A RESEARCH STUDY ON THE DESIGN OF A 2;1 REDUCTION PRINTER LENS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04747A000600020002-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 49
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 21, 2001
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: October 31, 1961
• Content Type: STUDY

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A RESEARCH STUDY
ON
THE ,DESIGN OF A
2:1 REDUCTION PRINTER LENS
CONTRACT
Declass Review by NIMA/DOD
October 31, 1961
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION TITLE
INTRODUCTION
II TECHNICAL DISCUSS/ON OF
SEMI-APOCHROMATIC REDUCTION
LENS
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
PAGE
5
10
41
42
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FIGURE
lA
1B
1
2
3
4
5
a
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
16
17
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TITLE
Light Distribution in Image Plane of
kn Obscurated Entrance Pupil
16" F/2.0 2:1 Reduction Printer Lena,
PAGE
6A
Optical Design
16
Axial Pupil
22
Spot Diagram, Axial Bundle , D-Light
23
Spot Diagram, Axial Bundle , F-Light
24
Spot Diagram, Axial Bundle , C-Light
25
Pupil, 6? Off Axis
26
Spot Diagram, 60 Off Axis, 13- Light
27
Spot Diagram, 60 Off Axis, F- Light
28
-
Spot Diagram, 8* Off Axis, C Light
29
Pupil, 11? Off Axis
30
Spot Diagram, 11? Off Axis Light
31
Spot Diagram, 11? Off Axis , F-Light
32
Spot Diagram, 11* Off Axis C-Light
33
Pupil, 21" Off Axis
34
Spot Diagram, 21' Off Axis, 1)-Light
35
Spot Diagram, 21' Off Axis, F-Light
36
Spot Diagram, 21* Off Axis, C-Light
37
Slope Intercept Curves (H tan U) for
Best Correction
38
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(Ont 'd?
FIG RE
18
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TITLE PAGE
'ticlia,1 Energy Distribution Plot 39
Longitudinal Color Curves 40
cowtertiiiie Munification Module
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ABSTRACT
re the results of an optical
for the development of a diffraction
enlarging/reduction lens with a 16 inch
equivalent focal length, V/ 2.0 effective relative aper-
a magnifi4ation ratio of 2 to 1 (object to
lanalei aspect).
his design development program was conducted
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the auspices of Government Contract Number
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A
The relatively rapid advances in the state of the art of in-
ormation gathering devices such as films IMC systems, telemetry
and photoelectric detectors requires the development of practical
,
optical systems designs capable of transferring object inform tion con-
nt to an image with a very minimum of information deterioration or
loss, irrespective of the particular systems application.
A most .ambitious endeavor would be the development of optical
whose performanCes are not the critical or limiting factor
,
A stigmatic optical system, the essence of geometrical per-
, ,
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nly when a ray bundle originating at an
point will converge and render a point, in the image space.
Ironic
the attainment of geometric perfection is not possible since the
image of an ideal object point has a finite extent according to the laws
of diffraction, perforcely setting a limit on the transferred information
content.
Therefore, the problem of obtaining the maximum information
must be solved by setting the most practical goal. That goal is the
design of a diffraction limited system.
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t is fitting at this point to define the term "diffraction-limited
stem", Such a system might well be defined as one in which the image
lit,y is substantially determined by the diffraction effects, the effects
residual geometrical aberrations being small by comparison.
It is significant to note that should the residual geometrical
rratton be identically zero, the stigmatic case would not be fulfilled.,
erefore? it is pointless to attempt geometrical perfection when, from
S engineering aspect, fii:Ote aberrations are tolerable but indistin-
In fact the subject of diffraction
ory of image formation by a System of tenses is a most valuable
unct to the method of geometrical ray tracing in understanding the
fundamentil nature of defects in optical systems and finding methods
ameliorating them,
The effects of diffraction and its resultant effects on image
quality were first investigated by G. B. Airy about 1834, and led to
the result that an image of an ideal object takes the form of a strong,
central condensation of light, surrounded by a series of concentric
rings of light of increasing diameter of low and rapidly diminishing
intensity.
It was shown subsequently that 85 percent of the transmitted
energy appeared in the central conden cation, the remaining 15 percent
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distributed in the surrounding intensity maxima.
The linear extent of the central maxima, or Airy disc, is
wholly dependent upon the effective relative aperture of the optical
system. The relative aperture reaches a physical limit vi en the rays
fall at grazing incidence on the image plane. In an F/2. 0 system
operating at 2:1 conjuga' tes with negligible aberrations, the Airy disc
or point spread function is approximately 2. 2 mu.
If it can be shown that approxircately 80 percent of the trans-
mitted energy is contained within the first dark ring of the A fry disc,
the diffraction limited case has been fulfilled.
In this report, we present the results of three parallel design
approaches to achieve this condition. One design has proved to be
successful. Its development represents an important advance in enlarging/
reduction lenses suitable for the purposes of this study and sorra future
application.
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this study is the development of a feasible
optical design which will meet the following specifications:
1) The design target parameters shall be:
A. An effective focal length of 14 inches or greater.
B. An effective relative aperture of 11`12.0.
C. An object format size of 18 in. X 18 in.
D. An im.age format size of 9 in, X 9 in.
E. A magnification ratio of 2 to 1 (object to image).
F. An achromatic correction within the spectral range
of 486.1 mu through 656.3 mu.
G. Distortion not to exceed 0.5mm over the entire for= .
H. An axial transmittance of 80% or greater.
I. A relative illumination at the format corners of 60%
or greater.
2) Resolution over the entire format to be diffraction limited
within the specified spectral range, under low contrast conditions,
3) The achievement of these specifications shall result in a
paper design which is capable of manufacture such that the prototype
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performance shall meet the specifications within reasonable tolerance.
Despite the fact that catadioptric systems have various desirable
features, it was our studied opinion that such an approach will not me et
the specifications.
If the catadioptric system is considered from the standpoint of
Physical Optics, it can be shown that a pupil function can be constructed
such that the image pattern irradiance falls from a maximum at the
center to zero in an arbitrary small radius remaining zero to an arbitrary
large radius. Hence, it would seem that the minimum resolvable angle
could be reduced indefinitely.
In practice1 however, a practical limitation results from the
fact that as the central spot or Airy disc maximum is made smaller, the
amount of light falling in it also becomes smaller and ultimately zero.
As the diameter of the central obscuration approaches that of
the lens, the diameter of the first dark ring of the diffraction pattern
approaches some six tenths of that system without obscuration. At the
same time, the maximum irradiance in the first bright ring around the
central spot, expressed as a function of the irradiance at the central spot,
increases eight-fold, making more difficult the problem of resolving a
faint source from a bright one. (Figure 1A)
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K- o
1.0
t.) REL. 0.5
RELATIVE
INTENSITY
K0.3
K-0.437
2.5 5.0
2it- ? SIN us,
7.5
Light distribution in the focal plane of a
system with pupil shaped as an annulus.
K is a ratio = diameter of the obscuring
center disc divided by the diameter of the
full pupil.
(According to Steel)
FIG. I A
10.0
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Therefore, the utilization of a catadioptric system, in view
of the specified low contrast object conditions, would be tantamount to
performance failure. The all-refractive system, then, becomes the
object of basic study.
Conventional enlarging/reduction printer lenses are general ly
characterized by their quasi-Gaussian form of relatively short focal
lengths as compared to object height. The Gauss type optical designs
are essentially synunettical, each element becoming more meniscus in
shape towards a mid stop position. In such systems, the lateral aber-
rations can be easily made quite small. Once these residuals are
small, the designer has considerable freedom to influence the transverse
aberrations.
When the focal length becomes large with respect to object
size, the development of a well corrected printer lens becomes a problem
whose magnitude is several times more difficult. The Gauss type
design becomes unsuitable in such a situation, calling for a rather un-
conventional approach.
Therefore, the initial design philosophy adopted by
consisted a several parallel approaches specifically
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oriented toward the development of a plausible front and rear conjugate
system, each separately designed and evaluated. They would ultimately
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be combined to form the desired 2:1 reduction printer lens.
An investigation of three distinct conjugate systems were con-
sidered which might approach the parameters.
1) A flat field achromat containing a Triplet on the long
conjugate and a Tessar on the short conjugate.
A well corrected compact telephoto and a front aperture
stop infinity objective resembling the Petzval form.
3) A flat field semi-apochromat composed of two front aper-
ture stop infinity Petzval objectives.
The Triplet and Tessar, each having been originally designed as con-
ventional infinity objectives of moderately high speed, were redesigned
to adapt to the object and image conjugates respectively, and modified
such that natural stop position would be in the neighborhood of the front
vertex of each system.
When combined, this form exhibited an objectionable amount
of oblique spherical aberration and sagittal curvature of field when an
axial spherical solution was achieved.
The investigation continued until it was determined that several
additional elements, and perhaps an achromatic aspheric corrector plate
at the stop plane, would be required to correct the imagery to the extent
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necessary to meet the specifications. Hence, this form was abandoned
and did not reach the final design stage.
The compact telephoto and modified Petzval form investigation
appeared more fruitful from the onset. Since the stop position is near
the front convergent member and corrected for coma over the field,
each system was designed separately to an exceptionally fine correction.
When combined, however, a serious offense against the sine
condition resulted, which manifested itself in positive sagittal curvature
of field and a large amount of positive distortion. The higher order
residuals of this form could not be conveniently balanced. It became
apparent at this point that a near hemi-symmetrical approach was necessary.
It was decided to concentrate the design efforts on a Petzval form
objective on the front and rear conjugates. The Petsval is a basic form
In which achromatism is easily achieved. Moreover, this form can be
designed to render exceptionally fine off axis imagery and with a Smythe-
Piazzi field flattener, a flat field diffraction limited system can be
achieved.
Section rt contains the complete technical discussion of this
development.
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, SECTION II
Technical Discussion
Semi-Apochromatic Reduction Lens
The design development of this reduction printer lens was
obtained by initially designing a well corrected flat-field front aperture
stop infinity objective composed of common glasses, in which the elements
are compounded and split several tixneS,
This particular objective, whose configuration resembles a
derivative of the Petzval form has all spherical surfaces which are
extremely mild. These successive shallow curvatures contribute a mini-
mum of higher order aberration as well as afford a discreet correction
distribution for the simultaneous correction of third and fifth order aber-
rations and balancing of the higher orders.
A field flattener lens near the focal plane affords an anastigmatic
image at high apertures.
Since the Petzval lens is substantially corrected for secondary
color, a particularly troublesome aberration it was a promising start-
ing point for this investigation.
In general, the Petzval form exhibits considerable oblique zonal
spherical aberration when an axial spherical solution is achieved. It has
been found, however1 that successive shallow surfaces, coupled with
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relatively long airpaths may be successfully utilized to control the
surface by surface oblique incidence angles; the principal offender
in introducing oblique spherical.
Since the system was designed with a front aperture stop, the
entrance pupil is substantially at the front vertex of the leading con-
vergent lens group. With the entrance pupil in this location, the
designer has considerable freedom to correct the chromatic aberrations
without altering the general characteristics of the monochromatic aber-
rations. Pronounced changes in the front convergent group to influence
spherical aberration and coma do not affect its contribution to field
curvature and astigmatism.
The combination of high speed and diffraction limited perform-
ance is particularly difficult to achieve along with apochromatic color
correction. The utilization of a limited spectral window, however, re-
duces the color problem ignificantly. In fact, the system is to be
utilized with a virtually monochromatic light source, eliminating the
color problem completely.
Despite this fact, it was decided to pursue the design to ultimately
obtain a top quality achromat or semi-apochromat in order to extend the
system's capability as a printer lens. Whenever the resolution require-
men.ts demanded the utmost in performance it would be used as a mono:*
chromat.
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The optimum spectral range of correction was extended to
cover a thousand Angstroms (452, 5 mu through 552. 5 mu), in the region
of strong spectral response of the low voltage mercury source or germi-
cidal lamp.
The front aperture stop infinity objective described above has a
32 inch effective focal length, a relative aperture of P13.0 and covers a
format of 9 inches by 9 inches.
This objective becomes the basic building block or short con-
jugate module of the reduction printer lens.
Since a 2 X reduction is required in this application, a direct
scale-up of the short conjugate module to 64 inch effective focal length,
preserving the same effective aperture, yields an infinity objective having
a relative aperture of F/6. 0 covering an 18 inch by 18 inch format. This
scale-up objective becomes the long conjugate module.
The entrance pupil diameter of each conjugate being identical,
allows the former and latter modules to be attached to each other about the
effective aperture stop position. The stop in this position is said to be
telecentric. (See Figure 1B)
When combined in this fashion, the principle of symmetry sub-
stantially reduces the residual lateral aberrations (Coma, Distortion, and
Lateral Color) to near zero.
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The resultant system becomes a 16 inch EFL P12. 0 2:1
reduction printer lens. The system is capable of diffraction limited
imagery. The combination is anastigmatic and semi-apochromatic over
the limited specified spectral range of correotion.
The principal residual aberration is spherochromatism. It is
significant to note, however, that the D-light and F-light are well with-
in the Rayleigh limit over the entire field, the C4ight at the center of
the field. It is possible to correct this aberration by installing a thin
two-element achromatic corrector plate at the telecentric stop. However,
in view of the monochromatic utility of the system, it was not considered
justifiable, although some future application may conceivably warrant it.
There are, of course, other design alternatives available for
color correction. From the paper design standpoint, there are many
glasses available having unusual partial dispersions which will eliminate
the chromatic residuals. However, these glasses are generally character-
ized by poor physical properties. Glass acquisition is further aggravated
by the limitations in melting quality glass in massive blanks sizes of the
order required for this application. Moreover, the economics of ob-
taining these glasses in massive size becomes a major problem.
It is this latter problem which shaped the style of this design.
All the glass elements of this design are on the glass line or the near
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neighborhood of the glass line. They represent the lowest cost, highest
quality glass available. The principal area of axial color correction
occurs at elements #4 and #5, elements #10 and #11 all other elements
being essentially non-dispersive. The principle of symmetry is utilized
to correct the lateral chromatic aberrations.
Figure I illustrates the Maxwellian view of the system exit
pupil, in which 84 rays are distributed for spot diagram calculations.
Figures 2 through 16 give the spot diagrams for 4 field posi-
tions and 3 colors. The ring represents the first dark band of the
diffraction pattern. In the mean wavelength, the percentage of rays
traced falling within the first dark band at 00 is 83%. The extreme
long wavelengths, the C-light and greater, are in excess of the diffrac-
tion limited case due to spherochromatism.
It is significant to note that the trigonometric traced ray may
? pass through a circle whose radius is nearly twice as great as that of
the first minimum with no resultant loss in resolving power for strongly
marked detail.
Therefore, by this criteria as well as the monochromatic appli-
cation for which the system is to be used, the target specifications have
been met in this study.
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The lens data formula for the 2:1 reduction printer is contained
In Table I. Table II gives the surface by surface third order contri-
butions and the chromatic variation of third order. Slope intercept
-curves for four field positions, the radial energy distribution in the
image and the longitudinal color curves are contained in Figures 17
through 20, respectively.
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(J)
?
.41????????0*
_
>-- LC
X Lf) ILI
F--
C\I CI: CD v
Z D
(75 W W
Q 3 cr o
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TABLE I
MI - APOCHROMAT REDUCTION LENS
LENS FORMULA
Surface
Element or
Clear
A irspane Thickness Aperture
Glass Type
2 27.2
3 196.188
4 43.103
5 55.888
6 222.676
7 57.249
1111.814
9 104,016
10 80.487
11 Plano
12 61.754
13 288.281
14 51.337
15 23.868
16 144.143
17 30.871
18 Plano
19 40.243
20 52.009
21 5L407
22 28.534
23 111.337
24 27.942
25 21.452
26 94,093
27 13.609
26 Plano
873 20,994
36.488 20.220
4.282 20:260
.264 20.152
2.725 19.298
5.138 16.542
5.082 16.152
1.198 15.072
2.141 14.728
12.066 14.494
.973 10.162
3.114 10.174
1.752 10.542
.487* 10.676
? 876 10.676
1.557 10.602
.481 10.336
6.033 10.318
1.070 10.134
.589 10.082
2.341 9.918
2.569 9.662
1.362 10.016
.132 10.364
2.141 10.868
18.244 10.892
.486 10.276
5.503 OW) 10.646
511/635
614/595
620/603
720/293
511/635
BaSF- 6
LaF 2
Lair 2
Baer-6
511/635
720/293
620/603
614/595
511/835
EFL 16.000 inches
Front Conjugate Distance = 11.006
* Airspace #71.. flexible in dimension, to
accommodate an exposure control device.
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TABLE
(col:it'd)
Commutations based on following indices.
GLASS TYPE D
F
C
511/635
1.51100
1.31843
1.50860
614/595
1.81400
1.62126
1.61094
620/803
1.62000
1.62724
1.61698
720/293
1.72000
1.73768
1.71309
fulacr-6
1.66741
1.67878
1.66284
Lale2
1.74385
1.75561
1.73904
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TURD ORDER ABERRATIONS
ABM mciatic VARIATIONS
2*1 2sumerwr 12/NT22 LIIS
40
6
-.0002903
-4000025
-.0011694
.0000166
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-.0=694
-.0007517
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7.0016921
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4026296
..000104.5
.-.0028856
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tO ...0001194
.0000009
11 ..00000024
0
12
.0066024
.0002501
Approved
-.0009491
-.0000104
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-4000533
-.0020263
.0001063
4026415
.0002153
-.0013341
.0000554
4000226
.0000269
-.0059062
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4046024
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...0000205
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4181002
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d..0027120
-.0000206
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-.0000195
.0103895
-.0001478
.0096092
*.0000795
-00365501
.000e947
...0012143
40001147
.0675090
.0025196
....0069029
...,0000109
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.0015113
'4606168
-.0041770
.0407163
-.0003137
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4221795
-.0006251
Sheet 1 .of 3
a
2
-A012956
00 13961
-.0037495
-.0015767
0030377
.0106748'
-00032698
-.0025779
-.0000674
.0071894
.0072717
-.0029263
-4013912
-4004416
.0071044
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.0068110
4..0220329
? .091899.
--0034083:.
.0066309
-.0100525
.0069120
c
so
0
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Surface
db
df
do
13
-.0004242
-.0018438
.0.0080145
-.0276019
-.0000186
...0001037
-.0001770
.0002524
14
-.0014895
.0028432
-.00542/4
.0282024
0000122
'4000539
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15
-.0119193
0..0113756
-.0108568
.0.0282033
0..0000001
.0002559
.0004860
.0008680
16
...0033933
.0073751
0..0160291
.0276026
0..0003463
-.0022709
.0019858
.0.0019737
1
.0528179
-.0331282
.0201785
0..0221794
.0022086
-.0022709
.0019858
-.0019737
Skeet 2 of 3
18
..0000196
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-.0025388
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Approved For Release 2002106117: CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
0..0053131
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Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Surface a
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All dimensions in inches.
First line is third order aberration.
t
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a n
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Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
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Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
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Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2 p kGE
4
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
FIGURE 4-- SPOT DIAGR.AtY\ AXI BUNDLE-7\1=6565 (C? L I NE)
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Pie,,SE 2S
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
FIGURE. 5
PUPIL, 60 OFF A XIS
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2 FAG
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
FIGURE 6?SPOT IDIAGRP,01/44\5 60 OFF /40( IS...717:5893 CD-LINE)
PitkG E. a7
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
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FIGURE ,7 ? SPOT DGRA,J\A5 6? OFF ib\),;\ ?7\= 4861 (F-1...INE.,
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Approved For Release 2002/06/17: CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
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Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2 PAGE as
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
FIGURE. 9 PUPIL, 11?OFF S
E. BO
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
FIGURE 10 - SPOT DI AGFRPOV\.!H OFF AXIS-,\ =5833(6-LINE)
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2 PAGE.
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
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FIGURE I I ? SPOT DIAGRP.st\N, 110 OFF P,X1-71=4/3C) (F-I-1)
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2 p E. 3 a
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FIGURE. - SPOT DIAGRAM., I I? OFF' POC1-??--765G3 (C-LINE)
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
FIGURE I - PUPIL 2. i? OFF AXIS
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP781304747A000600020002-ci It 4
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Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
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FIGURE. 14- -SPOT DIPi\F;?.A.N\ 21? OFF- P. XIS- 71=5893 (CD-LINE)
Approved For Release 2002106117: CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2 Fil\GE 3 5
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
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FIGURE. 5- SPOT DIAGRAIA21?OFF - 4561 (F" -LINE)
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
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FIGURE 16 - SPCT DIA.GRAO,A21`OrrA,X15-7\ 2165G3 Cc-LN
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
PAGE 37
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Approved For Release 2002/06/17 CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2 PAGE 33
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78B04747 00060 02000 -2
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
SECTION III
CONCLUSION
This report covers the development of a 2:1 Reduction Printer
Lens in which three distinct all-refractive lens configurations were con-
sidered. One of these, the Petzval form, proved to be successful.
The resolution specification of this contract requires that the
optical design, when fabricated, be capable of resolving 200 lines per
millimeter under low contrast monochromatic object conditions.
The assessment of the efficiency of such an optical instrument
when the reciprocal functions of resolution and contrast are so stated must
be determined relative to the diffraction pattern. The lens design, therefore,
must approximate the diffraction limited case where, by definition, the
geometrical aberrations are small with respect to the diffraction affects.
The computed spot diagrams, which can be shown to have close
correspondence with photomicrographs of the actual images, indicate that
the design meets the resolution requirements for the monochromatic case.
The diffraction limited imagery extends over ?. relatively broad
spectral range by virtue of the Rayleigh 1/4 wavelength criteria, although
a discernible loss in definition must be expected when the lens is.utilized
over the full extent of the spectral range.
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2002/06/17 : CIA-RDP78604747A000600020002-2
Page 41.
Approved For Release 2002/
DP78604747A000600020002-2
STATI NTL
APPENDIX
The optical design configuration developed has inherent versatility
for the generation of a large family of reduction/enlarging lenses utilizing
a building block concept.
The front and rear conjugates may be envisioned as basic modules
capable of attachment one to the other about a telecentric stop.
The design manipulation of the focal lengths and relative apertures
of the basic module designs are the key variables required to achieve any
arbitrary enlarging/reduction system.
In order to preserve the performance quality of such a system we
must restrict ourselves to the following general rules:
1. The telecentric condition must be maintained.
2. Any arbitrary system effective relative aperture has a
maximum of F/2.0 without redesign.
3. The speed of any arbitrary short module shall not exceed F/1. 3.
4. The equivalent focal length of any arbitrary system shall be
as great as possible.
Moreover, it should be stated that the resultant magnification of
such a system configuration is equal to the ratio of the focal lengths of the
modules and that the effective relative aperture of the combination is equal
to the ratio of the F/ numbers of these modules.
STATI NTL
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An example of modules which are compatible with regard to entrance
pupil diameter might be generated to illustrate the implied economic gain
derived in these convertible magnification modules.
Consider the short module of this application: 32" EFL F/3.0
for 9" x 9". The lens formula of this module might be conveniently scaled
to 16" EFL F/1.5. This new module, when attached to the former module,
will yield an 8" EFL F/2.0 reduction/enlarging lens for 9" x 9" to 4-1/2 x
4-1/2" formats.
This example demonstrates what might be termed format versatility.
Magnification versatility is achieved in much the same way. The
basic short module of this contract design may be directly scaled to an 8"
F/1.5. By combining this module with the short module, we obtain a 4"
F/2.0 whose object and image formats are 9" x 9" to 2-1/4" x 2-1/4 respect-
ively. Figure 20 gives a schematic diagram typical of this convertible
approach.
In conclusion, it might be said that a three-module package will
provide at least two distinct enlarging/reduction printer lenses, the per-
formance of which will be diffraction limited in each case for the mono-
chromatic condition.
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BARREL
ASSEMBLY
32" F/6.0
LENS MODULE
16" P12.0
LESS MODULE
2 to I ENLARGING SYSTEM
32" F/6.0
LENS MODULE
BARREL
ASSEMBLY
8" F/1.5
LENS
MODULE
4 to 1 ENLA.RGING SYSTEM
32" F/6.0
or
16" 7/3.0
LENS MODULE
BARREL
ASSEMBLY
LENS
MODULE
_
?
CONVERTIBLE MAGNIFICATION MODULAR COMBINATION
FIGURE 20
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