GLOSSARY OF NPIC TERMINOLOGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04560A005200010063-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 47
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 5, 1999
• Sequence Number: 63
• Publication Date: July 1, 1966
• Content Type: REPORT

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GLOSSARY
OF NPIC TERMINOLOGY
N Pf C/R-176/66
JULY 1966
GROUP 1 EXCLUDED FROM
AUTOMATIC DOWNGRADING
AND DECLASSIFICATION
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t=-
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WARNING
This document contains information affecting
the n~.tional defense of the United States,
within the meaning of Title 18, sections
793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as amended.
Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is
prohibited by law.
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GLOSSARY
OF NPIC TERMINOLOGY
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TABLE OF CON
Alphabetical Listings ....................................
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TENTS
Page
.......................................... 1
NPIC/R-176/66
Categorical Listings ................................................................................
17
Aircraft and Airfields .......................................................................
17
Biological/Chemical Warfare ............................................................
17
Damage assessment ..........................................................................
17
Data Processing ...............................................................................
19
General PI Terms .............................................................................
19
Imagery ...........................................................................................
23
General .........................................................................................
23
Infrared ........................................................................................
23
Radar ............................................................................................
25
Industry ...........................................................................................
25
Missiles ............................................................................................
25
Naval Terms ....................................................................................
27
Photogrammetry ..............................................................................
27
Photography ....................................................................................
28
Power ..............................................................................................
28
Electric .........................................................................................
28
Nuclear .........................................................................................
29
Reports ............................................................................................
29
Storage ............................................................................................
3d
Transportation ........................................................:........................
31
General .........................................................................................
31
Rail ...............................................................................................
31
Road .............................................................................................
32
Weaponry ........................................................................................
32
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This glossary contains standardized definitions of terms frequently used in
NPIC publications and a list of abbreviations approved for use in NPIC reports
and on briefing boards. It is intended to serve as a guide for NPIC personnel
and as an explanation for consumers of NPIC publications.
In the first part of this glossary the entries are presented in alphabetical
order. In the second part, the entries are presented in separate lists according
to several general categories of application. Some terms having more than one
meaning appear in more than one of the categorical lists. The third and final
part consists of an alphabetical list of abbreviations; those approved for use on
briefing aids are indicated by asterisks.
In the first two parts of this glossary the term being defined is followed,
where applicable, by parentheses containing the appropriate abbreviation or by
brackets containing the part of speech to which the definition applies. Paren-
theses which appear after a definition contain explanatory notes, such as a
cross reference or an indication of the general Field in which the term is used.
When a term has more than one meaning, the different definitions appear in
numbered sequence. In cases where a definition consists only of a reference to
another term, the referenced term is either the preferred usage or is a more
comprehensive term.
Definitions provided in this glossary are those which have specific or
specialized applications in the field of imagery interpretation, and no attempt is
made to present other established meanings. Terms which are adequately de-
fined in standard dictionaries have not been included. The present listing, how-
ever, should not be considered complete since work is continuing on the selec-
tion and definition of additional terms which will be included in future
editions.
Users of this glossary are invited to suggest the addition of terms which
need defining or to comment on the definitions provided.
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ALPHABETICAL LISTING
A
abandoned -- Status of an identified target or com-
ponent thereof determined from photography to be
not in use and unoccupied and not in a condition to
be of immediate use.
absorber -- An object which readily "soaks up" radia-
tion; agood absorber reflects poorly and is a good
emitter. (infrared)
absorption coefficient -- A number characterizing the
ability of a given material to absorb or attenuate radi-
ations of a specified energy. The linear absorption
coefficient expresses this ability per unit thickness and
is stated in units of reciprocal length or thickness.
The mass absorption coefficient is equal to the linear
absorption coefficient divided by the density of the
absorbing material; it is a measure of the absorption
ability per unit mass. (infrared)
access road -- A road branching from the complex
main road to provide access to a launch area and/or
group. (missile)
active -- Status of an identified target or component
thereof determined to be currently operating or in
use.
activity -- Physical manifestation of change indicating
a state of action. Frequently used with changes which
cannot be given a clear and concise identification such
as unidentified military activity, track activity, or
construction activity.
aerial bomb -- An unpowered, usually free-falling
device intended for delivery by aircraft for the pur-
pose of causing damage and/or casualties.
air base -- The distance between two exposure stations
(points in space occupied by the camera lens at the
moment of exposure). (photogrammetry)
aircraft classification -- Aircraft and helicopters are
classified as small, light, medium, and heavy according
to wing span or rotor diameter as follows:
Small
(Feet)
Light
(feet)
Medium
(feet)
Heavy
(feet)
Straight wing Up to 70 71-110 111-150 Over 150
Swept wing Up to 40 41- 70 71-130 Ovcr 130
Delta wing Up to 35 36- 50 51- 70 Over 70
Helicopter Up to 40 41- 60 61-100 Over 100
all-weather road -- An improved road trafficable by
motor vehicles during all seasons of the year.
Altitude Correction Graph (ACG) -- A graph depict-
ing basic mission parameters for the determination of
the scale of certain types of photography. (photo-
grammetry)
ammunition storage area -- A storage area for am-
munition. Such a facility may be 1 of 3 types de-
pending on its location with respect to the area of
operations or combat zone: depot -- Amilitarystorage
area where ammunition is stockpiled to provide the
reserve and potential which are required to insure an
uninterrupted flow into the combat zone or area of
operations. Such a storage area is a rear echelon
operation and may be fixed or semimobile. dump -- A
temporary field storage facility to provide initial supply
and replenishment of ammunition to various points.
Such dumps usually are behind the combat zone and
can be moved easily. point -- An advanced position in
a combat zone or area of operations where ammuni-
tion is available for distribution to using units or for
distribution by a unit to subordinate units or to indi-
viduals. Such points are maintained by a combat unit;
therefore, they are in or very near the combat zone.
annotation -- Words, phrases, figures, or symbols
placed on photographs or drawings for explanatory
purposes. Annotations are used to indicate items or
areas of special importance.
antiaircraft artillery (AAA), categories of -- Light, 37
mm or less; medium, 57-85 mm; heavy, 100 mm or
larger.
antiballistic-missile (ABM) -- An adjectivepertaining
to objects ar activities for countering ballistic missiles.
antimissile missile (AMM) -- A missile designed to
intercept and destroy another missile in flight.
apparent radiance -- The radiant power per unit solid
angle from a source as witnessed by an airborne de-
tector. The apparent radiance is directly related to
tone on infrared imagery. (infrared)
area -- 1. A particular space or surface, e.g., an area
of unidentified construction, an unidentified area.
2. A facility serving a special function and one that
may be composed of 2 or more subordinate units
called sections or sites, and usually 1 element of a
larger facility which may be designated as a complex
or center. See launch area.
armor-piercing bomb -- A bomb designed for maxi-
mumpenetration before exploding. It is designed with
a strong steel case, reinforced at the nose end, and
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cleanly streamlined. The explosive charge is small
compared with the entire weight. (damage assessment)
attenuation -- The reduction in the intensity of radia-
tion on passage through matter where the effect is
usually due to absorption and scattering. Reduction of
radiation intensity caused by the atmosphere is called
atmospheric attenuation. (infrared)
autopositive -- Film or paper on which a positive
image is made from a positive transparency by direct
development. (photography)
azimuth resolution -- See radar resolution.
B
berth -- A place for securing a vessel.
black body -- A hypothetical object which absorbs all,
and reflects none, of the radiation incident on its sur-
face. Ablack body is also the perfect emitter. As the
name implies, a black body can usually be approxi-
mated by black, sooty surfaces. (infrared)
blast damage -- Damage caused by explosion, how-
ever initiated. (damage assessment)
blip sheet -- NPIC nickname for target briefs.
bomb effects -- The phenomena resulting from a bomb
detonation. There are 3 basic effects from a conven-
tional bomb detonation: blast, heat, and fragmentation.
(.damage assessment)
bomb impact plot -- A graphic representation of the
target area, usually a prestrike aerial photograph, on
which prominent dots are plotted to mark the impact
or detonation points of bombs dropped on a specific
bombing attack. (damage assessment)
bomb release system -- One of several optional
methods of releasing bombs from aircraft, each of
which results in a different bomb fall pattern or inter-
val and thus directly affects the degree and extent of
damage in a target area. See also salvo, select, and
train.
branch line -- A secondary line of a rail system.
breakwater -- An artificial, protective barrier to break
or deflect the force of the sea.
Brief Photographic Interpretation Report (BPIR) -- A
second- or third-phase report, the scope of which is
limited to a single sheet format. The second-phase
brief reports a new target of significance which was
not reported in an IPIR or it augments an IPIR
about the new target; the second-phase brief may also
report a target displaying significant change which was
not reported in an IPIR or it augments an IPIR about
the significant change. The third-phase brief is a re-
port of limited length and content in answer to a re-
quirement levied on NPIC for new information on an
established target or to a requirement initiated by
NPIC for reporting targets of opportunity.
bulk storage -- The storage of active agents which
will be used to fill munitions. (chemical warfare)
bumper -- A barrier placed at the end of a rail line
or spur.
bunker -- [nouns 1. A heavily reinforced structure for
storage of sensitive or valuable materials, e.g., a stor-
age bunker for high explosives. 2. A fortified struc-
ture, above or below ground, usually with embrasures,
for protection of personnel, for a defended gun posi-
tion, or for a defensive position.
bunker -- [verb] 1. To provide or protect with bunkers.
2. To provide with fuel, as to bunker a ship with coal
or oil.
buoy -- A floating device anchored to the bottom serv-
ing as an aid to navigation or for mooring vessels.
bus -- A short powerline within a switching yard ena-
bling the transfer of power from 1 switching position
to another; pl, buses. (electric power)
BW agent -- Amicro-organism which causes disease
in man, plants, or animals, or causes the deterioration
of material.
BW operations -- The employment of living organ-
isms, toxic biological products, and/or plant growth
regulators to produce death or casualties in men or
animals and/or damage to plants or material.
C
causation -- The cause of damage. The destructive
force responsible for each observed incident of damage.
(damage assessment)
CBR -- The abbreviation For chemical, biological, and
radiological warfare.
center service road -- The road within thelaunch site
between the pads that provides access from the rear
of the site to the forward loop road connecting 'the
pads. (missile)
change target -- A previouslyreportedtargetshowing
a major change or a target where analysis of current
photography furnishes more precise information.
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circuit -- An electrical connection between 2 points.
Circuit is not synonymous with powerline or conductor.
(electric power)
classification yard -- A yard in which cars are classi-
fied or grouped in accordance with freight movement
requirements.
clear (C) -- Target area is free of clouds and haze.
cloud cover (CC) -- Clouds completely obscure atarget
area.
cloud shadow (CS) -- All or portions of a target area
are darkened by shadows from clouds.
cold target -- See emissivity.
collapse -- A type of structural damage. In this case,
spanning members rest on the floor or on equipment
within the building. Collapse may be "primary"
(usually caused by a single bomb), or "secondary" or
"spreading collapse." The latter covers a large area
and is usually caused by the collapse of adjacent
spanning members. (damage assessment)
combat-ready storage -- The storage of ammunition
in which the fill and fuse are in place ready
for firing.
complex main road -- The road connecting the access
roads to the complex support facility and rail-to-road
transfer point with the launch areas and/or groups.
(missile)
complex support facility -- The road- and rail-served
installation constituting the logistic, construction, and
maintenance support base of the launch complex.
(missile)
composite propellant -- A propellant in which parti-
cles of high-energy fuel and particles of an oxidizer
are carried in a plastic binder.
concealment -- Protection from observation.
conductor -- A wire or cable used to transmit electri-
city. (electric power)
confirm -- [verb] To classify as firm a function or tar-
get previously not so classified.
confirmed -- [adj] Denoting a function or target now
classified as firm but not previously so classified.
cool target -- See emissivity.
corduroy road -- A road with a surface of logs laid
side by side perpendicular to the flow of traffic.
cover -- Protection from flat-trajectory fire.
coverage index -- One or a series of overlays showing
all photographic reconnaissance missions covering the
map sheet to which the overlays refer.
crossover -- 1. A condition in which there is a loss of
contrast between 2 adjacent objects on infrared image-
ry. The term is sometimes used to denote temperature
crossovers but is more properly used to denote radio-
metric temperature crossover. (infrared) 2. A short
length of track on which a train can cross from one
track to an adjacent one. (transportation)
CW agent -- A solid, liquid, or gas which, through its
chemical properties, produces lethal or damaging ef-
fects on man, animals, plants, or material or produces
a screening or signaling smoke.
CW rail car -- A specialized rail car used to transport
bulk quantities of CW agent.
D
darkness (D) -- Lack of illumination completely ob-
scures atarget area.
definition -- A subjective term indicating thefineness
of detail observed on the imagery obtained from any
image collection system. The standards of definition
are affected by the system resolutions and the range
of image contrast.
demolition bomb -- A general purpose (GP) bomb
designed to meet the greatest number of bombing
situations. It has good blast effect, penetration, and
some fragmentation. It is used primarily for the de-
structive effect caused by blast in above-surface explo-
sions, and in earth shock or mining effects resulting
from the detonation of buried bombs. (damage
assessment)
departure yard -- See forwarding yard.
depot (DPO) -- See ammunition storage area.
depth bomb -- See depth charge.
depth charge -- A bomb designed for underwater
detonation and, like the light case bomb, designed for
maximum blast effect. (damage assessment)
depth of field -- The distance between points nearest
and farthest from the camera which are acceptably
sharp. (photogrammetry)
depth of focus -- The allowable error in lens-to-film
distance within which an acceptably sharp image of
the subject focused upon will still be obtained.
(photography)
destroyed -- A type of structural damage. In the case
of a building, all vertical supports and spanning mem-
bers are damaged to such an extent that nothing is
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salvageable. To insure against misuse of this term,
its use must be restricted to structures which are
completely leveled. In the case of bridges, all spans
must be dropped and all piers must require re-
placement. (damage assessment)
detailed photographic coverage plot -- A graphical
plot overlay keyed to a WAC (1:1,000,000), depicting
the geographic location of mission photography.
Detailed Photographic Interpretation Report
(DPIR) -- A third-phase photographic interpretation
report presenting the results of a thorough analysis
and a considered interpretation of all pertinent pho-
tography of a specific target or targets.
defect -- To observe a natural or cultural feature on
photography.
detector -- The sensitive element of the infrared sen-
sor which responds to differences in energy incident
upon it. (infrared)
diapositive -- See transparency.
diffusion -- The scattering of light rays reflected from
a rough surface or during the transmission of light
through a translucent medium.
dike -- An artificial embankment to exclude water.
When used along a river, it is also called a levee.
direct positive -- See autopositive.
dismantled -- Status of an identified target or a com-
ponent thereof For which there is photographic evidence
that the target is being taken down, removed, or
otherwise being disposed of.
dispersion -- The separation of a single ray of white
light into a group of colored rays by a prism or other
optical means.
divided road -- A 2-way road separated by a median
strip.
dock -- Water area between 2 piers. A pier is some-
times erroneously called a dock.
dolphin -- Usually consists of a cluster of piles fastened
together at the top and used for protecting other
structures and for mooring or warping a vessel. Dol-
phins may be in the water, on the beach, or, infre-
quently, on a wharf.
double-base propellant -- A propellant madeofnitro-
cellulose granules bound together with a gelatinous
binder of nitroglycerine.
dump -- See ammunition storage area.
duplicate positive (DP) -- See positive.
earth banked -- To have earth piled against the sides.
earth covered -- To be covered completely with earth
(except, for example, the entrances of anearth-covered
building may be exposed); earth covered and earth
mounded are nearly synonymous; however, the term
earth mounded implies that the earth has been piled
in a heap that obscures the configuration of the
covered object, and the term earth covered usually
implies a thinner covering. (In some instances a
structure built in an excavation and then covered
with a deep layer of earth may more aptly be des-
cribed as being underground rather than earth covered
or mounded.)
earth mounded -- To be covered with a heap of
earth, e.g., an earth-mounded storage bunker, the
fabrication building is earth mounded, the building is
mounded with earth. See earth covered.
effective damage -- That damage necessary to render
a target element inoperative, unserviceable, nonpro-
ductive, or uninhabitable. (damage assessment)
electromagnetic radiation -- Energy emitted or re-
flected in the form of electromagnetic waves which
include, in order of increasing wavelength, cosmic
rays, gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visual
light, infrared radiation, microwave radiation, and
radio waves.
electromagnetic spectrum -- The total frequency
range of electromagnetic radiation. See electromag-
netic radiation.
emissivity -- The ratio of radiation emitted by a sur-
face to the radiation emitted by a "black body" at the
same temperature and under the same conditions.
This may be expressed for the total radiation from all
wavelengths or for restricted bands of wavelengths.
Targets are described in relation to their apparent
emissivity. The following categories are generalized
target descriptions (assuming a target and its back-
ground have the same emissivity factor): warm target
-- A target that is warmer than its background will
image lighter than its background on the film. hot
target -- A target that is much warmer than its back-
ground will image much brighter than its background.
cool target -- A target that is cooler than its back-
ground will image darker than its background. cold
target - A target that is much colder than its back-
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ground will image much darker than its background.
(infrared)
engine terminal -- 1. Terminus of a section of track
along which an engine operates. 2. End of operating
division of a rail line, to include at least engine turn-
around facilities.
epicenter -- The area on the earth's surface directly
above the place of origin, or focus, of an earthquake.
The term is not used For manmade events. See
ground zero.
explosives storage area -- A storage area where blast
protective measures are visible. The storage may be
either military or civil. Civil storage areas will not
have military aspects such as barracks, extra security
measures, or military housekeeping imaged.
exposure -- The function of the duration of time and
the intensity of illumination upon photographic
material. (photography)
extent of damage -- The visible plan area of damage
to a target element, usually expressed in units of
1,000 square feet in detailed damage analysis and in
approximate percentages in immediate-type damage
assessment reports (e.g., 50 percent structural damage).
(damage assessment)
F
fair interpretability (F) -- See interpretability.
false parallax -- The apparent vertical displacement
of an object from its true position when viewed
stereoscopically,. due to movement of the object itself
as well as to change in the point. of observation.
fascine road -- A road with a surface of bundles of
sticks and branches laid crosswise to the flow of
traffic.
feet per side -- See ground resolution.
fiducial mark -- A standard geometrical reference
point imaged at the margin of a photograph. The
intersection of the primary fiducial marks usually de-
fines the principal point.
fire damage -- Damage caused by combustion, how-
ever ignited. (damage assessment)
firm -- Evidence is sufficient to permit a definite identi-
fication of a function or target.
first-phase imagery exploitation -- Those actions
which are expeditiously accomplished by NPIC upon
receiving film and within approximately 24 to 72 hours
from receipt. These actions are related to those
highest priority targets which are imaged on a specific
mission as well as new, significant, perishable and/or
similar highest priority data.
flame bucket -- The structure, often water cooled,
used to deflect the engine exhaust gases in liquid
rocket engine test stands.
flame deflector -- A device for deflecting the exhaust
flame of a rocket motor away from structural areas
the flame might damage.
flare -- A fogged or dense area on a photographic
negative caused by nonfocused light reaching the
photosensitive emulsion; this results either from in-
ternal camera reflections or from such external media
as the atmosphere, water, or highly reflective objects.
flat yard -- A yard in which the sorting is done by
an engine pushing freight cars into place.
floating dock -- A type of drydock composed of 1 or
more sections which can be submerged to receive a
vessel, then resurfaced so as to expose the bottom of
the vessel.
forwarding yard -- A holding yard in which trains
are held temporarily after classification but before
entering the running tracks. Also, a departure yard.
fragmentation bomb -- A bomb designed so that the
bomb case and/or special filling of the bomb shatters
into a large number of fragments which are sprayed
destructively in all directions. It is designed for maxi-
mum effort against personnel, aircraft on the ground,
lightly armored equipment, and materiel. (damage
assessment)
frame -- One of a series of Full-format photographs
comprising a roll of film.
G
generation -- The number of reproductive steps by
which a negative or positive photographic copy is
separated from the original. Thus the original negative
would be the first generation; any positive made from
the original negative would be a second generation
copy; any duplicate negative made from a second
generation positive would be a third generation copy,
and any positive made from the third generation
duplicate negative would be a fourth generation copy.
good interpretability (G) -- See interpretability.
grade crossing -- The intersection of a rail line and a
road at the same level.
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ground cover (GC) -- The natural terrain or vegeta-
tional cover which obscures or creates a defilade for
the target in question as imaged on an aerial
photograph.
ground resolution -- The ground size equivalent of
the smallest still resolved image and its associated
space, usually expressed in feet per side.
ground zero (GZ) -- The point on the surface of land
or water at, or vertically above or below, the center
of the burst of a nuclear device or weapon. See
epicenter.
gutted -- See structural dama a and superficial
dama~_e_.
H
halation -- A spreading of light beyond its true
boundaries from bright parts of a photographic image
into adjacent darker parts as a result of reflection
from the back surface of the film or plate.
(photography)
hard-surfaced road -- See paved road.
haze (H) -- All or portions of a target area are ob-
scured by a thin vapor of suspended Fog, smoke, dust,
etc., in the air.
heat capacity -- The ratio of the heat supplied to an
object to the corresponding temperature rise of that
object which, in turn, affects the amount of infrared
radiation. (infrared)
heavy aircraft -- See aircraft classification.
heavy cloud cover (HC) -- Clouds cover most of a
target area.
heterostereoscopy -- Stereo viewing of a target in a
stereogram composed of images photographed with a
different time element to portraythefollowingaspects:
snow and nonsnow, foliage and nonfoliage, displace-
ment caused by movement, change in buildings status,
camouflage, etc.
holding yard -- A yard for the temporary retention
of cars. (transportation, rail)
hold revetment -- An on-site prepared position(s)
used for parking spare missiles.
holiday -- A gap in the photographic coverage of a
surface.
hump yard -- A yard in which cars are pushed over
a hump beyond which they are pushed onto sidings
by gravity. Also called summit yard.
hyperstereoscopy -- Stereoscopic viewing in which
the scale along the line of sight is exaggerated in
comparison with scale perpendicular to line of sight.
identification only (IDO) -- Target can be identified
on photography, but limiting conditions preclude in-
interpretatian. See limiting conditions and interpret-
ab_il~. (photographic interpretation)
identify -- To establish the descriptive and/or func-
tional name of some object or pattern detected on
photography.
image intelligence -- See photographic intelligence.
image interpretation -- See photographic interpreta-
tation.
imagery -- A recorded representation of an object
either visual or convertible to a medium suitable for
interpretation.
Immediate Photographic Interpretation Report
(IPIR) -- A first-phase photographic interpretation re-
port presenting the results of the initial scan and
analysis of new photography in answer to specific
requirements on the highest priority targets.
improved road -- A route made better than cieared
ground by the addition of abase course, surfacing
material, or other stabilizing agent, with provision for
drainage. Improvement is usually associated with good
alignment and vertical control.
inactive -- Status of an identified target or component
thereof determined from photography to be currently
not in use, although the capability for immediate use
may exist.
incendiary bomb -- A bomb designed to start fires
which will destroy the usefulness of a target area. In
size, they can range from 4 to 500 pounds, with the
smaller bombs usually carried in bomb clusters.
infrared (IR) -- Electromagnetic radiations of wave-
length between 0.72 microns (7,200 angstroms) and
about 1,000 microns (1 millimeter).
infrared film -- Film which is chemically sensitized
so as to respond to both infrared radiations and
visible light in that portion of the electromagnetic
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spectrum where visible light and infrared overlap
(approximately 0.72 microns). The resolution of this
film is basically dependent on visible light.
infrared imagery -- That imagery produced asaresult
of sensing electromagnetic radiations emitted from a
given target surface in the infrared portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum (approximately 0.72 to 1,000
microns) .
infrared radiation -- Energy emitted or reflected in
the form of electromagnetic waves in the infrared
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths
of infrared radiation range from 0.72 microns to about
1,000 microns (1 millimeter) and are frequently divided,
in order of increasing wavelength, into near, middle,
and far infrared. See electromagnetic radiation.
infrared resolution -- The size of the smallest element
that can be resolved which is approximately equal to
the dimensions of the instantaneous field of view
(IFV). The IFV is determined by the detector size,
the focal length of the optical system, and the altitude
of the aircraft. The IFV varies with obliquity.
installation (INSTLN) -- A facility in a fixed or re-
latively fixed location, together with its buildings,
building equipment and subsidiary facilities, such as
piers, spurs, access roads, beacons, etc.
instantaneous field of view (IFV) -- The smallest
solid angle resolvable by a scanner when expressed
in degrees. When expressed in feet, it is the projected
area of the detector image on the ground and is a
measure of the resolution of a scanner. (infrared)
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) -- Anarbi-
trary designation for missiles having a range in excess
of 3,000 nm.
intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) -- An
arbitrary designation for missiles having ranges from
1,101 to 3,000 nm.
interpretability -- Suitability of the imagery with re-
spect to answering requirements on a given type of
target. Various factors affect interpretability such as
halation, uncompensated image motion, poor contrast,
incorrect Focus, vacuum plate failure, improper film
processing, atmospheric conditions (both natural and
manmade), groundresolution,andinsufficientnatural
or artificial lighting of the target. The 3 levels of in-
terpretability are: poor interpretability (P) -- Unsuit-
ble for adequately answering requirements on a given
type of target. fair interpretability (F) -- Suitable for
answering requirements on a given type of target but
with only average detail. good interpretability (G) --
Suitable for answering requirements on a given type
of target in considerable detail. (photographic inter-
pretation)
inverted stereo -- Three-dimensional impression of
relief which is the reverse of that actually existing.
inverter substation -- See substation.
J
jetty -- An artificial barrier at river mouths and har-
bor entrances to deflect and regulate water currents.
A jetty which breaks the force of the sea is called a
breakwater.
junction -- Aplace where 2 or more rail lines or roads
physically join.
L
launch area -- 1. (SSM) The component of a surface-
to-surface missile (MRBM, IRBM, ICBM) complex
which may include the launch site with its launch po-
sitions, road network, missile-ready buildings, nuclear
warhead/nosecone handling facility, and the site. sup-
portfacility. 2. (SAM)Anydesignatedlocationhaving
the necessary equipment to launch surface-to-air
missiles. 3. (AMM) The component of an antimissile-
missile complex which includes the launch sites and
the facilities within the immediate vicinity of the
launch sites.
launch complex -- An integrated association of launch
areas and/or groups and logistic support- .elements
which may include a complex support facility, rail-to-
road transfer point, and nuclear weapons handling
facilities. (missile)
launch group -- A group of single silo sites intercon-
nected by cable(s) and containing 1 or more control
facilities.
launch pad -- A permanent or semipermanent load-
bearing surface on which a missile launcher can be
placed.
launch position -- A prepared place from which a
missile can be launched (specifically, asilo,revetment,
pad, platform, emplacement, etc.).
launch silo -- A vertical underground missile shelter
designed to contain a missile and the necessary equip-
ment to launch it or to lift it to a launch attitude.
launch site -- 1. A facility consisting of 1 or more
launch positions and the related buildings and/or equip-
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ment necessary to effect the launching of surface-to-
surface or antimissile missiles. (missile) 2. A facility
for the launching of surface-to-air missiles which may
include a launch area consisting of 1 or more launch
positions, a guidance area, 1 or more missile-hold
positions, and a support area. (missile)
light aircraft -- See aircraft classification.
light case bomb -- A bomb which differs from the
demolition bomb in having a thin case and no pene-
trating power. It carries a maximum charge and is
designed to create maximum blast effect. (damage
assessment)
limiting conditions -- Time, weather, and/ormanmade
factors hindering interpretability of a given target.
Conditions affecting interpretability include scattered
cloud cover (SC), heavy cloud cover (HC), cloud
shadow (CS), haze (H), obliquity (0), semidarkness
(SD), darkness (D), ground cover (GC), camouflage
(CF), snow (S), and ground resolution (GR). (photo-
graphic interpretation)
lines of communication (LOC) -- All the routes, land,
water, and air which connect an operating military
force with abase of operations, and along which sup-
plies and reinforcements move.
lines per millimeter -- See photographic resolution
liquid propellant -- A propellantinliquidformusually
composed of 2 parts, the oxidizer and the fuel, which
are piped separately to the combustion chamber.
locate -- 1. To find or establish the site of a known
installation on the actual aerial photograph. 2. To
find or show the position on a map of an installation
or site seen on a photograph; after the installation or
site has been seen, the photographic interpreter may
locate it with regard to geographic coordinates.
loop track --Amore or less circular rail alignment
used to reverse direction of locomotives and rolling
stock.
M
marshalling yard (British terminology) -- See
classification yard.
medium aircraft -- See aircraft classification.
medium range ballistic missile (MRBM) -- An arbi-
trary designation for missiles having ranges from 501
to 1,100 nm.
milliradian -- One thousandth of a radian. It is ap-
proximately the angle subtended by an arc 1 foot in
length at 1,000 feet and is the basic factor in de-
termining ground resolution of a given system. (infra-
red)
missile assembly and checkout facility -- The com-
ponent(s) of a missile support facility at a test center
used for assembly and checkout of a missile prior to
its movement to a launch site or in recycling.
missile launch site construction (single-silo
sites) -- Identifiable stages of construction are: early
stage -- Evidence of clearing and grading, of open-
cut excavation, or of silo coring. midstage -- Evidence
that silo is under construction, that silo appears
finished to surface level, or that backfilling of silo is
underway. late stage -- Evidence that silo door(s) is
(are) installed, that final backfilling is complete, and
that grading is underway. complete -- Evidence that
elements are complete and roads are paved.
missile-ready building -- A road-served drive-in or
drive-through building at deployed soft surface-to-
surface or antimissile missile launch sites providing
facilities for the preparation, storage, and maintenance
of a missile in aready-to-launch condition.
missile RIM facility or building -- The place at a
deployed hard missile launch complex where a missile
is received, inspected, and/or maintained.
mission (MSN or M) -- The completed photographic
flight of 1 or more vehicles.
Mission Coverage Index (MCI) -- An obsolete title
for asecond-phase photographic interpretation report
consisting of an organized list containing references
and brief descriptions of targets of intelligence interest
imaged on the photography of a given mission or
missions. Publication of MCIs was discontinued in
July 1965.
Mission Coverage Plots(MCP) -- Atechnicalpublica-
tion providing the photographic coverage plots of an
entire mission of photography.
Mission Coverage Plot Summary (MCPS) -- A
graphic plot overlay, keyed to a 1:15,000,000 map, de-
picting the plottable photographic coverage of an entire
mission of photography.
Mission Index Photographic Interpretation Report
(MIPIR) -- A first-phase photographic interpretation
report presenting an organized list of all targets of
intelligence interest imaged on the photography of a
given mission or missions. Targets are identified by
name with notations of photo reference, photo quality,
and atmospheric conditions.
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mole -- A massive structure projected from the shore
which deflects water currents and provides berthing
space.
monoscopic coverage -- That photography in which
the .entire frame must be viewed in 2-dimensional
perspective, lacking the capability of being viewed
stereoscopically in combination with adjacent frames.
mound -- [noun] A pile or heap, e.g., a mound of
earth.
mound -- [verb] To cover with a raised heap, e.g., an
earth-mounded storage bunker.
multisensor -- A term pertaining to an integrated sys-
tem designed to record imagery from differentportions
of the electromagnetic spectrum in support of all-
weather data acquisition roles.
multispectral imagery -- That imagery which is pro-
duced as a result of combining 2 or more types of
sensings on a single image format, thus producing a
compound target image, i.e., infrared (camouflage
detection) film.
N
napalm bomb -- A special type of incendiary, shaped
like a fuel droptank, carried externally, and dropped
from low altitude to increase accuracy and area
coverage.
negate -- To ascertain that a target previously sus-
pected or reported as existing does not exist or
cannot be so identified.
negation -- The act of negating.
negation date -- Date of the most recent photography
on which there is no evidence of the target.
negation list -- A list of negated targets.
negative -- A sensitized plate or film which has been
exposed in a camera and which has the lights and
shades in inverse order to those of the original sub-
ject. The plate or film does not become a negative
until it is exposed.
-new target -- A previously known or newly identified
target reported for the first time by NPIC.
nitrocellulose section -- That part of an explosives
plant where wood or cotton pulp is nitrated with
nitric acid to form nitrocellulose.
nitroglycerine section -- That part of an explosives
plant in which glycerine compounds are nitrated to
form nitroglycerine.
no apparent change (NAC) -- The physical aspects
of a target, as imaged on the photography in ques-
tion, appear to be essentially the same as on prior
coverage of the target.
nonpersistent agent -- A volatile chemical agent
which forms a cloud and dissipates rapidly into the
atmosphere. (chemical warfare)
nonstereo (NS) -- Pertains to that mode of coverage
for a given target or area in which only one photo-
graphic image exists, precluding the condition for
stereoscopic viewing. (photo interpretation)
nuclear event -- Any detonation of a nuclear device
or weapon.
O
obliquity (O) -- That condition in which the optical
axis of the camera is tilted appreciably from the verti-
cal, often limiting detailed analysis.
occupied -- A target inhabitated or containing ade-
quate equipment to accomplish its purpose.
offshore wharf -- A structure built parallel to the shore
and connected to it by 1 or more narrow approaches
or gangways. Vessels berth along its face.
on-line -- Descriptive of a production function con-
nected directly to the central data processing unit for
automatic response to requirements. (data processing)
operational -- A target capable of accomplishing a
destined function.
order of battle (OB) -- The identification, strength,
command structure, and disposition of the personnel,
units, and equipment of any military force, or any
part thereof.
order-of-battle target -- A target where orderofbattle
can be determined.
orthostereoscopy -- A condition wherein the hori-
zontal and vertical distances in a stereoscopic model
appear to be at the same scale.
outage -- A period of time during which there is a
disruption in the supply of electric power. (electrical)
overload (override) -- A situation in which radio-
metric temperatures of targets are beyond set limits
of an infrared system resulting in shadow-like effects
ruining contrast and obscuring detail; also referred to
as detector saturation.
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P
parallax -- The apparent displacement of the position
of an object in relation to reference point, due to a
change in the point of observation.
partial target coverage -- See target coverage.
paved road -- An improved road having a durable
surface of gravel, stone, concrete, asphalt, or similar
material.
persistent agent -- A nonvolatile chemical agent
which remains on the terrain or on clothing and
equipment in the form of droplets. (chemical warfare)
photo base -- 1. The length of the air base as de-
fined on the photograph. (mensuration) 2. The ac-
cumulation of photocoverage over a target area for
the express purpose of creating a comparative file in
relation to prospective cover.
photographic coverage -- The extent to which an
area is covered by photographic from one mission or
a series of missions or in a period of time. Coverage
in this sense conveys the idea of the availability of
photography and is not a synonym of the word
photography.
Photographic Evaluation Report (PER) -- Atechnical
publication expressing the photo quality results of a
mission of photography. Emphasis is placed on the
negative aspects of the results to guide those con-
cerned in applying appropriate corrections.
photographic intelligence -- The collected products
of photographic interpretation, classified and evaluated
for intelligence use.
Photographic Intelligence Listing -- A list of pho-
tographic reports produced or received by the National
Photographic Interpretation Center; it is in 3 parts
and lists the reports by originator, by general subject,
and alphabetically.
photographic interpretation -- The use of systems,
techniques, or processes of analyzing imagery in order
to produce significant, reliable, and detailed informa-
tion concerning the natural or cultural features of the
area photographed and to determine or infer the
factors which the observable presence, condition, or
use of these features imply.
photographic quality -- A result of the camera sys-
tem, processing, and film handling. Good photographic
quality encompasses all the criteria for good image
quality with the exception of unavoidable degradations
not associated with the taking system, i.e., atmos-
pherics, snow cover, etc.
photographic reading -- The simple recognition of
natural or cultural features from photography without
evaluation.
photographic resolution -- A measure of thesmallest
array of point objects distinguishable as independent
point images, frequently expressed in lines per milli-
meter, where "line" refers to the distance between
centers of 2 distinguishable point images.
pier -- A wharf extending perpendicularly orobliquely
into the water with accommodations for ships on both
sides; it may be straight, T-shaped or L-shaped.
pilot's trace -- An annotated overlay or map compiled
with the assistance of the pilot of a photographic
mission. It may contain the following information:
ground track of the reconnaissance aircraft; camera
designation; location of camera operation; indicated
altitudes at specified check points; recorded times at
specified checkpoints; and estimated cloud cover
observed along the flight line.
plot -- An overlay or map depicting the geographic
coverage of a photographic mission.
plottable imagery -- That cultural and geographical
imagery which can be related to corresponding map
detail. The coverage may include the limiting aspects
to image interpretation such as cloud cover, cloud
shadow, haze, obliquity, semidarkness, ground cover,
snow, camouflage, ground resolution, etc. See
limiting conditions.
point -- See ammunition storage area.
poor interpretability (P) -- See interpretability.
positive -- A photograph having the same approxi-
mate rendition of light and shade as the original
subject.
possible (POSS) -- Evidence indicates that the de-
signated function is reasonable and more likely than
other functions considered.
powerline -- A succession of supports carrying con-
ductors for transmitting electric power overhead, under-
ground, or underwater. A powerline is not termed a
transmission line. (electric power)
powerline trace -- A related narrow strip cleared of
trees and high shrubbery which may contain 1 or
more powerlines. (electric power)
Preliminary Mission Coverage Plot Summary (Pre
MCPS) -- A composite graphic depicting the predicted
areas of photographic coverage as determined from
preliminary information.
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Preliminary Photographic Evaluation Report (Pre
PER) -- Acable-transmitted report, conveying apre-
liminary estimate of the photographic quality and
success of a mission of photography, which is pre-
pared at the processing site.
print -- A photographic copy made by projection or
contact printing from a photographic negative or from
a transparent drawing.
primary route -- A transportation route or series of
routes (commonly called a network) providing for
through traffic and normally connecting with secondary
routes.
probable (PROB) -- Evidence for the designated func-
tion is strong and other functions appear quite
doubtful.
pseudostereoscopy -- An impression of 3-dimensional
relief derived by means of binocular vision and the
use of identical images.
psychochemical agent -- A chemical agent which af-
fects the brain or nerve centers and by disorienting
the human or animal mind prevents the mind tempo-
rarily from performing its usual Functions. (chemical
warfare)
quay -- A wharf accommodating ships on 1 side only.
Usually of solid construction, a quay is built against
and parallel to shore, moles, or breakwaters.
R
radar imagery -- That imagery produced as a result
of sensing radar waves reflected from a given target
surface in the radar portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum (approximately 300 - 70,000 megacycles).
radar resolution -- 1. range resolution -- The mini-
mum size of objects and the space between them that
will show as separate returns on the radarscope when
1 object is farther than the other in range. 2. track
resolution (azimuth) -- The minimum size of objects
and the space between them that will show when the
targets are aligned parallel to the flight path.
radiance resolution -- The smallest detectable differ-
ence between the radiance of 2 regions of the object
being imaged. Radiance resolution is sometimes in-
correctly called temperature resolution. (infrared)
railhead -- A place or point along a railroad line
where supplies are unloaded for distribution or stor-
age. Also, the farthest point to which track has been
laid in railroad construction.
rail-to-road transFer point -- A facility for the trans-
fer of material from rail to road.
range resolution -- See radar resolution.
real time -- That processing of information or data in
a sufficiently rapid manner so that the results of the
processing are available in time to influence the pro-
cess being monitored or controlled. (data processing)
receiving yard -- A holding yard for incoming trains
prior to their classification.
recognize -- To establish that an object, pattern, or
installation under study on a photograph was known
before.
rectiFication -- The mathematical, optical-mechanical,
or graphical procedure by which a tilted aerial photo-
graph is converted into one having no tilt. (photo-
graphy)
rectifier substation -- See substation.
restitution -- The process of determining the true
planimetric position of objects whose images appear
on aerial photographs. (mensuration)
reversed stereo -- See inverted stereo.
revet -- [verb] 1. To provide with a revetment, i.e., a
wall or free embankment. 2. To face a wall, dike,
river bank, etc., with stone, brick, concrete, sandbags,
or other material for purposes of preventing erosion
or to hold earth slopes at steeper angles than could
normally be maintained without caving or sliding.
revetment (RVT) -- 1. A wall, free embankment, or
similar device, usually made of earth, designed to pro-
tect buildings, storage facilities, planes, vehicles, or
weapons emplacements from the effects of blast, fire,
bombs, strafing, or shellfire. 2. A facing or retaining
wall.
right of way -- A strip of land authorized for use by
a transportation route, by a communication line, or
by a powerline.
road -- In general, a route that is capable of support-
ing vehicular movement by width, alignment, and use.
roadbed -- Any prepared surface which ultimately
will be used for supporting a rail line.
roadway -- Usable portion of road structure which
normally lies between the construction limits of grad-
ing and drainage but does not include shoulders.
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rocket engine test Facility -- An installation where
the engine of a solid or liquid propulsion rocket sys-
tem is test fired.
roof disturbance -- Minor damage to the roof without
roof stripping in excess of 40 square feet. This is a
minor type of damage which does not qualify as
superficial damage; however, it may be important
where large areas are involved in damage to highly
vulnerable contents such as precision instruments.
(Roof disturbance does not mean roof distortionwhich
is a clue to structural damage and which is more
serious.) (damage assessment)
roof stripping -- See superficial damage.
route -- The course or way of a transportation or
communication system, along which traffic moves.
S
salvo -- The bombing system which involves the
release of the entire bomb load or remaining bomb
load of more than 1 bomb as instantaneously as
possible. This system results in the minimum bomb
impact interval in a target area.
scale -- The ratio of a distance measured on a map,
photograph, mosaic, etc., to the corresponding dis-
tance on the ground. Scales of air photography are
classified as follows:
Very large 1:6,000 and. larger
Large 1:6,000 to 1:12,000
Medium 1:12,000 to 1:30,000
Small 1:30,000 to 1:70,000
Very small 1:70,000 and smaller
scan -- A careful viewing of the photography (imagery)
from a mission in order to report information on
known targets and on new targets of significance.
See scan rate.
scan line -- An image line corresponding to 1 revo-
lution of a single plane mirror. A 4-sided mirror
system will create 4 scan lines on the resultant im-
agery during a single revolution. (infrared)
scan rate -- 1. The speed of travel across the focal
plane by the exposure slit; measurement is usually
given in radians per second. (photography) 2. One
complete rotation of a radar antenna and, therefore,
the time base. (radar)
scattered cloud cover(SC) -- Clouds cover some por-
tions of a target area.
search -- A comprehensive examination of all pho-
tography (imagery) covering a specific type of target(s)
within a designated geographic area and time Frame.
seasonal road -- A road, the trafficability of which
is dependent upon climatic conditions.
sea wall -- A wall or embankment built alongshore to
resist the sea.
secondary explosion -- An explosion caused by a
bomb detonation producing a pronounced, usually
larger explosion of explosive material on the surface.
Examples of such material are stores of ammunition,
fuel, chemicals, and pressure-operated equipment.
secondary route -- A transportation route specifical-
ly supporting local needs. Access to secondary routes
is normally provided by primary routes, although a
secondary route network could also serve in this
capacity.
second-phase imagery exploitation -- Those actions
which are accomplished by NPIC upon receipt of film
but are subsequent to commencement of first-phase
actions on that film.
section -- A distinct part of an area that accomplishes
apart of the area's functions or serves the area in
some other way, e.g., industrial section of Area A, or
in missiles terminology the technical section of a site
support facility.
select -- The bombing system which involves the re-
lease of only a single bomb on a given bomb run
from an aircraft loaded with more than 1 bomb. The
British equivalent of this term is "single."
semidarkness (SD) -- Insufficient illumination limits
interpretation of a target.
separating yard -- See classification yard.
serviceable -- A target capable of being used.
severity of damage -- A classification of damage
related to the degree a structure is made inoperative,
unserviceable, nonproductive, or uninhabitable, but
established primarily through consideration of the
comparative ease of repair. (damage assessment)
short range ballistic missile (5RBM) -- An arbitrary
designation for missiles having ranges up to 500 nm.
siding -- A short track connected at one or more
places with the main track by switches and used for
general purposes, such as unloading, meeting and/
or passing, etc. Also called a sidetrack, loop siding,
or passing siding and dead end or stub.
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signature -- That physical feature or pattern of physi-
cal features by which a target can be recognized on
photography.
site -- The place actually occupied, previously occu-
pied, or to be occupied by a target. See launch site.
small aircraft -- See aircraft classification.
small scale (SS) -- A restricting term used to indicate
that the scale of the photography is smaller than the
minimum which is acceptable for interpretation of a
given target to the degree needed in the context of
the intelligence requirement. (photographic interpre-
tation)
solid propellant -- A propellant consisting of a solid
casting, also called a "grain", usually made of 2
elements, a granular material and a plastic medium
in which the grandular material is suspended.
solid rocket test facility -- A test facility where rock-
et motors using a solid propellant are test fired. By
common usuage the word "propellant" is omitted
from the term.
sorting yard -- See classification .yard.
spatial resolution -- The ability of a system to sep-
arate the images of 2 lines at a given distance. (in-
frared)
specific heat -- Actually is "specific heat capacity"
but is abbreviated specific heat. It is a figure char-
acteristic of a specific material and is defined as the
heat capacity per unit mass of an object composed
of the material. (infrared)
spoil -- Unprocessed waste, such as refuse earth or
rock debris resulting from excavating or dredging.
spur -- Normally a short track diverging from a main
or branch line; connects a specific installation with a
main or branch line.
static -- Static electricity discharges that produce a
developable image on film. The results from 2 types
of discharges produced are: dendritic static fogging --
Branching, treelike fog patterns produced on film
by a sparklike static discharge. corona static fogging --
Irregularly shaped fogged areas produced on film by
a flickering, glowing static discharge.
static test stand -- See rocket engine test facility or
solid rocket test facility as applicable.
stereoscopic -- The binocular examination of pho-
tography in 3-dimensional perspective by the simul-
taneous viewing of the same images on 2 photographs
exposed at different camera stations. (photo inter-
pretation)
storage yard -- A yard in which idle equipment is
held awaiting disposition.
strip map -- A photographic map presentation dis-
played on long strips of film, normally associated
with radar and infrared mapping system outputs.
structural damage -- Destruction, displacement, sev-
erance, or distortion of structural members (trusses,
beams, and columns) to such a degree of severity
that the damaged members cannot be repaired but
must be removed and replaced. The latter condition
is considered to exist if the above types of damage
to structural members can be identified by the photo
interpreter. Structural damage includes the following:
Severed trusses.
Sagging structural members.
Framework distortion.
Wall damage to wall-bearing structures.
Purlin damage where truss spacing is over 30
feet.
Holes in roofing material greater than 30 feet
along the length of a framed building where no
truss is visible.
Internal floor damage in industrial buildings or
multistory, wall-bearing buildings, with the ex-
ception of "slab on grade" (i.e., basement floor
or floor resting on the ground).
Holes in reinforced or prestressed concrete struc-
tures where the holes exceed 20 feet in minimum
measurement.
Gutted multistory, wall-bearing buildings. (dam-
age assessment)
substation -- An electrical installation, not associ-
ated with a powerplant (see switching ,yard), where
electric power is controlled, compensated, transformed
(alternating current only), rectified, or inverted, or
combinations of these. A substation is not termed a
transformer yard. Four types of substations are:
switching substation -- An installation without trans-
formers where redistribution of power at the same
voltage is controlled by switches and buses. If trans-
formers are present, it is termed a transformer sub-
station. transformer substation -- An installation in
which one or more step-down or step-up transformers
are installed to raise or lower alternating current
voltage; it usually contains a switching yard and/or
equipment for each voltage handled. rectifier sub-
station -- An installation where alternating current
is changed (rectified) to direct current; usually a
rectifier substation includes alternating current trans-
formers and, if so, is termed atransformer/rectifier
substation. inverter substation -- An installation
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where direct current is changed (inverted) to alter-
nating current. (electric power)
Summary Photographic Interpretation Report
(SPIR) -- Normally a second phase photographic in-
terpretation report compiling and summarizing intel-
ligence information on selected targets imaged on a
mission or a series of missions and published on a
periodic basis. The Summary PI Report series in-
cludes the New and Change PI Reporf which pro-
vides a brief description of all significant targets
covered on a mission and of all installations where
a major change is observed or where more infor-
mation is determinable than previously reported; the
SPIR series also includes the Order of Battle Sum-
mary PI Report which provides, as appropriate, air,
naval, ground, electronics, and certain missile order
of battle information on significant targets covered
by one or more missions or located in a specific
geographic area.
summit yard -- See hump yard.
superficial damage -- Damage which can be repaired
without affecting the main structure and without
necessitating replacement of main frame members. By
elimination, it includes all damage other than structural
damage, with the exception of roof disturbance. The
following specific types of damage are classified as
superficial:
Roof stripping (the most common type of super-
ficial damage -- designated where roofing material
is stripped over an area of approximately 40 square
feet or more).
Roof damage to wall-bearing buildings.
Most purlin damage.
Partition (parti-wall) damage (if notload-bearing).
Curtain-wall or panel-wall damage (e.g., the sheet
metal wall of a steel frame building).
Broken windows.
Gutted (burned-out) single-story, wall-bearing
buildings.
Monitor distortion (since monitors are supported
by roof trusses, a careful search should be made
for structural damage). (damage assessment)
superhighway -- A limited access, hard-surfaced, all-
weather divided highway having 2 or more lanes for
each direction. Other terms used for specific types of
highway include freeway, parkway, turnpike, and (in
Germany) autobahn.
suspect (SUSP) -- Evidence is insufficient to permit
designation of a function with any degree of certainty,
but photography or other information provide some
indications of what the function may be.
switching substation -- See substation.
switching yard -- An installation containing step-up
transformers and switching equipment associated with
and normally adjacent to the generator hall of a
powerplant. (electric power)
synergism -- The simultaneous use of individual sen-
sors, or multisensor exploitation, which provides more
complete information than that which is derived from
each of the individual sensors. (infrared)
T
tailings -- Processed waste refuse material separated
as residue in the preparation of various products, as
in milling of ore.
Target (TGT) -- A specified installation, object, ac-
tivity, or geographic area of intelligence interest.
target area -- The environs of a target which might
reasonably encompass associated activity.
target brief -- Consolidated reference, including pho-
to, map, and collateral materials, machine processed
on a given target for use by the photo interpreter
preparing a description of that target as seen on a
particular mission for afirst- or second-phase report.
target coverage -- Indication as the the partial or
complete portrayal of a target on photography.
partial target coverage -- A target in question being
less than totally portrayed in the photographic image.
total target coverage -- A target in question being
fully portrayed in the photographic image. (photo-
graphic interpretation)
terminal -- An assemblage of facilities provided by
a railway at a terminus or at an intermediate point
for the handling of passengers or freight, and the
receiving, classifying, assembling, or dispatching of
trains.
thermal conduction -- The transfer of thermal energy
from 1 part of an object to another.. The transfer
mechanism is molecular motion. (infrared)
thermal convection -- The transfer of thermal energy
from 1 place to another by actual motion of materials.
The material motion is caused by differences in den-
sities. (infrared)
thermal radiation -- The continual radiation of energy
from the surface of all objects above absolute zero.
This energy is called radiant energy and is in the
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form of electromagnetic waves. These waves travel
with the velocity of light and are transmitted through
a vaccum as well as through air. (infrared)
third-phase imagery exploitation -- Those actions
which are accomplished by NPIC during the course of
day-to-day activities. These actions, which can have
short- or long-term deadlines, normally result from
subject category or specific target intelligence needs
rather than the receipt of a new film package.
through track -- A track reserved for moving through
or past a yard or terminal.
total target coverage (T) -- See target coverage.
toxic agent -- A chemical, biological, or radiological
material which causes disability, either temporary or
permanent, in humans, animals, or plants.
track -- A route or trace wide enough for use by light
wheeled vehicles,- such asanimal-drawn carts and 1/a-ton
trucks, as may be evidenced by paralled wheel marks.
track resolution -- See radar resolution.
trail -- The poorest class of land route used only by
persons on foot or by animals.
train -- The bombing system which involves the re-
lease of more than 1 bomb at a predetermined and
selected interval, the latter being based on damage
radius of the bomb against a particular target. The
British equivalent of this term is "stick."
transfer table -- A movable platform for transferring
locomotives and rolling stock between parallel tracks;
also known as a traverser.
transformer substation -- See substation.
transloading -- The transfer of freight or passengers
between units of the same mode of transportation.
Term is most commonly used in connection with a
change of rail gauge but is also applicable in other
circumstances.
transmission -- Passage through an object of that
part of radiant energy which is not reflected from or
absorbed by the object. The part which passes
through is said to be transmitted. (infrared)
transmission coefficient -- The ratio inatransmission
medium of the sum of the incident and reflected
waves to the corresponding quantity in the incident
wave, at a given frequency, at a given point, and for
a given mode of transmission. (infrared)
transparency -- A positive image on a clear base
which must be viewed by transmitted light. (pho-
tography)
transshipment -- The transfer of freight and passen-
gers between units of different media of transportation,
such as between railroad cars and ships or trucks.
tread road -- A road consisting of 2 strips per lane
of surfacing material, laid parallel so as to support
the tread of vehicles. The tread material can be logs,
planks, sticks and branches, concrete or stone.
U
unidentified (U/I) -- Evidence is insufficient to per-
mit designation of the function, type, or name of a
target to the degree needed in the context of the
intelligence requirement.
ultraviolet imagery -- That imagery produced as a
result of sensing ultraviolet radiations emitted from a
given target surface in the ultraviolet portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum (approximately' 10 - 380
millimicrons).
unimproved road -- A traveled way over cleared
ground without special provision for drainage or
emphasis on good alignment. The surface may be
smoothed periodically.
unoccupied -- A target which is void of equipment
or personnel.
V
visual imagery -- That imagery produced as a result
of sensing visible light reflected from a given target
surface in the visual portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum (approximately 380 - 760 millimicrons).
W
warm target -- See emissivity.
washout -- See crossover.
waste -- A general term, including spoil, tailings, re-
fuse, garbage, ashes, rubbish, sewage, and material
discarded from any industrial process.Innucleartermi-
nology, this may be the refuse byproduct of a chemi-
cal separation or reactor process.
wharf -- A general term for a structure serving as a
berthing place for vessels.
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wind shadow -- Shadows, light or dark, trailing in the
lee of objects in infrared imagery.
wye -- A track arrangement shaped like the letter Y
and used to reverse the direction of locomotives.
X
X-ray imagery -- That imagery produced as a result
of sensing radiations transmitted through a given tar-
get area in the X-ray portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum (approximately 0.1 - 10 millimicrons).
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CATEGORICAL LISTINGS
AIRCRAFT & AIRFIELDS
aircraft classification -- Aircraft and helicopters are
classified as small, light, medium, andheavyaccording
to wing span or rotor diameter as follows:
Small
(feet)
Light
(feet)
Medium
(feet)
Ileavy
(feet)
Straight wing
Up to 70
71-110
111-150
Over 150
Swept wing
Up to 40
41- 70
71-130
Ovcr 130
Delta wing
Up to 35
36- 50
51- 70
Over 70
Ilelicopter
Up to 40
41- 60
61-100
Over 100
heavy aircraft -- See aircraft classification.
light aircraft -- See aircraft classification.
medium aircraft -- See aircraft classification.
small aircraft -- See aircraft classification.
BIOLOGICAL/CHEMICAL WARFARE
bulk storage -- The storage of active agents which will
be used to fill munitions.
BW agent -- Amicro-organism which causes disease
in man, plants, or animals, or causes the deterioration
of material.
BW operations -- The employmentof living organisms,
toxic biological products, and/or plant growth regula-
tors to produce death or casualties in men or animals
and/or damage to plants or material.
CBR -- The abbreviation for chemical, biological, and
radiological warfare.
CW agent -- A solid, liquid, or gas which, through its
chemical properties, produces lethal or damaging ef-
fects on man, animals, plants, or material or produces
a screening or signaling smoke.
CW rail car -- A specialized rail car used to transport
bulk quantities of CW agent.
nonpersistent agent -- A volatile chemical agent
which forms a cloud and dissipates rapidly into the
atmosphere.
persistent agent -- A nonvolatile chemical agent
which remains on the terrain or on clothing and
equipment in the form of droplets.
psychochemical agent =- A chemical agent which af-
fects the brain or nerve centers and by disorienting
the human or animal mind prevents the mind tempo-
rarily from performing its usual functions.
toxic agent -- A chemical, biological, or radiological
material which causes disability, either temporary or
permanent, in humans, animals, or plants.
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
aerial bomb -- An unpowered, usually free-falling
device intended for delivery by aircraft for the pur-
pose of causing damage and/or casualties.
armor-piercing bomb -- A bomb designed for maxi-
mumpenetration before exploding. It is designed with
a strong steel case, reinforced at the nose end, and
cleanly streamlined. The explosive charge is small
compared with the entire weight.
blast damage -- Damage caused by explosion,
however initiated.
bomb effects -- The phenomena resulting from a
bomb detonation. There are 3 basic effects from a
conventional bomb detonation: blast, heat, and frag-
mentation.
bomb impact plot -- A graphic representation of the
target area, usually a prestrike aerial photograph, on
which prominent dots are plotted to mark the impact
or detonation points of bombs dropped on a specific
bombing attack.
bomb release system -- One of several optical me-
thods of releasing bombs from aircraft, each of which
results in a different bomb fall pattern or interval and
thus directly affects the degree and extent of damage
in a target area. See also salvo, selected, and train.
causation -- The cause of damage. The destructive
force responsible for each observed incident of damage.
collapse -- A type of structural damage. In this case,
spanning members rest on the floor or on equipment
within the building. Collapse may be "primary"
(usually caused by a single bomb), or "secondary" or
"spreading collapse." The latter covers a large area
and is usually caused by the collapse of adjacent
spanning members.
demolition bomb -- A general purpose (GP) bomb
designed to meet the greatest number of bombing
situations. It has good blast effect, penetration, and
some fragmentation. It is used primarily for the
destructive effect caused by blast in above-surface ex-
plosions and in earth shock or mining effects result-
ing from the detonation of buried bombs.
destroyed -- A type of structural damage. In the case
of a building, all vertical supports and spanning mem-
bers are damaged to such an extent that nothing is
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salvageable. To insure against misuse of this term, its
usa must be restricted to structures which are com-
pletely leveled. In the case of bridges, all spans must
be dropped and all piers must require replacement.
effective damage -- That damage necessary to render
a target element inoperative, unserviceable, nonpro-
ductive, or uninhabitable.
extent of damage -- The visible plan area of damage
to a target element, usually expressed in units of
1,000 square feet in detailed damage analysis and in
approximate percentages in immediate-type damage
assessment reports (e.g., 50 percent stnictural damage) .
fire damage -- Damage caused by combustion, how-
ever ignited.
Fragmentation bomb -- A bomb designed so that the
bomb case and/or special filling of the bomb shatters
into a large number of fragments which are sprayed
destructively in all directions. It is designed for maxi-
mum effect against personnel, aircraft on the ground,
lightly armored equipment, and materiel.
gutted -- See structural damage and superficial
dama~.
incendiary bomb -- A bomb designed to start fires
which will destroy the usefulness of a target area. In
size, they can range from 4 to 500 pounds, with the
smaller bombs usually carried in bomb clusters.
light case bomb -- A bomb which differs from the
demolition bomb in having a thin case and no pene-
trating power. It carries a maximum charge and is
designed to create maximum blast effect.
napalm bomb -- A special type of incendiary, shaped
like a fuel droptank, carried externally, and dropped
from low altitude to increase accuracy and area
coverage.
roof disturbance -- Minor damage to the roof without
roof stripping in excess of 40 square feet. This is a
minor type of damage which does not qualify as
superficial damage; however, it may be important
where large areas are involved in damage to highly
vulnerable contents such as precision instruments.
(Roof disturbance does not mean roof distortion which
is a clue to structural damage and which is mare
serious. )
roof stripping -- See superficial damage.
secondary explosion -- An explosion caused by a
bomb detonation producing a pronounced, usually
larger explosion of explosive material on the surface.
Examples of such material are stores of ammunition,
fuel, chemicals, and pressure-operated equipment.
severity of damage -- A classification of damage re-
lated to the degree a structure is made inoperative,
unserviceable, nonproductive, or uninhabitable, but
established primarily through consideration of the
comparative ease of repair.
structural damage -- Destruction, displacement, se-
verance, or distortion of structural members (trusses,
beams, and columns) to such a degree of severity that
the damaged members cannot be repaired but must be
removed and replaced. The latter condition is con-
sidered to exist if the above types of damage to
structural members can be identified by the photo in-
terpreter. Structural damage includes the following:
Severed trusses.
Sagging structural members.
Framework distortion.
Wall damage to wall-bearing structures.
Purlin damage where truss spacing is over 30 feet.
Holes in roofing material greater than 30 feet
along the length of a framed building where no
truss is visible.
Internal floor damage in industrial buildings or
multistory, wall-bearing buildings, with the ex-
ception of "slab on grade" (i.e., basement floor
or floor resting on the ground).
Holes in reinforced or prestressed concrete struc-
tures where the holes exceed 29 feet in minimum
measurement.
Gutted multistory, wall-bearing buildings.
superficial damage -Damage which can be repaired
without affecting the main structure and without
necessitating replacement of main frame members. By
elimination, it includes all damage other than struc-
tural damage, with the exception of roof disturbance.
The following specific types of damage are classed as
superficial:
Roof stripping (the most common type of super-
ficial damage -- specifically designed where roof-
ing material is stripped over an area of approxi-
mately 40 square feet or more).
Roof damage to wall-bearing buildings.
Most purlin damage.
Partition (parti-wall) damage (if notload-bearing).
Curtain-wall or panel-wall damage (e.g., the sheet
metal wall of a steel frame building).
Broken windows.
Gutted (burned-out) single-story, wall-bearing
buildings.
Monitor distortion (since monitors are supported
by roof trusses, a careful search should be made
for structural damage).
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train -- The bombing system which involves the re-
lease of more. than 1 bomb at a predetermined and
selected interval, .the latter being based on damage
radius of the bomb against a particular target. The
British equivalent of this term is "stick."
DATA PROCESSING
on-line -- Descriptive of a production function con-
nected directly to the central data processing unit for
automatic response to requirements.
real time -- The processing of information or data in
a sufficiently rapid manner so that the results of the
processing are availabe in time to influence the pro-
cess being monitored or controlled.
GENERAL PI TERMS
abandoned -- Status of an identified target or com-
ponent thereof determined from photography to be
not in use and unoccupied and not in a condition to
be of immediate use.
active -- Status of an identified target or component
thereof determined to be currently operating or
in use.
activity -- Physical manifestation of change indicating
a state of action. Frequently used with changes which
cannot be given a clear and concise identification such
as unidentified military activity, track activity, or
construction activity.
annotation -- Words, phrases, figures, or symbols
placed on photographs or drawings for explanatory
purposes. Annotations are used to indicate items or
areas of special importance.
area -- 1. A particular space or surface, e.g., an area
of unidentified construction, an unidentified area.
2. A facility serving a special function and one that
may be composed of 2 or more subordinate units
called sections or sites, and usually 1 element of a
larger facility which may be designated as a complex
or center. See launch area.
blip sheef -- NPIC nickname for target briefs.
bunker -- [noun] 1. A heavily reinforced structure for
storage of sensitive or valuable materials, e.g., a stor-
age bunker for high explosives. 2. A fortified structure,
above or below ground, usually with embrasures, for
protection of personnel, for a defended gun position,
or for a defensive portion.
bunker -- [verb] 1. To provideorprotectwithbunkers.
2. To provide with fuel, as to bunker a ship with coal
or oil.
change target -- A previouslyreportedtargetshowing
a major change or a target where analysis of current
photography furnishes more precise information.
clear (C) -- Target area is free of clouds and haze.
cloud covered (CC) -- Clouds completely obscure a
target area.
cloud shadow (CS) -- All or portions of a target area
are darkened by shadows from clouds.
concealment -- Protection from observation.
confirm -- [verb] To classify as firm a Function or
target previously not so classified.
confirmed -- [adj] Denoting a function or target now
classified as firm but not previously so classified.
cover -- Protection from flat-trajectory fire.
coverage index -- One or a series of overlays showing
all photographic reconnaissance missions covering the
map sheet to which the overlays refer.
darkness (D) -- Lack of illumination completely ob-
scures atarget area.
definition -- A subjective term indicating thefineness
of detail observed on the imagery obtained from any
image collection system. The standards of definition
are affected by the system resolutions and the range
of image contrast.
detect -- To observe a natural or cultural feature on
photography.
dike -- An artificial embankment to exclude water.
When used along a river, it is also called a levee.
dismantled -- Status of an identified target or a com-
ponent thereof for which there is photographic evi-
dence that the target is being taken down, removed,
or otherwise being disposed of.
earth banked -- To have earth piled against the sides.
earth covered -- To be covered completely with earth
(except, for example, the entrances of anearth-covered
building may be exposed); earth covered and earth
mounded are nearly synonymous; however, the term
earth mounded implies that the earth has been piled
in a heap that obscures the configuration of the
covered object, and the term earth covered usually
implies a thinner covering. (In some instances a
structure built in an excavation and then covered with
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a deep layer of earth may more aptly be described as
being underground rather than earth covered or
mounded.)
earth mounded -- To be covered with a heap of
earth, e.g., an earth-mounded storage bunker, the
fabrication building is earth mounded, the building is
mounded with earth. See earth covered.
fair interpretability (F) -- See interpretability.
firm -- Evidence is sufficient to permit a definite
identification of a function or target.
first-phase imagery exploitation -- Those actions
which are expeditiously accomplished by NPIC upon
receiving film and within approximately 24 to 72 hours
from receipt. These actions are related to those
highest priority targets which are imaged on a specific
mission as well as new, significant, perishable and/or
similar highest priority data.
good interpretability (G) -- See interpretability.
ground cover (GC) -- The natural terrain or vegeta-
tional cover which obscures or creates a defilade for
the target in question as imaged on an aerial
photograph.
ground resolution -- The ground size equivalent of
the smallest still resolved image and its associated
space, usually expressed in feet per side.
haze (H) -- All or portions of a target area are ob-
scured by a thin vapor of suspended fog, smoke, dust,
etc., in the air.
heavy cloud cover (HC) -- Clouds cover most of a
target area.
heterostereoscopy -- Stereo viewing of a target in a
stereogram composed of images photographed with a
different trine element to portray the following aspects:
snow and nonsnow, foliage and nonfoliage, displace-
ment caused by movement, change in buildings status,
camouflage, etc.
holiday -- A gap in the photographic coverage of a
surface.
hyperstereoscopy -- Stereoscopic viewing in which
the scale along the line of sight is exaggerated in
comparision with scale perpendicular to line of sight.
identification only (IDO) -- Target can be identified
on photography, but limiting conditions preclude in-
terpretation. See limiting. conditions and interprets-
-. _ - - -
bility. (photographic interpretation)
identify -- To establish the descriptive and/or func-
tional name of some object or pattern detected on
photography.
inactive -- Status of an identified target or compo-
nent thereof determined from photography to be
currently not in use, although the capability for
immediate use may exist.
installation (INSTLN) -- A facility in a fixed or rela-
tively fixed location, together with its buildings,
building equipment and subsidiary facilities, such as
piers, spurs, access roads, beacons, etc.
interpretability -- Suitability of the imagery with re-
spect to answering requirements on a given type of
target. Various factors affect interpretability such as
halation, uncompensated image motion, poor contrast,
incorrect focus, vaccum plate failure, improper film
processing, atmospheric conditions (both natural and
manmade) , ground resolution, and insufficient natural
or artificial listing of the target. The 3 levels of in-
terpretability are: poor interpretability (P) -- Un-
suitable for adequately answering requirements on a
given type of target. fair interpretability (F) -- Suit-
able for answering requirements on a given type of
target but with only average detail. good interpreta-
bility (G) -- Suitable for answering requirements on
a given type of target in considerable detail.
inverted stereo -- Three-dimensional impression of
relief which is the reverse of that actually existing.
limiting conditions -- Time, weather, and/ormanmade
factors hindering interpretability of a given target.
Conditions affecting interpretability include scattered
cloud cover (SC), heavy cloud cover (HC), cloud
shadow (CS), haze (H), obliquity (0), semidarkness
(SD), darkness (D), ground cover (GC), camouflage
(CF), snow (S), and ground resolution (GR).
locate -- 1. To find or establish the site of a known
installation on the actual aerial photograph. 2. To
find or show the position on a map of an installation
or site seen on a photograph; after the installation or
site has been seen, the photographic interpreter may
locate it with regard to geographic coordinates.
mission (MSN or M) -- The completed photographic
flight of 1 or more vehicles.
monoscopic coverage -- That photography in which
the entire frame must be viewed in 2-dimensional
perspective, lacking the capability of being vietived
stereoscopically in combination with adjacent frames.
mound -- [noun] A pile or heap, e.g., a mound
of earth.
mound -- [verb] To cover with a raised heap, e.g., an
earth-mounded storage bunker.
multisensor -- A term pertaining to an integrated
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system designed to record imagery from different
portions of the electromagnetic spectrum in support
of all-weather data acquisition roles.
negate -- To ascertain that a target previously sus-
pected or reported as existing does not exist or
cannot be so identified.
negation -- The act of negating.
negation date -- Date of the most recent photography
on which there is no evidence of the target.
negation list -- A list of negated targets.
new target -- A previously known or newly identified
target reported for the first time by NPIC.
no apparent change (NAC) -- The physical aspects
of a target, as imaged on the photography in ques-
tion, appear to be essentially the same as on prior
coverage of the target.
nonstereo (NS) -- Pertains to that mode of coverage
for a given target or area in which only one pho-
tographic image exists, precluding the condition for
stereoscopic viewing.
obliquity (O) -- That condition in which the optical
axis of the camera is tilted appreciably from the verti-
cal, often limiting detailed analysis.
occupied -- A target inhabitated or containing ade-
quate equipment to accomplish its purpose.
operational -- A target capable of accomplishing a
destined function.
order of battle (OB) -- The identification, strength,
command structure, and disposition of the personnel,
units, and equipment of any military force, or any
part thereof.
order-of-battle target -- A target where order of battle
can be determined. ?
orthostereoscopy -- A condition wherein the hori-
zontal and vertical distances in a stereoscopic model
appear to be at the same scale.
partial Target coverage -- See target coverage.
photo base -- 1. The length of the air base as
defined on the photograph. 2. The accumulation of
photocoverage over a target area for the express pur-
pose of creating a comparative file in relation to
prospective cover.
photographic coverage -- The extent to which an
area is covered by photography from one mission or
a series of missions or in a period of time. Coverage
in this sense conveys the idea of the availability of
photography and is not a synonym of the word
photography.
photographic intelligence -- The collected products
of photographic interpretation, classified and evaluated
for intelligence use.
photographic interpretation -- The use of systems,
techniques, or processes of analyzing imagery in order
to produce significant, reliable, and detailed informa-
tion concerning the natural or cultural features of the
area photographed and to determine or infer the
factors which the observable presence, condition, or
use of these features imply.
photographic reading -- The simple recognition of
natural or cultural features from photography without
evaluation.
pilot's trace -- An annotated overlay or map compiled
with the assistance of the pilot of a photographic
mission. It may contain the following information:
ground track of the reconnaissance aircraft; camera
designation; location of camera operation; indicated
altitudes at specified check points; recorded times at
specified check points; and estimated cloud cover
observed along the flight line.
plot -- An overlay or map depicting the geographic
coverage of a photographic mission.
plottable imagery -- That cultural and geographical
imagery which can be related to corresponding map
detail. The coverage may include the limiting aspects
to image interpretation such as cloud cover, cloud
shadow, haze, obliquity, semidarkness, ground cover,
snow, camouflage, ground resolution, etc. See
limiting conditions.
poor interpretability (P) -- See interpretability.
possible (POSS) -- Evidence indicates that the de-
signated function is reasonable and more likely than
other functions considered.
probable (PROB) -- Evidence for the designated func-
tion is strong and other functions appear quite
doubtful.
pseudostereoscopy -- An impression of 3-dimensional
relief derived by means of binocular vision and the
use of identical images.
recognize -- To establish that an object, pattern, or
installation under study on a photograph was known
before.
reversed stereo -- See inverted stereo.
revet -- [verb] 1. To provide with a revetment, i.e.,
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a wall or free embankment. 2. To face a wall, dike,
river bank, etc., with stone, brick, concrete, sandbags,
or other material for purposes of preventing erosion
or to hold earth slopes at steeper angles than could
normally be maintained without caving or sliding.
revefimenf (RVT) -- 1. A wall, free embankment, or
similar device, usually made of earth, designed to
protect buildings, storage facilities, planes, vehicles,
or weapons embankments from the effects of blast,
fire, bombs, strafing, or shellfire. 1. A facing or
retaining wall.
right of way -- A strip of land authorized for use by
a transportation route, by a communication line, or
by a powerline.
scale -- The ratio of a distance measured on a map,
photograph, mosaic, etc., to the corresponding distance
on the ground. Scales of air photography are
classified as follows:
Very large
1:0,000 and larger
Large
1:6,000 to 1:12,000
Medium
1:12,000 to 1:30,000
Small
1:30,000 to 1:70,000
Very small
1:70,000 and smaller
scan -- A careful viewing of the photography (imagery)
from a mission in order to report information on
known targets and on new targets of significance.
See scan rate.
scattered cloud cover (SC) -- Clouds cover some
portions of a target area.
search -- A comprehensive examination of all pho-
tography (imagery) covering a specific type of target(s)
within a designated geographic area and time frame.
second-phase imagery exploitation -- Those actions
which are accomplished by NPIC upon receipt of film
but are subsequent to commencement of first-phase
actions on that film.
section -- A distinct part of an area that accomplishes
a part of the area's function or serves the area in
some other way, e.g., industrial section of Area A, or
in missiles terminology the technical section of a site
support facility.
semidarkness (SD) -- Insufficient illumination limits
interpretation of a target.
serviceable -- A target capable of being used.
signature -- That physical feature or pattern of physi-
cal features by which a target can be recognized on
photography.
small scale (SS) -- A restricting term used to indicate
that the scale of the photography is smaller than the
minimum which is acceptable for interpretation of a
given target to the degree needed in the context of
the intelligence requirement.
stereoscopy -- The binocular examination of pho-
tography in 3-dimensional perspective by the
simultaneous viewing of the same images on 2 photo-
graphs exposed at different camera stations.
strip map -- A photographic map presentation dis-
played on long strips of film, normally associated with
radar and infrared mapping system outputs.
suspect (SUSP) -- Evidence is insufficient to permit
designation of a function with any degree of certainty,
but photography or other information provide some
indications of what the function may be.
tailings -- Processed waste refuse material separated
as residue in the preparation of various products,
as in milling of ore.
fiarget (TGT) -- A specified installation, object, acti-
vity, or geographic area of intelligence interest.
target area -- The environs of a target which might
reasonably encompass associated activity.
target coverage -- Indication as to the partial or
complete portrayal of a target on photography. partial
target coverage -- A target in question being less
than totally portrayed in the photographic image.
total target coverage -- A target in question being
fully portrayed in the photographic image.
third-phase imagery exploitation -- Those actions
which are accomplished by NPIC during the course of
day-to-day activities. These actions, which can have
short- or long-term deadlines, normally result from
subject category or specific target intelligence needs
rather than the receipt of a new film package.
total target coverage (T) -- See target coverage.
unidentified (U/I) -- Evidence is insufficient to per-
mit designation of the function, type, or name of a
target to the degree needed in the context of the
intelligence requirement.
unoccupied -- A target which is void of equipment
or personnel.
waste -- A general term, including spoil, tailings,
refuse, garbage, ashes, rubbish, sewage, and material
discarded from an industrial process. In nuclear
terminology, this may be the refuse byproduct of a
chemical separation or reactor process.
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IMAGERY
General
electromagnetic radiation -- Energy emitted or re-
flected in the form of electromagnetic waves which
include, in order of increasing wavelength, cosmic
rays, gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visual
light, infrared radiation, microwave radiation, and
radio waves.
electromagnetic spectrum -- The total frequency
range of electromagnetic radiation. See electromag-
netic radiation.
image intelligence -- See photographic intelligence.
image interpretation -- See photographic interpreta-
tion.
imagery -- A recorded representation of an object
either visual or convertible to a medium suitable for
interpretation.
multisensor -- A term pertaining to an integrated
system designed to record imagery from different
portions of the electromagnetic spectrum in support
of all-weather data acquisition roles.
multispectral imagery -- That imagery which is pro-
duced as a result of combining 2 or more types of
sensings on a single image format, thus producing a
compound target image, i.e., infrared (camouflage
detection) film.
plottable imagery -- That cultural and geographical
imagery which can be related to corresponding map
detail. The coverage may include the limiting aspects
to image interpretation such as cloud cover, cloud
shadow, haze, obliquity, semidarkness, ground cover,
snow, camouflage, ground resolution, etc. See
limiting conditions.
ultraviolet imagery -- That imagery produced as a
result of sensing ultraviolet radiations emitted from
a given target surface in the ultraviolet portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum (approximately 10 - 380
millimicrons) .
visual imagery -- That imagery produced as a result
of sensing visible light reflected From a given target
surface in the visual portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum (approximately 380 - 760 millimicrons).
X-ray imagery -- That imagery produced as a result
of sensing radiations transmitted through a given tar-
get area in the X-ray portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum (approximately 0.1 - 10 millimicrons).
Infrared
absorber -- An object which readily "soaks up" radia-
tion; agood absorber reflects poorly and is a good
emitter.
absorption coefficient -- A number characterizing the
ability of a given material to absorb or attenuate radi-
ations of a specified energy. The linear absorption
coefficient expresses this ability per unit thickness
and is stated in units of reciprocal length or thick-
ness. The mass absorption coefficient is equal to the
linear absorption coefficient divided by the density of
the absorbing material; it is a measure of the absorp-
tion ability per unit mass.
apparent radiance -- The radiant power per unit
solid angle from a source as witnessed by an airborne
detector. The apparent radiance is directly related to
tone on infrared imagery.
attenuation -- The reduction in the intensity of radi-
ation on passage through matter where the effect is
usually due to absorption and scattering. Reduction
of radiation intensity caused by the atmosphere is
called atmospheric attenuation.
black body -- A hypothetical object which absorbs
all, and reflects none, of the radiation incident on its
surface. A black body is also the perfect emitter. As
the name implies, a black body can usually be ap-
proximated by black, sooty surfaces.
cold target -- See emissivity.
cool target -- See emissivityy._
crossover -- A condition in which there is a loss of
contrast between 2 adjacent objects on infrared
imagery. The term is sometimes used to denote tem-
perature crossovers but is more properly used to
denote radiometric temperature crossover.
detector -- The sensitive element of the infrared sen-
sor which responds to differences in energy incident
upon it.
electromagnetic radiation -- Energy emitted or re-
flected in the form of electromagnetic waves which
include, in order of increasing wavelength, cosmic rays,
gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visual light,
infrared radiation, microwave radiation, and radio
waves.
electromagnetic spectrum -- The total frequency
of electromagnetic radiation. See electromagnetic
radiation.
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emissivity -- The ratio of radiation emitted by a sur-
face to the radiation emitted by a "black body" at the
same temperature and under the same conditions.
This may be expressed for the total radiation from
all wavelengths or for restricted bands of wavelengths.
Targets are described in relation to their apparent
emissivity. The following categories are generalized
target descriptions (assuming a target and its back-
ground have the same emissivity factor): warm
target -- A target that is warmer than its background
on the film. hot target -- A target that is much
warmer than its background will image much brighter
than its background. cool target -- A target that is
cooler than its background will image darker than
its background. cold target -- A target that is much
colder than its background will image much darker
than its background.
heat capacity -- The ratio of the heat supplied to an
object to the corresponding temperature rise of that
object which, in turn, affects the amount of infrared
radiation.
hot target -- See emissivity
infrared (IR) -- Electromagnetic radiations of wave-
length between 0.72 microns (7,200 angstroms) and
about 1,000 microns (1 millimeter).
infrared film -- Film which is chemically sensitized
so as to respond to both infrared radiations and
visible light in that portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum where visible light and infrared overlap
(approximately 0.72 microns). The resolution of this
film is basically dependent on visible light.
infrared imagery -- That imagery produced as a re-
sult of sensing electromagnetic radiations emitted
from a given target surface in the infrared portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum (approximately
0.72 to 1,000 microns).
infrared radiation -- Energy emitted or reflected in
the form of electromagnetic waves in the infrared
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths
of infrared radiation range from 0.72 microns to about
1,000microns (1 millimeter) and are frequently divided,
in order of increasing wavelength, into near, middle,
and far infrared. See electromagnetic radiation.
infrared resolution -- The size of the smallest ele-
ment that can be resolved which is approximately
equal to the dimensions of the instantaneous field of
view (IFV). The IFV is determined by the detector
size, the focal length of the optical system, and the
altitude of the aircraft. The IFV varies with obliquity.
instantaneous field of view (IFV) -- The smallest
solid angle resolvable by a scanner when expressed
in degrees. When expressed in feet, it is the projected
area of the detector image on the ground and is a
measure of the resolution of a scanner.
milliradian -- One thousandth of a radian. It is ap-
proximately in the angle subtended by an arc 1 foot
in length at 1,000 feet and is the basic factor in
determining ground resolution of a given system.
overload (override) -- A situation in which radio-
metric temperatures of targets are beyond set limits
of an infrared system resulting in shadow-like effects
ruining contrast and obscuring detail; and also re-
ferred to as detector saturation.
radiance resolution -- The smallest detectable detect-
able difference between the radiance of 2 regions of
the object being imaged. Radiance resolution is some-
times incorrectly called temperature resolution.
scan line -- An image line corresponding to 1 revolu-
tion of a single plane mirror. A 4-sided mirror system
will create 4 scan lines on the resultant imagery dur-
ing asingle revolution.
spatial resolution -- The ability of a system to sepa-
rate the images of 2 lines at a given distance.
specific heat -- Actually is "specific heat capacity"
but is abbreviated specific heat. It is a figure charac-
teristic of a specific material and is defined as the
heat capacity per unit mass of an object composed
of the material.
thermal conduction -- The transfer of thermal energy
from 1 part of an object to another. The transfer
mechanism is molecular motion.
thermal convection -- The transfer of thermal energy
from 1 place to another by actual motion of materials.
The material motion is caused by differences
in densities.
thermal radiation -- The continual radiation of energy
from the surface of all objects above absolute zero.
This energy is called radiant energy and is in the
form of electromagnetic waves. These waves travel
with the velocity of light and are transmitted through
a vaccum as well as through air.
transmission -- Passage through an object of that
part of radiant energy which is not reflected from or
absorbed by the object. The part which passes
through is said to be transmitted.
transmission coefficient -- The ratio inatransmission
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medium of the sum of the incident and reflected
waves to the corresponding quantity in the incident
wave, at a given frequency, at a given point, and for
a given mode of transmission.
warm target -- See emissivity.
washout -- See crossover.
wind shadow -- Shadows, light or dark, trailing in
the lee of objects in infrared imagery.
Radar
azimuth resolution -- See radar resolution.
radar imagery -- That imagery produced as a result
of sensing radar waves reflected from a given target
surface in the radar portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum (approximately 300 - 70,000 megacycles).
radar resolution -- 1. range resolution -- The mini-
mum size of objects and the space between them that
will show as separate returns on the radarscope when
1 object is further than the other in range. 2. track
resolution (azimuth) -- The minimum size of objects
and the space between them that will show when the
targets are aligned parallel to the flight path.
range resolution -- See radar resolution.
scan rate -- One complete rotation of a radar antenna
and, therefore, the time base.
track resolution -- See radar resolution.
INDUSTRY
composite propellant -- A propellant in which parti-
cles of high-energy fuel and particles of an oxidizer
are carried in a plastic binder.
double-base propellant -- A propellant made of nitro-
cellulose granules bound together with a gelatinous
binder of nitroglycerine.
flame bucket -- The structure, often water cooled,
used to deflect the engine exhaust gases in liquid
rocket engine test stands.
flame deflector -- A device for deflecting the exhaust
flame of a rocket motor away from structural areas
the flame might damage.
liquid propellant -- Apropellantinliquidformusually
composed of 2 parts, the oxidizer and the fuel, which
are piped separately to the combustion chamber.
nitrocellulose section -- That part of an explosives
plant where wood or cotton pulp is nitrated with
nitric acid to form nitrocellulose.
nitroglycerine section -- That part of an explosives
plant in which glycerine compounds are nitrated to
form nitroglycerine.
rocket engine test facility -- An installation where
the engine of a solid or liquid propulsion rocket sys-
tem is test fired.
section -- A distinct part of an area that accomplishes
apart of the area's function or serves the area in
some other way, e.g., industrial section of Area A, or
in missiles terminology the technical section of a site
support facility.
solid propellant -- A propellant consisting of a solid
casting, also called a "grain", usually made of 2 ele-
ments, a granular material and a plastic medium in
which the granular material is suspended.
solid rocket test facility -- A test facility where rocket
motors using a solid propellant are test fired. By
common usage the word "propellant" is omitted
from the term.
static test stand -- See rocket engine test facility or
solid rocket test facility as applicable.
failings -- Processed waste refuse material separated
as residue in the preparation of various products, as
in milling of ore.
waste -- A general term, including spoil, tailings,
refuse, garbage, ashes, rubbish, sewage, and material
discarded from any industrial process. In nuclear
terminology, this may be the refuse byproduct of a
chemical separation or reactor process.
MISSILES
access road -- A road branching from the complex
main road to provide access to a launch area and/or
group.
antiballistic-missile (ABM) -- [adjective] Pertaining
to objects or activities for countering ballistic missiles.
antimissile missile (AMM) -- A missile designed to
intercept and destroy another missile in flight.
cenfer service road -- The road within the launch
site between the pads that provides access from the
rear of the site to the forward loop road connecting
the pads.
complex main road -- The road connecting the access
roads to the complex support facility and rail-to-road
transfer point with the launch areas and/or groups.
complex support facility -- The road- and rail-served
installation constituting the logistic, construction, and
maintenance support base of the launch complex.
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composite propellant -- A propellant in which parti-
cles of high-energy fuel and particles of an oxidizer
are carried in a plastic binder.
double-base propellant -- A propellant madeofnitro-
cellulose granules bound together with a gelatinous
binder of nitroglycerine.
flame bucket -- The structure, often water cooled,
used to deflect the engine exhaust gases in liquid
rocket engine test stands.
flame deflector -- A device for deflecting the exhaust
flame of a rocket motor away from structural areas
the flame might damage,
hold revetment -- An on-site prepared position(s)
used For parking spare missiles.
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) -- An arbi-
trarydesignation for missiles having a range in excess
of 3,000 nm.
intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) -- An
arbitrary designation for missiles having ranges from
1,101 to 3,000 nm.
launch area -- 1. (SSM) The component of a surface-
to-surface missile (MRBM, IRBM, ICBM) complex
which may include the launch site with its launch
positions, road network, missile-ready building, nu-
clear warhead/nosecone handling facility, and the site
support facility. 2. (SAM) Any designated location
having the necessary equipment to launch surface-
to-air missiles. 3. (AMM) The component of an anti-
missile-missile complex which includes the launch
sites and the facilities within the immediate vicinity
of the launch sites.
launch complex -- An integrated assoeiationoflauneh
areas and/or groups and logistic support elements
which may include a complex support facility, rail-to-
road transfer point, and nuclear weapons handling
facilities.
launch group -- A group of single silo sites inter-
connected by cable(s) and containing 1 or more
control facilities.
launch pad -- A permanent or semipermanent load-
bearing surface on which a missile launcher can be
placed.
launch position -- A prepared place from which a
missile can be launched (specifically, a silo, revet-
ment, pad, platform, emplacement, etc.).
launch silo -- A vertical underground missile shelter
designed to contain a missile and the necessary equip-
ment to launch it or to lift it to a launch attitude.
launch site -- 1. A facility consisting of 1 or more
launch positions and the related buildings and/or
equipment necessary to effect the launching of sur-
face-to-surface or antimissile missiles. 2. A facility for
the launching of surface-to-air missiles which may in-
clude alaunch area consisting of 1 or more launch
positions, a guidance area, 1 or more missile-hold
positions, and a support area.
liquid propellant -- A propellantinliquidformusually
composed of 2 parts, the oxidizer and the fuel, which
are piped separately to the combustion chamber.
medium range ballistic missile (MRBM) -- An arbi-
trary designation for missiles having ranges from
501 to 1,100 rim.
missile assembly and checkout facility -- The com-
ponent(s) of a missile support facility at a test center
used for assembly and checkout of a missile prior to
its movement to a launch site or in recycling.
missile launch site construction (single-silo sites) --
Identifiable stages of construction are; early stage --
Evidence of clearing and grading, of open-cut excava-
tion, or of silo coring. midstage -- Evidence that silo
is under construction, that silo appears finished to
surface level, or that backfilling of silo is underway.
late stage -Evidence that silo door(s) is (are) in-
stalled, that final backfilling is complete, and that
grading is underway. complete -- Evidence that ele-
ments are complete and roads are paved.
missile-ready building -- Aroad-served drive-in or
drive-through building at deployed soft surface-to-
surface or antimissile missile launch sites providing
facilities for the preparation, storage, and maintenance
of a missile in aready-to-launch condition.
missile RIM facility or building -- The place at a
deployed hard missile launch complex where a missile
is received, inspected, and/or maintained.
rocket engine test facility -- An installation where
the engine of a solid or liquid propulsion rocket sys-
tem is test fired.
section -- A distinct part of an area that accomplishes
a part of the area's function or serves the area in
some other way, e.g., industrial section of Area A, or
in missiles terminology the technical section of a site
support facility.
short range ballistic missile (SRBM) -- An arbitrary
designation for missiles having ranges up to 500 nm.
site -- The place actually occupied, previously occu-
pied, or to be occupied by a target. See launch site.
solid propellant -- A propellant consisting of a solid
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casting, also called a "grain", usually made of 2 ele-
ments, agranular material and a plastic medium in
which the granular material is suspended.
solid rocket test facility -- A test facility where rocket
motors using a solid propellant are test fired. By
common usage the word "propellant" is omitted
from the term.
static test stand -- See rocket engine test facility
or solid rocket test facility as applicable.
NAVAL TERMS
berth -- A place for securing a vessel.
breakwater -- An artificial, protective barrier to break
or deflect the force of the sea.
bunker [verb] -- To provide with fuel, as to bunker a
ship with coal or oil.
buoy -- A floating device anchored to the bottom
serving as a aid to navigation or for mooring
vessels.
dock -- Water area between two piers. A pier is some-
times erroneously called a dock.
dolphin -- Usually consists of a cluster of piles fastened
together at the top and used for protecting other
structures and for mooring or warping a vessel.
Dolphins may be in the water, on the beach, or,
infrequently, on a wharf.
floating dock -- A type of drydock composed of 1 or
more sections which can be submerged to receive a
vessel, then resurfaced so as to expose the bottom of
the vessel.
jetty -- An artificial barrier at river mouths and har-
bor entrances to deflect and regulate water currents.
A jetty which breaks the force of the sea is called a
breakwater.
mole -- A massive structure projected from the shore
which deflects water currents and provides berthing
space.
offshore wharf -- A structure built parallel to the
shore and connected to it by 1 or more narrow ap-
proaches or gangways. Vessels berth along its face.
pier -- A wharf extending perpendicularlyorobliquely
into the water with accommodations for ships on both
sides; it may be straight, T-shaped or L-shaped.
quay -- A wharf accommodating ships on 1 side only.
Usually of solid construction, a quay is built against
and parallel to shore, moles, or breakwaters.
sea wall -- A wall or embankment built alongshore to
resist the sea.
wharf -- A general term for a structure serving as a
berthing place for vessels.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
air base -- The distance between two exposure stations
(points in space occupied by the camera lens at the
moment of exposure).
e4ltitude Correction Graph (ACG) -- A graph depict-
ing basic mission parameters for the determination of
the scale of certain types of photography.
false parallax -- The apparent vertical displacement
of an object from its true position when viewed
stereoscopically, due to movement of the object itself
as well as to change in the point of observation.
feet per side -- See ground resolution.
fiducial mark -- A standard geometrical reference
point imaged at the margin of a photograph. The in-
tersection of the primary fiducial marks usually
defines the principal point.
ground resolution -- The ground size equivalent of
the smallest still resolved image and its associated
space, usually expressed in feet per side.
lines per millimeter -- See photographic resolution.
monoscopic coverage -- That photography in which
the entire frame must be viewed in 2-dimensional
perspective, lacking the capability of being viewed
stereoscopically in combination with adjacent frames.
nonstereo (NS) -- Pertains to that mode of coverage
for a given target or area in which only one photogra-
phic image exists, precluding the condition for stereo-
scopic viewing.
parallax -- The apparent displacement of the position
of an object in relation to reference point, due to a
change in the point of observation.
photo base -- 1. The length of the air base as de-
fined on the photograph. 2. The accumulation of
photocoverage over a target area for the express pur-
pose of creating a comparative file in relation to
prospective cover.
rectification -- The mathematical, optical-mechanical,
or graphical procedure by which a tilted aerial photo-
graph is converted into one having no tilt.
restitution -- The process of determining the true
planimetric position of objects whoseimagesappearon
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aerial photographs.
scan rate -- The speed of travel across the focal plane
by the exposure slit; measurement is usually given in
radians per second.
PHOTOGRAPHY
autopositive -- Film or paper on which a positive
image is made from a positive transparency by direct
development.
depth of field -- The distance between points nearest
and farthest from the camera which are acceptably
sharp.
depth of focus -- The allowable error in lens-to-film
distance within which an acceptably sharp image of
the subject focused upon will still be obtained.
diapositive -- See transparency.
diffusion -- The scattering of light rays reflected from
a rough surface or during the transmission of light
through a translucent medium.
direct positive -- See autopositive.
dispersion -- The separation of a single ray of white
light into a group of colored rays by a prism or other
optical means.
duplicate positive (DP) -- See op sitive.
exposure -- The function of the duration of time and
the intensity of illumination upon photographic
material.
flare -- A fogged or dense area on a photographic
negative caused by nonfocused light reaching the
photosensitive emulsion; this results either from in-
ternal camera reflections or from such external media
as the atmosphere, water, or highly reflective objects.
frame -- One of a series of full-format photographs
comprising a roll of film.
generation -- The number of reproductive steps by
which a negative or positive photographic copy is
separated from the original. Thus the original negative
would be the first generation; any positive made from
the original negative would be a second generation
copy; any duplicate negative made from a second
positive would be a third generation copy, and any
positive made from the third generation duplicate
negative would be a fourth generation copy.
ground resolution -- The ground size equivalent of
the smallest still resolved image and its associated
space, usually expressed in feet per side.
halation -- A spreading of light beyond its true
boundaries from bright parts of a photographic image
into adjacent darker parts as a result of reflection
from the back surface of the film or plate.
holiday -- A gap in the photographic coverage of a
surface.
lines per millimeter -- See photographic resolution.
negative -- A sensitized plate or film which has been
exposed in a camera and which has .the lights and
shades in inverse order to those of the original sub-
ject. The plate or film does not become a negative
until it is exposed.
photo base -- 1. The length of the air base as de-
fined on the photograph. 2. The accumulation of
photocoverage over a target area for the express pur-
pose of creating a comparative file in relation to
prospective cover.
photographic quality -- A result of the camera sys-
tem, processing, and film handling. Good photographic
quality encompasses all the criteria for good image
quality with the exception of unavoidable degrada-
tions not associated with the taking system, i.e.,
atmospherics, snow cover, etc.
photographic resolution -- A measure of the smallest
array of point objects distinguishable as independent
point images, frequently expressed in lines per milli-
meter, where "line" refers to the distance between
centers of 2 distinguishable point images.
positive -- A photograph having the same approxi-
mate rendition of light and shade as the original
subject.
print -- A photographic copy made by projection or
contact printing from a photographic negative or from
a transparent drawing.
static -- Static electricity discharges that produce a
developable image on film. The results from 2 types
of discharges produced are: dendritic static fogging --
Branching, treelike fog patterns produced on film by
a sparklike static discharge. corona static fogging --
Irregularly shaped fogged areas produced on film by
a flickering, glowing static discharge.
transparency -- A positive image on a clear base
which must be viewed by transmitted light.
POWER
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enabling the transfer of power from 1 switching posi-
tion to another; pl, buses.
circuit -- An electrical connection between 2 points.
Circuit is not synonymous with powerline or conductor.
conductor -- A wire or cable used to transmit
electricity.
inverter substation -- See substation.
outage -- A period of time during which there is a
disruption in the supply of electric power.
powerline -- A succession of supports carrying con-
ductors for transmitting electric power overhead, under-
ground, or underwater. A powerline is not termed a
transmission line.
powerline trace -- A relatively narrow strip cleared
of trees and high shrubbery which may contain 1 or
more powerlines.
rectifier substation -- See substation.
right of way -- A strip of land authorized for use by
a transportation route, by a communication line, or
by a powerline.
substation -- An electrical installation, not associated
with a powerplant (see switching yard), where electric
power is controlled, compensated, transformed (alter-
nating current only), rectified, or inverted, or combi-
nations of these. A substation is not termed a trans-
former yard. Four types of substations are: switching
substation -- An installation without transformers
where redistribution of power at the same voltage is
controlled by switches and buses. If transformers are
present, it is termed a transformer substation. trans-
former substation -- An installation in which one or
more step-down or step-up transformers are installed
to raise or lower alternating current voltage; it usually
contains a switching yard and/or equipment for each
voltage handled. rectifier substation -- An installa-
tion where alternating current is changed (rectified)
to direct current; usually a rectifier substation in-
cludes alternating current transformers and, if so, is
termed atransformer/rectifier substation. inverter
substation -- An installation where direct current is
changed (inverted) to alternating current.
switching substation -- See substation.
switching yard -- An installation containing step-up
transformers and switching equipment associated with
and normally adjacent to the generator hall of a
powerplant.
transformer substation -- See substation.
epicenter -- The area on the earth's surface directly
above the place of origin, or focus, of an earthquake.
The term is not used for manmade events. See
ground zero.
ground zero (GZ) -- The point on the surface or
water at, or vertically above or below, the center of
the burst of a nuclear device or weapon. See
epicenter.
nuclear event -- Any detonation of a nuclear device
or weapon.
REPORTS
Altitude Correction Graph (ACG) -- A graph depict-
ing basic mission parameters for the determination of
the scale of certain types of photography.
Brief Photographic Interpretation Report (BPIR) --
Asecond- or third-phase report, the scope of which is
limited to a single sheet format. The second-phase
brief reports a new target of significance which was
not reported in an IPIR or it augments and IPIR
about the new target; the second-phase brief may also
report a target displaying significant change which
was not reported in an IPIR or it augments an IPIR
about the significant change. The third-phase brief is
a report of limited length and content in answer to a
requirement levied on NPIC for new information on
an established target or to a requirement initiated by
NPIC for reporting targets of opportunity.
coverage index -- One or a series of overlays showing
all photographic reconnaissance missions covering
the map sheet to which the overlays refer.
Detailed Photographic Interpretation Report
(DPIR) -- A third-phase photographic interpretation
report presenting the results of a thorough analysis
and a considered interpretation of all pertinent pho-
tography of a specific target or targets.
Immediate Photographic Interpretation Report
(IPIR) -- A first-phase photographic interpretation re-
port presenting the results of the initial scan and
analysis of new photography in answer to specific re-
quirements on the highest priority targets.
Mission Coverage Index (MCI) -- An obsolete title
for asecond-phase photographic interpretation report
consisting of an organized list containing references
and brief descriptions of targets of intelligence interest
imaged on the photography of a given mission or
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missions. Publication of MCIs was discontinued in
July 1965.
Mission Coverage Plots (MCP) -- A technical publi-
cation providing the photographic coverage plots of
an entire mission of photography.
Mission Coverage Plot Summary (MOPS) -- A
graphic plot overlay, keyed to a 1:15,000,000 map,
depicting the plottable photographic coverage of an
entire mission of photography.
Mission Index Photographic Interpretation Report
(MIPIR) -- A first-phase photographic interpretation
report presenting an organized list of all targets of
intelligence interest imaged on the photography of a
given mission or missions. Targets are identified by
name with notations of photo reference, photo quality,
and atmospheric conditions.
Photographic Evaluation Report(PER) -- Atechnical
publication expressing the photo quality results of a
mission of photography. Emphasis is placed on the
negative aspects of the results to guide those con-
cerned in applying appropriate corrections.
Photographic Intelligence Listing -- A list of pho-
tographic reports produced or received by the National
Photographic Interpretation Center; it is in 3 parts
and lists the reports by originator, by general subject,
and alphabetically.
pilot's trace -- An annotated overlay or map compiled
tivith the assistance of the pilot of a photographic mis-
sion. It may contain the followinginformation: ground
track of the reconnaissance aircraft; camera designa-
tion; location of camera operation; indicated altitudes
at specified check points; recorded times at specified
check points; and estimated cloud cover observed
along the flight line.
plot -- An overlay or map depicting the geographic
coverage of a photographic mission.
Preliminary Mission Coverage Plot Summary
(Pre MCPS) -- A composite graphic depicting the
predicted areas of photographic coverage as determined
from preliminary information.
Preliminary Photographic Evaluation Report
(Pre PER) -- Acable-transmitted report conveying a
preliminary estimate of the photo quality and success
of a mission of photography, which is prepared at
the processing site.
strip map -- A photographic map presentation dis-
played on long strips of film, nornially associated
with radar and infrared mapping system outputs.
Summary Photographic Interpretation Report
(SPIR) -- Normally a second phase photographic in-
terpretation report compiling and summarizing intelli-
gence information on selected targets imaged on a
mission or a series of missions and published on a
periodic basis. The Summary PI Report series includes
the New and Change PI Report which provides a
brief description of all significant targets covered on
a mission and of all installations where a major
change is observed or where more information is de-
terminable than previously reported; the SPIR series
also includes the Order of Battle Summary PI Re-
port which provides, as appropriate, air, naval, ground,
electronics, and certain missile order of battleinforma-
tion on significant targets covered by one or more
missions or located in a specific geographic area.
target brief -- Consolidated reference, including
photo, map, and collateral materials, machine pro-
cessed on a given target for use by the photo inter-
preter preparing a description of that target as seen
on a particular mission for afirst- or second-phase
report.
STORAGE
ammunition storage area -- Astorageareaforammu-
nition. Such a facility may be 1 of 3 types depending
on its location with respect to the area of operations
or combat zone: depot -- A military storage area
where ammunition is stockpiled to provide the re-
serve and potential which are required to insure an
uninterrupted flow into the combat zone or area of
operations. Such a storage area is a rear echelon
operation and may be fixed or semimobile. dump --A
temporary field storage facility to provide initial supply
and replenishment of ammunition to various points.
Such dumps usually are behind the combat zone and
can be moved easily. point -- An advanced position
in a combat zone or area of operations where am-
munition is available for distribution to using units
or for distribution by a unit to subordinate units or
to individuals. Such points are maintained by a com-
bat unit; therefore, they are in or very near the
combat zone.
bulk storage -- The storage of active agents which
will be used to fill munitions.
combat-ready storage -- The storage of ammunition
in which the fill and fuse are in place ready
for firing.
depot (DPO) -- See ammunition storage area.
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dump -- See ammunition storage area.
explosives storage area -- A storage area where
blast protective measures are visible. The storage may
be either military or civil. Civil storage areas will not
have military aspects such as barracks, extra security
measures, or military housekeeping imaged.
point -- See ammunition storage area.
TRANSPORTATION
lines of communication (LOC) -- All the routes,land,
water, and air, which connect an operating military
force with abase of operations, and along which
supplies and reinforcements move.
rail-to-road transfer point -- A facility for the trans-
fer of material from rail to road.
right of way -- A strip of land authorized for use by
a transportation route, by a communication line, or
by a powerline.
route -- The course or way of a transportation or
communication system, along which traffic moves.
transloading -- The transfer of freight or passengers
between units of the same mode of transportation.
Term is most commonly used in connection with a
change of rail gauge but is also applicable in other
circumstances.
transshipment -- The transfer of freight and passen-
gers between units of different media of transporta-
tion, such as between railroad cars and ships or
trucks.
branch line -- A secondary line of a rail system.
bumper -- A barrier placed at the end of a rail line
or spur.
classification yard -- A yard in which cars are classi-
fied or grouped in accordance with freight movement
requirements.
crossover -- A short length of track on which a train
can cross from one track to an adjacent one.
CW rail car -- A specialized rail car used to transport
bulk quantities of CW agent.
departure yard -- See forwarding ,yard.
engine terminal -- 1. Terminus of a section of track
along which an engine operates. 2. End of operating
division of a rail line, to include at least engine
turnaround facilities.
flat yard -- A yard in which the sorting is done by
an engine pushing freight cars into place.
forwarding yard -- A holding yard in which trains
are held temporarily after classification but before
entering the running tracks. Also, a departure yard.
holding yard -- A yard for the temporary retention
of cars.
hump yard -- A yard in which cars are pushed over
a hump beyond which they are pushed onto sidings
by gravity. Also called summit yard.
junction -- Aplace where 2 or more rail lines or roads
physically join.
loop track --Amore or less circular rail alignment
used to reverse direction of locomotives and 'rolling
stock.
marshalling yard (British terminology) -- See
classification yard.
railhead -- A place or point along a railroad line
where supplies are unloaded for distribution or stor-
age. Also, the farthest point to which track has been
laid in railroad construction.
receiving yard -- A holding yard for incoming trains
prior to their classification.
roadbed -- Any prepared surface which ultimately
will be used for supporting a mail line.
separating yard -- See classification yard.
siding -- A short track connected at one or more
places with the main track by switches and used for
general purposes, such as unloading, meeting and/or
passing, etc. Also called a sidetrack, loop siding, or
passing siding and dead end or stub.
sorting yard -- See classification yard.
spur -- Normally a short track diverging from a main
or branch line; connects a specific installation with a
main or branch line.
storage yard -- A yard in which idle equipment is
held awaiting disposition.
summit yard -- See hump yard.
terminal -- An assemblage of facilities provided by a
railway at a terminus or at an intermediate point for
the handling of passengers or freight, and the receiv-
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ing, classifying, assembling, or dispatching of trains.
through track -- A track reserved for moving through
or past a yard or terminal.
transfer table -- A movable platform for transferring
locomotives and rolling stock between parallel tracks;
also known as a traverser.
wye -- A track arrangement shaped like the letter Y
and used to reverse the direction of locomotives.
Road
access road -- A road branching from the complex
main road to provide access to a launch area and/or
group.
all-weather road -- An improved road trafficable by
motor vehicles during all seasons of the year.
center service road -- The road within the launch
site between the pads that provides access from the
rear of the site to the forward loop road connecting
the pads.
complex main road -- The road connecting the access
roads to the complex support facility and rail-to-road
transfer point with the launch areas and/or groups.
corduroy road -- A road with a surface of logs laid
side by side perpendicular to the flow of traffic.
divided road -- A 2-way road separated by a median
strip.
fascine road -- A road with a surface of bundles of
sticks and branches laid crosswise to the flow of
traffic.
grade crossing -- The intersection of a rail line and a
road at the same level.
hard-surface road -- See paved road.
improved road -- A route made better than cleared
ground by the addition of abase course, surfacing
material, or other stabilizing agent, with provision for
drainage. Improvement is usually associated with good
alignment and vertical control.
paved road -- An improved road having a durable
surface of gravel, stone, concrete, asphalt, or similar
material.
primary route -- A transportation route or series of
routes (commonly called a network) providing for
through traffic and normally connecting with secondary
routes.
road -- In general, a route that is capable of support-
ing vehicular movement by width, alignment, and use.
roadway -- Usable portion of road structure which
normally lies between the construction limits of grad-
ing and drainage but does not include shoulders.
seasonal road -- A road, the trafficability of which
is dependent upon climatic conditions.
secondary route -- A transportation route specifically
supporting local needs. Access to secondary routes is
normally provided by primary routes, although a
secondary route network could also serve in this
capacity.
superhighway -- A limited access, hard-surfaced, all-
weather divided highway having 2 or more lanes for
each direction. Other terms used for specific types of
highway include freeway, parkway, turnpike, and (in
Germany) autobahn.
track -- A route or trace wide enough for use by light
wheeled vehicles, such as animal-drawn carts and i/4-
ton trucks, as may be evidenced by parallel wheel
marks.
trail -- The poorest class of land route used only by
persons on foot or by animals.
tread road -- A road consisting of 2 strips per lane
of surfacing material, laid parallel so as to support the
tread of vehicles. The tread material can be logs,
planks, sticks and branches, concrete or stone.
unimproved road -- A traveled way over cleared
ground without special provision for drainage or
emphasis on good alignment. The surface may be
smoothed periodically.
WEAPONRY
aerial bomb -- An unpowered, usually free-falling
device intended for delivery by aircraft for the pur-
pose of causing damage and/or casualties.
antiaircraft artillery (AAA), categories of -- Light,
37 mm or less; medium, 57-85 mm; heavy, 100 mm or
larger.
armor-piercing bomb -- A bomb designed for maxi-
mum penetration before exploding. It is designed
with a strong steel case, reinforced at the nose end,
and cleanly streamlined. The explosive charge is
small compared with the entire weight.
bomb release system -- One of several optional
methods of releasing bombs from aircraft, each of
which results in a different bomb fall pattern or in-
terval and thus directly affects the degree and extent
of damage in a target area. See also salvo, select,
and train.
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composite propellant -- A propellant in which parti-
cles of high-energy fuel and particles of an oxidizer
are carried in a plastic binder.
demolition bomb -- A general purpose (GP) bomb
designed to meet the greatest number of bombing
situations. It has good blast effect, penetration, and
some fragmentation. It is used primarily for the
destructive effect caused by blast in above-surface
explosions and in earth shock or mining effects re-
sulting from the detonation of buried bombs.
depth bomb -- See depth charge.
depth charge -- A bomb designed for underwater
detonation and, like the light case bomb, designed
for maximum blast effect.
double-base propellant -- A propellant madeofnitro-
cellulose granules bound together with a gelatinous
binder of nitroglycerine.
fragmentation bomb -- A bomb designed so that the
bomb case and/or special filling of the bomb shatters
into a large number of fragments which are sprayed
destructively in all directions. It is designed for maxi-
mum effect against personnel, aircraft on the ground,
lightly armored equipment, and materiel.
incendiary bomb -- A bomb designed to start fires
which will destroy the usefulness of a target area. In
size, they. can range from 4 to 500 pounds, with the
smaller bombs usually carried in bomb clusters.
light case bomb -- A bomb which differs from the
demolition bomb in having a thin case and no pene-
trating power. It carries a maximum charge and is
designed to create maximum blast effect.
missiles -- See Missiles (categorical listing).
napalm bomb -- A special type of incendiary, shaped
like a fuel droptank, carried externally, and dropped
from low altitude to increase accuracy and area
coverage.
salvo -- The bombing system which involves the re-
lease of the entire bomb load or remaining bomb load
of more than 1 bomb as instantaneously as possible.
This system results in the minimum bomb impact
interval in a target area.
select -- The bombing system which involves the re-
lease of only a single bomb on a given bomb run
from an aircraft loaded with more than 1 bomb. The
British equivalent of this term is "single."
train -- The bombing system which involves the re-
lease of more than 1 bomb at a predetermined and
selected interval, the latter being based on damage
radius of the bomb against a particular target. The
British equivalent of this term is "stick."
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ABBREVIATIONS
NOTE: Only items marked by an asterisk are used
on NPIC briefing aids.
A
A, AFT -- aft-looking camera
*AA -- antiaircraft
*AAA -- antiaircraft artillery
AAAOB -- antiaircraft artillery order of battle
*AAM -- air-to-air missile
*ABM -- antiballistic missile
*ACFT -- aircraft
ACG -- Altitude Correction Graph
*AD -- air defense
*ADMIN -- administration
*ADMIN/HOUSING -- administration/housing
*AE -- atomic energy
*AFLD -- airfield
*AM -- amplified modulation
*AMM -- antimissile missile
*AMMO -- ammunition
*ANT -- antenna
AOB -- air order of battle
*APPROX -- approximately
AS -- submarine tender
ASL -- small submarine tender
*ASM -- air-to-surface missile
ATC -- air target chart
*ATK -- attack
*AW, AUTO WPN -- automatic weapon(s)
*AW -- air warning
B
BDA -- bomb damage assessment
*BEV -- billion electron volts
*BKR -- bunker
*BKS -- barracks
*BLDG -- building
*BMEWS -- Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
BPIR -- Brief Photographic Interpretation Report
*BR -- bridge
*BW -- biological warfare
C
C -- clear weather (on photography)
*CAM -- camera
*CBR -- chemical, biological, radiological
*CBU -- cluster bomb unit
CC -- cloud cover (on photography)
CEP -- circular error of probability
*CF -- camouflage
*CG TRK -- cargo truck
*CIA -- Central Intelligence Agency
CL -- light cruiser
CLG -- guided mssile cruiser
CMCI -- Computed Mission Coverage Index
CMR -- code metrics reader
*COMMO -- communications
*CPLX -- complex
*CR MSL -- cruise missile
CS -- cloud shadow (on photography)
*CTR -- center
*CW -- chemical warfare
D
D -- darkness (on photography)
DD -- destroyer
DDG -- guided missile destroyer
DDGS -- guided missile destroyer, surface-to-surface
missile
DE -- destroyer escort
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*DEF -- defense
*DF -- direction finder or finding
*DGZ -- designated ground zero
*DIA -- Defense Intelligence Agency
*DIAM -- diameter
*DIST -- district
DLG -- guided missile frigate (Kashin class)
DLGM -- guided missile frigate (Kynda class)
DMAX -- maximum density
DME -- distance measuring equipment
*DMG -- damage
DMIN -- minimum density
*DN -- duplicate negative
DMZ -- demilitarized zone
*DP -- duplicate positive
DPIR -- Detailed Photographic Interpretation Report
*DPO -- depot
DTG -- date time group
*DZ -- drop zone
E
*ECM -- electronic countermeasure
EEI -- Essential Elements of Information
*ENLARG -- enlargement
*EQP -- equipment
*EST -- estimated
*EW -- early warning
*EXCAV -- excavation
F
F -- fair interpretability
F, FWD -- forward-looking camera
*FAC -- facility
*FIG -- figure
*FM -- frequency modulation
*FRTR -- freighter
*FT -- foot, feet
G
G -- good interpretability
GC -- ground cover (on photography)
*GCA -- ground-controlled approach
*GENR -- generator
*GM -- guided missile
GMT -- Greenwich Mean Time
GOB -- ground order of battle
*GOVT -- government
GP -- general purpose
GR -- ground resolution
*GZ -- ground zero
H
H -- haze (on photography)
HC -- heavy cloud cover (on photography)
HE -- high explosive(s)
*HF -- high frequency
*HGT -- height
*HHP -- hydroelectric powerplant
*HMG -- heavy machinegun
*HQ -- headquarters
*HQ/ADMIN -- headquarters/administration
*ICBM -- intercontinental ballistic missile
IDO -- identification only
IDT -- isodensitracer
IFV -- instantaneous field of view
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*ILS -- instrument landing system
*INAC -- inactive
*INDRY -- industry or industrial
INSTLN -- installation
IOC -- initial operating capability
IPIR -- Immediate Photographic Interpretation Report
*IR -- infrared
*IRBM -- intermediate range ballistic missile
J
K
K -- constant (numerical)
*KM -- kilometer(s)
*KV -- kilovolt(s)
*KW -- kilowatt(s)
L
*LAB -- laboratory
*LAT -- latitude
*LCH -- launch
*LCHR -- launcher
LCM -- landing craft mechanized
LCU -- landing craft utility
*LDG -- landing
*LF -- low frequency
*LGTH -- length
*LMG -- light machinegun
*LNM -- linear nautical mile
*LOA -- length overall
*LOC -- line(s) of communication
*LONG -- longitude
*LOX -- liquid oxygen
*LRG -- large
LSC -- landing ship cargo
LSF -- line spread function
LSI -- landing ship infantry
LSS -- landing ship support
*LT -- light
M
MACH -- machine
MAINT -- maintenance
MAX -- maximum
MCI -- Mission Coverage Index (obsolete)
*MCRWV -- microwave
MCP -- Mission Coverage Plot
MCPS -- Mission Coverage Plot Summary
*MD -- military district
*MED -- medium
*MF -- medium frequency
MFG -- manufacturing
MI -- mile
*MIL -- military
MILOB -- military order of battle
MIN -- mining
MIP -- mission information potential
MIPIR -- Mission Index Photographic Interpretation
Report
MISC -- miscellaneous
*MM -- millimeter
MOB -- missile order of battle
MO -- month
MONO -- monoscopic
*MRBM -- medium range ballistic missile
*MS -- minesweeper
MSPIR -- Mission Summary Photographic Interpreta-
tion Report
MSB -- minesweeper boat
M51 -- inshore minesweeper
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*MSL -- missile
MSL -- small minesweeper
*MSL TRNSPR -- missile transporter
*MSN or M -- mission
*MTB -- motor torpedo boat
*MT -- mountain
*MW -- megawatt(s)
N
*NAV AID -- navigational aid
*NAC -- no apparent change
*NE -- nuclear energy
*NM -- nautical mile(s)
*NO -- number
NOB -- naval order of battle
*NON-SOV -- non-Soviet
*NPIC -- National Photographic Interpretation Center
NS -- non-stereo (photography)
*NUC WPN -- nuclear weapon(s)
O
O -- obliquity (on photography)
OB -- order of battle
*OCC -- occupied
*ON -- original negative
ONC -- Operational Navigational Chart
OPC -- old large submarine chaser
OPF -- old patrol escort
*OPS -- operations
*ORD -- ordnance
P
P -- poor interpretability
*PC -- large submarine chaser
PCMCI -- Preliminary Coverage Mission Coverage
Index
PEIR -- Photographic Evaluation Interim Report
PER -- Photographic Evaluation Report
PH -- phase
PHOTO -- photograph(ic)
*PI -- photographic interpreter
*PLT -- plant
*POL -- petroleum, oils, and lubricants
*POSS -- possible
Pre MCPS -- Preliminary Mission Coverage Plot
Summary
Pre PER -- Preliminary Photographic Evaluation
Report
*PROB -- probable
PS -- partial stereo (photography)
*PSN -- position
*PSP -- pierced steel plank
PT -- partial target coverage
PT -- see MTB
*PWR -- power
*PUG -- partially underground
R
*R -- river
*R&D -- research & development
*RDO -- radio
*RDR -- radar
RECCE -- reconnaissance
*RFY -- refinery
*RIM -- receiving, inspection, maintenance
ROB -- radar order of battle
*RR -- railroad
*RVTD -- revetted
*RVT -- revetment
*RWY -- runway
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S
S -- snow cover (on photography)
*SAM -- surface-to-air missile
*SAT -- satellite
SC -- scattered cloud cover (on photography)
*SCH -- school
SD -- semidarkness (on photography)
*SHF -- superhigh frequency
*SHPYD -- shipyard
*SLAR, SLR -- side-looking airborne radar
SM -- small
SM -- statute mile
*SP -- self-propelled
SPIR -- Summary Photographic Interpretation Report
*SQ FT -- square feet
*SQ NM -- square nautical mile(s)
*SRBM -- short range ballistic missile
SS -- small scale
*SS or SUB -- submarine
SSB -- ballistic missile submarine
SSBN -- nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine
SSG -- cruise missile submarine
SSGN -- nuclear powered cruise missile submarine
*SSM -- surface-to-surface missile
SSN -- nuclear powered torpedo attack submarine
SSR -- radar picket submarine, long range
*ST, STEREO -- stereoscopic photography
*STN -- station
*STOR -- storage
*SUP -- support
*SUSP -- suspect
T
T -- total target coverage
*T -- ton
*TACAN -- Tactical Air Navigation
*TAS -- traffic analysis survey
*TEL -- transporter-erector-launcher
*TEMPO -- temporary
*TGT -- target
*TK -- tank(s)
TKR -- tanker
*TK/SP -- tank/self-propelled gun(s)
*TK TRK -- tanker truck
*TLR -- trailer
*TNL -- tunnel
TP -- Technical Publication
*TPP -- thermal powerplant
*TRAC-TLR TRK -- tractor-trailer truck
*TRANS PT -- transfer point
*TRK -- truck(s)
*TRNG -- training
*TROPO SCATTER -- tropospheric scatter
U
*U/C -- under construction
*U/G -- underground
*UHF -- ultrahigh frequency
*U/I -- unidentified
*UNDET -- undetermined
*UNOCC -- unoccupied
USATC -- United States Air Target Chart
UTM -- Universal Transverse Mercator Grid
*VEH -- vehicles
*VHF -- very high frequency
*VLF -- very low frequency
VOL -- volume
*VOR -- very high frequency omnidirectional range
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W Y
WAC -- World Aeronautical Chart YP -- patrol craft
*WHSE -- warehouse YR -- year
*WO -- without
*WPN -- weapon(s)
WX -- weather Z
X Z -- Zulu time
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