DOMESTIC DIFFICULTIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04864A000200050006-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 7
• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 7, 2000
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: October 1, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

LCURgy_ mann
? Approved ForcRiNgme*uraldizuz-c.; 0 0 0 50 OAK? A
REPORT NO
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT . DOMESTIC DIFFICULTIES
HOW.
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF ESPIONAGE ACT 50
U. S. C., 91 AND 92, AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
OF ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PRO-
HIBITED BY LAW. REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM IS PROHIBITED.
SOURCE MONITORED BROADCASTS
CD NO.
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1-15 Sept 51
DATE DIST. / Orsi
NO. OF PAGES 511
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
CIDW Report No. 11 - USSR
20 September 1951
CONTENTS
Tank Day.491.0?????4 fain Irq ? ?11 ? 94Ik 4,94 ? 9, * ao. ???0 ***** a ?
ILLEGIE3
Shortcomings.......................
? a o?o a a o ?****** ? a ? 9
Agriculture.** a a *a a **a ********* *oat, ???aas a?lo oat ae as*,
Ideologyao???ao0o?owsoweo ***** ao?it?oa?ato
Kazakh SSR,?49.179440?11/01119,ibit4111.??? 4?00?694?*0
Ukrainian SSRv ? taw" 4?1,Iii?a? 0 Of I* 04 a ?1t*aa aaaaaaa??
"The Ukraine Accusestl.. 0000 ****** 17,1P * 0 **** 00000000as*
,7
1.
SUMMARY
Much of the emphasis in regional broadcasts is on the conferences of peace partisans
now being held in a number of Republics. The output on Tank Day is small in
volume And familiar in content. There is practically no mention of International
Cooperatives Day which this year coincides with Tank Day, 9 September. Considerable
regional editorial attention is still focused on agricultural shortcomings while, on
the other hand, an unusual flow of letters to Stalin stresses collective farm
successes in a number of areas. There is continued radio discussion of ideological
aberrations, particularly in the Ukraine.
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TANK DAY
The principal article on the occasion is written by Marshal of the Armored Forces
Bogdanov (9 Sept.) who, like PRAVDA of the same date, assigns the Soviet tank forces
a major role in defeating the enemy in the last war. Unlike PRAVDA, Bogdanov traces
the origin of the tank and asserts that the first "chain tread" vehicle, the prototype
of the modern tank, was designed, built and developed in Russia. It is relevant to
point out, he declares, that the first tank in the world was built and successfully
passed the test in Russia in May 1915. In England--where an attempt is still being
made to dispute the question of the priority of tank building--the first model was
tested in late 1915 and early 1916.
Reviewing Soviet tank operations in the last war, Bogdanov says that Soviet tankmen
advanced with great skill in the deserts, mountains and taigas of Manchuria--where
they routed the best Japanese troops--and on the road from Stalingrad to Berlin. The
leading principle of tank action, credited to Stalin, is the camouflaged use of tanks
and their concentration in the direction of the main blow. Another testimony of the
performance of Soviet men and armor in the late war according to the article, is the
fact that 250,000 tankmen were awarded orders and medals and 1,142 were invested with
the title of "hero of the Soviet Union." The only allusion to present Soviet tank
strength is contained in the observation that "on (this) tank troops day the Soviet
people are also marking the outstanding merits of tank builders" and that "the high
tempos of work in our tank industry have been secured."
PRAVDA observes that the occasion is being celebrated against the background of
"historic victories" of the Soviet people in peaceful and creative labor, on the one
hand, and "new successes in military and political training" on the other. The
editorial recalls the outstanding tank battles of World War II and lavishes familiar
praise on Stalin's military genius and the quality of Soviet armor: everyone admits
that the Soviet Army was equipped with the "world's best" fighting vehicles.
KAZAKHSTANSKAYA PRAVDA, the only Republican paper devoting an editorial to Tank Day,
gives a conventional recital of Soviet tank performance during the last war with
some passages almost a verbatim repeat of the PRAVDA version mentioned above. There
is implicit reference to Soviet military strength which is familiarly linked with
the cause of peace:
The Soviet Army stands as a threat to any powers laying claim to world
domination... The Soviet people know that the stronger the USSR, the
more considerable its role in international affairs and the more
hopeful the cause of peace. (9 September)
Col. Tretyakov recalls the disadvantageous position of the Soviet Army at the outbreak
of the last war, and the heavy defensive battles it had to fight in the initial
phase. He also recalls the unwillingness of the West to see Germany defeated as
that would have prevented "the weakening of our country through war." The Soviet
victory is said to have been achieved despite Anglo-American's treacherous policy
which encouraged the German High Command to concentrate the "main bulk of their
forces" against the Soviet troops.
Mention of Tank Day is also made in a few scattered dispatches from the Ukraine and
Georgia where, as in other regional sources, peace partisan activities dominate the
news.
SHORTCOMINGS
Agriculture: Agricultural shortcomings are primarily related to idle machinery and
slow tempos but also cover a variety of statute infractions ranging from illegal
allocation of communal lands for personal use (Kamenets-Podolsk Oblast) to cattle
pilferage (Kirghiz SSR). The increasing number of letters to Stalin, on the other
hand, point to some measure of success achieved in scattered oblasts.
Stock breeding, according to PRAVDA (7 September), is still the Aehilleft heel of
Soviet agriculture, and the blame has now been shifted to the higher echelons of
Party leadership. Thus the Central Committee of the Kirghiz Party and the Kirghiz
SSR Council of Ministers are taken to task for not uncovering in time and putting
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a stop to "the practice of pilfering publicly-owned cattle." A blanket charge is
also leveled at all the Party organizations of the Republic for their failure to
train qualified stock breeders and particularly for not permitting "much movement
from post to post." Official censure is also extended to the USSR Ministry of
Agriculture-which must assume "no small part of the blame"--for the chaotic fodder
situation revealed in a number of areas. Unsatisfactory fodder preparations are
said to have been carried out in the Kazakh SSR, while in the Tambov, Astrakhan, and
Novorossisk ()blasts "this work has recently ceased altogether." Inadequate leader-
ship in the stock breeding industry is also imputed to the "Party and Soviet organs"
of the Kazakh SSR, Rostov, Kostroma, Kalinin and a number of other oblasts.
Editorial comment on agricultural shortcomings in the past has often inveighed
against the regional authorities' use of above-plan production indices of certain
collective farms to make up for the failure of the slow farms and thus present a
satisfactory overall plan-fulfillment picture. That such methods are still
employed may be inferred from the same PRAVDA editorial which, referring to the
maintenance and distribution of publicly-owned cattle, insists on "the retention
of the existing number of cattle and fowl" in the collective farms which are over-
fulfilling the stock breeding plan.
A PRAVDA article by Melnikov, secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party (2 September),
exhorts certain oblast and district Party committees "to improve their selection,
nomination and training" of collective farm chairman. Melnikov pays tribute to the
Great Russian people who are "chiefly responsible" for the successes achieved by
Soviet Mraine in the improvement of its socialist agriculture as well as in every
other branch of the national economy,* and he calls on Ukrainian Bolsheviks to im-
prove their own leadership in agriculture. The latter are held responsible for the
poor crops in certain parts of the country, particularly in western Ukraine where
the collective farms are still comparatively new. Noting "with satisfaction" that
the new collective farms of western Ukraine are "standing firmly on their feet,"
Melnikov? nevertheless upbraids the Ukrainian Party organizations for their failure to
liquidate the "discrepancy" in the agricultural yields noticeable in a number of
districts and collective farms. (The Russian word used unusual in this sense, is
"pestrota" which literally means diversity of color, and in this case obviously refers
to the outlook of the various field patches.)
Apart from the familiar methods suggested for improving Communist leadership, Melnikov
stresses the necessity of increasing the number of amalgamated collective farms
(ukrupnennie kolkhozi) which are "organizationally stronger" and capable of coping
with their tasks better than small farms.
Plowing in the Ukraine "as a whole" is very slow, according to RADYANSKA PRAVDA
(7 September), and the August plan is short of its mark by more than 50%. The leaders
of the Rovno, Zhitomir, Chernigov, Sumy and Poltava ?blasts are said to ignore
"plowing of any kind." Half of the rayons of the Drogobych Oblast, for example, have
not even begun to work. Many tractors are idle, and most of the tractor drivers
fail to fulfill their daily norms. This situation, complains the paper, is further
aggravated by the fact that in the Chernigov, Sumy, Zhitomir and Kiev ?blasts improper
plowing--that is shallow instead of deep plowing--is carried out.
The same paper (11 September) discusses the stock breeding industry in the Ukraine
and finds it extremely unsatisfactory due to poor Bolshevik leadership, squandering
of "thousands of head of cattle," inadequate fodder preparations and the failure to
build a sufficient number of kokhoz buildings for the cattle. Lack of Bolshevik
persistence (belshevistskaya nastoychivast) is, according to the editorial, re-
sponsible for the fact that the Zaporozhye, Voroshilovgrad, Ternopol and Stanislav
oblast collective farms failed to fulfill the plan for the number of livestock "of
any kind." Singling out the Zaporozhye Oblast as a typical case of mismanagement,
* Russian version: Uspekhi dostignutie sovetskoy Ukrainoy v pod'ene sotsia-
listicheskogo selskogo khozaistva, kak i vo vsekh otrasliakh
narodnogo khozaistva, yavlyautsia rezultatom...prezhde vsego
pomoschi velikogo russkogo naroda.
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the paper says that in seven months of this year the oblast kolkhozes "squandered
10,000 head of horned cattle (regaty skot), many pigs and sheep." The oblast is also
lagging behind in the preparation of fodder and in the construction of livestock
premises. There is no indication, however, that Zaporozhye is an extreme case of
failure since, as inferred by the paper, the official scrutiny of that province was
prompted by the glaring contrast between its prewar and present status: "Before the
war the Zaporozhye Oblast was an advanced oblast in the Republic (with a) high level
of zoo-technical culture... orderly planning of labor and sufficiency of fodder...."
Deputy Chairman of the Oblast Executive Committee Tytov is only partly blamed for the
situation in the livestock industry since his responsibility extends only to the low
milk yield, in which respect he exhibited "great carelessness."
"Lack of economic sense" on the part of the oblast and rayon Party organizations is
said to be responsible for the fact that 1,000 hectares of fodder grass still re-
maining unmown in the Poltava and Sumy ()blasts. RADYANSKA UKRAINA, says the situation
in the Nikolayev Oblast is not much better: "only. 138 kolkhoz buildings have been
built out of the 1,500 planned." In the Chernigov Oblast building "has not even
started."
RADYANSKA PODILYA(in Ukrainitry, September) cites an instance of kolkhoz corruption
which has gone so far that even the chairman of the ktlkhoz Auditing Committee
(revizionny komitet) "acquired the habit of violating the kolkhoz statute." Saying
that lack of Party vigilance "as a rule" leads to violations of the kolkhoz statute
(kolkhozny ustav), the paper names the "Pershogo Travnya" (may first) Collective
Farm, Berezdovsky Rayon, as a case in point:
The managerial staff treat the communal property as if it were their
private property. They have appropriated kolkhoz building lumber, ' squander-
\
ing it outside the kolkhoz, and disposed of collective farm raw materials
at their own discretion. This has gone so far that the auditing committee
chairman himself has adopted a course of kolkhoz statute violation.
Ukrainian version:
Lyudi pravlenia...v arteli pochali rozporyazhatysya gromadskim dobrom yak
svoim. Voni privlasnyuvali kolkhozny liso-material, rozbazarivali yoho
z artilnogo stanu, rozdavali komu khotily i yak khotily artilny sirevets.
Dyishlo navit do toga shcho na shlyakh porushenia statutu stay samgolova
revizionnoy komysii kolkhoztsu.
The paper notes widespread violations of the kolkhoz statute in a number of unnamed
collective farms where communal property was "sold and mismanaged." In one case the
management took illegal possession of common land for personal use. Also, cited in
this connection, is the "harmful practice" of making advance payments to kolkhoz
workers ''without any regard" to the amount they have actually earned. This latter
type of violation as RADYANSKA PODILYA puts it, has in fact "become a habit."
VOROSHILOVGRADSKAYA PRAVDA (7 September) discusses stockbreeding and fodder issue
i' the oblast and blames the "intolerable situation" on the superficial attention
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example, has been unsatisfactory "for several years," and infringement of the live-
stock breeding regulations are noted in the Nelovsky, Voroshilovsk and other rayons.
Conditions "impossible to tolerate" are also said to exist in the Krasnodonsky,
Frunzensky and other rayons, where the first harvesting of grass has not yet been
completed.
The paper also complains that in a Danmber" ofJgakhozes nggligent and faulty
s mede_the fodder unusable, so that liiiest6a?lYsuffered" deaDni?The over-
fulfilled "4" ,4i an This "vicious practice," will not be tolerated. An acute
a or age o ivestock shelter facilities is revealed in the Lozno-Alexandrovsky and
Evsugsky rayons where the annual plan for the construction of livestock housing has
been completed by only 12%. In many other rayons the repairs of existing premises
are said to be proceeding "very slowly."
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Looking at the oblast agricultural situation from the political angle, VOROSHILOVGRAD-
SKAYA PRAVDA (5 September) asserts that th to utilize the available technical
fac' ? J-ALthe full, particularly in the Mosikovsky and Novo-Svetlovsky rayons,
s largely due to the "serious decline in the spirit" of political agitation.
The rayon Party organi'f5TI6TI-are susidOted of having lost control over -the "ideo-
logical character" of the agitators' work, and existing shortcomings ate therefore
not revealed "at an early stage." There is no amplification of the "ideological
character," but as indicated in ZAMA VCSTOKA (15 September), in a different context,
the foremost duty of the production leaders and agitators is "to intensify their
Party-Government approach to their work." The latter approach, often expressed in
the familiar dictum "the interests of the State above all," presupposes among other
things a settlement of the farm's indebtedness to the State regardless of whether
the agricultural plan has been fulfilled.
VOROSHILOVGRADSKAYA PRAVDA also assails the "formalistic attitude" assumed toward
agitation work among the farmers by the rayon Party comittecJ of the Popasnyansky,
Pokrovsky, Frunzensky and a number of other rayons where many of the agitators,
after receiving their assignments, "do not even appear in the fields."
High livestock mortality and unnecessary losses of the yearling stock in Vinnitsa
Oblast are the topic of a VIIVITSKA PRATDA editorial (6 September). The unauthorized
marketing of cattle in some rayons and the high livestock mortality in others have,
according to the paper, had a disastrous effect on the oblast plan. Barsky Rayon,
which is cited as an example of "laxity," fulfilled its three-year cattle develop-
ment plan by "barely 89%." A partial breakdown of that figure, however, puts the
fulfillment figure for cows at 83.5%0 hogs 72.2% and fowls 33.2%. "Even worse
results" are said to have been attained in the collective farms of the Ulyanovsky,
Kazatinsky, Kalinovsky and several other rayons:
In the above-mentioned Barsky Rayon alone, 221 head of cattle and 1,221
bogs were marketed. Moreover, the mortality of livestock in this rayon
is very high. If the whole stock had been kept the rayon would have
fulfilled the 3-year livestock development plan long ago.
A summarized dispatch from Kiev (in Ukrainian) 7 September) reports that the Central
Committee of the Ukrainia Communist Party is critical of the cattle plan performance
in the Republic. At a recent meeting to study the question the Central Committee
disclosed that "a number of rayons and oblasts" failed to increase their cattle
herds and to raise their. productivity. Listed in that category are the Zaporozhye,
Voroshilovgrad, Chernigov, Zhitamir, Ternopol, Stanislav and "several" other oblasts.
Officials of these oblasts are also censured for their failure to make adequate
preparations for storing fodder, building cattle premises, and selecting experienced
cadres for stock breeding.
Better utilization of equipment and better performance in sowing winter crops
respectively are discussed by BOLSHEVITSKOYE ZNAMYA (7 September) and CHERNOMORSKA
KOMUNA (11 September). The failare_to use all the tractors to full cap,cIr in
Odessa Oblast is said to be caused by faultyiluElfg and distribiltion o spare parts
which in turn is attributed to 'great inefficiency on The part of machine-tractor
station s. us e ea drilie-Mr?eiTeii6kaYiltiCrine-Tractor Station, for
el declared that more than half of his tractors were idle due to the shortage
of spate parts. An official inspection revealed, however, that his station had
received more spare parts than any other but they were not properlY- cared for, the
parts were lying about in "odd boxes and corners," and some brigades had more spare
parts than they needed while others had none at all.
CHERNOMORSKA KOMUNA declares that the "incomplete" utilization of farm machinery. is
?respollgble for the slow rate of sowing in Andreyevo-Ivanovsky, Troitsky, Dolinsky
1d someother rayons. Among other reasons are slow fuel deliveries and inferior
seeds. In one case--Belyaevsky Machine-Tractor Station--a tractor and a sowing
machine were idle in the field for three days waiting for fuel. When it finally
arrived, it was discovered that the seed was inferior and had to be exchanged.
The cantina lag in agricultural work, socialist competition and stock breeding is
denounced bY.1CAZA11STANSKAIA. PRAVDA in four editorials between 2 and 15 September.
Eight oblasts--Aktyubinsk, Karaganda, Pavlodar, Kzyl Orda, North Kazakhstan,
Semipalatinsk, Taldy-Kurgan and East Kazakhstan--are listed as falling short of the
mowing and silage plan (2 September). The blame, says the paper, must be shared
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by the Party, Soviet and agricultural officials of those,ohlasts. Two other ?blasts--
Karaghn3a7and Kokchetav--are said to be behind in_their plowing and to be failing
to use their "abundant" equipment to full capacity (4 September).
ForMallara 14 held accountable for most of the production ills in both induatry and
.91rUu1ture (6 September), and trade union officials are cautioned against their
continued displaY of negligence in that matter: "Formalism is rampant and is
hindering the work of the trade unions. There is too much red tape." A typical
example of such negligence is cited in the case of Irgiz Rayon (Akmolinsk Oblast)
collective farmers who "had not even heard" of the competition between the Kazakh
and Kirghiz stock breeders which has been going on for some months (15 September)
Isolated reports of agricultural shortcomings are broadcast also from the following
areas:
Drogobych: "There are considerable shortcomings in the work of the political section
of the oblast agricultural administration." (RADYANSEE SLOVO, 6 September)
Orel: "Facts show that during the last 5 days many kolkhozes have lowered the tempo
of their grain deliveries and have failed to fulfill their quotas." (ORLOVSKAYA
PRAVDA, 7 September)
Rosto0 ,ThazkV rayons the authorities and heads of machine-tractor stations and
kolk4APP4 dqrxt importance to the schedule of. work...and do not consider
it eSaittial to carry-it:out."' (MpLOT, IO September)
IDEOLOGY
Criticism of ideological aberrations, heretofore centered on the Ukraine, appears to
have shifted to the Aftzakh SR -where "nationalistic trends" have recently been re-
vealed, according to KAZAKESTANSKAYA PRAVDA (1 September). The August conference of
Kazakh school teachers "made it clear" that the ideological and theoretical level of
instructors and teachers is still "not high enough." The paper declares that the
Kazakh Ministry of Education is primarily responsible for the inadequate ideological
qualifications of the educators which resulted in "serious errors... in textbooks of
Kazakh literature." There is no explanation of the nature of the mentioned errors
nor of the connection between the teachers political qualifications and the wrong
textbooks, the publication of which is normally strictly supervised by the Party:
....0erious errors were permitted in textbooks of Kazakh literature,
stressing and placing false values on nationalistic trends and movements
in opposition to Marxist principles.
The Ministry of Education is accordingly exhorted to put an end to the "existing
nationalist tendencies" and reorganize school instruction, particularly in languages,
biology and history "on the basis of Party and Government instructions." That
Kazakh history is in the process of being rewritten or is otherwise affected by the
editorial strictures, may be seen in an Alma Ata dispatch (in Russian, 11 Septenber)
saying that Doctor of Historial Sciences Pokrovsky made a special report to the
Kazakh Academy of Sciences "concerning preparations" for the publication of the
third issue of the first volume of the history of the Kazakh SSR.
KAZAKHSTANSKAYA PRAVDA (7 September) also has a few harsh words for the Kazakh
Academy of Sciences itself which, it says, is not quite up to the required
ideological standard, and it implies that it lacks Ha firm grounding in Marxist-
Leninist theory." The Academy's Party committee appears to be to weak and "is not
taking the necessary measures to...raise its role in the work of the Academy." The
absence of "truly creative discussion" among the scientists as well as of criticism
and self-criticism is similarly blamed on the Party organization.
Ukrainian SSA: RADYANSKA UKRAIRA (5 September) demands a "radical improvement" in
the ideological work of the rural Party organizations, exhorting them to a, continued
"persistent struggle against the remnants of capitalism." These Communists are re-
minded that the PRAVDA editorial on ideological perversions (7 July) which pre-
cipitated the nationwide campaign against a variety of nationalist tendencies "is
fully applicable to Communists," The paper also speaks of the "insufferable, care-
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free attitude" manifested by many rural Communists, particularly in Tsumansky Rayon
(Volhyn Oblast), where the "weakening of the link" with the masses has adversely
affected the harvesting campaign.
The Ukrainian Society for the Propagation of Political and Scientific Knowledge comes
in for sharp criticism by the magazine NAUKA I ZHYTIA-(science and Life, 8 September)
which complains that the Society is derelict in its duties and is apparently not
conscious of PRAVDA's strictures about all sorts of ideological deviations. The
Ukrainian people, the journal maintains, must be shown "in every way" how the Soviet
Ukraine has grown.. ,in the implacable struggle against...bourgeois nationalists and
cosmopolitans) and that they achieved considerable successes "only thanks to the
great assistance of the brotherly Russian people." (tolko blagodarys. pomoshchi
bratskogo russkogo naroda)
TBE UKRAINE ACCUSES
Under that title RADYANSKA UKRAINA published material and photographs describing
American "crimes" against the Ukrainian population in 1918-1920. In Odessa,
Nikolayev and Kherson, says the paper, thousands of completely innocent people were
shot, burned to death or hanged by the Americans. Photographs are reproduced showing
the bodies of the killed workers. (Kiev, in Ukrainian, 6 September) (Western
accounts of the 1918-1920 intervention do not mention American troops as operating
in southern Ukrainian ports which were held by British, French and Italian troops.)
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