox often has.
testing earth coverin on t
a
able to destro it one g rge size and if it 3.0 found i DOss
y , goes over to -P-1 i
om a front by a bank,
then it is at first necessary to destroy this bank with H9 shell. In
the case of this bank bein of a l
.. -..-.,C, ~v~+uuio.. our low Tixa jecti
against the pi].lbox wall - N = 16 Be ?B6 ; and for upper re e
w one sub tracts thatp~o
which is formed by the thickness of the h
In determining the value of S in the case of low tra; ecto
from the overall area of the all
In both formulas the value of- S is the vulnerabl
of the +a,.no+
N = 16 B ?B6-
e hits the._reinforoea
the wall it either ricochets, or if it does burst' doea ot. pQ
right through, and ik~tmost ca4ea Ana ?^+ a....~..,.~ ~~_ ._
s rout, rear_?etnd.8 Qee
explained by the fact that when the h 11
formed by the thickness of all wall (~ at part. of : rtbe
V case of shooting in.the n
ter, one subtracts from the overall ar a 4-1,
eedns the emb
age,inst observation slits is employb- =re1
--- ..,, ~.r~.~uo ui 1.Lre ior fi libox de
fire against embrasure shutters a i t
and 76 mm. This form ofvire re
ir
l~
1a
c
u
es
reat
c
action, therefore fire i
lWIM
d
e
t
s con
uct
d over-open Sig
pierci.-- shell at short r.inges, not exceeding 400 ,me
a .-Ad GCC metres f nr 76
The d e s tra c ti on of armoured
slightly
of the overhead cover is attained at the sae ime
cover is destroyed b
m
a
-
f
y
e
ns
o
f ire in the uppper re?
Armoured turrets are de
t
s
royed by means of j,
embForrasthis res purpose the same guns are used as for 1ehoo
.iU5
For destroying particularl
solid tu
y
nm ber/earth
hcwiitzers
260 mm
u
e
h
a
p
s
r
eavy howitzers, 152 min
? hew vv nov,
Tell - II or fragmentation HE with the fuze set fo
a c; ti on.
Jules of fire are the same as for the destruction of
(Section 17)
for the destruction of solid
o
st
ne and braok bail.
defence, the same methods are
,us
d
d
.
e
as fur the destxue
t Y
1' c truetion ms - be carried gut b
in the upper r ,; .. means of low tra jectory
sister orb a
ea
news of the side walls and in th orizo>~tl POT 1
 2.. ,$ .tting personnel not under cover and open fire points.
--.? ----_ - ++~_M. "advs. J-6,"L d~,( v. auvera1. settings of
eight {withinthe limit
of th
s
e bracket obtained) th nm
.eors of
W-di tare . of ammunitions must 'ha o
ch a e t
i
u
o g
ve the same densitf
.y o .r~ ger..the whole a;-ea. bounder by the limi +
of th
_
s
e brac
.~ .ti ?_ . e he tar e t when sir t ng
g on one g
~ s h set
ti
-ge in metres
A
vera e
bombs
C1 m
expenditure o
'82 mm_
' 15
c.1, ?00 20
rk 00 30
2, 000 50
3, 000
Above : 3, 000
Fig 42.
Density of hits in a strip 1 BO in width, when shooting to
destroy targets in depth by jumps of 2 B.
When _ iring at one range, that is when the target is clearly observed
and 1446 been accurately ranged, the mean trajectory passes through the
target or close to it and cons uently, the .number of rounds which fall
wit i ,t. t}te strip of 1 Bc~ in depth will be equal to 25 of every 100 fired.
If a .each range (within the limits of the bracket obtained) the same
nu er of
rounds are fired a
i
h
a
._.
e
n t
e c
se of shotit
ong a one range, then
e seen-. in. fig 42 the density of fire will be approximately twice
, t .as._whexLfiring* at one range; consequently the norm of rounds
ao range may be decreased twofold (halved)e
e;basic condition for the successful neutralization (destructon)
f ersonuel is considerable den
it
f
s
y o
fire over aht
sor period of time,
oquently the required number of rounds must be fired daring a period
of two~to three minutes which can only be achieved by firing bursts of
;.^ gire of three to six rounds per gun.
.107
rtut: the personnel will only be neutralized for ,, imited_ e
time, and therefore, after neutralization, depending on activirio of
tyds,hown
by the target, it is either necessary to-continue the fire by means of
troop fire, or having established observation owitch over to carrying
out other fire tasks. At the first sign of the target sht
activity_, it is necessary to recommence firing with three ss arun
of gunfire. to six rounds
Fire is as a rule conducted on one setting of the dial-.and re
and only in the case when the target has considerable depth or the eigl#a
observation is poor, I.J
should fire be conducted on several settings, brit
---------------
7
en to achieve effective neutral
Cs zati;on ,it is necessary to expend on each setting of the sight not less
' 4han ~hai -r rf +1,- vs,.
- ----
,Basic conditions for the successful fulfil lmpn+ of +aalre of dest
y
ro
uuuuiueroie aensity or sire over a short space of time; the same
.losses inflicted over a long period of time create a far sna1le
r
effect on. morale;
the elementof surprise of neutralization;. along drawn out eequen
`bf ranging enables the enemy to take advantage of local cover and
. to put into effect battle dispositions 'which d1minishx s.
Infantry in the open is neutralized (destroyed) mainly by fire from
776 mm guns and 122 mm howitzers. as wen...an_-by means of 82. and 120 mm
mortars.. Fire is. carried cut with a ,shell with a fragmentation faze
dr with a delayed action fuze. with the. obIlecof obtaining ricochets.
c
s
raoti
e
hoots; have shown, that when firingon one sight setting
T.rcQmpletion of ranging,' to obtain effective'neutra1izatio
f
l
n :o
we
l
sued. infantry or against a fire point in the, open ..at..ranges;:O (ip to
ilome.tres
, it' is necessary to expend on the. average the following
mm..., . ... 20 to 25 `she1Ie
o caky out this task with the aid of mortars it l
c
s
y
a
e ne
e
sar
t
.
expend on the-average the number of, boml s.,shown. in_ table 30 (-page 106)
ammunition is one and a half, times greater _ than that,indicated .
on se oral
tti
y v -- _-_ --" ? ar
se
ngs o the sign' (witth-
. in the .biniits of the bracket
obtained) .14,
 CPYRH
pprove o.r Release
-63-
without prolonging the duration of the shoot.
In the process of shooting itrr is necessary to make use of the
observation , of the signs of burs is in order to reduce the ? depth of the
p-106
23. Hitting personnel under.
,cover.
The destruction of personnel in covered trenches can. be achieved only
by destruction of the cover and at the same time of the trenches them
',"hen personnel are situated in open trenches, the task cif their
destruction may be' fulfilled either by shooting on ricoahet' or by shoot-
destruction of trenches. (section 19).
selves. For this reason the norms of expenditure of ammunition and the
rules for firing in these conditions' are the same as these for the
to destroy personnel situated in open trenches it is.notnecessa
Ito ..
z'Y..
destroy these trenches. The enemy personnel will be,neutralized-by-the-
~hc 11 splinters, the bursts occurring above the trenches after ricoohet.
It has been established by tiffi1 that to destroy infantry in open -
trenches-at ranges not exceeding three kilometres, after completion of
ranging the following amount of ammunition is required on the 'average' 'for
each ten met
f
If because of. the conditions of the ground ricochet is possible then
trenches (section 19).
and ,he rules for firing, remain the same as for the destruction of
t
o. ie trenches and consequently the norms of expenditure of ammonitio
t.ten for some re son shooting on ricochet is impossible.. Under`` these
co~,ditions the destruction of personnel is dependent on the, destraetior
P
l
Cne should make use of shooting with HE ijistantaneous`,action only
ing with HE instantaneous fuze.
In the case of ranges exceeding three kilometreA_ ac, + , .,~.`
152 " :.. ...20
res o
trench: 76 mm ... ... 40
122 " ... ...2g
.
with troop fire with 4 - 6 rounds per -gun.
f , --- - The ra ta of troop
a.; _.o
Type of fire employed is combined with bursts of fire1te
a]
increases by one and a half times.
.4144,('a23 i3C 111 tine ui spersion ror range, the expenditure of _amm fitiaa __,*
case of mortars, with the fuze set for fragmentation,
ht --_~.y wv+ are+~,q..~a
howitzers and guns, if ground permits, is conducted bn-ricoche
s
nee re ization is allotted to troops equipped with
~ v.L u11G vvwp-Le Ge aemoiiTion or the trenc,res does. -not'`ari'--
ta
k of t 1
y
e
the task is to neutralize but not to destro
+ o e i th
If the trenches have overhead.-cover the 5,0% Of
~tr?~.lization of personnel is achieved by means of
l
i
f
~? ~ L
=,F
rom five to tiers mina Ga eah Thb
I,sc.e nums
two to four. In the intervals between burst
b
so
serva
,. 0 By trial it has been established that the following;
dit
expen
ure of ammunition ?(table 31)
Y b mm 10 - 1
122 mm .5-6
152 mm 3-4
ach bo
???_., r vv.a..,Gaatic:s UUi eIu Z. vursti OT guIIi1re (F. -- 4
then changes to troo
'fi
i
`
s
sis o et lculati.ons, corrections are intraduo? d -tq-,,,
of -the sighting gear, accurate to one division of the dial si,..
rn ni' e si.cht (ni 'rh+ r?1 4 n~vn 'l- -\
4? rrop
ire during the DO
the r-sults of the observation of bursts for each
ub are:`_r Grp
on T hp ba f ~ -
In the course of the harassin ? and t
f
p
re w
th such a ratf fie
e or: a toer
e
Lie number of rounds allotted for the bombardment it~,..9 ,pende
time . i von .e~
r.:i .;ndin on
g the character of the.moving target,' the speed
? ;Tcu tralizatton of personnel on the move
on zne time available qud.
of prepar.'tion, vrrionzs methods of fire are employed for
t,,' rge to .
A fundamental cordition for
41A0proved For
(ease 2000/0.8/17 {; 4-RDP78-04861A0
 CPYRG'
pp roved For R, cease 2000/08/17 A-R?P78-O4861A00 20001-0
-64-
is the ability to bring down heavy fire over a short period of time as
far as Possible with the element of surprise ?. When time is available
and information can be obtained regarding the direction and the area of
t+~ proposed movement of the target, preparu.tions are made in advance,
4 ':?the shoot pesseses the characteristics of a barrage between definite
lines. Defensive fire is caridd out usually on a comparatively vide
:front; in certain cases however, defensive fire is put down on narrow
sectors, which the pnemy cannot mine on the move.
They. drill ? for bringing down defensive fire is laid down in sections
25 and 26 . `
Let ` .s take a shoot for the striking of targets which are moyilL.in an
area where defensive fire has not been prepared. For shooting at movin
infantry, cavalry and motor cyclists the 76 mm gun, 122 and 152 mm
howitzers. and the 152 gun/howitzer are used. Fire is carried out with
the HZ fragmentation shell with the fuze set for fragmentation ac1on; if
the ground at the target and the angle of impact permit the obtaining of
ricocht, then the fuze is set for delayed action, but if these conditio
does not exist them the fuze is set for fragmentation action.
In the case of the fuze set for fragmentation, shooting is'-carried' ou
with the smallest charge for the particular range with the object of
obtaining the beat fragmentation action. Shooting is as a rule conduct-
ed with a troop, the troop frontage of shell corresponding to the width
of the target.
In the case of targets moving on a wide front fire is carried out with
the.guns,concentrated to the effective lethal radius of the shell.
The method of conducting fire for effect depends on the speed of move--
meet of the target.
In firing at slow moving targets (mainly infantry) ranging is carried
out directly on tD th# target bracketting the target into four or an eight
division bracket.. At. the same time in order-to economise in time it is
permissible to limit oneself to obtaining one accurate observation on
each'Jextremity of the bracket.
Ghange to fire for effect is introduced either on one of the range
sight setting y
s within-.the limits of the bracket or on the extremit .of, the. bre}ket towards which the target is moving, depending on the speed
of movement of.. the target. Gun fire is used 2 - 4 rounds per gun being
ordered
As soon as infantry begin ' to move out of the effective zone of fire
the range and dial sight settings are altered in jumms in the direction
of the movement of the target: range sight in jumps of ona to two div-
isions (50 - 100 metres) and dial sight - depending on the speed of move-
ment and direction of the target.
In the. case of comparatively fast moving targets (10 - 40 kilometres
an hour) .it is not possible to employ the method of fire for effect given
above as, during the period of time" required to obtain a bracket and the
going over to fire- for effect the-- target will have had time to move a
considerable diatanee and. as a result of this the observations obtained
lose their value. Therefore, for hitting moving motor-cyclists-and
cavalry ranging is carried out not on the target but onto a line located
alon th ne ...4f .movement- of the. target. .
At the target's approach to the line rem ed u on
4 r p , g p gunfire is ordered,
ounde er.~ The, order "Fire!" is given bearing in mind the speed
of mover ,nt _,of the target and the time of flight of the shell, with the
"?objeet of obtaining the first burst at the moment of the target crossing
the line,
110 Subsequent shooting is carried out with
of the range sight in the direction of movements off theotarget u(100v-g200s
metres for
gone with
i
ht
d
g
e
s gra
uated in thoandth), i
,ussntroducing if
necessary a correction to the dial sight settin
g
.
Eao.,h pause in the movement of the target even a short one must be ex-
ploited for increasing the rat f f
e
i
e irfn try does not
suffer casualties from the fire of one's own artillery. In defence the
infantry as a rule is entrenched and is protected from fragments.
o
re and for obtaining greater accur-
acy in the firing data.
25. Fixed defensive fire (NZO
Fixed defensive fire is employed: in defence for repelling an advanc-
ing enemy on previously determined lines and in the, advance - for cover-..
ing own advancing infantry from counter attacks and fire. Sectors. for
defensive fire are selected on the most important lines within the enem,~' s
defence as well as in the immediate vicinity of one's own troops. The
di stance between, the nearest edge of. the sector of defensive fire from
one's .awn infantry must be such as to ensure that th
kpproved For Flease 2000/08/17A-RDP78=04$61AQOp?Q02.00.01.-0
 In the case of flanking fire, for the dept5?bf tie see 0
defensive fire, the same norms are" employed-as. for the vidtb. off.;
P.111
b) Prepare the ammunition, le. find it out near
such fire;
Therefore the minimum safe distance of the line of defensive fire ?
safe guard owh troops only from direct hits on the trenches by isolated
shellsr?deflected as a result of'dispersion. This requirement is. satle-
fled by a distance of 200 metres in the, case of frontal fire and'100 m
in the case of flanking fire.
In the- advance when ouc own infantry is not behind cover, they 'maIt
be protected against fragments of our own shells: consequently .the safe
distance in this case is]ald down as 400 metres. This maybe reduced to"
200 metres in the case of flankin-g fire on condition that fire 11 ducted with shell with fuzes set for HE action.
tis
The sectors of defensive fire mast be under observa on.
The width of the, sector of defensive fire is es abishedy.in,a oroe
with the front of the effective le al` area ofe_4 e~? .._ae
norms of the width of the sectors for four gun troo sv~ ane a.y_
are given.
..76 mm troop u to l0 metres.r~
. ru.
107 mm`'troop up o`l metres.
122 mm troop . .. ._., ? up to 200, metres:,
152 mm troop .. r ~ ?'? u p . to 250 metres,
A troop consisting of 'six' 120 mm mortars is given, a eeor
: tea,
width. section consisting of three 82 mm mortar# Ycan .layo'i
sationary defensive fire along a a front of 254 t to930atreed e
three platoons (sections) on
in the case, of frontal. fire .
The initial tse.ttings for the laying: down of fixed ds a .f
x k "+K+ca+w.+a'.c
a$ follows:
determined
a) By *ranging directly on to the -area selected or t e e tsi
b By calculating the switch from a line alre'.y
c) By calculations based on the data.determined.b'A
4,
The settings for' conducting. fixed ae ens ve ire ass r
our own infantry must be determine means f.
In the case of other sec or"e epee ngs t
switching fire from a lineor on the bass : oft
the ran ng gun must fe checks a a rs oe
basic gun :with single rounds.
Calculated or ranged 9e ttingsa Wst- e er
ance with any alterations _in the eoro.o ica--oc
An extremely important factor governing a ~succ o
is the ability to bring down. such fire at
,ith this aim in view the followngmeae ea,mu
a) Note down the initial settings on the.,gunii~
!~e
name of the sector. of. the de.fensive fi
re_and_the
c)
During the intervals between fang -,lay the.
noted down in order -to be able o bring~dn e
most important sector;
d) Cease the ceriying out of the teak previous y efl Up
on
the signal celling for defensive fire-
e)
Maintain a twenty four hour, duty roster of
immediately the first s vo;
Cpen 'fire by ordering only. the name' oft e se
settings .
w'.rovided all these' measure
tz to thirty seconds of being called for
U--.: case of frontal fire, firing is conducted w an
rou t o ore setting of the range and dial sights. ? ring
imam, i-L .ire must be of such a power as to halt, he -i~r
ore t hull, to take cover. pith this end ., .n. v~
c~ ;; .1rs t of rapid fire of two to four rounds ; pergun allowed ;
.rounds f a n fire after five seconds interval iz tn-?6, ,
rounds, gunfire with ten seconds interval in.. ee
6UMS Subsequent firing depends on results}
a t if ne c o s se ry on the same xweamIa settings;
~,o .-Linue firing-rising on the, infantry lying. down; rM
}S`wit'Lci._ fire in accordance with the movement of the p7~1 (p
i~ (.k a rd s '~ ~"M
d) L' e irink;. .c e = ?
If ro?.r;d cat:ditions permit defensive fire should be
fir_tn is impossible then de QPj ~
Approved For Release 2000/08/17 ? CIA-RDP78-04861AOO
I~~~iY!
 66-
In the case of flanking fire the defensive fire sector for t
s
roops
are sub'' divicged as in, the 'case of frontal fire
each troop covers the
,
?]2 whole, depth of the sector. allotted to. it. In order that in.this case
.also lire may be conducted without altering the settings,' each troop
fires with-sections concentrated 14 X (50 metres) in the case of 76 and
.107 mm guns and 2Q X (100 metres] in the case of 122 and 152 mm guns and
howitzers. Sections open fire simultaneously and f~re on one setting.
The. norms of *expenditure of ammunition and sequence of fire are the same
as for frontal fire.
26. Movable Defensive Fire. (PZO - 130)
In order to repel tank attacks movable defensive-fire is erptoye4
consisting of barrages on previously marked out lines moving according tc
the movements of the tanks. The.bounds are selected across tank .
a
a
ppro
ches and must if poibl bedbrvatin. Th distnce
sse uner oseoea
ounto another after, the passage of the tanks trough the first' barrage
Consequently the distance between bounds is, dete ned by the time
?nece
t
wi
n
e a r y
o s
tch the fire a
d by tae speed of e tank duig the
.srn gttaOk. Settings for firing on each of the'.boun .s- must be determined
tbeforehand, passed, on to the guns and there noted down. In order bo
save time when ordering a switch to a.new bound only the name Of the new
'
bound is ' ordered.
The total .time, made up of the time necessary to pass
the order, to fulfill this order and theftine of flight will be in the
region of from:one to one and.a half minutes; depending on the efficiency
of .the troop. The speed of the tangs in attack, from wartime experience
is taken'to vary.from 12 to 25 kilometres per hour. Consequently in one
minutethe tanks will traverse from 200 to 400 metres and in one and a
bounds must be between 300 and 500 metres. The last bound.lying nearest
to
r
o
t
au
r
own
ops is 300 to 400etr f thefrad.d
,,... mesromowrege.
The. norms of the width.of t oop sectors laid down for fixed defensive
,fire do.not.apply in this case. This is explained by the fact that the
idth off' afixed, defensive fire sector is determined b
the front of
y
, he effective. burst of ? the shell.. In the. case of 'a . moving defensive fire
t e , ' he fire, is--not directed so"much against persomel as against tanks.
iekaowri, fragments because of their irregular form
uickly lose ? their
q
elotyand consequently their lethal action. In addition i
thi
n
s case
,xa ioAE..;oan only be achieved by means of large fragments. There-
?aastc `d as experience shows by tely two to two and a
.'For 3-troop batteries depending on the calibre of th
h
eguns t
e
;, following norms of sector width are established': 300 metres for a battery
equipped with 152 mm guns or howitzers or
un/ho-,s
250 'met
e
f
g
;
r
s
or a
battery equipped'- with 122 mm weapons; 180 metres for a battery, equipped
with 76 mm guns`,
The sector is sub divided into three ordinary troop sectors. On the
mor
e important sectors the firtidet
re o somemes two an somimes three
batteries is doubled up.
The initial settings for carrying out a movable defensive fire task
are determined as follows:_
a by ranging directly on to the sectors on each bound;
b calculating the. switch from a line already ranged upon;
c calculations based on the _.data obtained by the ranging gun.
desi ab
e o
-m
th
l
check
-------s _ _
e
. calculated data by single rounds. Ranged for or calculated data must
be periodically corrected in accordance with any alterations in metibor
olo
cal c
gi
onditions
.
'ire for effect is carried o wit sells, fuzes set for fragmen-ation.
befen~sive fire on each bound- Is brought . down diruultaneously by all
troops on order from the battery (!nmmo
4
e r bursts at the moment of a leading tank's approach to the
bound. Fire is conducted on fixe ettinga of the range and dial sights
by means of bu
f
t
rs
s o
gun fire at i #ximnm rat t th ti ofh
e upoeme te
tanks issuing forth from the zone of fire, after which fire is switched
to a. flew bound.
If the direction -of the movement of the tanks or, the width of the stripp
occupied by them. does not fully correspond with the anticipated direction
and the strip which is covered by the sectors of moving defensive fire of
tle battery, then the troop commanders switch their fire independently or
or -orders from the battery commander, who orders a correction. for line for
all troops. Defensive fire bounds end co lcule ted range remci in the same.
Annrmiarl Fnr PP1PgQP 7nnn/nR/17 ? c1n_RnP7R_n4RR1 annn1 nnn9nnn1 _n
 ff.
ppyed For Release 2000/08/17 ; CIA-RDP78-04861 A000100020001-0
-67- .
Si$tultaneously with the, moving defensive fire whose main objective
is the repelling of the tank attack, fire must be brought to bear agiin
the infantry, who are moving with and directly behind the tanks. The
task of this fire is to part the infantry from the ;tanks :before
latter reach the last bound'. - For the carrying out of ;this:.task=mortar
or 76 mm troops are used, which .,fire according to; the -rz!ules ' laid 'down
for fixed defensive fire, on the same bounds. Fire is._ continued. for;
or three minutes on each of 'the bounds after the battery conducting the
-
moving defensive fir
h
e
as switched to a new bou.n1,~ : 4n'.the_ t .b
e
c
i
,r
p..W6."IVA
ops,'con4.
to fire on the same settings to repel. the .inf"try .ttahk Those.
which l
ve succeeded in breakin through
g the laeds bf the
defensive fire are engaged by ,guns of :the an;t o
Approved For Release 2000/08/17 ; -14-RD.P78 0486.1A0000j?000zg901-
 CPYI Proved For Release 2000/08/17 CIA-RDP78-04861A000100020001-0
,ft
CHAPTER III
SHOOTING UNDER SPECIAL CON7JITIONS
Peculiarities'of shooting'in the mountains,
under conditions of shooting in
nd
be fo
:
u
ities which may
The peculiar mountainous country. are brought about by the following circumstances:
ns' in the immediate vicinity of the target
Bok nature of the cou
rent e Considerable differences it the respective heights of targets, guns
and..OP' a;
des
ltit
;
u
Ear?fied atmosphere at high a
Hapfd -c hange -in meteorological conditions during the flight, of sbelJ
mountains requires the application. of
th
i
n
e
n
g
shooti
, ocause of this, appropriate to the conditions of-,each individual shoot.
stain rues aPProP
e eo varied that to give definite rules
, these conditions ar
iawever
onl possible to give
It is
ible
.
al case is imposs
for each individu 4..
;dies goernng the more typical forms of terrain and interrelationship
between %-tget, gun position and OP.
These typical cases are a R follows :
ith:
d
w
target situated on level groun
htly above it.
t or sli
g
targe
OP - on the. same level as. Height' of OP above target is considerable.
'T`arget situated ona slope
Ground in target area-broken to a. considerable degree .
rya = tr
aeh ohs of - these cases introduces a characteristic peculiarity into
coO :ILons"of shooting. whioh,are analysed below.
Totio raphical peculiarities of preparation for firing in mountains
aration for firing under mountainous con-
f
prep
ties o
Tne peculiar.ditions are brought about mainly by the feet that gun positions, OP's
~_ _ n s PP...,.vnn 4 n tro r?1nf+An Con-
le els
en
iffe
, - - -
u
1
Q Sts are at I
A+ 'w
s of slopes is considerable and the i n t e r -
ne
t
s
eep
e . then the s
Sng 17
reet height, estimation of height
o at "a
al
al
H
g
s
s s
orizont
s ton of
ti,...
from O.map becomee.unreliable_ J In most cases it is only possible to
- A-u -., --P-Pi ?4 an+!.r hi kh tralectorv.
ith
fi
g,-.-
ring w
hit targets wue x
Gun with a flat trajectory are of little use when firing in mountains .
All this brings us to the necessity of
gun position
lationship of the GP
t
,
erre
the height in
Determining
ecial instruments;
i
l
ng sp
oy
andthe targets emp
- 7n determining corrections for displacement it is necessary to fix
a base to the horizon;
It 3s essential to take into consideration the correction of the
'angle of,sight to the range angle;
,When firing over crests and summits the determining beforehand the
posdibility of. striking the terge is .
'Determination of interrelationship of height; when it is im,ossible
tt~ use a map, special instruments are employed.
th ils r s rumen
e all +? -"
f the basic gun are measured from the CAP.
d
t
l
o
an
e of targe
the ang
Knowing the range A k and base g, the relative height of the target and
to which end the
d out
k
,
e
the pivot gun in relation to the OP arc wor
angle of target is multiplied by one thousandth? k, and angle of the
pivot-'-gun by one thousandth I. Having thus determined the height of th
target ` and. gun position in relation to the OP it is not difficult to
determine the height of the target in relation-to the gun position and
to
e 46
v-
,
~Llw7 'kits Yuts. rang
of course to take into consideration the
necessar
It i
li
n
y
s
poe
o
. Pact a6 to whether the angle of sight is one of elevation or depression
n
le
t of
a a
^ o' -
g
:.I the even
--the OP (more than 0-20)being considerable, it is necessary to add to th
since, a
f the value of the angle
th
ti
,
o
e
d difference one twen
.`Aca:culate
`one thousandth, but to one nine hundred and fifty-fifth of the rc riz;e .
I,/T, 000 l/055
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 CPYRG
Exaru le; g = 1,200 metres; ,brk = 2,600 metres. From the OP, the
0 ow ng are measured, the vertical angle to the target (angle of tot
axi Mg = +0-40 and the vertical angle to the pivot gun (angle of ba si
gun -2-40.
ti'+eetermine the height in relation to 'the OF
- 69-
? a) Target: +40.3,6 = + 144; +144 +144 = -+ .151 metres.
17 0-
b) Pivot gun; -240.1,2 -288; -288 - 288 = - 302 metres.
Consequently, the difference in height of the target over the pivot
gun is equal to
+ 151 - (-302) _ + 453 metres.
If the pivot gun is not visible from the OP we may then proceed in.
two ways:
1) Choose an intermediate point from which both the OP and the pivot.
gun are visible and determine their difference in height in relation
2) Employ an aneroid barometer.
Employing an aneroid barometer, the difference-in
height i$
nii ne b
the .ii-P-Pe
renc
y
To do this one either employs tam calibrate barome "_ ~
LOU (Ou+~ yr or oacK again.
At both these points the barometrical rApAinea ,.- n1_,.w
into the readings. _-_.. ~~'t-4 VViiG{rwUUU are
In the event of considerable differences ,
in edditiot. thH +amr,ow F?.. ,,c' tu_
a ,
are ?iven in the handbooks dealing e o a she
icF.l service_ with the, "_ 11 r~r,mete,
barometer and the air to g e pressure ~#' the
urparature with th
A
-quCk {W.Avu py;..meSntsr of
thermometer. The rules for measurin th
d termined. n o this decrease gk.{
w
t
e, e er b3' Fe,$ ,
or simply by climbing a hill, the Ikarometrio preestre ?_ ` Cjg
constant a manner that by the exte t f
It is well known that as one ascend
h
h
e
e
S~af~'IoiAn+1-t innn.,s.na n rKr. o:x
o.t~l ~, y one mi ime tre. ..$owev
use this ratio to determine differences in ,hei t
in pressur( ere inconsiderable - not mor
th
f
bcrometric pressure decreases b en metres iricZ`eee.y1
It mc?y be tEken that for eve t `~'
t
t o e height
4l19t Escend to Obtain decrease in pressure of one,
.:.1V ~t1 17F?f~nrnl n. ... ?.1 ,.,..,a e ~ ~ ___ lnia"ep
Thi:: beronLetric ladder is e neme a
iven t
h
!a " d . V:) cL.L Ui.)ze-inea it the c
Letr~~ ;;tops s r~ m; loved. s
Me beromf!tri.e ladder depends on the a' f
OtsO + t44 = 616
t?cp = +10+16 = + 130
e
+ 1
Er UN
ut the g rc sitionpressure 11
stn 0]j . 6 44 mm temper tub toy
deU_,rrin,: the morn nra?,c'?ro C,.,A .4.---------'-
---- ' g mef'surements are obtained at the , ,~
r z Ulirr "TU = 588 mm tCL"per?i tar
to
e
w
s o points, multiplied b tie;
tri~ luc~dnr. T t point is highest where the
pressure, ie.. 'e
t:_ ? ci,,fur is i her than another is
.e.qu
e~~ce ir, ,,re~:~ur.t a t the
t
"r'h,e extent ck(b which one -,oint h'
IIeR" pressure and temperature
T1, crda_ >1Z -~ vail[ij Y {/QW LE V
to f ind the bA rome trio ladder with the aid,
of
it -,? f?ece;ssry to tale th,
:fl tFbl 7" is given e part of the table of the barometrj
V,hich 1r; to )pia fn,,,tA ,,, &I-- _~--.-.-
ir, temperature-
i:.; trio pressure itself and consequently on the height oP ."!
P.b uve 1 Q,,oi c~ tA , ,, '-t.... ---- _,_ -
approved For R? lease 2000/08/17 -RDP78-04861A40 x062 0 'I
 CPYRO
pprovea ror (ease luuuiutsi11 ; -KUhro-U45blAUUU1 UZUUUI-u
1y~ emperature we find the barometric step from the
to it@6 In thin PAsaa i + i in e_-ft 1 -1.i ry
,,118?
From mean pressure and t
e :c etermine the difference in pressure between the OP and the gun
Remultip y the difference in pressure by the barometric step and we
".p obtain the diff
erence in height: 56-13p7 = 767 metres.
As the pressure at the OP i 1
Z4'0_* w vertical to the pivot gun, measured from the OP exceeds
If nrn iAn l i nn .,f- +L.. t.
2. 'Projection of 'the measured base to the horizon' is carried out in
caries he th
s ess, t
767 metres). e OP is higher than the gun pos-
ition'_(by
~- ---- ~~?? -j? --L-_L4vu is not carried out then
Morreeton$ for displacement will be accompanied b~. a considerable erro
~.~ ++~ca~ulCU tug fine ground possessing a considerable
axle differ widely from the size of its projection.
bgx he an 1e of cen-,fists,or correcting the base
.. . alone- th~.+ i v i A7 4 , _4 ?i - - i,_ _
8`.h,4rizontal projection of the- .,,a i
fiursb the f = , 50 metres; angle b 6 = 6-00;
$ Pivot gun = 4-00; we project to the horizon:.
Exemo e. d k 3 100 metres ? b 2
The.w$irie of the angle necessary to make up 15-00 ? to the angle M6 is
determined by the normal abridged sine table
measure baee or zontal prgection of the
Z is the sloping base measured on the ground
M6 is the angle to the pivot gun measured from the OF.
If the angle M6 does not exceed 5-00 then the sine of the angle
necessary to make up 15-00 will be close to unity and therefore it will
not be neeeaaa?rKr +n LL- t- - . .. -
II = sin (15-00 6 )
where is the projected base that is the h i
r~ se s normally determined by means
~ ht-angled triangle by the formula. 4
We Bete - ,,.,, - :,-vv = LZ5U?0,8 = 1,000m
the discrepancy d = 1, 000 ? sin (15-00 - 4-00)=1000-
.Then ~fg00 m;
3,100 + 900 ,000 metres .
Correction for, displacement MO = 1000.0.4 1-00
4
0ofor elevation (range angle of Table 33.
. _. , 'elevation plus angle of eight) for 76 mm mountain gun,
range shell, target being higher than the bat+ery
p.120. If the base is not pro ected to the horizon, we obtain:
d = 1#250-8P9 = 1,125 metres;
Or, = 3,100 + 1,125 = 4,425 metres;
a0 = 1.250-0.4
= 1,19 .
Then, the error in the determinotion of4e be
divisions of the sight and the error it thevcPIca1 ti on~lforeline will
be 0-19
3. 'When correcting the RIMM angle of elevation and turning it into
the final angle to the target' we must day tables these corrections are work d tout into tly ccouri :,,i th u the t in p regent
for the parabollic form of the trajectory and thus they 3arediff-
erent for the different guns, shells end cirarL;es.
For a given gun shell and charge it i; most edvisaable to 11111M 1~ 1.2 11
correlate these corrections with the angle to the target beforehand and
to make up a table of the correlated corrections heesed on range a.nc?
difference, in height of the target from the ryhu: c correl.c t;;i
corrections will be in actual fact corrections or c
'?rr~;le of siUtrt, if
takes the basic settings for the angl
one e of sight as being 30-CC.
Such tables are given in the mountain ran-?e tobl.es. A
tables pertaining to the long r~ rye shell for ~ Fnrt of these
given in table 33 ~or the 76 mm mountain gun is
(see page 119). Thio table is very easy to use.
Exa_ mmple? A 76 mm mountain gun is firing a long g Q rt~n ge ,,hell; 06 =
5, gOO metres; the height of the target above the jin is equal to +350 m.
From,the tables we find. the correction for the angle of sight is 63
.divisions of the sight, therefore the setting of the angle of ::,igh_t Will
be,30-63
A;p"proved For FIease 2000/08/1 T '~C~`~4-RDP78=04861 A004~Q020001-0
 2000
ss7,pr0ved For R Tease 2000/V8/ I / 1a I ?--RDP78-04861100010001-0
Vats. VulJ1G vt VJ-k"ju -ues, reiatiing, $O 8 e Q t
ZQE!
ts-b].e 34) opposite the distance to the greet m ea
the ordinate 390 metres. This ordinate. is
"hen the target and the gun position are
sketch 2) it is necessary to determine -befQ.re
of flight of the shell X for the- angle n-P. *ioti
? ~, ?? V he arse 4, Which is nude Up or in~ y an
correction for the angle of eight to . b e f owedtab.1
correction as we illustrated earlier' is the ~
ordinates from the distance of f light already Qound ? and
- - --- .~ . s V, V1e determine the height o .the . or a ?
with the height of the crest above :the gun position. _: ? _;
le . .. 16 mm mountain t,-= .tiring long rang _nhei
gun position above sea level, 2,000 metres, height of tar
height of crest 280 metres, horizontal range to_target
the crest Q inn
122 In the complete rt. ngeytables we find the angle af~ eleval~
ponding to a range of 5, 000 metres to. be 238 division, and
tables analogous to table 33, the correction for angle of ry
117 divisiu.ns. Consequently the final angle of elevati
121 divisinna of +- e ht
Prom the same t1 rles we find that the horizontal r ge or
to this angle of elevation to be 3,000 metres. In"
410
to the crest is 2,800 metres and the ordinate hei .
the difference in height of the crest is + 280 mettrreea r
T order to take dispersion (1Q( zone) into account it i.e
to reduce the ordinete by 4 Bn. corresponding to ..~.:.
~`~? eteorolcg,ica1 peculiarities of nrenaratio.. ~?+ jir3~
k crnre cto isti c of the meteorological conditions. in
errantry is the low barometric 8h
pressure, due to the low densi
1`_i i;, lrer:d,y , known when meteorological conditions differ f 0
r'rc? cend itions. to Q considerrble degree the introduction, f
l ioIier3 unr;'lieble. in -edditinn under. p and `e_.._
:'or tIii:~ rep inn c t the present time, special mountain rangd
high riots :t?inaaa regions are employed, the no
4. 'The ability to fire over high crests (summits}', when these are
situated between the, gun position and the".terget 31edetermin,ed by the
aid of -?table6 of trajectory ordinates to be found n the mountain"range
tables. For each trajectory," the ordinates are, given for ranges from
76 mm Mountain- ,gum. o~nrange sell,
?Vhie gun .,,,?,, 2, 2UU 2, 400 2, 600 2.800
( nee to targe t
.,uUU 95 78
5, 000 374;a, ;. 383
If the target and the gun position and route
one first of all finds out whether or 'riot thereN,
gun position and the target, the height of whi+c%
the full height of the trajectory. It is qui
should such a crest exist, shooting from that,..?
height of the crest lying between the gun t% d1
p.121 does not mean that it is possible _ to hit the
may be higher than the corresponding ordinate - .
determine the possibility "of shooting. one mast eoni~,
ordinate M the range of the crest with the height= o
Examle. A 76 mm mountain
of 5p000 metres. ~ is firm
Distance to crest 2,800 metre;
Sketch 1. Taretvand-
g gun position -are on th
target. and gun position are on different .late
 i1oved For Release 2000/08/17 : C 1#-RDP78-04861A000jQ#020001-0
?' meteorological conditions used are not tho
hi
ch are used in flat
areas. % se w
"'W
Mountaini range tables are composed for conditions chars cterized by
heights of 1, 000, !,$,500, 2, 000 and 3, 00C metres above sea level.
Table conditions for these range tables are as follows (table 35).
-Hange-table at heights 1 000 Table 3 5 .
,500 2,000 3, 000
Ground pressure in mm 670 630 590 520
Ground air temperature in 00 +10 +6 +3 -3
Charge, temperature in ?C. +10 +6 +3 3
Regarding :table determination of air temperature according to height,
this is done in the usual manner: equal decrease of 6.3280.for each
1#000 metres of height.
When , calculating the meteorological data for the preparation of fire
in. a. high mounainous area, it is necessary to remember that apart from
the-great difference in height between the troop and the target there wi
be a- big differencd in height between the troop and the meteor telegram.
This circumstance '.calls for special' rules for the choice of date from th
telegram, but first.of all'it calls for special rules in the composition
of the telegram.
?' Thy mouUjtain meteor tole
A
ram
MS AMe
( ), differing, from the normal,
co" instead of the deviations in temperature and pressure from
ao, , heir actual val
e
.
h
u
s
T
erefore the
gunner must himself find.
'Ace's `corresponding to th
e range tables which he is using.
-'a '-Of -ballistic differ
ences in temperature
, the temper .tune for
e r3- is given, analogous, to the
r
g
ound tem1. era.ture . The
$ ? this
temperature
d
.
an
the table one must also be
det-er We will examine below the method of using this
i t from low pressure in mountai
nous areas, these other'peculiaritj.
,rol ?gical` conditions'should be noted:
8x
iff
d
erence between the ground to erc+
ti the.?pun, .the
windward and l
d
r
c
.
eeward si
es of
ridges, espe
in summer
ially
Movement of air (wind) in the lower layers of the atmosphere does
not take place horizontally but follows the undulations of the
gr"ound
In the lower
y~layers of the atmosphere the direction of the v&d
't,416 ws v112" s and r v T Y1 e
s
speed of.wind increases shar
l
p
y on crests and summits and
c eases on the' leeward side
owe
- - - p
A. ?y up-currents over areas
e,. sun strongly heated by
Greetter,,arnd sharper variation in re teorological conditions than on
th
plainsr
`fi'b pe ,tliaritiea indi
t
n eight of the locEi tions of the batteries,
strictly conforming to the rules. given in the instructions for the
Artillery Ieteorolcgical 'Service. The AM:S bulletins must be issued as
often as possible.
Ga
ed all lead to the fact that the meteorolog-
i5' conditions given in the meteorel telegram will. differ considerably
from the conditions prevailing in the area of the gun position and Par-
in the target area.
Therefore in mountainous country the A?i nu?st be ~.ocated at a hei h+
corresponding to the mea
Q00 . However, . because of the difficulties ofaranging a full preparation firing v th a thorough consideration of all meteor' factors in-
mountainous-has no lessd importance than in the plain
Under the condition where the differences in height between the AS
and the battery, and ale& battery and target it is necessa
eerits of calculations in advance in order to work out. the meteor8correotla
Approved For helease 2000/08/17,:-CIA-RDP78-04861A000100020001-0
olagieal ~~uuz~.inous country great variation in meteor
con ditions along the path of All. these peculiarities ,often lead toctheifact are
tothateshootiobserved.
served targets without ranging with point'- a full preparation) in mountainous
 CPYRGR
1310
'Converting the pressure to that of the bate sitio
done when the difference in heights between `the .batten Abe
A is more than 30 metres, since within?'these limits th*e
i nsi rni fi nant In the cas .,.i.- n the A44.00.0--,
?~. ss x
620 480 metres). and at the sam8 time the bat aivnvl
. k I
x tiori s`
tak ng e tabl , xtgle
we obtain from the. -tables theheightt' the t tb
. 4t' ?. metres.. : If one takes the height ;of tra je eto f
. Q, metres it: will be equal to 957 metre .
.rte ... .. - .~-
'he taking into account of the height ~ the of a.hc.:':A ? a o.v
whe e _ the
ae ec "h a
.:.tl the allistic meal, " frnm n 08it$zl
is he working ouT,.ox Tne ballistic wind
done bq the Al at the highest point of their own poiti I
son.n other
words assumed that the gun position is at the same .height as theA]E.
r a.au 4.a1114'.L'in
Q n^~erble degree in neight to
this assumption will lead to c oisiderable errors
two identical trajectories whose heights have been calltedn
cua o ee-t levels wil obviously find themselves, under different meteor
Ong asi may be seen prom fig 45
.
$ 45~ Influence of meteorological conditions on two identical
Cn.order to avoid these errors ane nrtx t take thelf
vaues o the wind
om.the m
'eteor telegram , not for actual traecto
has-been calculated from the highest j (whose heiheo
i'etiCal trajectory point of the troop but for 'a t;he_
, with the proviso that th blli
eastic be the sane as
for the actual trajectory. The height of such a theoretical trr: jector r
Is obtained on the basis of the following
If we allow that the actual wind alters adi
ccorng to the hei~;}:t in n,
regular manner it is found that the ballistic wind will cor:?e end to t}?c
actual one on. the mean height of the position of the shell el on - the
trajectory. As proven by external bllii
astcs this mean i ( the
height of the "mean ordi eight
"ate of th t of J)
erey e c to is the height of the Yii 1~-~ t, point of ry is equal to t to -U_, ird
C
are eleafi ~. the trejuctoly. -shown F shown in ig 46. In fig 4G dia,. Y:c ,;e i oei time.
(Y! Y2 Y3 and)ra
.._, so on. and the grevtes ordinatethtiimes, greate`r'according to the values Bd and BB. WithJm
i t=grange 'this. difference decreases.
an 3has already been ind~i.csted that tt:e basic :;tplo
. r rment
burst'_.ehell is for usd against static balloons (aerostats and
fishing air burst reference points, that is performing tasks
b,et`the sphere of employment of an air burst shell. Breaking
' data given, above we can indicate the following basic c'-arecter-
.ch 'determine, the type of fire task fulfilled b y
the it burst
~,...*
airlburs.t shell possesses fra&,mentstion .ction and in rdd.ition the
Qn :the open but o entrenched.
_!1
_
h Ada ,setion ofburgitfo$ range seriously effect the~degree of effect-
shallow targets.
Ctss? ie'to a very great extent dependent on the height of
iisibn,b?oth for range for height is considerable.
into account the characteristics of the air burst shell, the
O1 uston may be drawn that it may be successfully employed ageindt
41 tit the employment of ordinary I shell or ricochet..
etg are,s a) personnel dituated in deep folds_ of the g round or
P.rai ... ---r -- lopes, c)..
;shore; d) infantry entrenched in depth; e) reserves end
h tteriee and convoys
t bf air',bt rst shell against small isolated targets
provedI o i eieaseM200.0/08/17: CIA-RDP78-04861A000100020001-0
 CPYRGHT
(fire p?oints,, individual trenches, small groups of infantry and so on)'
is not effective and, therefore should not be used.
Air burst shell may likewise be used for the. solution of the follow
secondary tasks: a) target indication; b) for establishing andchea
the pattern when observing directly from the gi.ji position; C) chec
direction wh n commencing firing and switching; ` d) bringing bursts:
in the observable area when firing over broken -country; e) for h'!
I Z-: I'M
plotting of bursts on to the artillery board; ) e eating ad
reference point, determining the systematic error afxd rangingw
watch.
40.. Correction for height.
In the matter of height air burst is divided into the fo].1
_ _ , .. . - , - ? - it ~ ._ ?._. - _~ .. t'~,:~ .,~=
places the burst cloud above the target; such `b ,ate c
occur, at a height which places the burst. cloud sit
?'. partially below the upper unit of the target; wIti
burst cloud, end also the fact that at .the moms tt
a.:
metres.! 3) Pecks (K) -bursts which occur:'cn i
,Pig 64. Influence-of correction for elevation
mean point of burst and mean range.
4) Bursts which occur below the target (Hi) that` is 7b+e
horizon; such bursts may occur in broken country;, ilk
The table setting of the fuze is caldu2A-te.d.1' on-"
is correctly corrected, on the target horizon.t "as
influence of various factors affecting the _spe d:'bf-, burni
ing element, a discrepancy creeps in between:". the;;r.espective
the sights and the fuze. In additi&the preparation of 11 21
always accompanied by error, amongst others":-errors in det
angle of sight. For these reasons the actual ;of ;.the mean,pq
usually differs from the one calculated and because of
this j
ary to introduce corrections for height of burst
The fact that the settings for the, sights and the fyze do..
and the influence of this fact should be taken -into accov t'
the fuze and the influence of the errors indete njng.
by correcting elevation. However, in practice-,
sequeiitily corrections-are introduced either roreie
l e t us examine how the position of the mean point o
each of these corrections.
Altering elevation %v thereby alter the position .of
If with such an elevation setting (30-00) the position
.
of burst was point Pi (fig 64) then by increasing the . e
of burst in practice should remain constant as the se
hF s not been eltered and consequently the time - of,tu g
be displaced more or less vertically to point P2- Ito an
down when elevation. is decreased). . The range of Xll
they had not burst in the air) must of course glteTyaa.
In al terin6 the settin g of the fuze the position 4f
r~ tci:ins the same (fig 65T and the mean point of burst :L
i.: trajectory from position Pl to position P2 whensthe.s;
t.L"j fuze i.o iricrea3od. As may be seen from the figpse thy
.,..
r n oL bur;; t are also altered. The i';nge of fall : 'of ; ` I
rt as t!Le position of the mean tajt i ulte
_recorysnare
ig G5. Thu influence of correction to the fuze on height'
uf' ti:L uuan point of burst.
~c;np rind; thu two methods of introducing corrections four le
Burst i L is oosible to indiat thdtfoQ
cee avanages o orret
= _ _s i e determine thti
ae correcon to
~lcvr-. ti on thLou the correction to be made' to +!,a firs 8 -~~
,~~
baryt io uelu:ul,ttcd in divisions of the dial eight,Nhio'
 ?_:: _~_i__se nnnninniw? CIA Rr,P~n nwnnw wnnnwnnnnnnnw n
60 4e
Ie
sons of the' range sight. The correction may be ? determined
ith
u.
w
o
`s pial `Calculations, but merely by comparing the mean height obtai:
P4
A
kIntroducing corrections for the fuze it is necessar
y
4
ou
he ,tattles the. extent of the alteration of the heigh L- of burst in
Cott Eo' the alteration -of the setting of the fuze by one division
'
t5- .,or- varying
:'rnges and charges), convert metres into division
dial sight and then only determine the extent -of the correction.
~
retinby mh
n corcg -eans of elevation the correct relationsip
a
ned
e s
he
n
i
d
u,a
g
i
r -I --v- --G7_~
,,~
? uric
s ..spa e
1,11G
sLty for remembering the discrepancy introduced when correcting by
Spf:the..fuzeand of maintaining this discrepancy with each alterati
_g
ge.- Consequently the liklihood of giving wrong orders is t64--
; event. of. displacement being present the correction by
ih1 the way that`.this occurs when correcting by means of the fuze.
e vez t off, an individual . gun firing systematically inaccurately. for
0r'rebtion by.means of en alteration for range is the only
ethod'correcting the settings of this .gun. Causes giving rise
e
rratic inacrte fii f hiht b i
cuarngoregyndividual guns may
2, A
big difference in the gun horizons in the gun position.
these causes give..rise to ditiplecement of the mean trajector
y
.
ient1y to: eliminate this it is necessary to altet the angle of
h
f t
a- is to introduce a correction to the range sight.
wing by means of air burst shell.
4
'~-ith air burst shell is. conducted as a rule with the greatest
e?' this means the least possible dispersion of '61irsts for
'
obtained . ?
. ~ee of low altitude air bursts in addiiton to ranging for lin(
l
%_
so necessary to range for mean height of burst.
E,d'.
t for rangin fo th me hihtf
.greaneg o burst is to discover the
?at ,the required height for ranging and for firing for effect.
Out; ranging :"is necessary to have' observation for ran
ge
.
rv tion is : only, obtained by. means of braeketting bursts, that iE
w bu
sts
th
u
p
r
, .
e n
mber of these being dependkn& on the ieighi
~~+ p
int ob
b
t I
i
o
i
urs
i
order to determine th hihtf bs
..eeg ourt
h
+~ wi
vase
expnd.ture of `anoiouunition and time, it is necessar
to'
y
pereeni,.ge;- of .braoke''tting bursts at various ranges' and with
e
--.r v. urp oleo 4unsiuevop1y below The tat hi
....rgeorzon
pB then pit .-evident that in the absence of an obstacle
,, + ~,tb~'a eux'face >the whole ellipsoid of the bursts.' must be below the
et< orIz ord.=
n anent of an obstacle being present, with the mean point of
'k ing such -a, position: all bursts 'will-be
"Pecks" that i
t
s
o
txnc ,"bur' te, and in fact bfracketting: bursts. It would a
ear th
pp
at
y e1 cures ,.the carrying out of ranging with a minimum expenditure of
n4 44
.:nuCe ctur:d out of ,j ecial thermal com o cl -
ahcotins with Incendiary shell.
i zc l diary shells are equipped with a di stance t zO `T o
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Jf! 1
--
b~ for starting forest and prairie fires. settinv fire to ripe corn etc
.
1167. c) for.use against fuel and ammunition dumps, vehicle concentration
points and railway stations.
Ranging with incendiary shells is carried out with one gun until an
eight division bracket is obtained. Subsequent ranging is carried out
with a troop until a two division confirmed bracket is obtained in the
case of small targets and until a four division or an eight division is
obtained in the case of deep targets. Settings for the range sight and
fuze are, ,determined with the aid of special Tables for shooting with
incendiary shells.
Fire for effect against small targets (isolated buildings etc., )
is initiated with the range sight set to sorrespond with the centre of thi
bracket 4nd subsequently corrections are introduced on the basis of obser-
vations of the fall of incendiary segments.
Fire for effect against deep targets is carried out on several settings
of the range sight and fuze within the limits of the bracket obtained.
.The pattern on the ground should correspond to the width of the
target.
The best height for the mean point of burst is two to three divisiolt
of the dial sight when firing on buildings and five to eight divisions of
the dial. sight when firing on woods, bushes, dried grass etc.
If firing is being carried out against buildings which are likely tc
contain inflammable material to a greater degree than is present outside
the-,building, the fuze .should be set to burst on impact.
46. Firing smoke shell.
Smoke shell is equipped with an instantaneous fuze and filled with
a special type of smoke producing compound.
Fragmentation and HE action of the shell is negligible.
The basic tasks of smoke shell are:
,a) blinding (smoking) of OP's and enemy fire points;
b) screening by smoke of large areas by laying down smoke screens with
the object of hiding the activity of own troops end preventing the
enemy rom observing his fire.
In addition, smoke shells may fulfill such tasks as: target indic-
ation by bursts from an already ranged troop, ranging under conditions
when observation of HE fragmentation shell bursts is difficult, ranging
with the aid of an aeroplane or a balloon.
The effectiveness of shooting with smoke shell and expenditure of
ammunition' for fulfilling a fire task, depend to a large degree on the
type of ground and mainly on meteorological conditions.
Favourable conditions'for firing smoke shell arel
a Low wind speed - not more than five metres per second;
b direction of wind parallel to the front of the smoke screen;
c absence of upward air currents;
168. d great air humidity;
e) firm ground in the target area.
Ranging is carried out either with smoke shell or to preserve the
element of surprise with HE fragmentation shell.
Ranging with smoke shell is normally begun with rounds fired beyond
the target in order that the smoke of these rounds should not hamper
observation.
In view of the fact that when firing smoke shell, the smoke screen
envelops a considerable area, great accuracy in ranging is not necessary;
for this reason when laying a smoke screen around isolated targets,
ranging is carried out until a four division bracket is obtained,wheress
in laying down larger smoke screens, an eight division bracket is suffic-
ient. It is sufficient if one accurate observation for range is obtain-
ed at each extremity of the bracket. When ranging on measured deflect-
ions, a group of from two to four rounds is given and on the basis of
cross references from the various points of coordinated observation,
corrections are determined for the settings to be employed in laying
down smoke. _
Two or three controlled rounds are put down in the centre of the
bracket obtained when ranging by observing bursts or on settings determ-
ined on the basis of cross references when ranging on measured deflection
and-observing the movement of the smoke cloud, corrections for direction
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and range are introduced, after which fire for effect is carried out
with smoke..
'Withal one must bear in mind, that one does not range on the targe
itself but on.the part of the target area where the shells mast burst,
the part of the area being chosen with the aim of getting the s oke-
cloud to drift across the target. In the event of the wind blowing-
towards the enemy, the mean point of burst must be from fifty to one
hundred metres in front of the target - for isolated, targets - and. from
one hundred to four hundred metres - for laying down smoke screens ;7 in
the event of the wind blowing directly away from the enemy, the- en
point of burst must be roughly on the forward edge of the target;,'_ --in
the case of a wind blowing parallel to or obliquely across the target
to be screendd the mean ]point of burst must be carried to one aide#ift
to one hundred metres in the direction from the which the wind 4a blow-
ing, the distance depending on wind velocity.
A four gun troop under favourable meteorological conditions can -
effectively screen the following, frontage: with a'frontal wind one'
hundred to one hundred and fifty metres, and with a flank wind, three
hundred to five hundred metres.
Depending on the required width of front to-be i3creened and o
direction of -the-wind a- troop, a battery or a number of batteries
l
l
d
..~ c. p
oy e
i o
ay lag own a smoke screen.
In order to screen an-isolated object (OP, fire point eta.
,
troop is normally employed; with a flanking wind and under`fairl
_
meteorological conditions, the task of screening an isolated.-
'h ar
e car
ied
t b
r
ou
y a section In the case of flankin fi fo
.g'rer.,
an isolated target a coiicentra?ted pattern is laid dovon.irree ec
169.
patrallel is employed, with a flanking wind,. A. concentrated
To produce a dense cloud.rapid, fire is giv u. three to -'s
per gun
de
endin
on calib
S
b
'
-
,
p
g
re
u
sequently
the ret ired
., Q maintained b
mean
f
th
f
-
.
y
s o
me
odic
ire at
the rate
o=- rr?m
o
root one kilcmee
velocity of 'Pi vA mA+v%am s,,,,,nAg it... &--1 1 _-J-- --- Zh- ,'
ay own and mainta t a
screen for fifteen seconds coverin a f
f
If thinning of the cloud is observed, the -rapid fire Ali
By trial it has been established +ha+ t 1 d
Calibre in mm Toward or
from the)enemy
Direction of the- wind
y
e
isolated targets OP fire P n ? or the sores,
p , points etc., ) for a period of fifty
11d+00
rounds is increaed ken A%
s by fifty to sixt
er e
t F
With wind speeds of - 6 to 7 metres per second the a di
Frontal wind
C
Fla
alibre in mm
Up to 5 n/sec +5
seo_Up 3 _ g .
*seo
6 -
Weeo
76
120
200
50
60
3.90
122
40
70
20
30
40
aoi~er_ti M -,~
7
With a snow covering of more than twent centimetre t'
47. Firing with illuminating shell.
O
fe:L e-
iture of shell in all cases will be increased b fif to
y tY 8h'~:
Illuminating shell have a time fuze and are equipped with
0
sting segments secured to a
arachute Wh
p
en the shell buretb
.s meats i ,nite and slowly descend on the
} r
d
opene
paraoYmtte slow
a;id brightly illuminating the area. The burst of the 11
1umiIIla h
ng
in the air should take place at such a h
i
h
e
g
t that the larget
s area is brightly illuminated and that the durati
f it
po
a
ot o
lnaatiom
z ja
170 the greatest possible. If the shell bur
t
.hi
s
s very
gh,
th~eu
a te .
illuminated will be considerable but th d
e d
f
~
'
,
egree
ree o
i
llwodnati
. insufficient. If th4 shell bursts at a low altitud
the '
~
e
ation will be sufficiently bright but the area i
ei
r bl.
ncon
de
,
segments will fall to the ground inoompletely burned, as a re.u.lt
which the duration of illumination will be curtailed
a
.
s
the best results are achieved when a 122 mm illuminatin
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a'heightof four hundred" to five hundred metres. Pull illumination o:
e a2 a .commences after a period of from three to five seconds follow.
169 thyburet and continues for one minute. The dianeter of the circl,
illuminated is approximately one kilometre.
The best illumination of an object is obtained when the shell
bursts vertically .above it with the greatest possible angle of descent
For ,this reason, firing should be conductecjwith the lowest possible
ohatge'compatible with range. - size settings that give the best
2 heights are given in the "Tables.
tared-3.n' the appropriate direction by ten divisions.
u
e$e VIVO out at a
cQUederable;height' (over fifty metres), then the elevation should be
+hA 1 y ou
:(whichoonsiderablymreduces observation) or b
x:If the segments hit the round before being co letel burned t
,Aa indication of the best heights of burst is the com
aete burnin
p
g
oat, of the segmente at the moment of their reaching the ground.
If, the correction is found to be insufficient it i
s repeated; If
it is fagntd to be two great, then an intermediate correction with the
Continuous illumination of the target is achieved by means of the,
employment of troop fire with thirty to forty seconds interval 'w-
r
g s sync onized in such a way as to get the shells
bursting on *the target fifteen to twenty seconds after the huria+ nf +ho
,
r
J e oop employing
illuminating shell are fired on .orders of the commander of the ranging
"troop and `tom i h
n
If' the illumination of the area is required for the
r
o
e
f
pu
p
s
o
ranging by another troop
then the rounds fired b +h t
g s carried out by
ee0ti?n-94s tro?p fire, one round to a gun with to ~et?+v 'aas.,wi a ;'~.: ` ... thirty
4;%46- an'n
. If a particularly bright and continuous illumi
ati
f
n
on o
an area is
required (for reooonuaissance or observation) firin i
Appendix
Tables. of Values of Q ( )
Probability of obtaining an error within the limits of from 0 to t
tit, Reader: A -N A.N. KTTSKAYA .
Technical Editor: G.N. NIKITIN.
Editor: Colonel A.N. MARYSHEV.
Approved For FeIease 2000/08/17:: CIA-RDP78-04861A0
Or