INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04864A000200080007-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 13, 1998
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: January 9, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For R@,g
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS
COUNTRY COMUNIST CHINA
SUBJECT INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF ESPIONAGE ACT 50
U. S. C., 31 AND 32, AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
OF ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PRO-
HIBI TED BY LAW. REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM IS PROHIBITED.
SOURCE. MONITORED BROADCASTS
NAVY
AIR
CPW Report No. 5 - Communist China
(27 Dec. 1951 9 Jan. 1952)
Production and Austerity.... 0?agOA00.0.000000b.1
Ideological Adjustmentse......A...A ? .. ? e,,.,t? 9
Rural Reforms .....................e..............12
War and the Military,.,,,,,.,,,. ..................1
Counterrevolutionary Activities.... 00,,00,,,00.0.15
National
Miscellaneous .......................s00 ...00.....17
SUMMARY
The general campaign to increase production and effect greater economies in the use
of labor and materials has been further intensified, but with the major stress
'upon the elimination of waste and corruption from all phases of the national economy.
Widely publicized country-wide meetings and rallies of workers and of all echelons
of Party and cadre personnel emphasize the need for reforms in labor techniques
and in ideological orientation. There was continuing attention to the ideological
failings of teachers, religious groups, and intellectuals in general. Certain
indications were noted of the abandonment of further widespread land redistribution
and of steps toward the collectivization of agriculture. The end of the arms-
donation drive keyed to the Resist-America, Aid-Korea Campaign was officially
announced with the admission that there were some failures to fulfill pre-established
quotas.
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INFORMATION 9 JAN 1952
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REPORT NO.
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INCREASED PRODUCTION AND AUSTERITY
Development of Drive: During the period under review the Chinese Communist radio
increased the number of its references to increased production and austerity. Every
domestic transmission from Peking or one of the regional stations had something to
say about the drive, and numerous times an entire broadcast was devoted to the
subject. The general impression was that the ponderous Chinese machine powered by
the Communist Party and the Central People's Government was straining every muscle
to crush the last vestiges of "waste, corruption and bureaucracy." A detailed
examination of the content of this huge volume of radio ballyhoo revealed however,
that perhaps the drive was enjoying very little success. The chief activity in
connection with the drive seems to be the holding of meetings. They ranged from a
cadre meeting in the Yencheng Power Plant, Kiangsu, reported by Yangchow (7 Jan.),
at which the cadres "studied documents relating to waste, corruption and bureaucracy,"
to meetings of Party and Government officials on the provincial level, with provincial
governors present and making speeches. Provincial meetings were reported from
Shantung, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Hunan, Yunnan, Anhwei and Fukien.
Dairen (7 Jan.) reported a "businessmen's rally" attended by 1,900. Shanghai (2 Jan.)
said that cadres of the 3d Field Army of the East China Military Control Commission
held a rally. Most of these meetings were held to "map plans" for the campaign,
and the main idea seemed to be to inspire the cadres and impress them with the
necessity of ridding themselves and "the masses" of "erroneous thoughts," so that
the drive to eliminate waste and corruption would have a chance for success.
A few instances of more positive action were reported. Foochow (8 Jan.) announced
that at a meeting of the Fukien Department of Trade cadres 4 January, with 140
present, six inspection committees were organized "to make a check-up of the province's
trading organizations." Wuhan (6 Jan.) reported that Canton had organized 40
government cadres into inspection teams to "check on activities of various government
offices." Dairen (7 Jan.) announced inauguration of the People's Inspection
Committee. Hankow (6 Jan.) said that the Wuhan Tax Bureau had begun the "democratic
check-up movement" to wipe out bureaucracy in its offices. Hangchow (2 Jan.)
announced that after two months of preparation an Enterprises Bureau had been set
up in the city government to "head all public-operated enterprises in Hangchow and
others concerned with production." Chungking (6 Jan.) reported that the .Szechwan
Government had issued a directive calling upon all chu and hsien governments to
set up special committees, and carefully outlining the duties and responsibilities
of the groups.
The Peking Home Service (28 Dec.) announced that the Trade Ministry had directed
all department stores and retail shops to reduce prices during New Year and Chinese
New Year celebrations, Chungking (30 Dec.) said directives had been issued in
Szechwan to "prevent the usual upsurge of prices" during the holidays. Foochow
(6 Jan,) reported that the Fuan Trading Company was buying up surplus rice to
maintain the price, which last fall tumbled from 80,000 to 50,000 yuan a tan, and
thus prevent waste.
Llaims of Succeasg The Chinese Communist radio has related innumerable- success stories
in connection with the drive to increase production and eliminate waste. In some of
these the claims are weak, and In others elaboration on the successes has revealed
parallel failures. For instance, Peking in numeral code (3 Jan.) announced that in the
Northeast the total value of all industrial and agricultural production in 1951
increased 13.5 percent over 1950, while the increase in State-operated industries
under the Industrial Department of the Northeast People's Government was 31 percent.
Obviously the increase in production in plants not controlled by the Northeast
Industrial Department could not have been large. Agricultural production increased
only 3.3 percent, and reached only 98.1 percent of the production plan for the year.
Mukden (7 Jan.) reported that the Northeast Industrial Department had urged power
plants to make use of the lower grades of coal produced locally and to "continue
experiments for producing power with such coal." Mukden also announced (6 Jan.)
that the Northeast Industrial Department had ordered industry to conserve on the use
pf cement, "a war material." The broadcast added that the Construction Materials
3ureau had tested 23 substitutes for cement, found five suitable, and is now
pushing the use of a new substitute that has been "proved by Soviet experience."
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Hangchow (8 Jan.) claimed an increase in business in the Kashing branch of the China
Merchandise Company and accredited the gain to the fact the cadres had "changed
their conservative ideas." Hangchow also said (28 Dec.) that in the post offices
efficiency had greatly increased because workers had adopted the "Koralev method."
Another Hangchow broadcast (29 Dec.) reported that the Chekiang General Merchandise
Company had increased sales to 5 million yuan daily in many villages and had done
this by organizing 55 traveling stores to bring goods to rural areas. Still another
Hangchow broadcast (6 Jan.) announced that workers in the Liming Textile Mills,
Chiangtung, Yin Hsien, Chekiang, had organized a committee to test all cloth pro-
cessed for Government orders, and out of the 2,300 bolts of cloth taken by the
Government since the committee was set up, only 4 have been refused. Hanchow also
reported (4 Jan.) that the deputy manager of a silk factory had saved a large amount
of money by adoption of a new method for drying silkworms.
Shanghai (27 Dec.) reported remarkable cuts in expenses by Shantung Provincial
offices during November. For the month the office expenses totaled 1,339,090,000
yuan, as compared with an average of 8,896,200,000 for the first 10 months of the
year. This huge saving came about through a reduction in the use of gasoline, which
was cut 30 to 37 percent, and cuts in expenses for meetings, repairs, new equipment,
and in such miscellaneous expenses as postal telegraph.
Canton (8 Jan.) claimed that production in city factories had increased greatly
because of "democratic reforms" and "elimination of reactionary elements." Hankow
(8 Jan.) reported a workers' rally in the Changkiang Cigarette Factory "in support
of democratic reforms," and claimed that the traditional rivalry between Hupeh and
Hunan workmen had been eliminated. Dairen (4 Jan.) reported that workers at the
20th Plant in that city had come forward with 677 "rational proposals" during the
fourth quarter of 1951.
Kaifeng (5 Jan.) reported that in Wei Hsien, Honan, cadres had organized a "democratic
inspection committee" and planned to cut costs by reducin the use of electricity,
stationery, oil and printing. Another Kaifeng broadcast (7 Jan.) said that cadres
in Loshan Hsien, Honan, would launch a campaign against superstitions during the
Spring F-_:stival (Lunar New Year) holidays by getting people to make patriotic
donations of the money usually spent on "superstitious offerings." Chungking
reported that the Yunnan People's Government, following a meeting 25 Deceber,(hadan.)
ordered all offices to stop immediately the purchase or construction of buildings,
the holding of meetings, the making of gifts or contributions, and "other wasteful
practices."
Wuhan (3 Jan.) asserted that in the smelting plant of the Hunan Construction
Company new workers have increased their operations from 28 to 90 crucibles a?month.
This was made possible because "feudalistic elements" have been driven from the
mines and industries of Hunan. At the Hsinhsiang Coal Mines 272 workers have been
given responsible positions; in the Hunan steel mills and tin mines workers have
been made supervisors after a period of training; and in the entire province 1,734
workers have been placed in responsible positions. Wuhan said (31 Dec.)' that the
Property Control Bureau of the Finance Department of the Kwangtung People's Govern-
ment has collected 35 million yuan worth of scrap and enemy-abandoned several thousand tons more of scrap can be collected. Much ofathenscrap chasebeennd
turned over to factories as raw material, and some of the machines have been put
to work following reconditioning. Wuhan (30 Dec.) announced that the Central.and
South China Joint Transportation Company was organized 1 November with various
branch offices, with resulting economies in transportation. Most private trans-
portation concerns have been pooled at Changsha as a result of the proper leader-
ship exerted by the Hunan Joint Transportation Company.
Peking in numeral code (4 Jan.) made an example of the Chiaotso Colliery, a State-
operated concern. In drawing up a higher production plan for 1952, the management
had set a quota 13.4 billion yuan above the production figure for 1951, the leading
cadres feeling that production had been good, but that this increase could be
obtained with little trouble. The "wrong thoughts of the cadres" changed with the
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arrival of Fuel Industries Minister Chen Yu. Director Chien Chu-chang and Security
Section Chief Pi Hsin-hui "admitted their wrong thinking." A reexamination of the
potential of the colliery showed that last fall only 50 percent of its equipment was
utilized. Educational measures within the colliery produced 532 proposals for improve-
ment from the workers. As a result the new quota called for a 60-billion-yuan
increase in production rather than a mere 13.5.
Sian (9 Jan.) quoted Hsi Chung-hsun, Deputy Director of the Nc:_rthwest Military and
Administrative Committee, as saying that since the beginning of the campaign against
waste, corruption and bureaucracy in the Northwest, "excellent results have been
achieved." During the first week 350 letters of accusation were received, corrupt
officials in the Northwest Army Service of S1unplies Corms confessed their misdeeds,
while workers in the bristle factory of the Northwest Trading Company gave reports
on mismanagement there.
Weaknesses and Failures: During the period reviewed admissions of failures and
weaknesses were monitored from 11 regional broadcasting stations from all sections of
China except the Northwest. While Chungking reported more admissions than did any
other transmitter the preponderance of failures in the Southwest was less marked
than during some earlier periods. Several stations in Central and South China and
in East China vied with Chungking; in the number of such references. In the Northeast
there were few admissions, and none from the major regional station at Mukden.
Quoting from a dl--ctive of the All-China Committee of State Enterprises, Pekin,
declared in numeral code (4 Jan. that in inventory-taking and capital-assessment
work a number of State enterprises had achieved very little "due to neglect of the
leading cadres and failure to mobilize the people." Peking said in numeral code
(5 Jan.) that basic-level cooperatives, despite their 88.99 percent increase in
membership and 140.75 percent increase in capital since 1950, had obvious weaknesses,
including poor organization and planning, tied-up capital, and transportation
defects. The Tsinan radio (4 Jan.) reported an anti-waste exhibition held at the
Tsingtao?No. 4 Textile Mill. One chart showed 9 billion yuan tied up in dead
inventories, "enough to purchase six planes to fight America." According to Hofei
(7 Jan.) cadres at the Government granary in Kehlo Hsiang, Su Hsien, Anhwei, were
charged with a loss of 3,000 catties of wheat through careless management and
failure to cooperate with the farmers. Canton (28 Dec.) reported that at the
Chienkung Rubber Works "gross mismanagement," including curtailed wages and
accelerated work norms, had caused a decrease in production during the past few
months. Dairen (9 Jan.) said that the Dairen Bureau of Educational and Cultural
Affairs had been charged with laxity in enforcing the anti-waste campaign. Another
Dairen broadcast (8 Jan.) said that the Northeast Salt Administration was still
not ready on 5 January to launch its campaign. Some cadres insisted that the
work would be a waste of time, and had adopted the motto: "To say little is better
than much; to say nothing is better than a little." Some leading cadres, because
of their failure, were charged with "ignorance of the campaign" and with refusing
to accept suggestions.
On 13 December the East China A,riculture and Forestry Section called a meeting of
managers of nine large State farms, Shanghai reported (30 Dec.), and it was revealed
that the managers lacked experience and were guilty of poor planning and poor
administration. In some instances the managers had operated with a complete dis-
regard of practical farming principles. Another Shanghai broadcast (5 Jan.) said
that Youth Corps members were\being urged to take the lead in the anti-waste
campaign, as many units were lax in making check-ups of their own operations.
In pointing out the waste in "superstitious observances," Foochow (9 Jan,) used
as an example Putao village, Santao Hsiang, Changpu Hsien, Fukien, where the
farmers' association was able to buy 30 head of oxen, 30 axes, 100 tons of
fertilizer and 8,000 catties of grain with money saved by eliminating superstitious
observances. Foochow.(4 Jan.) reported that Kao Chung, Communist Party Secretary
of Changlo Hsien, Fukien, called a meeting 22 December to charge local cadres with
laxity and demand that they change their attitude.
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A Yangchow broadcast (2 Jan.) charged cadres of Chitung Hsien, Kiangsu, with setting
a bad example. For instance, Militia Captain Wang Te-hsiang spent 1.36 million yuan
in setting 249 tables for his wedding in Hsinchung Hsiang. Another Yangchow broad-
cast (7 Jan.) said that corruption, extravagance and bureaucratic management were
rampant in Liuho Hsien, Kiangsu. Yangchow (4 Jan.) pointed out that through failure
of the Seed Section of the North Kiangsu Civil Affairs Division properly to instruct
farmers, 260,000 catties of purebred wheat seed was lost through improper seeding,
and 50 pieces of machinery damaged through improper use. Still another Yangchow
broadcast (B Jan.) reported that the Huaiyin Cooperative, northern Kiangsu, had
been charged with a loss of 140 million yuan in the sale of 7,100 bolts of Nantung
native cloth because of inaccurate measurements. The Nantung Cooperative was
charged with a loss of 150 million yuan through delay in marketing its cotton yarn.
Kaifeng (7 Jan.) charged that in Chengchow, Honan, the wastage last year amounted to
120 million Yuan. The People's Bank wasted the equivalent of 1,000 catties of grain,
monthly through excessive use of coal,' and the Chengchow Grain Bureau squandered
2.77 million yuan in the past three months on unnecessary cartage. At the Chienhua
Cotton Mills, Lingpao Hsien, Honan, a fire broke out 19 December. Because the
cadres had no plan for fighting fire, 9,700 catties of cotton and two machines
valued at 140 million Yuan were lost. When the fire started in No. 17 Workshop the
workmen tried to smother it with straw, adding to the flames, and when the firemen
arrived they set about removing property rather than fighting the fire.
Kaifeng reported (9 Jan.) that at Nanyang, Honan, the Government lost 21,200,000
Yuan last year because of poor warehousing and the unnecessary restriction of
capital by the State Trading Company. Another Kaifeng broadcast (7 Jan.) reported
that checks by the Honan Postal Telegraph office showed the Taikang telegraph office
possessed 1,000 catties of wire rather than the 400 reported; the Chengchow
telegraph office had 20 bolts of cloth which were not on the records; and the Loyang
telegraph office had 510 items in its records, only 200 of which agreed with the
actual inventory. At the Hsinyang Railway Station 200 telegraph poles were left
unguarded; now only 90 remain, a loss of 38 million yuan. Postal telegraph offices
in Honan last year spent 200 million yuan on "flower vases" (Hua Ping), Since
"hua ping" is also slang for women office workers, there is some doubt here as to
exactly how the 200 million yuan was dissipated.
The Wuhan radio (29 Dec.) charged that the Pinghsiang Colliery had 20 billion Yuan
tied up in dead inventories. An investigation disclosed 40 items which never had
been used, 20 others seldom used, and some stocks sufficient to last for 14 years.
Another Wuhan broadcast (4 Jan.) claimed that the management of the Hunan branch,
China State Industries, spent between 40 and 50 million yuan on a warehouse which
remained empty most of the time, 70 to 80 millions on an elaborate administration
building, allowed 400 tons of farm produce to spoil, and had 18 billion Yuan tied.
up in unproductive capital. Hsu, the farm manager, kept 10 personal servants, jeeps
and autos were appropriated by employees for their own use, and employees were
allowed to spend 120 million yuan on a pleasure tour to Hangchow and Wuhsien.
Wuhan said (27 Dec.) that the administrative personnel of the People's Bank, Honan
branch, at their final meeting of 1951, wasted 5.4 million yuan on flowers and
decorations, more than 5.3d millions on fruit and cigarettes of the best grade,
and spent 250 million yuan on the 10-day conference. In addition the manager
personally bore the cost of a dinner dance given as part of the entertainment.
The conference personnel consumed 40 catties of tea and 1,651 catties of watermelon
seed, dried fruit and candy. Engineers of the 4th Field Army stationed in the
Central and South China region received 800 million yuan for construction of barracks,
but wasted three-fourths of the money because of improper supervision. A
committee has been formed to check on irregularities here.
Hangchow (3 Jan.) reported a meeting of 121 persons in the city to "attack traditional
business methods" obstructing trade between the city and country. Special classes
organized in Chekiang to train workers in advanced techniques and supervision have
been handicapped because some factories have refused to cooperate. They refuse to
allow workmen to attend the classes for fear the result will be "bad workmen."
Hangchow said (2 Jan.) that winter production on the farms of Chentung Hsiang, Chinhua
Hsien, Chekiang, had been delayed through apathy of the farmers following good
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harvests, and the neglect of rural cadres, some of whom had gone on vacation and
some of whom had resigned, saying two years of service was enough. Hangchow
(29 Dec.) denounced the "gross mismanagement" at the Chekiang Printing and Dyeing
Works, where walls had to be torn out for the installation of machinery because no
preliminary measurements of machinery dimensions had been made; where starching
tubs proved useless because they were improperly equipped; where cutting machines
of improper size were installed; and where motors, not inspected, later proved to
be defective.
Hangchow (4 Jan.) reported that in the Neihsinchiao District a fire at the Hangli
Photo Shop resulted from the owner's burning birthday candles because he was
"extravagant and blindly followed old customs." Hangchow (5 Jan.) said that care-
lessness of the workers and management caused a fire 17 December at the Chainiu
Cotton Plant, Lungyu branch, China Merchandise Company, which destroyed 1.20 catties
of cotton and one machine.
Hangchow (8 Jan.) charged that the Chekiang branch, China Native Products Company,
wasted 8,4 billions Yuan last year because of bureaucratic methods. It lost 4
billions through paying high prices for low-quality goods; lost 360 millions in
extra freight charges by routing a shipment of 120 tons of lime from Wenchow to
Canton through Hangchow rather than Chinhua; lost 140 millions through refusal to
check on delivery shortages and warehouse losses; and lost a huge amount in interest
through maintaining a daily idle capital of 400 millions and a dead stock of 50
billion yuan,
Hangchow (6 Jan.) reported a 21 December meeting of all secretarial personnel of the
Hangchow municipal government to discuss red tape in the handling of documents.
Reports disclosed that the average city government document required 18 actions in
8 hours; an ordinary police department document requires 16 actions over one week;
a police station must petition the chief of police to buy even a vacuum bottle; and
the simple removal of guards at the Chekiang University Farm at Huachiatse took
141 days while 37 documents made the rounds at 13 offices.
Chungking (6 Jan.) charged cadres in charge of the Government warehouse at Yaan,
Sikang, with mismanagement, as only two-thirds of the required amount of grain had
been received, and three weeks had been required rather than the estimated two.
Chungking (8 Jan.) announced that Tsai Ken, a worker in the No. 2 Textile Mill,
Yunnan Province, made rational suggestions for improvement which were rejected by
the cadres. Such action is allegedly common in Yunnan, and some factories have
refused even to set up committees to handle such suggestions.
In south Szechwan, Chungking said (6 Jan.), anti-waste committees in some trading
companies held no meetings for three months, "and in many cases cadres did not
even know what the campaign was about." According to the same radio (30 Dec.) the
Liangchung Food Bureau, Szechwan, allowed grain to rot by mixing damp grain with
dry in the warehouse. Also, 92,000 catties of grain were found to be wormy and
1,000 tan badly mildewed. Chungking said (29 Dec.) that the Suining Food Bureau,
north Szechwan, and the Pengshan Food Bureau, west Szechwan, both wasted food and
money through lack of planning. In Chiangpei Hsien, east Szechwan, Chungking said
(28 Dec.), Liao Cheng-chi of Tapu Hsiang squandered the family fortune of 20 million
Yuan in one month, while Ho Chi-chun, magistrate of Village 43, Liangho Hsiang, spent
1.2 million yuan in September alone on festivities.
Chungking reported (4 Jan.) that at the Southwest Chemical Works 92 percent of the
equipment is idle; the Huayeh Match Factory could produce in a month and a half as
much as it now does in a year if its equipment were fully utilized; equipment is idle
at the Lihua Rubber Works and the Chentan Machine Works; at the Sanwei Leather
Works morale is bad because of low pay; and miners at the Chiuchiang Coal Mine
drowned because the management refused to accept suggestions of workers. All of
these Szechwan concerns are operated by private owners. Chungking (6 Jan.) accused
Shan Pan-wu, manager of the Plow Ox Company, Lu Hsien, Szechwan, of buying all the
sick, immature and over-age animals in the area, many of them toothless and one 18
years old. Sick oxen have been intermingled with the healthy ones, but only 333
head out of 1,000 held by the company have been resold. Farmers have begun to call
it an "abattoir company instead of an ox supply company." During two months in the
employ of the company Liu Sze-ling, Tien-tse Hsiang, misappropriated 1.07 million
yuan.
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Chungking reported (5 Jan.) that the People's Bank, Sikang Province, "blindly bought".
60 automobiles, thus tying up 150 million yuan of capital. Local grain offices in
Sikang were found to have no bookkeeping records. Chungking said (2 Jan.) that at
the Kweichow Province conference of Party cadres a special inspection committee was
set up to start work 10 January. It was disclosed at the conference that the
Kweichow People's Government wasted 2 billion yuan in unnecessary meetings and con-
struction; engineers with the Southwestern Railway misused materials; and personnel
in the Kweichow branch of the China Cloth and Yarn Company were charged with huge
losses and mismanagement.
Graft and Squeeze; During the period studied,reports of tax evasion, fraud and other
illegal commercial activities were monitored from 13 separate regional broadcasting
stations in Communist China. Of the major regionals, only Mukden in the Northeast
and Sian in the Northwest failed to broadcast such reports. Hangchow continues to
lead in the actual number of cases reported, with Chungking a close second.
Dairen (8 Jan.) reported that 140 merchants of the region attended a Chamber of
Commerce meeting where it was disclosed that some of the merchants were guilty of
conniving with rafters, evading taxes, and cheating on materials and prices.
Dairen (31 Dec.) told of a meeting of Party cadres in the Dairen-Port Arthur area
in which Port Authority cadres promised to reduce the number of their autos from
12 to 5 and "those who had taken Government property returned it or paid for it.,,
Party Secretary Wu declared that many cadres "still are corrupt." Tsinan (4 Jan.)
announced that Li Ming-chu, 11th Precinct Police Station chief, Sixth ;hu, Sianmen,
Tsinan, publicly confessed before 3,000 persons 23 December that he had pocketed
one million yuan in police salaries and defrauded the Government of 1,000 catties of
grain.
Shanghai (7 Jan.) announced that the ChanJchow Chamber of Commerce, "after seeing
what happened to those who were caught," called a meeting 21 December to combat tax
evasions. In the city,293 shops were said to be guilty of evasions. Shanghai
(30 Dec,) reported that in Nanking the people were encouraged to report graft. As
a result Ku Chu-chin reported regular errors in real estate assessments by the No. 2
Tax Office. Corrections were made and a letter of appreciation sent to Ku.
Shanghai (4 Jan.) said that at a trade circles meeting in Tsingtao stress was laid on
the great losses suffered by the Government through the cutting of quality and
quantity and cheating in workmanship. Foochow (8 Jan.) announced that in the city
seven labor unions had misused funds, while 18 were guilty of getting funds under
false pretense. Foochow said (9 Jan.) that the need to suppress speculation among
Foochow merchants was stressed in outlining the duties of a special committee of
29,hea.ded by Hsu Chia-cheng,
Hofei (7 Jan,) told of a Party cadre meeting attended by 200 persons 25 December
at which Secretary Chou Yin-ming revealed that personnel of the Navigation Bureau
had defrauded the Government of 100 million yuan and 100,000 catties of grain.
Another Hofei broadcast (5 Jan.) said that the Anhwei newspapers WAN NAN JIH PAO
and WAN PEI JIH PAO were discussing the "large-scale corruption cases" at the Hsi
Hsien Grain Bureau, where "hundreds of thousands of catties of grain were lost
through corrupt transactions between officials and grain merchants." The depre-
dations were attributed to the "use of remnant Kuomintang officials."
Canton (7 Jan.) asserted that workers' unions and trade organizations in the city
had "expressed great satisfaction with the execution of a merchant who made huge
profits on Government contracts." Kaifeng (7 Jan.) announced that Hsieh Chung-
seng and 11 other employees of the Grain Bureau had been charged with the mis-
appropriation of 10,000 catties of grain. Wuhsi (6 Jan.) announced that the South
Kiangsu Administrative Office had designated a special post office box for secret
letters on "corruption, protection of malefactors, tax evasion and suppression of
duocratic speech.''
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Yangchow (9 Jan.) reported that Youth Corps member Ting Kuang-fu noticed that
Li and Wang, two workers on the Taihsien team of the Huai River project spent
100,000 yuan on clothes. He succeeded in making the workers confess that they
had obtained the money through the sale of Government property. Wuhan (27 Dec.)
said that in the Canton Administrative Bureau of the Canton-Hankow Railway
300 million yuan had been lost through the illegal sale of Government property,
30 million in the Fatshan section alone. In addition,Yang Tso-shen of the motor-
car pool was accused of defrauding the railway of 200 million Yuan, and Hu Jen,
an engineer, illegally obtained 500 million yuan. Wuhan announced (28 Dec.)
that at a public trial King Shen-lo, Tu Ming-li and Yang Yung-seng, joint owners
of the Chunghua Hong, were convicted of defrauding their customers of 210 million
Yuan. At another public trial reported by Wuhan (29 Dec.) Chu Ming-ching was
convicted of defrauding the Government of 1.7 billion yuan.
Wuhan announced (7 Jan.) that Hu Te-mei, land reform cadre, had been removed
from his post. It was found that last year while he was working in Yuehyang Hsien,
Hunan, he bought property for 5,000 yuan and sold it for 8,000. While working
in Chiufeng Hsiang, Lochang Hsien, Kwangtung, he gambled and dealt in gold. Wuhan
reported (7 Jan.) that corrupt conditions in the Nanchang Tax Bureau were exposed
at a meeting of Party cadres from Nanchang and Kiangsi Province. Wuhan (7 Jan.)
quoted from an editorial in the CHANGCHIANG JIH PAO 6 January urging cadres to
encourage all persons to "make accusations against corrupt officials, especially
remnant Kuomintang officials."
Hankow (8 Jan.) reported a meeting called by the local clerks' union 6 January
at which the clerks were "told to improve business ethics by exposing unscrupulous
merchants." As a result, shop clerk Tung Chung-tien accused Tseng Hsiao-tien,
business manager of the Mingchuan Road Branch of the People's Bank, of dissipating
6 million yuan of the bank's funds by speculation. Another shop clerk reported
tax evasions of 2 millions. The same broadcast said that the business manager
of the 12th High School, Wuhan, argued that there was no need for a campaign
to combat corruption and waste, but he himself was found to have pocketed 15
million yuan of Government money.
A Hangchow broadcast (3 Jan.) announced that secret indictments of corrupt
officials should be sent to Mayor Wu through Special Post Office Box No. 1
set up for that purpose. Hangchow reported (8 Jan.) that Tax Bureau Chief Fend;
told a meeting of tax personnel 6 January that last year in Hangchow 24 persons
were charged with corrupt practices involving 8 million yuan. A Hangchow broad-
cast (6 Jan.) announced that Pan Chien-hsin, assistant manager of the Kingwuyung
Bus Company, had been arrested for defrauding the Government of 70 million yuan.
This company formerly belonged to "Gangster Hu Pu," and Pan was a "leftover from
the former regime." Hangchow announced (28 Dec.) that Feng Meng-tung, chief of
the city Civil Administration Office, had been dismissed from his position,
expelled from the Communist Party and "reported to upper levels" for action. He
wasted 10 million yuan on "illegal activities," cut relief figures for north
Anhwei and north Kiangsu by 200 million yuan, erased and changed his accounts
while an investigation was under way, and tried to undermine the investigation.
Hangchow (2 Jan.) reported that workers of the Chekiang branch, China Native
Products Company, had exposed corruption involving nine persons, but added
that the Trade Bureau had complained that many workers "refused to stress the
importance of making a show out of reporting irregularities"; these workers
had been "instructed to change their thinking." At a meeting of the Chekiang
Department of Finance on 28 December,it was pointed out that most corruption is
among "personnel of the old regime and cadres corrupted by the evils of city
life." Leniency was promised to confessed grafters, and storekeeper Li Chen-thing
immediately made a confession.
Hangchow (3 Jan.) announced that Pao Ling, Mei Tao-shan, and Chiang Pao-ping
had been remanded to the Wenchow People's Court on fraud charges involving 3.7
million, 250,000, and 7 million yuan, respectively, in connection with ship-
ments of cloth for the China Textile and Yarn Company. They padded the accounts,
and listed each freight package as weighing 33 catties rather than the true 19
catties. Han Hsin-keh, Wenchou cadreman, was charged with protecting Chiang, and
with leading a dissolute private life. Hangchow reported (6 Jan.) that Wang
Ping-cheng, Deputy Chief Eugineer of the Provincial Conservancy Bureau, had
refused to admit graft involving 8 million yuan and 5 ounces of gold "until
exposed by the people." The broadcast added that many corrupt officials had
made confessions, "but many have refused to do so." Hangchow (6 Jan.) reported
that the privately operated Liu I Manufacturing Company had "cheated in labor
and materials" on 150 gross of suits of underwear ordered by the Chekiang branch
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of the General Merchandise Company, causing a delay of 17 to 24 days, and "adversely
influencing the good will and credit" of the company.
Hangchow (9 Jan.) reported the public trial of customs officials Pan Hui and Shen
Tse-chi, charged with conniving with merchants to smuggle goods worth 136 million
Yuan, misappropriating one million yuan, and obtaining 7 millions by extortion.
Both were given prison terms. Merchants Wu Li-yuan, Yeh Tse-min, and Ting Chaan
tierlwere tried for smuggling, forging customs documents, and bribing G vernment
officials. Hangchow (7 Jan.) reported that three clerks from the watch and
optical trades had exposed tax evasions of '70 million yuan by 19 firms. Another
Hangchow broadcast (27 Dec.) listed the following cases: Shao Chang-ken, worker
in a Lanchi shop, exposed tax evasions of 200 million yuan and the sale of 90
casks of untaxed wine by a shop owner; a shop clerk charged the Hsiang Kuang
Hsiang shop, Yuyao Hsien, Chekiang, with failing to report taxes on 200 yards of
cloth; a tax collection committee organized 5 December in Chiangkou revealed tax
evasions by merchants of 2.1 billion yuan; and Militia Captain Chou Wen-tai of
Szechowir Hsiang, Suichang Hsien, Chekiang, denounced his own mother for selling
untaxed wine.
Chungking reported (6 Jan.) that the Liuseng Construction Company, the Chunghua
Machinery Company, and the Tayun Tobacco Company, all of Kunming, made excessive
profits last year of 100 million yuan. Illegal trading in gold still is common
in the Kunming area, and although 5,000 new establishments have been opened in
Kunming, merchants still engage in illegal activities. Chungking reported
(2 Jan,) that 700 Kweichow Province Communist Party cadres, meeting 21-22 December,
revealed that personnel of the Kweichow Food Bureau had defrauded the Government
of 1.2 million catties of grain worth 36 million yuan, and that 30 Kweichow Tax
Bureau employees were involved in fraud cases. The CHTTAN NAN JIH PAO was Quoted
by Chungking (4 Jan.) as saying that 232 Kweicw tax officials were charged with
corruption in.1951, with Government losses of 140 million Yuan, and that 230
corrupt officials in the Grain Bureau misappropriated 1.34 million catties of wheat
and 194,000 catties of rice.
Chungking announced (5 Jan.) that Chungking city has issued a warning to those
protecting grafters, and at a rally 4 January 18 merchants made confessions while
100 letters were received reporting cases of graft. Chungking said (4 Jan.) that
at a city-wide meeting of managers and workers of Government trading concerns
accusations were made against corrupt personnel in the China Food Company, the
North Szechwan Service and Supplies Corps, and the Health Bureau of the Southwest
Military and Administrative Committee, Chungking reported (5 Jan.) that in the
first 10 months of 1951 there were 30,000 cases of tax evasion in south Szechwan
involving 1.8 million yuan, while at one meeting 428 persons confessed to a total
of 2,300 evasions involving 26.68 million yuan in the province.
At Paikung city, Chungking reported (27 Dec.), 370 employees of the tax office
defrauded the Government of 270 million yuan. In addition, 142 cases of graft
were reported in connection with city construction projects, with a loss of 2.78
million yuan and 60,000 working days, Li Chi-an, Chiangyu Hsien merchant,
failed to pay 970,000 yuan in taxes; Chang Chi-an, Suining merchant, was jailed
for a year and a half and fined one million yuan for raising prices; Tsao Shen-
chang, Pahsien merchant, was charged with smuggling tong oil; in the Third Chu,
Kuangyuan Hsien, Szechwan, 150 merchants were guilty of tax evasions amounting to
17. million yuan; and similar cases were reported from Santai and Langchung
Hsien, northern Szechwan.
In the tax office of Chienko Hsien,ll of the 18 employees were charged with
corruption, while employees of the grain office in the same hsien were accused
of wasting 19,000 catties of grain. Chou I-chi, head of the grain office of
Chienchuan Chu, Yuehchih Hsien, Szechwan, misappropriated one million-yu.an;
Jen Ta-cho, head of the Yuehchih branch, People's Bank, misappropriated bank
funds eight times; and one Yuehchih trading company defrauded the Government of
between.6 and 7 million yuan. Chungking reported (29 Dec.) that in Wan Hsien,
Szechwan, there were 79 cases of corruption in the tax office alone in September
involving 34 million yuan, while 31 cases were revealed in the hsien in November
with losses of 300 million yuan,
47
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Propaganda Apparatus: During the two weeks starting 27 December and ending 9
January the Chinese Communist radio continued to stress the necessity for thought
reform and the thorough indoctrination of all circles, from writers and teachers
to workers and peasants, with Marxism-Leninism and the theories of Mao Tse-tung.
However, a new element was added--discussion of the Communist Party propaganda
network itself.
Peking reported in numeral code (2 Jan.) that in the entire country the network
now includes 1.92 million publicity personnel and 50,000 reporters. In addition
this nucleus has made full use of "active elements" to such an extent that in
some communities the publicity forces make up 15 percent of the population. Yet
20 percent of the Communist Party organizations and subheadquarters have not yet
set up publicity organizations. In 1952, it is reiterated, they must do so, and
steadily develop the network until it includes one percenL of the population. Chu
committees, under the direction of hsien committees, must inaugurate training
classes for publicity personnel, but in 1952 trainees must not give up their
regular work while attending the classes. All Party committees above the chu
level must set up reporting units without delay if they have not done so.
In a numeral code transmission (5 Tan.) Peking further illustrated how the network
must function on the lower levels, taking the Penchi Machine Company, Penchi
municipality, Liaotung Province, as an example. This concern has eight reporters,
who now have a well-organized work system. Each reporter must make reports to
"the broad masses of the people" twice a month, and must attend classes. In turn
the Communist Party committee in the factory must make reports on the reporters
once a month, and must call a reporters' conference every month. The eight
reporters in the Penchi factory have made 84 reports concerning increased pro-
duction and austerity.
The regional broadcasting stations followed the lead of Peking in publicizing the
propaganda network. Wuhan announced (2 Jan.) that incomplete statistics for
Central and South China show 236,000 propagandists and 14,000 reporters. Wuhan
(31 Dec.) gave the number of publicity personnel for Honan Province as 76,135.
In Wuhan city, according to another broadcast (29 Dec.), the network consists
of 2,947 personnel, with 9 training courses and 43 meetings held during the year.
Tsinan said (4 Jan.) that Shantung has 366,927 publicity personnel and 5,587 reporters.
Yangchow (2 Jan.) reported 637 propagandists in that city, with five branch
sections of the network being set up.
Mukden announced (4 Jan.) that in the Dairen-Port Arthur area there are 11,092
publicity personnel and 884 reporters, constituting more than one percent of the
population, with 90 percent of the reporters and 50 percent of the publicity
personnel "regularly publicizing and explaining the Party's policies and opinions."
Liaotung Province has 49,507 propagandists and 1,242 reporters, and the work will
be still further expanded in 1952. Dairen said (29 Dec.) that in the Dairen-Port
Arthur area publicity personnel, in 1951 have 9,538 reports to 2,664,850 listeners.
Sian (5 Jan.) announced that Tihua now has 170 wire broadcasting stations, 37
hsien now have receiving posts, and by spring all hsion will be so provided.
Peking in numeral code (7 Jan.) transmitted the report on the China Youth Corps
delivered by Feng Wen-pin 20 November 1951 at the Socond Plenary Session of the
Central Committee of the Youth Corps. In 30 months the organization's membership
has increased 27 times, from 190,000 to 5.18 million organized in 242,000 units.
The Youth Corps plays an important role as an auxiliary. of the Communist Party and
as the chief source of Party recruitment. Yet, according to the report,
"thought leadership in the Corps is comparatively weak. Though active and
passionate, the political and cultural level of many members of the Corps is not
high." Though the incidence of such groups is declining, the number of units not
soundly organized or which have failed to play their roles still constitutes a
rather large proportion of the total. Association between Corps members and
"the large masses of the youth" has not been close enough. The Corps has been
unable to adopt effective measures for an intensification of the education of
all youths.
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Schools and Teachers: Peking in numeral code (29 Dec.) reported that the Ministry
of Education decided at a meeting 21 December that teachers should concentrate on
a study of Communist documents during the winter vacation, as a result of which
they now are devoting 12 to 15 hours a week to such study. Teachers in higher
institutions of Peking and Tientsin now have reached the second stage in thought
reform, the main aims of which are to "distinguish between ourselves and the
enemy," both internationally and nationally, and to "stamp out reactionary remnants
of thought inherited from imperialism and feudalism."
Peking also reported in numeral code (29 Dec.) that 320 scientific research workers
in Peking started a thought-reform study program early in December, the aim of
which is to "reform the thinking of the scientific workers so as to make it
possible for them to recognize clearly the era, to distinguish the enemy from
themselves, and to criticize the wrong thinking of the bourgeoisie or petite
bourgeoisie." Kuo Mo-jo decried the fact that there are some scientists "whose
thinking is too muddled to distinguish the enemy from themselves, and who still
think it an honorable thing to send their scientific theses to imperialist
countries for publication."
Hankow announced (28 Dec.) that the thought-reform drive was making progress among
primary school teachers of Wuhan. Wuhan said (29 Dec.) that middle and primary
school teachers of Hupeh had made substantial progress in thought refora. Wuhan
announced (9 Jan,) that the University of Honan had called a meeting 16 December
to discuss thought reform among the educators. The Central and South China
branch, All-China Education Federation, is planning a conference to discuss ways
to implement thought reform among the nation's educators, and Propaganda Bureau
Director Yao Shu-i is quoted as saying that in 1952 "revolutionary methods must
be used to reform the thinking of educational workers."
In the Northwest, Sian reported (27 Dec.) that students in the Northwest College
of Engineering had issued a statement supporting the thought-reform movement and
calling on all teachers and professors to reform their thinking and "change
their attitude" so they can train the younger generation to serve the masses. The
Northwest Committee of the China Education Association sent a similar demand to
teachers in all higher institutions in the region. Sian announced (29 Dec.)
that elementary and secondary school teachers are meeting for study, Another
announcement (3 Jan.) said that the entire teaching staff of the First Central
Grammar School, Fifth Chu, (Lu) Hsien, Shensi, had made plans for thought reform.
In the Southwest, Chungking reported (30 Dec.) that study committees had been
setup in the Chungking area "after a call by the Southwest Government." Another
Chungking broadcast (31 Dec,) said that following an east Szechwan conference
on thought reform 200 teachers returned to their schools to implement the plans.
Chungking announced (5 Jan.) that thought-reform study committees in eight
higher institutions now include 1,361 teachers and administrators, with 98
percent of the staff of Chungking University enrolled. Chungking announced
(7 Jan.) that in the Nanchung Special District 390 grammar school teachers now
are receiving indoctrination from Party cadres, and in February 2,000 will
start this training. However, according to Chungking (28 Dec.), teachers in,
Langehung Hsien, north Szechwan, still are neglecting political indoctrination
in their teaching.
Special Programs: Mukden announced (7 Jane) that the'HEILUNGKIANG JIH PAO carried
an article on the need for thought reform among businessmen, and said that 300
businessmen in Anta of that province are "studying the role of businessmen in the
nation's new economy." Dairen (28 Dec.) said that thought reform is being
strengthened among industrial and commercial circles.
Mukden reported (28 Dec,) that the Liaotung subcommittee of the Chinese Communist
Party had held a conference for discussion of Mao Tse-tung's "Selected Works."
Yangchow (2 Jan.) said that the Huaian Hsien, Kiangsu, branch of the Communist
Party was planning studies to "change the attitude of the cadres," some of whom
believe workmen to be "basically unchangeable," and do not believe in criticism
and self-criticism. Shanghai announced (4 Jan.) that Party cadres in Tsinan
were planning to change the attitude of local cadres, "some of whom do not believe
in democracy and are trying to suppress public opinion."
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Mukden announced (5 Jan.) that three model workers of Dairen were to study in the
Dairen Workers and Peasants Short Course School. Mukden further said (9 Jan.) that
up to last August 122,955 workers in the Dairen-Port Arthur area had attended
"beginners' classes," and another 40,000 had been enrolled in "refresher courses."
Shanghai (27 Dec.) reported a "thought-mobilization meeting" 26 December of the
East CHina Industrial Department to plan steps for elimination of "landlord,
compradore and bureaucratic" thoughts still prevalent among many workers. Shanghai
(5 Jan.) announced that committees for the study of Mao Tse-tung's ideas had been
organized in all circles of Fukien. Wuhsi (6 Jan.) reported that the Wuhsien
Department of Education, reviewing workers' education during 1951, announced that
130 cadres attended classes., and enrollment of workers increased from 6,475 to 13,708.
Shanghai announced (9 Jan.) that the East China Study Committee, formerly called
the East China Study Committee of Mao Tse-tung's Ideology, had called a rally for
16 January to "develop the thought-reform movement in a planned and orderly way."
Concerning tlie:,winter-school program, Mukden announced (9 Jan.) that in Liaosi
Province 260 000 farmers are enrolled in the 3,724 schools in 16 hsien, where the
"students 'are given indoctrination courses in patriotism." Wuhsi said (7 Jan.)
that fY?re organizations in south Kiangsu had issued a joint statement calling on
rurpl cadres to organize for the winter-school program, indicating that enrollment
ri this area might not be satisfactory, as the schools were supposed to have
started some time ago. Chungking reported (27 Dec.) that teachers had been trained
for the opening of schools in Ipin 10 December, and in Nanchi, Changning and Kusung
Hsien. Another broadcast (9 Jan.) said that 20,000 were enrolled in schools in the
21 hsiang of Lu Hsien, and in preparation for these schools 120.cadres had learned
the story of the "Long March" and the "Eight Years of Japanese Resistance." In
southern Szechwan winter schools had opened in seven hsien, where most of the
teachers, drawn from the ranks of high school students, had been taught subjects
"centered on the patriotic theme."
Religious Reform: Several new attacks on Catholic institutions in China were
reported. Shanghai announced (9 Jan.) that "at the demand of patriotic Catholics,"
the Hsuchow Military Control Committee had arrested for trial American imperialist
element Chai Yu-ou (Chinese transliteration) charged with dealing in silver dollars
and "teaching the American way of life after the liberation." Also arrested were
Chaff's "running dogs," Chen Li--shen, Li Chuan-li and Fan Chun-ou.
Wuhsi (7 Jan.) announced that after three months of study a Three-self's Reform
Committee finally had been set up at the Pu Tzu Asylum in Shanghai Hsien
5 January, with 85 patriotic Catholic members and 56 representative workers of
the asylum. Representatives of the People's Government attended the ceremony in
connection with the formation of the committee. After hearing of this development
in Shanghai Hsien, patriotic Catholics of Wuhsien held a symposium, "accused
imperialist elements" at the Putien Sanitarium, and expressed a determination
to strengthen the Catholic reform movement in Wuhsien. Earlier a Wuhsi broadcast
(6 Jan.) quoted a Wuhsien Catholic, Hu Chung-ya, as saying that the Putien
Sanitarium in Wuhsien was the property of Chinese Catholics, but that it had been
taken over by imperialist elements.
Chungking announced.(28 Dec.), that the Chungking Catholic Reform Committee had
called a meeting to denounce members of the Legion of Mary for opposing the
People's Government. Many members of the Legion were suspected of being counter-
revolutionaries, and 20 members had registered with the Chungking Police. Peking
disclosed in numeral code (29 Dec.) that Tang Hsueh-po, Chen Kuang-pu, and Su
Tzu-mei, all members of the Legion in Chungking, had been arrested 24 December.
Tang, formerly connected with the Ming Cheng High School, a Catholic school, was
accused of having planned on the eve of the "liberation" to organize a "San San
Society" to carry out guerrilla activity "on the pretext of protecting
Catholicism," and of secretly shipping pistols and weapons to the Southwest
Revolutionary University for use in destroying it at the proper time.
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Hangchowr reported (8 Jan.) that Catholics in that city had made accusations against
"imperialist element" Mei Tsang-kaei by signing a petition requesting his trial.
Up to 6 January 260 patriotic Catholics, 60 percent of the local lay membership, had
signed the petition.
Art and Literature: Peking reported in numeral code (28 Dec.) that the North China
Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party called a meeting 20 December to "study the
remolding of working style among literary and art circles of North China," with 200
persons present from Peking and Tientsin, and from Hopei, Chahar, and Inner Mongolia.
Director Chang Pan-ship of the North China Propaganda Department declared that
leaders in literary and art work of the area had neglected the ideological aspects
of their work and had shown an inclination to deviate from the politics of the
masses and the workers. Some of Chang's statements follow:
Certain signs of lack of discipline also have appeared among literary
and art cadres of the Party... Literary and art work is part of the
revolutionary undertaking. Art must serve the cause of the revolution,
and. obey the interests of the State and of the people... Literary and
art workers must constantly study Marxism and Leninism, as well as
Mao Tse-tung's ideas, as expressed in the actual Chinese Revolution....
The literary and art workers of North China should aim to become fighters
armed with the ideas of Mao Tse-tung, as well as active participants
in various kinds of struggle.... They should not be a group of liberal
individuals lacking organization arid discipline. (Peking, numeral code,
28 Dec.)
Marriage Law: Considerable radio time still is devoted to propagandizing the marriage
law. Hangchow (1 Jan.) announced that as part of their patriotic pacts farmers in
Kingtang Hsiang, Hsiaofeng Hsien, Chekiang, were called upon to implement the
marriage law by dissolving incompatible couples, "as family quarrels interfere with
patriotic production." Another broadcast (5 Jan.) reported the establishment of a
Chekiang Marriage Law Propaganda Committee having as its primary goal the indoctri-
nation of rural cadres so as to "change their attitude toward the marriage law."
It is hoped that by International Women's Day, 8 March, the propaganda campaign
will have reached its peak. Another Hangchow broadcast (7 Jan.) said that through-
out all the chu of Chiangshan Hsien, Chekiang, there were 208 mass weddings New
Year's Day. Yangchow reported (4 Jan.) that Party cadres held a meeting 29 December
to discuss propaganda for the marriage law. On New Year's Day six couples were
married at a mass wedding attended by 800 persons, at a saving of 150 million yuan.
Dairen (8 Jan.) reported 5,677 couples registered during the first 10 months of
1951 to "show their free will marriage." However, there were numerous errors. Some
who were not married registered, and other couples who should have registered did
not. Cadres were charged with carelessness. Foochow (8 Jan.) reported mass
marriages through all the rural areas of Fukien. According to Chungking (27 Dec.),
women in Tsungtung Hsiang, Chiangan Hsien, Szechwan, trained students to help in
propagandizing. Also in the Sixth Central Grammar School, Tzuchung Hsien,
exhibitions were prepared on the marriage law. After seeing this exhibition, Mme.
Li Hsiang-ling, Chuangchien village, Pahsien Hsiang, Hsingwen Hsien, said: "This
has taught me a lesson. After this I shall never arrange a marriage for any girl."
Peking announced in numeral code (4 Jan.) that four units of the Marriage Law
Implementation Scrutiny Team of the Central Government returned to Peking in
December after inspections in the East, Central and South Northwest and North
China regions. Yangchow (28 Dec.) announced that the local Marriage Law Inspection
Committee called a meeting for husbands and mothers-in-law in Huaian Hsien, north
Kiangsu, where cadres lectured. Mothers-in-law made public admissions that of 10
arranged marriages, 9 were failures. Husbands agreed to let their wives go to
school, and not to sell them as concubines. Dairen complained (4 Jan.) that the
city Marriage Law Inspection Team discovered that some cadres still are feudalistic
and refuse to take the marriage law seriously; that most girls do not realize that
marriages arranged by their parents are illegal; and that some teachers still
teach feudalistic marriage ideas. Chungking (29 D -c.) reported that the
feudalistic thinking on the marriage law is especially bad among village magistrates
and Militiamen in Yunnan Province. The authorities have refused to publicize the
marriage law for fear of having the court dockets cluttered with marriage cases,
and suicides and murders are reported continually from Lufeng, Chennan, and Yacan
Hsien.
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Land Reform; De-emphasis on land reform is indicated by the reduced amount of time
accorded the subject by the radio during the period under study. In the Southwest,
where resistance to the redistribution of land has been most noticeable in the past,
only one broadcast mentioned the subject. Chungking (27 Dec.) said that rich
landlord Ho En-ling, Chihpei Hsiang, (Peiling) Hsien, Szechwan, was guilty of hoarding
a large amount of goods; Liu Huei, landlord of Nanlung Hsiang, (Peiling) Hsien, was
found to have a cache of 300 rounds of ammunition; landlord Chen Kuaig-mao,Hochien
Hsiang, Fengtu Hsien, was charged with posing as a doctor and with poisoning the son
of farmer Yu Kung-chai; landlord Chang Lung-chien, Fenglai Hsiang, Fengtu Hsien,
assaulted farmer Wang Keh-shih when he demanded that Chang give up his house to the
farmers association; and landlords in Changshou, Chung, and Wulung Hsien were
charged with appropriating land that had been given to farmers.
Wuhan (9 Jan.) reported that Mayor Teng Fai of Nanchang, Kiangsi Province, had urged
villages undergoing land reform to complete the-work quickly, and urged areas where
land reform had not yet been started to initiate action at once. After receiving
indoctrination from Party cadres, professors and students of Hunan University are
pushing land reform in Hunan Province. Canton (3 Jan.) reported a land-reform meeting
on Hainan Island, where land reform is the most urgent current task, and an attempt
is being made to complete it this year. The Peking Home Service announced (29 Dec.)
that in East China land redistribution had been completed in 39,000 villages
constituting 90 percent of the area.
The reason for the radio de-emphasis, and the apparent urgency in completing land
reform at once, may be indicated in some new broadcasts. The Peking Home Service
(31 Dec.) broadcast an article from the PEOPLES DAILY, "Mechanized Farming Is
Developing in the Northeast," which described the development of 40 large State farms.
Mukden announced (28 Dec.) that the Northeast People's Government in 1952 will start
issuing new postage stamps commemorating land reform. The stamps will bear photo-
graphs of tractors and other heavy farm machinery "showing mechanized production after
land reform." As the individual peasant farmer who has been.given land has small
chance of using tractors and other heavy farm machinery, it appears that the new
emphasis will be on collective farming.
Farm Cooreratives; An increased radio stress on farm organizations--cooperatives and
associations--also is noted. Chungking announced (29 Dec.) that 78 rural supply
and distribution cooperatives were operating in Kweichow at the end of November, a
more than fourfold increase in two months. The membership jumped 350 percent, to
219,000. Chungking reported (7 Jan.) that in Yunnan 40 percent of the farmers have
been organized into unions following "substantial completion" of land reapportion-
ment. Hangchow (27 Dec.) reported that in Yinhsien 133 farmers cooperatives had
been reorganized, with incompetent and corrupt cadres expelled. As a result the
membership had jumped 1,300, and the unit fees had been increased from 10,000 to
20,000 yuan. The Peking Home Service (30 Dec.) announced that agrarian reform
"gradually was taking hold" in Suiyuan, with peasant associations' membership now
at 600,000,
Farmin,a Methods; An effort to expand farm income through part-time work, live-
stock improvement, and other changes in methods is reflected in some radio broad-
casts. Foochow (4 Jan.) asserted that in Yungching Hsien, Fukien, the leadership.
of the local cadres has eradicated the farmerst resistance to winter work. In
..the hsien rice roots have been dug up on 25,000 mou of land to eliminate insects.
Chinchow (5 Jan.) announced that model workers have taught farmers to make mattresses.
In one village three oxen have been bought with the mattress income. Farmers also
have added to their regular income by making cotton quilts, which at the same time
helps to utilize waste cotton. In Liaosi Province farmers who suffered crop
failures are now engaged in handicraft work to provide living incomes. Chinchow
said (3 Jan,) that animals "suffered greatly" from a lack of fodder as a result of
the heavy floods in Char.gkou village, Fifth Chu, Hsinmin Hsien, Liaosi. Other
villages are lending animals so that the villagers may engage in hauling grain
for delivery at warehouses as part-time production.
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Mukden announced (29 Dec.) that the Northeast Department of Agriculture called a
meeting at Harbin 18 December to plan for eradication of hoof-and-mouth disease,
which has spread to 17 hsien of three provinces. Hofei (2 Jan.) reported that the
Government Livestock-Insurance Company had insured 133 oxen in the First Chu,
I Hsien Anhwei, 95 percent of the animals of the district. Yangchow reported
(8 Jana that a veterinarians' association had been formed in nine hsien of the
Huaiyin Special District, Kiangsu, with 800 members. A meeting was held 19
December to discuss vaccination of cattle. Chungking (6 Jan.) said that the East
Szechwan Administrative Office had issued a directive calling on farmers to
utilize the 70,000 head of oxen in the area for spring farming, and to make this
possible cadres have been instructed to organize plow-oxen stations for joint
use and to prohibit trading in ozen. Chungking reported (7 Jan.) that there has been
a great improvement in the hog industry in the Southwest, especially in north
Szechwan, because of new bank loans to hog growers. There are now 10.57 million
hogs in the Southwest, and 290 hog farms in north Szechwan. The ho
which used to reach 30 percent, also has been lowered, and in east Szechwan 1266rate,
animal protection societies have been organized. Neichiang Hsien has three hog-breeding
stations, while in Mienyang Hsien, west Szechwan, farmers have succeeded in pro-
ducing 24 pigs to the litter, twice the usual number. The methods used by farmers
in producing such large litters are not disclosed.
WAR AND THE MILITARY
Troops and Militiamen: Canton reported (8 Jan.) that a meeting of the People's
Militia was held 24 December at Haikou, Hainan Island, to review the work for the
past year. Similar meetings were held in the West River Military District, and
here also awards were given to model militiamen. Yangchow (5 Jan.) announced that
the North Kiangsu Administrative Office had issued a directive calling on the People's
Militia to strengthen the winter vigilance work by posting sentries, conducting
patrols and organizing fishermen along coasts and rivers. In Luho a. meeting of
militiamen was held to "increase the political consciousness" of the men and prepare
them for winter patrol activities. Chungking reported (6 Jan.) that signs of com-
placency had been noted among militiamen in numerous hsien of Sikang. As a result
training schools have been set up for Militia captains and chu and hsien working
cadres so their politics and discipline may be strengthened.
Peking announced in numeral code (5 Jan.) that the Political Department of the
Military Affairs Commission has issued a directive on the implementation of a "quick
method for learning words." The system was invented by Chi Chien-hua, an Army station
instructor in the Southwest Military District. By use of the system an illiterate
soldier can learn 1,500 to 2,000 characters or words in 150 hours: first learning the
phonetics (20-30 hours), then learning to identify the words (100 hours), and then
learning to read the basic 2,000 words or characters. The success of the system was
demonstrated in the 20th Class of the Southwest Military District's intensive course
in elementary education, and also in the Kweichow Military District, where 144 men
of minority groups learned to read an average of about 1,500 words in 15 days.
Chungking announced (3 Jan.) that classes in basic Chinese, using 200 characters
in the first period of instruction, had been organized in the Sikang Military District.
~'esist America did-Korea Donations: The Peking Home Service announced (28 Dec.)
that in the donation campaign to provide fighting in Korea, enough money was collected toepaypfort3,152tffightereplanes.
The quota was overfulfilled by 19 percent, but it was admitted that in the North-
west region only 88 percent of the quota was reached. This Peking announcement
apparently marked official closing of the campaign. Hangchow announced (7 Jan.) that
the local Resist America, Aid-Korea Committee met 5 January to wind up the donation
drive and start its anti-waste campaign. The Peking Home Service radio announced
(29 DPc.) that a new propaganda movie to raise money to buy military equipment was
to be shown in Chungking, where 190,000 reserved seat tickets had bensold.
Preferential Teament: All units of the Chinese Communist Government selected New
Year's Day, and Spring Festival, or Chinese New Year, as occasions for pushing the
preferential treatment for soldiers and dependents of soldiers. Most regional
b
roadcasting stations stressed preferential treatment just before New Year's and
urged
treatmentthatincommittees be
Immediately after New Yearns the radios preferential
reported
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that the move had been successful, and broadcast numerous detail-concerning calls and
contributions. During the period under study such broadcasts were monitored from
Mukden, Chinchow, Dairen, Shanghai, Foochow, Hangchow, Wuhsi, Wuhan, Canton, Hankow
and Chungking.
Mukden announced (29 Dec.) that the Mukden Youth Corps would be in charge of the work
in that area. It would call on dependents, help them to write letters, and give
indoctrination talks to the masses so that the movement would spread. A later
broadcast (6 Jan,) said that the Northeast Civil Affairs Department had declared the
movement a success, and special praise was broadcast for the response of people in
Harbin and Dairen. Chinchow reported (4 Jan.) that 300 youth in the area pushed the
work after being organized into seven teams. The Chinchow city government con-
tributed soap and towels to present to dependents, and several factories contributed
3 million Yuan each, Wuhan announced (27 Dec.) that preferential treatment was to be
considered the most important phase of the New Year activities. A later broadcast
(3 Jan.) said that school children and people of all circles aided in the campaign.
Funds were collected to present to dependents, 2,000 letters were written for families
of Chinese Volunteers, and propaganda programs were held. Comfort teams called on
4,150 families and left gifts. Wuh.si said (5 Jan.) that in addition to the present-
ation of gifts, women and children assisted dependents with.their washing and house-
work on New Year's Day. Hangchow (4 Jan.) reported that school children had been
mobilized to aid in the work. Foochow reported (3 Jan.) that 70 students made calls
and assisted with the house work in Anchiaomin Hsiang, Chianglo Hsien, Fukien.
Mme. Wang Yeh-cheng told the students she was honored, and was "glad her son had gone
to war." Canton announced (4 Jana) that 10 public offices in the city had helped to
organize school children to make calls on dependents. Another broadcast (9 Jan.)
reported the project was a great success on Hainan Island. Chungking reported
(2 Jan.) that servicemen and dependents held a meeting to express their appreciation
for the New Year's preferential treatment among the 300,000 dependent families in
north Szechwano Another broadcast (9 Jan.) said calls were madeon 1,200 families
in the Fourth Chu, Meishan Hsien, Szechwan, alone.
Peking announced in numeral code (30 Dec.) that families of soldiers in the Taiyuan
area increased their farm yields as a result of preferential treatment. Wuhsi said
(3 Jan.) that preferential treatment had been a great successes in Changchow, with
228 persons given jobs, 309 children given schooling, and 1.86 million yuan in
relief aid given to 11,423 dependents. Hangchow reported (4 Jan,) that at Yinhsien
148 delegates attended the first conference of servicemenss dependents. Two
productive enterprises have been set up here to aid dependents. Mukden said (9 Jan.)
that in Sungkiang Province during 1951, 162,693 families of dependents were aided
with their farm work and some were given factory jobs. In addition, 616 servicemen
were chosen as hsien delegates and 1,180 as city delegates. Dairen (2 Jan.) reported
that the Dairen Trade Bureau was aiding dependents by sending them out to collect
scrap. Chinchow (5 Jan.) said that model worker Chang Wen-fa had organized teams
to carry water for dependents, and had established a cotton quilt factory to give
them jobs.
COUNTERREVOLUTIONARIES
ZLQ-&a a-ndat There has been some decline in Chinese radio comment on c n
ounterrevolutio
any activity and the need for suppressing counterrevolutionaries,but the subject is
not neglected by any means. Peking announced in numeral code (6 Jan.) that in the
various hsiang and chu of Neichiang Hsien a movement was being launched to honor
model workers in the suppression of counterrevolutionaries. Shanghai
said the city government had called for an intensification of tcampaign Dagainst
counterrevolutionaries, and suggested that those who denounce such elements or
confess themselves should be rewarded. Mukden reported (3 Jan.) that the city
had issued a commendation and one million Yuan to Liu Pao-feng, Fourth Street tram
conductor, who was responsible for the arrest of a suspicious looking man later
found to be carrying a gun, 28 cartridges and 28 million yuan.
(5 Jan.) that a city security officer was killed when he ate ted tondisarmtadman
carrying a hand grenade. However, Chungking reported (30 Dec.) that there still were
shortcomings in surveillance of counterrevolutionaries in Kweiyang because some
cadres thought surveillance too troublesome, and therefore made it a mere gesture
to restrict the actions of counterrevolutionaries.
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P .sect Action: Dairen announced (31 Dec.) that a number of counterrevolutionaries
had been rounded up 25-26 December through the aid of peasants. Hangehow said
(9 Jan.) that the Coastal Defense Corps killed and captured 118 pirates during
December. Shanghai reported (7 Jan.) that the Militia forces in East China fought
18,924 battles during the year; killed, wounded or captured 22,322 "bandits, including
two major generals"; induced 5,400 bandits to surrender; and captured 16,169 small
guns, 72 light and heavy machine guns, 13 artillery pieces, much ammunition, 2,725
hand grenades, 15 radio receivers, 14 telephone sets, and much other military equip-
ment. Hankow said (8 Jan.) that workers in the Hsinhua Printing plant overthrew
counterrevolutionary Chou Te-hsin. Chungking reported (29 Dec.) that in 1951 there
were 100,000 public trials of counterrevolutionaries in south Szechwan. Forty percent
of the convicts are en aged in productive labor while serving their sentences.
Chungking said (7 Jan.) that 60 percent of the people in 11 chu of Neichiang Hsien,
Szechwan, took part in the recent campaign, in which 82 counterrevolutionaries were
captured, 1,040 accusations made, and 244 peasants given the title of model informer..
Foochow reported (8 Jan.) that Liu Mo-ying, Chen Tao-kuang, and Liu Han-Chang,
members of "a reactionary sect" active in the five chu of Chduning Hsien, Fukien,
were given amass trial 23 December and turned over to the People's Court for
sentencing. Hangchow announced (27 Dec.) that the city Military Control Commission
recently took action against 810 counterrevolutionaries "following the righteous request
among the broad masses of the people." (Chang Chi-min), who undermined Communist
Party work, was sentenced to death after two years. Of the rest, 51 were sentenced
to life imprisonment, 738 to terms up to 25 years, 17 were given milder punishment and
3 released. The property of these counterrevolutionaries is to be handled by the
Hangehow Municipal Committee to manage properties of counterrevolutionary elements.
Hangchow announced (6 Jan.) that Feng Yin, King Kang-kuei, and 23 others "belonging
to the Yang gang" were captured at Yuyao 14 December. They had infiltrated schools
and military units for sabotage and had spread rumors to sabotage grain deliveries.
Landlord Tang I-pan and "loafer" Pan Yung-sen, who sabotaged grain deliveries,'were
captured in Tzuchi Hsien 21 December. Another counterrevolutionary, Yu Ya-wei, was
accused of killing two farmers and eating their hearts. Hangchow reported (28 Dec.)
that Government worker Lu Tzu-an was sentenced to five years in prison for working
with counterrevolutionary Wang Pei-seng. Canton said (9 Jan.) that Liang Teng,
employee of the Huangsha Transportation Company, had been arrested as a counter-
revolutionary, special agent.and gangster. He was apprehended when he tried to.
persuade fellow workers to become "ruzining dogs for the imperialists." It is note-
worthy that not one case of immediate execution following a public trial was
monitored.
A decline in comment concerning the national minorities is noted for the period
27 December-9 January. Only one regional broadcasting station Chungking, made any
mention of these groups. Peking said in numeral code (29 Dec.) that in Hsin-pa-
erh-hu-yu-i Banner, Inner Mongolia, 70 percent of the cattle were killed by the
Japanese. Yet, under the guidance of the Communist regime, the Banner now has 31-
times as many cattle as it had before the war. A middle-class named now can have
white noodles at least 10 times a month. At a fair in Na-ta-mu in September the
nomads showed their purchasing power by buying 6,000 bolts of satin at 50,000
jen min piao per foot in five days. Man-ta-hu-tun village, Ko-erh-chin-yu-i-Chien
Banner, Hsinan League, has increased its oxen from 83 to 114, its horses from 4 to
24, and houses from 38 to 50.
Chungking said (28 Dec.) that the Miao and I groups in Kweichow have "shown their
patriotism" by making grain deliveries ahead of schedule. Another broadcast
(29 Dec.) reported that the Sikang Provincial Government is training 260 cadres from
among the national minorities, 170 of them Tibetans and others from among the I,
Hui and Fan tribes. Some are being trained at the Lushan Tea Plantations for
work in the tea-growing areas of Tibet. Chungking announced (2 Jan.) that Miao,
Tibetan, and Han delegates attended the first People's Assembly at Moukung to
discuss plans for organizing a united democratic government of all nationalities.
Chungking also said (5 Jan.) that during the past year the People's Liberation
Army in the Yunnan border area aided minority groups with their handicraft work.
Now the minorities are comforting Army dependents during the New Year holidays.
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111ver Problems: Wuhan announced (4 Jan.) that the Yangtze River Navigation Bureau,
has set up steamship assignment commit-bees at Hankow, Shashih, Ichang, Wanhsien,
and Chungking to "unify ship assignments so as to fully develop the ships' trans-
portation capacities." In other words, the centralized control of shipping on the
Yangtze is being strengthened.
Yangchow said. (2 Jan.) that on the Huai River project Youth Corps workers have made
a pledge to extend their term of service on the project and to improve their work.
"'Various work teams are competing for the best showing."
Welfare Activities: Hangchow said (27 Dec.) that nine public and Government organiza-
ions now have sponsored the establishment of 32 day nurseries--mostly in connection
with trade associations or factories--which care for 1,100 children. Mukden reported
(9 Jan.) that Communist Party cadres in Anshan had been commended for'their leader-
ship in educating illiterate workers, 21,400 of whom, or 72.9 percent, have attended
beginners' classes. Dairen reported (9 Jan..) that cadres in the local oil paper
factories are demanding improved workers' welfare facilities. A demand was made for
a nursery last July, but nothing has been done about it. Some workers were issued
winter coats, while others were not, and the education of the workers has been
neglected with the result that many "still hold feudalistic thoughts."
Dairen announced (3 Jan.) that in 1951 the Department of Public Welfare rehabilitated
3,003 beggars in the city, cured 139 opium addicts and arrested 9 opium peddlers.
Wuhsi said (4 Jan.) that the People's Consultative Council of Sungkiang had alloted
half of the hsien health budget of 1.8 million Yuan to combat schistosorniasis.
Canton reported ($' Jan.) that additional public water stations had been installed in
Canton to supply areas deficient in water. Peking announced in numeral code (4 Jan.)
that the Central Government had appropriated 3 billion yuan to relieve people of
Lichiang, west Yunnan, where a severe earthquake was recorded 21 December. Chungking
said (7 Jan.) that the People's Assemblies in Lichiang had issued a statement of
appreciation for assistance rendered earthquake victims by People's Liberation Army
and civilian organizations.
Physical Eer?cises: Wuhan announced (9 Jan.) that a physical check-up of all high
school students in Canton is in progress; from now on all students will be required
to take physical training and attend health lectures. Wuhsi announced (7 Jan.)
that 10 organizations in Wuhsien had organized a committee to support the .morning
exercise program. (Nation-wide morning exercise broadcasts were inaugurated 1
December, but very little interest has been reflected in regional broadcasts.)
Burial Grounds: A Hangchow broadcast (5 Jan.) said that the Hangchow Construction
Department had issued a directive ordering construction of a central burial ground
under its direction. "Burial plots and markers must be uniform."
Soviet Friendship: The Peking Home Service announced (4 Jan.) that the PEOPLE'S
DAILY was inaugurating a'news column on relations between China, and the USSR
and other democracies "to give readers more information on these friendly relations."
Overseas Chinese: Canton announced (28 Dec,) that the South China Seamen's Union
staged a welcome rally honoring, the 12 seamen expelled from America. Speakers reviewed
the mistreatment of Chinese in America by secret agents, and extortions from
arrested Chinese.
Labor Problems: Hankow reported (6 Jan,) that workers in the Wuhan Match Factory
had organized a committee to "review activities of their union, thus increasing
democracy in the ranks of the union." Hankow said (8 Jan.) that the People's
Court had given its approval to democratic reforms in the factories by setting up
special courts for workers' problems. Last year 2?0 cases were heard by these courts
and 100 remain to be heard. On 12 November gang bosses among the workmen were
publicly tried and sentenced, "thus greatly increasing the people's respect for the
courts."
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