4X5 CHIP PROCESSOR EVALUATION PROGRAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04747A001300020002-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 80
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2011
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: December 23, 1965
• Content Type: MEMO

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SUBJECT 4x5 Chip Processor COPIES
Evaluation Program
In response to several questions posed by our customer concerning subject
program, will you please advise him in your official capacity as company
representative as follows.
Reference: Our Proposal Evaluation Program for the 4x5 Chip Processor,
dated 11 November 1965. Three (3) copies attached.
Under Phase II, Items 2 and 3, page 3, we do intend to utilize resolution targets
and gray scale exposures as well as the step wedges mentioned in Item 2.
Further, we plan to use only the manufacturers recommended standard chemistry
solutions for the various emulsions to be tested. In the event that satisfactory
results are not obtainable with these standard solutions, we would then run a
minimum amount of special chemistry runs to determine the direction in which
the chemistry must be changed in order to obtain satisfactory results (Ref. Ph II,
Item 4).
A check will be made to determine the adequacy of the replenishment system in
maintaining the desired ph level required to obtain the theoretical results as
dictated by the fixed speed, time in bath, and temperature of the machine.
In reference to Evaluation of Processed Material, page 4, Item No. 3, the
"Freedom from physical damage" inspection will include a microscopic
examination of the processed chips to determine not only the presence of
physical damage, but also to determine if possible, the presence of any
observed damage.
In respect to Gamma, page 5, item 5, we will plot the resultant H & D curves
as stated. However, since this machine incorporates a fixed transport speed
and operating temperature, we will make exposures over a given range and then
make a comparison of the curves obtained to standard curves to determine if the
processor is capable of producing the gamma required for the intended use of
the film chips.
If the customer should have any other questions, or desire any further amplifi-
cation, please advise.
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 ,DRAFT
R & D CATALOG FORM
DATE
1. PROJECT TITLE/CODE NAME
2. SHORT PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A program to investigate methods; techniques in the
Photographic Techniques and
Equipment Evaluation
printing-processing field and to test and evaluate
Program
various types of developmental equipment.
5. CLASS OF CONTRACTOR
6. TYPE
Manufacturer
Open End
7. FUNDS 8. REQUISITION NO. 9. BUDGET PROJECT NO.
FY 19 65 NP-RT-9
10. EFFECTIVE CONTRACT DATE 11. SECURITY CLASS.
FY i9 66 (Begin - end) AA-Secret
T-Unclassified
FY 19 67 February 1966 - Continuing W-Unclassified
12. RESPONSIBLE DIRECTORATE/OFFICE/PROJECT OFFICER TELEPHONE EXTENSION
DDI/NPIC/P&DS
13. REQUIREMENT/AUTHORITY
All effort directed toward photographic exploitation as performed by the NPIC is
dependent upon the reproduction techniques, materials and equipments to produce
the required materials. Advanced technology is necessary in this area to maintain
the rapidly advancing acquisition materials- While h or; gin X:Co3av_, 1
14. TYPE OF WORK TO BE DONE
Applied Research and Engineering Development
15. CATEGORIES OF EFFORT
MAJOR CATEGORY
SUB-CATEGORIES
Reproduction Techniques and
Chemistry
Materials
Film Pronessing-Printing
16. END ITEM OR SERVICES FROM THIS CONTRACT/IMPROVEMENT OVER CURRENT SYSTEM. EQUIPMENT. ETC.
This contract will provide for investigation into methods and techniques for the
improvement of exploitation materials. Additionally, it will provide direct support
in testing and evaluating various types of developmental equipment.
17. SUPPORTING OR RELAT ION
Coordination with , RADC, SAC and PSD/NPIC has been
effected. This R&D Catalog Form effects coordination with the Agency
18. DESCRIPTION OF INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENT AND DETAILED TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO OF PROJECT (continue on addi-
7"
'
OFI)I)Y41)Ine 4
tional page if required) L'.Or9lralled
This Agency has f, nr)n-,t,-ri:IPMnn of a complete le, and research
7
This installa-
laboratory in the
tion has met the cleanliness specifications and has been accepted from the sub-
contractor. It is not, however, being used to the extent originally intended. By
initiating a well managed program to investigate photographic techniques and
furnish a well equipped support test facility, this installation will become a much
needed evaluation tool for all types of photographic repo~rduction and interpre-(Cont
19. APPROVED BY AND DATE
OFFICE
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
DDCI
r'r^nr-r
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 RITUT
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13. Continued...
many in-house
processing and mass reproduction is the responsibility
requirements exist for special capabilities and techniques which are of little
or no direct interest to that organization.
18. Continued...
tation techniques and equipment. This important phase of all NPIC research
and development is an extremely neglected area, due to the lack of proper
in-house facilities and staffing.
The investigative areas concerning photographic techniques and materials
will be established by levying specific tasks in support of direct (current)
and indirect (long range) in-house requirements upon the contractor. Certain
promising areas of endeavor initiated under ContractE=in support of PSD's
requirements will be followed to a logical conclusion during the first part
of the program, these being:
(1) Heat Shock as applied to acceleration of development time. Research
thus far has produced positive results in accelerated development time
without tk loss of resolution or grain growth. Continued effort in
this area will be to investigate the application in conjunction with
special chemistry to speed up different black and white and color
processes.
(2) Film Drying Techniques as applied to photo reproduction. Under
Contract El advanced methods of film drying have been investigated
including vacuum and radiant heating, vacuum and low temperature, and
solvents in conjunction with ultrasonic action. Preliminary analysis has
shown promising results by use of the solvent-ultrasonic techniques.
Further analysis, testing and evaluation will be performed under this
task with resultant design parameters established for a prototype high
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efficiency, high speed film drier.
Additional tasks will be established as the requirements are clarified
and coordinated with the appropriate division. Some limited effort has been
applied in the following areas but further investigation is required to
reach any meaningful conclusions:
(1) Color Materials Evaluation - pertaining to other than EK products.
(2) Non-silver, silver dry and semi-dry processes for rapid access
viewer-printer requirements.
(3) Exposure compensation through dye developer inhibitors - a process-
ing chemistry investigation to stop or slow down development action in
over exposed areas.
(Lb) Use of ultrasonics to accelerate development - It has been
established that many chemical reactions are accelerated by the addition
of ultransonic energy to the reaction bath. This should be directly
applicable to the photographic process.
Testing should be run to
appraise the effect of ultraisonic energy on development rates, image
quality, 3ranularity, etc. and similar effects in the case of short stop,
fixation and washing. There is a distinct possibility that this effort
will introduce a new method of solution agitation particularly applicable
to compact processors.
Under the equipment evaluation portion of this contract will be included
several equipments now built in fabrication. This equipment in order to be
useful and productive tools in an operational complex, requires that complete
test and evaluation of performance criteria be established prior to being
placed in a production complex. The contracts under which most of the equipments
are being built contain little or no such test parameters - which is normal
procedure under prototype R&D equipment contracts, as it is often impossible to
r- f% r% r-1'1'
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 ornoCT
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set up specific acceptance criteria on "first-time" items. The research
laboratories and the associated facility (which is to be fully
equipped with all necessary services) is an excellent location to perform this
type evaluation, since controlled environmental conditions (temperature,
humidity) can be imposed to any desired degree. The clean area itself is so
constructed to handle nearly any size equipment in two larger rooms and con-
tains two additional small laboratory areas for sensitometric work or small
equipment testing - a total of 1200 square feet. This research complex need
not be restricted to testing of any special type equipment simply because it
was designed for reproduction and processing development. Viewing equipment,
mensuration equipment, optical equipment and the like may be tested and
e
evaluated. Some of the equipment under consideration for including in
evaluation aspects of the program are:
(1) The 411x_ film chip processor.
(2) The Sepratron Film Processor. The prototype now being
fabricated is for roll film. It is believed, however, that the
principle has great prospects for handling cut film and paper stock.
(3) The chip printer in conjunction with the chip processor.
(4) The dry process step and repeat printer (3-M).
(5) The Xerox step and repeat printer.
By performing external testing and evaluation of equipment PSD and other
NPIC components will be relieved of the responsibility of attempting to evaluate
R&D prototypes when they have a production schedule to maintain and.will insure
that only fully operational equipment is placed on the production line. It is
anticipated that where practical the original manufacturerwill contribute to the
testing so that full utilization can be made of his experience and knowledge of
the subject.
SECRET
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The-' P graphic t a` i`ari" rd t rill be 'ointly
:tom? a._Np
and SPPT -Fun4img and- monitori of ind .vide l ' asks 25X1
_oLt~. Contractual negotations will
w b by-tile organizat-i ii vying e
be through normal NPIC channels as an "open-end" type contract so that tasks
can be added or deleted as the need arises. Initial funding is
in th4mount
. The FY-66 NPIC contribu iotr--H
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tirfiLu` aft? f g'apprl. Management control will be enforced "'
7~7Y? d~ 6
C=eseat?ig ear= of t:,.he..rgaan. ears e# -bi-monthly
meetings with the contractor and contracting officer present. .
The contractor will submit bi-monthly reports to be on hand sufficiently in
advance of the scheduled meetings so that decisions may be firm prior to the
meetings.
SECRET
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6 January 1966
PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT EVALUATION PROGRAM
I. This program would be conducted by
The Agency has a
complete clean room facility which is installed at the
At the present time this facility is not being utilized to the extent
that it was intended. By expanding the present film processor evaluation
program into a photographic techniques and equipment evaluation program,
this clean room facility could become a productive and worthwhile tool in
evaluating all types of photographic reproduction and interpretation equipment
and techniques which we can not evaluate in the Center due to lack of
facility and staff. There is indication that this program will be confunded
by NRO and other parts of the intelligence community.
II. Present studies to be included in this program:
A. Heat shock in the use of acceleration of image development -
Under the present study, using heat shock, has
successfully produced stable images in which the density has been
raised from 3 stops under normal exposure to normal without appreciable
grain growth or loss of resolution. A continuation of this study under
the new program would include work in controlling heat shock
application and to investigate the use of heat shock in conjunction. with
special chemistry to speed up different B&W and color film processes.
B. Film drying techniques - The results of this program will be
used in the design of a prototype high efficiency, high speed film
dryer. Under the present program different advanced methods of drying,
inclkding vacuum and rauian-c heaving, vacuum &,d low temperauure uryirrg,
the use of solveuts, ana the use of solve.Llts i,l conjunction with
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ultraso.,~ic autio.Li, gave ue~n experimented with. A continuauion
in this study tasr, s,~oulu result ii, the aesign anu fabrica.ion of
a sopiiisticated ..iim _ryer.
C. Sensitometric Processing - There is a need for a small compact
research processing machine capable of operating over a wide range of
both time and temperature and capable of reproducing the many methods
of agitation normally used. This processor is a necessary tool in
accurately comparing particular emulsion characteristics against
standard characteristics published by the manufacturer. Under the
present study time and temperature combinations have been experimented
with. With current available apparatus the highest temperature and
lowest time combination, found to produce accurate results, was 118?F
and 15 seconds.
III. Processing and printing equipment evaluation as new prototype
printing and processing equipment is completed, it is desirable to
evaluate this equipment to determine if this equipment meets all specifica-
tions, if this equipment will do the job it is intended to do, the limits
of what this equipment will do and how well this equipment was built.
The clean room facility (which is fully equipped with all necessary
services) is an excellent location to perform these evaluations. At the
present time there are several pieces of prototype equpment being built
that could be part of this evaluation program.
A. 4x5 Film Chip Processor - Houston Fearless
B. 4x5 Film Chip Printer - Fairchild
C. Sepatron Processor - Houston Fearless
D. High Resolution Step & Repeat Printer - Xerox
IV. Other fields of desired research -
A. Color materials evaluation - Under contract
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Eastman Kodak has performed an extensive evaluation in color materials
for exploitation use. These materials were limited to E.K. products
only. It is necessary to evaluate all manufacturers color materials
for their application in exploitation use with specific applications
as follows:
1. Contact transparencies
2. Enlargment transparencies
3. Briefing prints
1i. Color negative materials
B. Investigation in depth of all non-silver and silver dry and
semi-dry processes. There is an immediate requirement for a rapid
access viewer printer to produce a positive paper print, from a
positive transparency,having the quality close to kopabromide. Before
the equipment can be built the appropriate printing material has to be
established. The first step in establishing the appropriate material,
is to investigate in depth the characteristics of all commercial and
research products that might fill this requirement. As speed and
overall equipment size is critical, this investigation should be
limited to only dry and perhaps semi-dry processes.
C. Exposure compensation through dye absorbtion developer inhibitors -
A unique method of exposure compensation is proposed, based on the inclusion
in the developer of a dye-coupler molecule which will couple with the
reaction products of development (e.g. bromide ion) to inhibit fruther
development. The dye (white, or light colored) formed would deposit on the
developing action occurring; that is to say, where the greatest developing
action is taking place, in the overexposed areas, the deposit would be
heaviest with the reverse effect in underexposed areas.
The effect can be utilized in two ways, first the deposition of the
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dye on the overexposed areas will prohibit further development while permitting
the development of underexposed areas mf to continue. Secondly, by the use
of radiant (infrared) heat further control of development can be obtained
since the infrared will be reflected from the heavily coated areas and absorbed
by the uncoated areas.
A further extension of the foregoing program would be research into
the formulation of a developer that would have the property of negative
Kinetic potential. This would be effected by the inclusion of a coupler
molecule, which, in place of the formation of a dye coating, would couple
with the reaction products of development to decrease the electro-chemical
energy of the developer, thereyb retarding development in overexposed areas.
Conversely, development in underexposed areas, would be accelerated since
a cessation or decrease in development inhibition would be effected due to
the corresponding decrease in reaction products.
D. Developer luminescence - This phenomenon has never been thoroughly
investigated with regard to photographic materials and processing. Research
into this area might well result in advances in the state-of-the-art.
Some logical reasons for investigation into developer luminescence are:
1. A basis for real-time chemical analysis of developers.
2. Automatic control of replensihment if the luminescence is
proportional to the chemical activity of the developing agents.
3. If the luminescence wavelength and intensity do increase
exposure levels of silver halides, then controlled amounts of luminescence
could be used to produce intensification of the latent image.
4. If on measurement the luminescence does not increase or
promote fogging of silver halide emulsions, then perhaps the light
output could be used for visual monitoring of processing operations.
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E. Use of ultrasonics to acceleate development - It has been well
established that many chemical reactions, particularly those requiring
diffusion for completion, are accelerated by the addition of ultransonic
energy to the reaction bath. This should be especially applicable to
the photographic process. A series of tests should be run appraising the
effect of ultransonic energy on rate of development, image quality, granularity,
etc. and similar effects in tl.e case of short stop, fixation, and washing.
There is the distinct possibility that all other standard forms of solution
agitation might be eliminated, particularly important in some of the industry's
latest compact processors. Some of the newest solid-state transducer power
supplies are smaller physically than the fractional horsepower motor and
pump units currently used in these processors.
F. De-gassing and de-oxidation - The primary factor in developer
exhaustion other than direct usage is inherent in aerial oxidization. The
oxidization products, besides drasitcally reducing developer life, may have
an adverse effect upon yhe developing action. If anti-oxidants could be
reduced or eliminated improvements in the photographic process would
result, in addition to opening the door to new active developing agents..
This project would. investigate various methods of de-gassing on emulsions,
and the effect of the removal of anti-oxidants from developing solutions.
G. Non-reve.rsable photobleaching liberation products. General
Electric is researching.
A. Positive to positive non reversal type photobleach process.
i In this process many chemical molecules are liberated into the surrounding
atmosphere. The clean room facility is excellent to determine what
these liberated products are, what amounts are present.and if these
products have any adverse effects on individuals using the process or
on other photo sensative materials that might be close by.
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f'ROi OSAL FOR AN ANALYTICAL
STUDY ;:O DETEPJ' INE r HE EFFECT
OF COI:TAR:INATION ON PHOTOCTRAFHIC
MA'-E QUALITY AND INTERPRETATION
Scptev ber 1365
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ANALYTICAL STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF CONTAMINATION
ON IMAGE QUALITY AND I'HOTOGRA: HIC INTERPRETATION
1. The processing of original negative film necessitates extreme
care: in the mechanical handling of the silver halide emulsion,
and also the elimination of contaminate (foreign) particles
from the processing environment, if maximum image quality is
to be achieved. The prime purpose of photography is inter-
pretation of the image, if development is performed in a
contaminated atmosphere, inevitably a degraded negative
results. In this program, it is planned to develop a com-
puterized mathematical model which will predict the quality
of the image in quantized form, given certain factors
describing the image, the film, and the contaminants.
2. At the present time little or no data are available to procurement
agencies and to designers of armed services photographic
laboratories on which to base a "cleanliness" requirement. One
result of this mathematical model is the evaluation of the
differences between "black, gray, white" and various degrees
of "clean" photographic processing rooms as judged by the
quality and interpretability of the image produced in them.
Considerable dollar savings may be achieved, if step-downs in
the degree of `cleanliness" of an environment result in none, or
little image quality degradation or minimal image misinterpretation.
Thus, this program will determine the degree of parametric
minimal environmental cleanliness required for any specific
degree of image quality.
3. The newly installed class 100 clean room complex at Houston
Fearless is an essential tool for the conducting of this program.
Control will be exercised over the contaminant parameters and
ob:,-ervations made of the resultant image quality and readability.
The mathernatical model will be developed as follows:
A 1' A A A A n A.
Aa + b+Ewe+Ff+'1g+ Ih+Ss+Tt.
q u-----10 representing a suajective measure of image
duality.
Each image will be judged by 10 service-trained photographic
interpreters, on a scale from 0 (indicating utter confu; ion)
through 10 (indicating perfect reading). To obtain a uniform
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standard of judgement among the interpreters, a short training
period will be necessary on pilot negatives.
5. The following designates will be given:
a = 0, 1, 2, 3 representing none, slight, moderate and
excessive aerosol contamination per unit area.
b = 1------ 10 representing background (type of terrain). A
suitable coding system must be developed for this function,
such that 1 represents the lightest, or whitest, background,
for example, desert under sun, whereas 10 represents the
darkest or blackest background, for exar.:ple, forest under
overcast.
e = 0, 1, 2, 3 to represent four commonly used emulsions.
f = 0, 1, 2, 3 representing none, slight, moderate and excessive
fluid contaminate per unit area.
g = 1, 2, 3 representing r?inirr,um, nornal and maximum average
grain size.
h ,*, 1, 2, 3, 4 representing low to high camera height above
terrain.
= 1, 2, 3 representing small, moderate and large size of con-
tarm:inate particles.
t - 0, 1, 2 will represent three different type c, or shapes, of
contaminate particle to be deter,,lined .
The capital letter;:; are coefficients to be estimated by the least
c csuures method. When estimated by computer these coefficients
will form the "blue" or best linear unbiased estimate of ' image
uality a
for given readings of the eight factors a, b, e, f, g, h,
and t.
E=. Other numerical results forthcoming from the program will be the
following:
1) The accuracy of the estimate, t, of image quality, q, will
be given in the form of a5 per?ient confidence limits of g and q
That is to say, If a thoisand experiments were performed on
different populations and everyone of them produced exactly
the same results, then, on an average 950 of the experimenters
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would be correct in assuming that the curve q for a given set
of factors is between q and q. The outstanding 50 experi-
rmenter would be in error.
2) The "ANOVA, " or analysis of variance, will provide
information as to whether a significant difference in q does,
or doe; not, exist due to changes in each factor a, b, etc.
If it is discovered that any particle factor does not affect
riuality (for instance, it is conceivable that particle type, t,
--:ay have no effect), the model may be simplified by the
o,.:.ission of that factor and its coefficient in upper case (T).
~) It is anticipated that significant interactions between
factors will be discovered. Thus, possibly for large values
of h, small values of s may be degrading, whereas for small
h, even a large size of s may not be degrading. If so, then
in this exa._lple, the h-s interaction would be of significance.
rogram :'1V'D02R and ' MDt;2V from ?I' D. E ealth Sciences
C+oT puting Facility, School of Medicine, UCLA, anuary 1964 will
be used.
The study will be a complete replicate of a 4 x 10 x 4 x 4 x 3 x 5 x 3 x 3
(36, 490) cell exporii :ent with 10 observations (representing the 10
interpreter,,; each cell. The within-cell variance with
x 8G,40.) (777, 600) degrees of freedom is a highly satisfactory
denominator for the classical F-test of significance.
The program as summarized in the chart on Fig. 1 and detailed in
Fig. 2 is further clarified below. The item numbers also refer to
the balloon numbering on Fig. 2.
Item 1. Classify contaminates according to
s = 0, 1, 2, 3 and t = 0, 1, 2.
Item 2. Classify contaminates into a = 0, 1, 2, 3 and
f=0, 1, 2, 3.
Item 3. Classify emulsion and grain size into
e=0, 1, 2, 3andq=l, 2, 3.
Item 4. Accurately define background and height into b = 1,
--------10, and h = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
Item S . 'repare pilot negative--.
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Item 6. Confer with interpreters and develop uniform scoring
system for q 0-----10 .
Item 7. Expose all negatives for complete program.
Item 8. Determine methodology for contamination of film samples.
Item 9. Process samples in contaminated environments.
Item 10. Process control samples in clean environment.
Item 11. Read and plot image quality of all samples.
Item 12. Devise suitable form to ease task of interpreters in
judging negatives, recording q, and to facilitate card
punching.
Item 13. Conduct training program of P. I. personnel.
Item 14. Present negatives in scheduled order to interpreters.
This is a major task of the program.
Item 15. Write instructions to computer personnel at computer
facility and transmit completed forms to them.
Item 16. Punching of computer cards.
Item 17. Computer processing and printout of results.
Item 18. Receive printout from computer facility.
Item 19. Evaluate computer printout.
Item 20. Write final report.
10. Program 3reakdown.
The program as described in this proposal will be divided into 5
distinct phases, as follows:
a) Isolate, recognize and classify both aerosol and liquid con-
taminates into types, shapes, and sizes (Factors s & t).
b) Determine levels of both aerosol and liquid contaminates per
unit area (Factors a & f) .
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c) In conjunction with project co-ordinator deterri ine emulsions
to be used, and group selective grain sizes (Factors e & g).
d) In conjunction with project co-ordinator determine terrains
(backgrounds) and effective camera heights (Factors b & h)
and determine source for master negatives of these.
e) Determine source and availability of photo interpreters.
f) Prepare pilot negatives.
g) Confer with interpreters and develop uniform scoring system.
VASE 2.
h) Expose all negatives for complete program.
HASE 3.
j) Detern-:ine iiet'lodology for contamination of film samples.
k) Process samples in contaminated environments.
1) r rocess control samples in clean environments.
Read and plot image quality of all samples.
i'FHASE 4.
n) Devise recording form to enter value judgements of q and to
expedite card p anching .
o) Conduct training program of . I. personnel.
Conduct subjective evaluation of image samples by Photo
Interpreters.
r) Prepare instructions and transmit complete forms to computer
facility.
s) Punch cards, process, and printout results at computer facility.
t) Receive computer printout, evaluate results.
v) Write final report.
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PROPOSED ANALYTICAL STUDY INTO EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATES
ON FHOTOGRAI'HIC FILM
Analytical Stidy of
Contaminants A& Effects
Statistical Model
Controlled Levels of
Contamination
photo Interpretation
Evaluation
Correlation of Image Degradation
'rograra Summary
Fig. 1
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PHASE 1
PHASE 2
R FER TO P~ARA 9 FOR ITEM NO.
PHASE 3
MAIN TASKS OF STUDY PROGRAM
PHASE 4
FIG. 2
Finish
Program
PHASE 5
rItle m
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RE~EARCH LABORATORY PROGRAMS
The research laboratories were constructed, and the clean room complex
erected by funds obtained from a Government contract. This first stage of
this contract consisted of two major sections, the preparation of the area,
erection of the clean room complex and finishing of the area, and secondly,
a research program in which the following projects were worked on.
(1) Liquid bearings, hydrodynamic and rotary.
(2) Air bearings. Tunnel type and rotary.
(3) Vacuum capstan, positive and negative pressure source.
(4) Evaluation of pressure losses in standard pipes and fittings.
(5) Determination of force required to bend film.
(6) Sensitornetric studies into the effects of elevated processing
temperatures and shortened times on aerial emulsions.
(7) Efficiency of temperature control systems.
(8) Conception of modulated film processor.
(9) Determination of the coefficient of film drag.
In the current program, work on items 1, 2 and 3 is being completed.
addition to these, the following new programs have been approved.
(10) Accelerated development by heat-shock.
(11) Studies into improved methods of film drying.
(12) Continuation of sensitometric studies.
!additional programs now being actively sought, are an analytical study of the
effects of contamination on image quality and photographic interpretation,
and a program to determine the performance of dry process film emulsions.
In this field, we have, in conjunction with the company concerned, already
covered enough ground to be able to predict a line of hardware. In other
areas described in the following summaries, varying degrees of work have
been accomplished. In the case of the lead iodide process, for instance,
we have successfully deposited films on glass substrates and are awaiting
time and the opportunity of an optical bed to enable image exposures to be
made. In the instance of the use of lasers, we are cooperating with the
Korad Laboratories to assess the use of a laser beam in image quality
reading. In all other projects, some efforts have been made and a number
of proposals have already been prepared.
In consideration also for immediate preparation are proposals to up-date
the IITA/5, qualify the ABD4 and evaluate and if possible (in conjunction
convert the 4 x 5 chip processor for other
In the commercial field a study is being made of the requirements of setting
up an equipment qualifying and evaluation service, and an industry wide
sensitometric and laboratory service. A commercial brochure for this
purpose is in rough layout.
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AN' UNIQUE APPROACH TO INFLIGI-IT PROCESSING
As military tactical strategy and logistics demand closer to realtime
processing for immediate post-strike analysis, emphasis has been shifted
to inflight processing. This proposal, then, suggests research aimed
toward two goals, 1) the production of an extremely high-speed processor,
rugged enough to withstand rough operational conditions, simple enough
for relatively untrained operators to load and control, but still capable of
producing original negatives of archival quality and, 2) film suitable for
use in such a processor.
Sufficient preliminary experiments were performed to establish the feasibility
of the following performance parameters:
(1) Processing cycle under 5 seconds.
(2) Development uniformity .
(3) Wide processing temperature latitude: 70?F + 200
(4) Wide processing time latitude: 5 times nominal time
(5) Small volume solution requirements .
(6) Extended solution life from contamination or storage .
considerations: Minimum of three weeks.
(7) No chemical fog.
(8) Increase in effective film speed.
(9) No sensitometric degradation.
(10) No subject image degradation.
The principle involved is to incorporate a non-active fraction of the developer
in the film's emulsion, together with the photosensitive silver halide. After
exposure, the latent image is developed by activating the inert portion of the
agent with an accelerator and subsequently stabilizing the image. High
viscosity reagents are used throughout to avoid the inflight problems of
leakage under maneuvering conditions of roll, pitch, yaw, evasive action,
vibration and shock loads (landing, take-off, wind gusts, etc.). Another
area to be investigated would be the incorporation of both the inactive
portion of the developer and the accelerator in the emulsion (retained in a
stable condition by microscopic encapsulation). Development would then
consist of applying heat and/or pressure, thus approaching a dry-film
process.
While much research and developmental work has been done by the industry
to achieve the ideal completely self-contained inflight processor, no proto-
type now available promises both the speed of processing combined with
archival quality, herewith possible.
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TI.GH VISCOSITY PROCESSING AND DE-VISCIDIZING
TTigh viscosity (4000 centipoises or more) processing offers rewarding
results such as extreme development speeds, small grain size, good resolution
and gamma. The difficulties inherent in the process however, outweigh the
,idventrages somewhat. By combining experience in the
field of heat shock for rapid processing with the concept of viscous-layer
development (and, of course, short stop and fixation), an ideal of minimum
response time should be attainable.
One of the greatest assets of viscous processing, high speed, is, in itself,
a problem. The developing action continues until removal of the viscous
layer and subsequent short stop and, in the case of 15-to 20-second proces-
sing times, one second, plus or minus, becomes critical. If the viscous
developer were not removed, but merely plunged into the short stop bath,
activity would continue until the acid had permeated the viscous layer and
neutralized the reaction at the interface boundary. The ideal solution to this
problem would provide developer removal faster and more thorough than high-
pressure water.
Two unique methods of de-viscidization of the solution retained on the film
are proposed as potentially fruitful avenues of research. This program,
therefore, investigates the use of de-peptizing agents or ultrasonic power
to effect instantaneous devisciditization of the solutions permitting inter-
bath transfer in the conventional manner. Concurrently, sensitometric
studies are proposed to determine the parameters of operation, and the effect
on image quality. The goal of this research program is the design of a very
high speed processor employing the best features of deep tank immersion in
a compact, efficient machine and having the simplicity of operation of
Dr. Land's "Polaroid" technique.
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Many of the generators of coherent light, both solid state and gaseous,
produce frequencies of wave length to which photographic films may be
completely insensitive. Such a beam, then, could be used to scan the
latent ima e on a film (ie. before development) and set the parameters
for predictable gamma.
Another potentially fruitful line of research involves the use of lasers to
produce an image quality meter operating on a new principle. Existent
meters capable of reading gamma, granularity, acutance and resolution
generally use a white-light source and very small apertures. Highly
accurate readings depend upon extremely slow scanning speeds on the
order of a few microns per hour.
Laser beams, on the other hand, being coherent, can be made to produce
an interference pattern when bounced off, or transmitted through, objects
of sufficient density to absorb portions of the light. Several simple optical
systems can be made which will create this effect. Furthermore, the real
and virtual images produced can be greatly magnified depending upon the
optical system employed. After suitable scientific research, it is felt that
the pattern of interference rings could be related directly back to the para-
meters it is desired to measure. At this point, a suitable scanner and
electric eye could make a direct reading.
The inherent advantages of such a device are:
1) Instantaneous response.
2) Primary standard accuracy.
3) Less costly to build than present instruments.
4) Simplicity of operation.
5) Reproducibility of measurements.
Another allied field appears to be the possibility of producing three dimen-
sional aerial. photographs by this means. If a photograph of the interference
patterns described earlier is made and the photographic transparency
reilluminated with coherent light, the original object is recreated in 3-D.
Thus, it might prove possible to combine two aerial views of the same terrain
and project them into a 3-D image by this laser technique. The photo recon-
naisanco gains to be expected certainly would justify some work toward this
goal.
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LEAD IODIDE PROCESSING
This is a new process in which an image is recorded by the localized photo-
decomposition of lead iodide. This project covers research into methods of
depositing films on various substrates, methods of image recording, and
determination of image quality. The process is intriquing to the research-
oriented mind, because the grain size of the PbI2-deposited layer is so fine
that the image attainable approaches the resolution of the optical system
used. The drawbacks of the material in its current early state of development
are: (1) It must be sensitized at a temperature of 200?F. 2) It is photo-
graphically slow, and 3) It is soft and subject to abrasion. These short-
comings merely offer research challenges comparable to those faced in the
early history of silver halide experimentation. Nothing was published on
the phenomena prior to August, 1964, when the findings of a research group
at the University of Bristol, England were recorded.
The first significant breakthrough in photographic paper improvement occurred
when silver bromides and iodides were substituted for the slower halide,
chlorine. This certainly demands first priority in research attention. These
remains also the possibility that the process might be improved by the addition
of certain catalysts to speed up nucleation, or other heat sensitive, photon-
reacting combinations such as the diazonium photopolymers.
The material offers such a number of distinct advantages over other microfilm
recording medic, that it deserves research investigation in depth.
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HIGH-TEMPERATURE, F.-IIGH-SPEED SENSITOMETRIC PROCESSOR
Studies of the effect of elevated temperatures on negative aerial ernulsion ,
are currently being conducted. One of the parameters of this project is the
increasing of the processing temperature, and the decreasing of the corres-
me of time, a teperature of
ponding processing time. At h present
Due to human811mhas
been reached with a processing t
tations, it has been found impossible to shorten this time with currently
available apparatus. An analysis of the requirements of a laboratory type
processor, shows that a processor of the type required is not available.
The need lies in a small compact research machine capable of operating
over a wide range of both time (20 runs to 1/2 second or less) and
temperatures (68?F to 95?F) and designed specifically for clean room use.
The processor should also be capable of reproducing the many methods of
agitation normally used, since much of the published photographic processing
data issued by leading film manufacturers does not state the method of
agitation employed shtom conducting riginal
of any one emulsion and its
to determine the s e
response to a given developing formula.
Other features required in such a laboratory tool, is a duplication of all
methods of processing, daylight operation, continuous belt transport
system, small quantities of solution, high viscosity capability, heat shock
application provision, variable agitation to include spray, immersion,
turbulation bars, nitrogen burst, liquid bearing etc. The dry box must be
provided with per cent relative humidity control. Such a sensitometric
processor it is believed would find ready acceptance in many fields of
photographic research and production laboratories throughout the country.
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DRY PROCESS REPRODUCTION
All government agencies currently involved in photographic processing are
beginning to evince interest in dry film and non-silver reproduction. The
was overdtwibecause of the ce total production) current world
burden of research, more over, is
shortage of silver (in 1964, usage These non-silver photo sensitive materials include blueprints (ferrocyanide-
ammonia), electrostatics, diazonium-photopolymers, etc. The Eastman -
RCA "Bimat" is a silver-halide dependent process which, in the technical
sense, is not a dry process. Development is achieved by bringing a
film, pre-soaked with processing solution, into intimate contact with the
exposed negative. Diffusion is augmented by pressure rollers. The process
is thus similar to the Polaroid viscous paste technique, but is much slower,
its speed being in the range of 1-inch per minute.
A new technique, which should be capable of producing non-silver images at
moderately high speeds, is now proposed. Using the recording technique
discovered a few years ago by General Electric, that of creating interference
patterns in thermoplastic film by applying heat, this coul be
modulated laser beams asethe This
research program however, suggests
distorting source, rather than a hot wire. Thus, higher speeds would be
achieved while, at the same time, greater resolution should be possible
because of the small diameters attainable in beam width. An added advantage
of this process is that the film
Reheating rthe recording film, causes plastic
retention were not required.
flow and the elastic memory returns it to its original smooth surface.
A research proposal covering investigations into lead dis presented in
bromide (another photo-and heat-sensitive, dry process)
another section of this outline.
Thus, as military tactical strategy and logistics demand closer to realtime res processing so that post-strike analysis the processing pme for theearch
effort is forced into two channels.
original negative (perhaps, by inflight development) and secon reduce
the times now required for producing duplicates of the original. ::]preliminary investigation has already proven the feasibility of
producing high quality prints research endeavor, outlined below;. This
opens the door for a whole new
continued
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DRY FILM PROCESSING PROGRAM
1. Determination of silver halide image quality relationship to
diazonium-photo polymer image quality.
2. Viewer Printer (Non-reversing)
a) 70m/m to
b) 2-1/2 in.
3. Viewer Printer (Reversing)
a) 70m/m to
b) 9-1/2 in.
4. Viewer Printer Enlarger (Reversing)
a) 70m/in to
b) 9-1/2 in.
5. Viewer Printer Enlarger (Non-reversing)
a) 70m/m to
b) 9-1/2 in.
6. Print Copies .
a) Up to ll x 17 in.
7. Investigation to assess possibility of combination of silver/halide
and diazonium-photopolymer to obtain fast dry processing direct
from camera.
8. To determine the possibilities of producing color in diazonium-
photopolymer type film.
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ELECTROPHORESIS
Electrophoresis, or cataphloresis, literally means the movement of ions or
suspended particles through a fluid under the action of an electromotive
force (emf) applied to electrodes in contact with the suspension. Early
Houston Fearless experiments in heat-shock techniques used a stainless-
steel band in close proximity to the moving film. When heavy dc current,
at low voltages, was applied to the band it heated, creating accelerated
local development of the negative. It also quickly lost its close-tolerance
adjustment due to plating out of silver from the film. This condition was
subsequently eliminated by supplying alternating current to the bands.
There is every possibility that this dc-plating effect, deleterious in the
case of heat-shock, could be used advantageously to accelerate develop-
ment. Since the main chemical purpose of a developer is to dissolve non-
activically activated silver ions, any process enhancing this action will
speed development. If, then, a negatively-charged, moving electrode
were placed close to the film and the latter given a positive charge,
silver ions (which have a positive charge) would migrate rapidly toward
the cathode. The potential would, of course, be adjusted to a lower level
than that at which disintegration of the developer would take place. The
migration would take place most rapidly in the areas of greatest density, ie.
the shadows, which is the desired effect.
An added advantage of this process should prove to be smaller grain growth
due to the decreased total time in the developing solution. Clearing time
should likewise be reduced due to fewer remaining undissolved and removed
silver salts in the emulsion.
The moving electrode would be continuously scavenged of its collected
silver by a second electrode, so that the space between the film and the
cathode could remain constant. Here, then, is a proposed process which
promises to improve response time while concurrently producing a valuable
by-product, pure silver.
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LOPER LUMINESCENCE
E
ic
n a o
d
s
a
r
noted
Daring tests made in connection with the e
that
sgagitation
it was
agitation was experimented with. During t ines
. It- the developer (D-16) exhibited a marked wo ld beea rewardinguaaPap?f ar
that the investigation of this Phenomena
reasons, are,
l
i
ca
investigation. Some of the log
A basis for real-time chemical analysis of developers.
lDlenishment if the
2. Automatic control of re. act vity of the developing agents .
proportional to the chemical 3. If the luminescence wavelength and intensity do increase
then controlled amounts of
exposure levels of silver halides,
luminescence could be used to produce intensification of the
latent image .
,duces luminescence over
sonic P
4. If vibration (ultra-sonic ?data would become important in airborne
a wide range, then these
or satellite processing areas, where processing chemicals may be
subjected to ultrasonic vibrations during launch or in flight.
5. If on measurement, the luminescence doee hags the 1 ght output e not increase or fogging of silver halide emulsions, h p
could be used for visual monitoring of processing operations.
It is believed that this phenomenon has never been thoroughly investigated
I Research into this
t
P
p
with regard to pho
ogt
advances in the state-of-the-art.
rea might well res
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ULTRASONICS
Besides the proposal to use ultrasonic transsdduuTe s Vde_ViScINGe)highly-
viscous processing chemicals (described and 2) A
more areas worthy of research exist. These are: 1) A squeegee
developer accelerator.
During early experimentation with air knives, or the
squeegees, to remove surface liquids from the film without injury to s, a emulsion, a phenomenon was noted. Atrtt roughlthe knife]g~en
frequency flutter would develop as the film passed as mi
ht be this occurred, water removal was much believe thatdultrasonics couldgdo as
expected. There is every reason to bwell, if not better, in this application. One distinct advantage would be from the the fact that ultrasonics are much shieldwhich makes ittextrerrEly
the high-pitched, siren-like wait of an
unpleasant to work near.
A 4-1,.+ any chemical
In past experimentation, it has been wd ffusionl fore completion, are
reactions, particularly those requiring to the reaction bath. This
accelerated by the addition of ultrasonic energy
should be especially applicable to the photographic process. A series of onic tests should be run appraising the effect oetclt and sim~.larreffects in the
development, image quality, granularity,
fixation, and washing. There is the distinct possibility
case of short stop,
that all other standard forms of solution industry's latestico epact processors.
aller
particularly important in some of
asundpplies are
Some of the newest solid-state transducer power
unit s cturrently
physically than the fractional horsepower
used in these processors.
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SPRAY PROCESSING COLOR FILM
Despite its inherent advantages of speed, economy, c ntrollabili y and never
compact processor permissibility, spray processing
ertthat none of the recognizable
reached reduction to practice. It is felt
concerted
problems would be resistant to a
Some of the outstanding difficulties, such as
and white) appear rel t vely critical aerial oxition (more in its effect on color film than it is on black
rate the
ion
easy to overcome. Others, such d.as the ifferedntf colortlsendsitive layers of the
processing chemicals through the phenomenon causes
emulsion, offer more challenge. Since the foregoing p
a color imbalance in the final developed image, it is of critical significance.
In carrying out this proposal, research is propertpH gradient throlughout the lines.
Altering the process chemistry to attain
multilayer emulsion, is one approach. Another promising approach is that of
layersp tThiiormtua ght ~ ove
introducing certain long-chain anti foggant
control the penetration rate through possible to obtain color-balanced images t by t avenue principle husu ein a
series of particulate grading screens.
"competing" developers which have the net effect of limiting the reduction
of silver halide and, thus, preventing oxidation products from destroying
the effectivity of the color couplers.
It is felt that the future importance and potential of this field are well worth
extensive research effort now.
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DEGASSING AND DE-OXIDIZATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC SOLUTIONS
Close study is being given to the problems of exacting control of
photographic processing, but in the area of the effects of developer
oxidization little appears to be known. The primary factor in developer
exhaustion other than direct usage is inherent in aerial oxidization. The
oxidization products, besides drastically reducing developer life, may
have an adverse effect upon the developing action. If anti-oxidants
could be reduced or eliminated improvements in the photographic process
would result, in addition to opening the door to new active developing
agents. The project would investigate various methods of de-gassing
and de-oxidizing solutions including the use of ultrasonics, the effect
on emulsions, and the effect of the removal of anti-oxidants from
developing solutions.
Other ramifications of this study are these. Numerous investigations over
a period of more than 40 years have conclusively proved that developers
will last almost indefinitely if the oxyphilic agent (hydroquinone, gallol,
etc.) is kept separate from the caustic agent (sodium hydroxide, sodium
carbonate, etc.). A spray processor should be investigated in which the
two main constituents are intermixed in the correct proportion at the spray
nozzle, us, storage similar
l life would be greatly rextended and a t v ty at point
resins. Thus, g
of contact, a constant.
Certain complex organic alcohols have been used to lessen surface eva -
poration from reservoirs by as much as 65 percent. Perhaps one of these
might act as an oxygen barrier, when dispersed on the surface of the
developing tank, without adversely affecting the photographic reaction.
This type of preservative would be thoroughly investigated.
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SUMMARY OF PROPOSED RESEARCH PROJECT
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FOREWORD
a'iformedl to
meet the' requirements of a government sponso program This
f th compny
t
o
program defined objaective peculiar to the developmen
designed air-'~iquid'bearing concept of film processing. Because of the
broad spectrum of disciplines represented by the group, ma area of
research' have been revealed during the assignments handle7,,'!', in thi;
program since September, 1964. These areas which have be, shown to
be fruitful of separate research are outside the scope of the define
objectives of this Rrogram, but appear to offer state-of-theart advances,
or the development of needed specific items of equipment. The opportunity
to submit study proposals on these projects would be welcomed as a means
of broadening the activities of the group, to make possible even rilore
significant technical advances .
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SUMMARY OF PROJECTS.
1. HEAT SHOCK & DE-VISCIDIZING
High viscosity (4000 centipoises or more) processing offers rewarding results
such as extreme development speeds, small grain size, good resolut on and
gamma. The difficulties inherent in the process however, out=weigh the
advantages soar ewha . By combining experience in the fields c25X1
bearing design 'and heat shock with the concept of viscous-layer de elopment,
thef goals of high load-bearing capacity and fast processing tithe could be
attained simultaneously. This program would investigate' the 'use of de-peptizing
agents or ultrasonic power to effect instantaneous devisciditiation gf the
solutions permitting inter bath transfer in the conventional mainner.
This program thus details a research program to investigate _171',I combined
use of high viscosity solutions in conjunction with liquid bearings ad heat
shock. A unique method of de-viscidization is proposed to re, uce tie viscosity
of the solution retained on the film. Concurrently, sensitomekric studies
are proposed to determine the parameters of operation, and the effe;~t on
image quality. The goal of this research program is the design ofd very
s 7
high speed processor employing the best features of deep tth k. immersion
in a compact, efficient machine.
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2. DEGASSING AND DE-OXIDIZATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC SOLUTIONS.
Close study is being given to the problems of exacting control of
photographic poces~ing, but in the area of the effects of developer
ozidization lit e appears to be known. The primary factor in,1developer
exhaustion other tha' direct usage is inherent and aerial oxiCizatio;p.
The oxidization prodcts, besides drastically reducing developer life,
have an adversd effect upon the developing action. If anti-oxidants
may
could be reduced or eliminated improvements in the photographic process
would result, in addition to opening the door to new active dveloping
agents. The project would investigate various methods of de-gassing
and de-oxidizing solutions including the use of ultrasonics; the effect
on emulsions, and the effect of the removal of anti-oxidants from developing
solutions .
3. LEAD OXIDE PROCESSING. This is a new process in whit an it age
is recorded by the localized photo-decomposition of lead oxide. This
project covers research into methods of depositing films on various
substrates methods of image recording, and determination f ima -e
quality. The process fs. intriguing to the research-oriented mina, because
the grain size of the Pb12 deposited layer is so fine that the image attainable
approaches the resolution of the optical system used. The drawbacks of
the material in its current early state of development (I) It must be sensitized
at a temperature of 200?F, 2) It is photographically slow, and 3) it is soft
and subject to abrasion) offer research challenges comparable to those faced
(2)
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,n the early history of silver halide experimentation. Nothing was published
on the phenomena prior to August, 1964, when the findings of a research
group at the University of Bristol, England were recorded.
4. PRINT DROP-OUT.
Discussions with veteran photographic interpretation staff members., suggest
that a need exists for a method whereby a negative or posit" copy' of a
film frame (particularly in 9 1/2 ins. widths) could be immed~telY obtainable
while the negative film is still in process. This project wou'"d evaluate
various media, including ultra-violet sensitive emulsions for`. suitablility, and
propose various methods of producing such prints, either as { addendum to
a processing machine or as a separate assembly to be fitted n. Vaious
methods of control are envisaged, such as providing a remot .T V. o enable
a monitor to select a particular image for copy and immediate-"rispeLion
by operating a simple push switch. Other alternative method, could provide
for prints on a selected time span (and therefore footage) basis, or 6s a
result of continuous viewing at the take-up end of a process,o Thy objective
is to permit an immediate inspection of a frame of a film while the emainder
i 1
is still in process. The resolution is to be such that the positive or negative
copy is within the normal photographic interpretation range for the particular
imagery. Such a proposal is in the realm of scientific feasibility due to
recent improvements in heat-developable emulsions.
(3)
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5. DEVELOPER LUMINESCENCE.
During tests made in connection with the design of a processor, ultrasonic
agitation was experimented with. During this agitation it was noted that the
developer (D-16) exhibited a marked luminescence. It would appear that
the investigation of this phenomena would be a rewarding area of investigation.
Some of the logical reasons, are:
1. A basis for real-time chemical analysis of developers.
2. Automatic control of replenishment if the luminescence is
proportional to the chemical activity of the developing agents.
3. If the luminescence wavelength and intensity do increase
exposure l velstof silver halides, then controlled amounts of luminescence
could be ued t4 produce intensification of the latent image.
4. If vibration ultra-sonic or sonic) produces luminescence over
a wide rare, ten these data would become important irk airborne
or satellit4 procssing areas, where processing chemicals may be subjected
to ultrasonic vibrations during launch or in flight.
If on measurement, the luminescence does not increase or`
promote fogging of silver halide emulsions, then perhaps the light
output's could be used for visual monitoring of processing operations.
It is believed that this phenomenon has never been thoroughly investigated
with regard to photographic materials and processing. Research into this
area might well result in advances in the state-of-the-art.
(4)
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iiIGII-TEMPERATURE, I1IG-I-I -SPEED SENSITOMETRIC PROCESSOR
Studies of the effect of elevated temperatures on negative aerial emulsions
are currently being conducted. One of the parameters of this project is
the increasing of the processing temperature, and the decreasing of the,
corresponding processing time. At the present time, a temperature of
1180F has been reached with a processing time of 15 seconds. Due to
human limitations, it has been found impossible to shorten this time/with
currently available apparatus. An analysis of the requirements of a
laboratory type processor, shows that a processor of the type required
is not available. The need lies in a small compact research machine
capable of operating over a wide range of both time (20 runs to 1/2 second
or less) and temperatures (680F to 950F) and designed specifically for
clean room use. The processor should also be capable of reproducing the
many methods of agitation normally used, since much of the published
photographic processing data issued by leading film manufacturers does not
state the method of gitation employed when conducting the original photographic
experiments to determine the sensitometric characteristics of any one emulsion
and its response to a given developing formula. Other features re,uired in such
a laboratory tool, is a duplication of all methods of processing, daylight
operation, continuous belt transport system, small quantities of solution,
high viscosity capability, heat shock application provision variable
agitation to include, spray, immersion, turbulation bars, nitrogen burst,
liquid bearing etc. The dry box must be provided with per cent relative
humidity control. Such a sensitometric processor it is believed would find
ready accep'.ance in many fields of photographic research and production
(5)
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laboratories hroughout the country.
many systems hive been devised
With today's emphasis on inflight processing
id information transfer ,
utilizing the silver halide medium for rap
current rapid processing systems indicates the
Astudyofthe
in problem areas , and resultant information loss .
ollov~ g
Saturated Web ProcessirrU-_
rated web processing application method has had limited success
The satu ternp6rature
to ment time is in excess of one minute at an elevate
where the deve p
0 the web prodess for rapid
in considering
roximately 120 F. However,
of app
the following characteristics will be present.
access,
rint pattern of the web material
I
(1)
mp
n-uniformity of application of film sizes in e cess ref 35mr1
(2) 1 o
e
th
of developed in one continuous oVeratio
film is n
(3) If the
developed .
out in the areas adjacent to the film previously
web wtill dry
is encounteredjin achjeving
Extreme difficulty
(4) Atr inclusion:
el
d
ev
od contact in all areas of the format to be
go
nt by subjective viewing appearso be smilar
(5i) The web impri
tion or graininess pattern. Thetproce swill produce
to e ither a r. eticula
n normal, lower maximum density than normal and lower
higher fog tha
amma. There is a possibility of subsequent film speed loss .
g
Viscous Processin
reme difficulty encountered in uniformitY or evenness of appll-
Ext
(1)
ultant image is not uniformly developed or exhibits mottled
res
cation Thus,
appearance .
(6)
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(2) At normal Temperatures the processing time for this method
is extremely long. If ?thc development solution t:cmperaIut is oIevatc d above,
120?P, extreme ddffficuty is encountered in the development-rate cycle
(transfer of deve ,opme t by-products out of the emulsion, and,',, replacement
by fresh developing agents
into the emulsion) .
(3) In considering viscous processing for rapid infor-natior access
a monobath solution isrequired. A monobtah solution in the vi9'cous state
will yield a high fog level, a lower maximum density, and subSyequentfy
lower gamma .
Since the alove processing methods have their limitations, much
thought has beenldevoted to the feasibility of an extremely hi
processor which will enable the processing temperature to rema
E pelt
at toe
~
70 o r level with a complete processing cycle under 5 seconds. he mist
important design feature is to produce an image comparable to at conve# tionai
process. The method of rapid processing this proposal would r+searc is one
in which either the complete or partial development chemistry is incorporated
within:. the silver halide emulsion. The latent image would then be ptocessed
by first activating the developing agents that are incorporated in the emulsion,
followed by a chemical stabliizing treatment.
Preliminary experiments in development used Ansco' s commercial
liquid silver halide emulsion prepared for coating on 11" x 14" photographic
acetate base material. The control standard series of coatings did not
include developer chemistry. These control samples sensitornetric and
(7)
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resolution tests were developed in Eastman Kodak D-19 and Rapid Foxer.
The second set of samples had the incorporated developer chemistry introduced
into the liquid emulsion prior to coating.
All ph togr phic tests were conducted using one in wide film
strips. The third experimental factor investigates the function of co ing
thickness 'in conF"uncton with incorporated developer chemistry.
The eperinental results indicates that with the utilization of
incorporated dev;lope chemistry an extremely small process can be
to produce the following performance characteristics:
(1) Processing cycle under 5 seconds
(2) Development uniformity
(3) Wide processing temperature latitude: 70?F + 2
(4) Wide processing time latitude: 5 times nominal time
O Small volume solution requirements
considerations: Minimum of three weeks.
No chemical fog.
Increase in effective film speed
No sensitometric degradation
No subjective image degradation.
designed
The contact printed resolution test on both the control standard which
was processed in D-19 68 0 F for 4 min, and the incorporated! 4evel0 er emulsion
was processed in an activator both for 4 seconds at 68?F. A microsope
examination indicated equal resolution capability of 204 lined/mm.
It is strongly believed that the preliminary experiments justify an
intensive research program to accurately establish the sensitometric characteristics
of various emulsion formulas, and the image quality obtained in terms of granularity,
fog, resolution, gamma and speed. If the research program resulted in a film
image product the equivalent of those produced by conventional processing
methods, a whole field of compact processors would become available for
(?)
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use in situations where the large conventional processors cannot be considered
Some of these examples ready to mind are in-flight processors micro film
processors mobile processing laboratories sporting events film processing,
or in any situation calling for high speed , high resolution processing
where space for the equipment is at a premium.
(9)
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APPLIED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
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INTRODUCTION
r
ments of a government sponsored research program, which also
included the design and installation of a clean room complex. Because
of the broad spectrum of disciplines represented by the research groutpion
applied research in many areas of film processing and image exploita
is possible, with the objective of the development of specific items of
equipment as a means of continuing and broadening the activities o 9f the 1, 16 group beyond the present contract are which expires on
ent d for envaluab on3and con-
presented
Summaries of some of these areas
sideration. The opportunity to present full proposals on any of these
projects will be welcomed.
esearch group was formed to meet the require-
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INDEX OF PROPOSED PROJECTS
1. A Tactical Continuous Printer
2. Controllable Development
3. A Tactical Film Titler A
-4. A Tactical 70mm thru 9-1/2" Film Processor
5. Survey of dry film processing materials and design of equipment for use
of Diazo, Kalfax etc. to achieve rapid access prints.
" 6. Acceleration of Image Development by heat shock ( continuation of program)
7. Investigation of film drying techniques ( continuation of program)
8. The adaptation of Houston Fearless Water Conservation System to current
Air Force and Navy film processors.
A rapid access enlarging printer with step and repeat capability.
x 10. A rapid access step and repeat contact printer.-
11. A unique method of simultaneously achieving rapid access negative and
positive silver halide images
12. Exposure compensation through dye absorption developer inhibitors.
13. High viscosity processing with de-viscidization
14. Negative- positive viewer
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LLV VLJ A. Vl\ L.' LJ A-"%,4JJJLJLJ 1 LLV i.LV ia.YJ .i i-I i as a..
1. The
Tactical Printer is proposed as a continuous- contact 25X1
printer that prints from a 70mm to 9-1/2 inch roll of either positive or negative
transparency onto a roll of film-base or paper-base photo,-;..sensitive ( printing)
material, and designed specifically for field use.
The Tactical Printer would consist of an enameled light-tight cabinet on
which are mounted light-proof cassettes for supply and takeup spools of the duplicating
film or paper. The supply spool has a drag clutch and the takeup spool has a torque
motor to insure positive transport and registration of the duplicating materials. The
interior of the cabinet houses the film transport mechanism and the printing light
source. The elements of the film transport mechanism are the transparency supply
and takeup spool adjustable supportw, two torque motors, and a driven metering
roller. One torque motor drives the original stock supply spool shaft; the other
drives the original stock takeup spool shaft and the metering roller for the duplicating
stock. A control for slewing the original stock and a viewer located on the left side
of the printer permit preselecting any frame or group of frames to be printed. A
voltage adjustable 40 watt incandescent lamp provides the printing light source.
Neutral density filters added to the exposing aperture permit finer exposure control.
The printer may be daylight operated from any 115 volt, 60 cycle power
source. Printing speed rate is 60 feet per minute. The transport mechanism will
operate in the printing mode only if the metering roller shaft is pushed down to press
the duplicating material in contact with the original material. Additional printing
mode conditions include POWER switch set to ON, SLEW switch to FORWARD, and
PRINT switch set to ON. The rewind mode requires the metering roller shaft
to be raised, POWER switch set to ON, and SLEW switch set to REVERSE. Quick
reference specifications are listed in Table 1.
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actical Printer
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~V 109-G -S
TABLE 1
SPECIFICATIONS
Material handled
70mm to 9-1/2 inch wide
negative/positive roll film
70mm to 9-1/2 inch wide
duplicating film or 9-3/8 inch
wide paper
Material Capacity
Resolution
Operating Speed
Operating Area
Slewing Capability
Viewing Window
Dimensions
Original stock, 1000 foot spools
Duplicating stock, 1000 foot spools
80 lines per millimeter minimum
60 feet per minute
Daylight
Original stock only
8-1/2 by 4-1/2 inches
Length 25 inches
Width 33-1/4 inches
Height 24-1/2 inches (without
magazines)
Weight
Power Requirements
115-volt, 60-cycle ac
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Q-109-65
2. CONTROLLABLE DEVELOPMENT
A. The heat shock program, marks but a small inroad into a field as vast
and complex as "latensification, " or the study, measurement and
intensification of the latent image while still in the process of develop-
ment. Many different films (both original negative and duplicating
stocks) must be studied in combination with different developers and
processing rates.
B. Either infrared or laser scanning could be coupled with image analysis
to provide point-to-point control of the development process. Natural
outgrowths of this study would be direct sensor control of local heat-
ing, local latensification with active light, local Hershel-effect erasure
and feedback control of chemical activity. The upper limits of latensi-
fication are not known to the photo scientific field and should be deter-
mined as these data are as basic to problems in modern photography as
the work of Hurter and Driffield was for its day.
C. Chemical Auto-Compensation
Aside from scanning the developing image and controlling further develop-
ment, there is another possible approach for exposure compensation.
This method is "Chemical auto-compensation. This method is entirely
automatic, in that the image itself controls the further development of
the film. Furthermore, this method results in point-by-point compensa-
tion of the image.
I) "Starvation Development"
By using a viscous developer with a low concentration of developing
agent, development of the overexposed areas will be limited by the
lack of available developing agent. Used in conjunction with a longer-
than-usual developing time, the underexposed areas will become over-
developed while the overexposed areas will remain underdeveloped.
Similar results are achieved by initiating development in an ordinary
non-viscous developer, then allowing development to reach comple-
tion in a stationary water bath.
These methods have been investigated in the past, but never in regards
to exposure compensation.
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Q-109-65
5. SURVEY OF DRY FILM PROCESSING, MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
The ease and cleanliness of dry film (and semi-dry film) processing
together with the advantage of employing relatively untrained operators,
has always intrigued both science and industry. Recently, the world-
wide shortage of silver and the scarcity of fresh water supplies have
combined to greatly increase the pressure for scientific exploitation of
non-silver halide processing. The net result of this unique set of cir-
cumstances is that a bewildering plethora of papers, films, processors
and techniques are now available.
Since much of this developmental work is proprietary in a highly com-
petitive field, a complex of patents, trade secrets and mystery shrouds
the products and inhibits an unbiased appraisal of the best process to
use for a given application. What is needed, then, is a complete sur-
very in depth of every process and material now on the commercial
market by a scientific laboratory unbiased by the possibility of a con-
flict of interests.
Such an exhaustive research project would produce immediately not only
the parameters necessary to permit selection of the best technique to use
for a given application, but also bases to predict possible limitations of
products when only the technical requirements of a new need are known.
Only on the basis of such a correlative survey as proposed above, would
it be possible to find the gaps in existent equipment and predict func-
tional gear scientifically within the state-of-the-art. Such a survey
could reveal many fields in which silver halide could be superceded by
one of the dry film processes with its inherent advantages. Also, it can
be expected that data will be obtained that will predict whether existent
commercial or military equipment can be used directly, or modified to
encompass these products.
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Q-109-65
6. ACCELERATION OF IMAGE DEVELOPMENT BY HEAT SHOCK -
CONTINUATION OF PROGRAM
The research program initiated for the first half of fiscal 1965 (July -
December) to advance the state-of-the-art produced by pioneering
efforts of engineers in image enhancement by heat
shock is showing good results beyond those expected in this early
stage of the program. Stable images have been produced in which
density has been raised from 3 stops under normal exposure to normal
without discernable grain growth or loss of resolution.
By the expiration date of the present research program, all criteria on
all aerial emulsions will not have been obtained from the experimental
processor nor the data reduced to permit a final analysis of performance
and application concepts to be prepared. It is proposed that this pro-
gram be funded to permit the outstanding work on black and white films
to be completed and to further investigate the use of heat shock in con-
junction with special chemistry to speed up color film processing.
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INFRARED FILM
MAGAZINE
APERTURE
CONTRO L
FILM PATH ARRAMrAEMENT
pQF55URE
ROLLER
EXPOSURE DRUM
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Q-109-65
7 , INVESTIGATION OF ADVANCED FILM DRYING TECHNIC UES -
CONTINUATION OF PROGRAM
A program for the investigation of advanced film drying techniques is
currently funded through December 1965. This program was initiated
in September 1965 to investigate, and lab-
of drying aerial photographic film
oratory research, various methods arameters of an advanced
with the objective or determining the
capacity of 100 feet per minute or greater
concept having a film handling cand of a smaller physical size than the large units now being used at
lower film speeds.
The program to date has included the use of a moderate vacuum alone,
The
vacuum and radiant heating, vacuum and low temperature drying.
in the film
use of solvents to increase the evaporationrate
solvents in
has included both miscible and non-miscible
conjunction with ultrasonic action to accelerate the diffusion of the
solvents into the film emulsion. The use of an ultrasonic squeegee is
also being tested for the removal of surface water. The preliminary
most
analysis and testing has indicated that the
of isolventshwithes
to date to obtain the program objectives
ultrasonic action.
Due to the limited time available before expiration of the current pro-
gram, the thorough testing and analysis of all parameters will not be
completed. Therefore, because of the established need for a high
efficiency, high speed film dryer, a continuation of the program is ing and
sult s
nalysis
proposed to complete the lboaaa~eters stupon which a prot type model
and to determine the design p
may be based.
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()-1 U O D
11. A UNI UE METHOD OF SIMULTANEOUSLY ACHIEVING RAPID ACCESS
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE SILVER HALIDE IMAGES
A research study is proposed to determine the feasibility of simultaneously
printing and processing both negative and positive images. In the proposed
system, any of the commonly used negative films
the exposing of Oa)
would be developed to a gamma level which
positive image on infrared aerographic films.
The spectral sensitivity of both materials are such that with the proper
filtration, the infrared film can be exposed to the far-infrared portion of
the spectrum (800 - 900 M U) without effecting a panchromatic emulsion
which loses its spectral sensitivity beyond 725 M U.
positive
During the last stages of development of the negative image, the housing
infrared material is exposed by means of a rotating glass
the infrared light source. The infrared film is pre-wet in the developer
prior to exposure, then during the exposing cycle both films are squeezed
minute amount of
between the glass drum and a pressure roller.
possibility of developer
will remain between both emulsions to eliminate The developer will also act as a liquid-gate system to achieve maximum
resolution and image quality.
To synchronize the rate of develoment of both the negative and positive
images, the technique of heat shock will be employed. Use of the heat
shock applicators will also permit independent control of the gamma of
either or both of the emulsions under development.
This technique could for example be employed by tactical air units utilizing
70mm camera systems to achieve rapid access images in less time utisitive
the conventional cycle of original negative processing, printing positive
images, and development of the same.
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Q-109-65
12. EXPOSURE COMPENSATION THROUGH DYE ABSORPTION DEVELOPER INHIBITORS
A unique method of exposure compensation is proposed, based on the
inclusion in the developer of a dye-coupler molecule which will couple
with the reaction products of development (e.g. bromide
further development. ine dye (white, or halide gragn in direcdt) prformed oportionotodthe
deposit on the developing silver
degree of developing action occurring; that is to say, where the greatest
developing action is taking place, deposit
would be heaviest with the reverse effect in underexposed areas.
The effect can be utilized in two ways, furthersdevelopment twhile permitting
the overexposed areas will prohibit
the development of underexposed areas to continue. Secondly, by the
use of radiant (infrared) heat further control of development can be ob-
tained since the infrared will be
uncoated areas, action hcanebeiconsidered as areas
and absorbed by the uthe equivalent of the wearing of a white shirt in the summer to reflect
the heat away from the wearer's body,
heasg The result would again be the
suit in the winter to absorb available
intensification of development in the underexposed (lightly or halide by the increased electro-
chemical areas due to the actions on the silver
chemical energy of the developer.
At the same time, due to the white dye coating both isolating these heavily
coated overexposed areas from contact with developer, and by reflecting
the infrared energy, development would cease or be retarded. The feasi-
bility of this method has been proved by early research. A research pro-
gram is proposed to:
a) Determine the chemical requirements and action of the dye and devel-
opers required.
b) Develop the infrared source required.
c) Determine the sensitometric criteria and performance of the system
as a whole.
The "Sepratron" concept of identical processing modules 25X1
lends itself to the application of such advanced methods of exposure com-
acce The substitution
of such advanced methods as proposed
accurate assessment of the results above.
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Q-109-b5
A further extension of the foregoing program would be research into the
formulation of a developer that would have the property of negative Kinetic
potential. This would be effected by the inclusion of a coupler molecule,
which, in place of the formation of a dye coating, would couple with the
reaction products of development to decrease the electro-chemical energy
of the developer, thereby retarding development in overexposed areas.
Conversely, development in underexposed areas, would be accelerated
since a cessation or decrease in development inhibition would be effected
due to the corresponding decrease in reaction products.
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13. HIGH VISCOSITY PROCESSING WITH DE-VISCIDIZATION
High viscosity (4000 centipoises or more) processing offers rewarding
results such as extreme development speeds, small grain size, good
resolution and gamma. The difficulties inherent in er,
outweight the advantages somewhat. By combining expe-
rience in the field of heat shock for rapid processing with the concept of
viscous-layer development (and, of course, short stop and fixation), an
ideal of minimum response time should be attainable.
One of the greatest assets of viscous processing, high speed, is in itself,
a problem. The developing action continues until removal of the viscous
layer and subsequent short stop and, in the case of 15- to 20-second proc-
essing times, one second, plus or minus, becomes critical. If the viscous
developer were not removed, but merely plunged into the short stop bath,
activity would continue until the acid had permeated the viscous layer and
neutralized the reaction at the interface boundary. The ideal solution to
this problem would provide developer removal faster and more thoroughly
than high-pressure water.
Two unique methods of de-viscidization of the solution retained on the film
are proposed as potentially fruitful avenues of research. This program,
therefore, investigates the use of de-peptizing agents or ultrasonic power
to effect instantaneous de-viscidization of the solutions permitting inter-
bath transfer in the conventional manner. Concurrently, sensitometric
studies are proposed to determine the parameters of operation, and the
effect on image quality. The goal of this research program is the design
of a very high speed processor employing the best features of deep tank
immersion in a compact, efficient machine and having the simplicity of
operation of Dr. Land's "Polaroid" technique.
TECHNOLOGICAL ANNOTATION
Based on the latest published scientific advances in the field of photogra-
phic processing and technical papers from symposia describing individual
research efforts, it can be safely predicated that technology must advance
in a direction emphasizing viscous processing. Since fresh chemicals are
always applied to the film and discarded after their function is complete,
no replenishment is necessary and chemical control problems are elimi-
nated. Agitation is likewise no problem as the gelatinoid layer remains
undisturbed during the whole development treatment time. The degree and
uniformity of development are, therefore, accurately controllable. As an
added benefit, the chance of introducing environmental dirt are greatly
reduced. The speed of development is such that, even at high film rates,
the physical size of the machine can be a fraction of that of a deep-tank
unit.
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14. NEGATIVE-POSITIVE VIEWER FOR IMAGE INTERPRETATION AND PILOT BRIEFING
A program is proposed to develop a viewer using closed-circuit T.V. tech-
niques to display aerial negatives to photo-interpreters , and remotely to
groups of pilots, P.I. Officers, etc , by the use of additional T.V. moni-
tors, or by large screen T.V. projection.
The following features are significant:
a) The display of negative film as a negative or as a positive, eliminating
delay in printing.
b) A high definition over the whole viewed area.
c) The negative can be displayed laterally inverted, horizontally inverted,
or 9 0? , 18 0? , or 2 7 0? rotated by the operation of a switch.
Any portion of the negative may be selected and "blown up" to fill the
viewing screen without loss of picture definition.
e) The portion selected can be returned to at any time, since the trans-
lating controls would be calibrated.
f) Three magnifications can be provided, up to 10:1.
g) Contrast of the display image may be varied as required.
h) Rapid or slow film wind in both directions can be provided.
Further capabilities can be provided after development of the basic system,
such as the following:
a) Instant prints or transparencies of any area could be obtained by the
provision of a swing down Polaroid Land Camera.
b) Additional remote viewing stations could be provided, together with
intercom stations at each with the P.I. station as the master.
c) To enable the photo-interpreter to see into shadows, highlights, and
areas generally lacking contrast, tonal expansion contrast could be
provided, in which a selected portion of the image gray scale could
be expanded to cover most of the tonal range, and to increase the
contrast of monotonic areas.
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Q-109-65
d) Image enhancement may be obtained by electrically differentiating
edge gradients.
e) It is believed to be within the state-of-the-art to provide an image
storage capability, wherein the image could be held and displayed
over long periods while the film is being wound on for the examina-
tion of other targets.
f) Secondary viewing stations would be provided to enable the image
storage to be effected.
g) Visual inspection of the film could be provided for by the addition
of built-in side tables.
The system proposed would utilize proven techniques and equipment com-
mercially available. The development would consist of system integration
and design.
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Figure 1. NEGATIVE - POSITIVE VIE x y?. -- ARTIST'S IIvIPRESSICN
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SELECTED
RANGE
EXPANDED
SCALE
NORMAL
DISPLAYED TONE RANGE
Figure 4. CONTRAST EXPANSION ( IDEALIZED)
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ADDENDUM TO MONTHLY REPORT
This report, the second in a series of investigations extra-curricular to current
assignments was conducted to evaluate the effects of oxidation of developer
solutions, and to determine if a research program based on removal and
inhibition of oxygen from such solutions could be justified. The investigation
was commenced with a literature research, the results of which are summarized
below.
As early as 1882, Berkeley introduced the use of sodium sulfite in organic
developers as an oxidation inhibitor. Since that era, a monumental amount of
research effort has been expended to determine the exact action of sulfites in
photographic developer and the beneficial and/or deleterious effects on the
additive on speed and gamma. A number of the basic findings on sulfite
reactivity are presented after this summary. To these can be added some
specialized esoteric research results.
For example, in developing systems of the hydroquinone-quinone type, the
electrochemical potentials depend greatly upon the pH of the solutions. They
may be considered as determined by the concentrations of the oxidized form
and of the divalent ion of the reduced form. If K1 and K2 are considered the
first and second dissociation constants of hydroquinone, it can be shown that
hydroquinone in alkaline solution absorbs oxygen at a rate proportional to the
square of the hydroxyl-ion concentration below PK1 . The reaction is auto-
catalytic because of the formation of the highly reactive semiquinone. Semi-
quinoids are radicals in which one electron is shared by 2 atoms which possesses
a septet of electrons each (alternated to an octet by the odd electron) as:
H+
N
Michaelis and Hill found them stable only in moderately acid solutions in their
potentiometric studies of the radical.
James and Weissberger in their 1939 studies of the mutually oxidation inhibitory
reactions of hydroquinone and sulfite stated that the action of sulfite on hydro-
quinone is not known. They experimented with cysteine, thigglycolic acid,
thioglycolic ani.lide, p-thioresol and barbital as antioxidants These foregoing
additives are all more difficult to obtain, more expensive or less effective and/
or have more deleterious side effects than sodium sulfite.
In a classic study performed by WWeissberger and Thomas in 1942, it was shown
that silver catalyzes the decomposition of peroxide while the reaction of
(more)
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Addendum to Monthly Report
peroxide with developing agent is itself catalyzed by silver. Thus, was
shown that the addition of silver strongly dimished the total amount of
oxygen absorbed by the developing agents in alkaline solution.
In spite of the voluminous research which has been expended in just the last
forty years, a cursory examination of typical hydroquinone--elon/metal
formulations shows no significant change in the basic mixtures from the
relatively primative photographic processing era to modern automatic machines.
The Function of Sodium Sulfite in a Photographic Developer
Sodium sulfite is a preservative that prevents oxidation. When a developer
solution oxidizes, it tends to discolor, loses its activity, and stains the
gelatin of the film. The addition of sulfite to developers produces the following
effects:
1. Protects organic developing agents against aerial oxidation. The oxygen
of the air readily attacks developing agents, as hydroquinone, converting them
into two products, quinone and hydrogen perioxide.
Hydroquinone
+ 02
Oxygen
0
Quinone
+ H2 02
Hydrogen Peroxide
Small amounts of quinone may accelerate the reaction between hydroquinone
and oxygen, by setting up a chain reaction. This reaction increases in speed
as the quinone builds up. It is evident that if the concentration of quinone is
allowed to build up, oxidation becomes more rapid and soon the developing
power is destroyed.
When sulfite is present, this reaction is prevented. It reacts with the quinone
rapidly converting it into a colorless soluble and harmless material. If
sufficient sulfite is present in a hydroquinone solution, the quinone is used up
about as fast as it is formed and little or none of it is left over to convert the
hydroquinone into semi-quinone and accelerate the reaction of the oxygen. The
ability of sulfite to act as a preservative may depend upon its ability to react
rapidly with quinone.
2. Tend to prevent the formation of staining developer products. Without the
presence of sulfite, staining developer products are formed in hydroquinone
in two ways. As mentioned before, in the presence of oxygen it is converted
into two products, quinone and hydrogen peroxide. Neither of these two
2. (more)
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Addendum to Monthly Report
compounds produce significant staining. Although produced by the same
reaction, these compounds are not mutually compatible, the perioxide
attacks the quinone converting it into another compound, oxyquinone.
Oxyquinone is highly unstable and almost instantly passes over into a
brown insoluble material. If this brown material is formed within a photo-
graphic emulsion, it cannot be washed out and remains there as a stain.
For the second stain-producing reaction, the presence of oxygen is not
necessary. When hydroquinone acts as a developer, the silver bromide is
converted into silver. Simultaneously, the hydroquinone is converted into
quinone. This time no peroxide is formed. But, quinone is unstable in carbonate
solution, although not so unstable as oxyquinone. The oxyquinone again passes
into a brown insoluble material, producing a stain on the film.
When sulfite is present in the solution, the series of reactions are able to
progress only to the quinone peroxide stage, because sulfite reacts very rapidly
with both. With peroxide, it forms sodium sulfate, a soluble, relatively inert
chemical. With quinone it forms a compound chemically known as sodium
hydroquinone monosulfate. This is a colorless compound that is soluble and
produces no stain.
+2Na2S03 +0 2 =
+Na2 SO4 + NaOH
The sulfite prevents stain because it is easily able to remove the two stain-
forming materials, quinone and peroxide.
The stain-preventing action of the sulfite does not carry over to the removal of
stain once formed. The stain is not produced by the quinone itself but by an
oxidation and polymerization product of the quinone. Sulfite will not convert
this material into a colorless product.
3. Acts as a silver halide solvent by the formation of complexes. Sulfite
exerts a solvent action on silver chloride and silver bromide. The sulfite ion
forms a number of soluble complexes of the form Na(n+~) Ag n (5203) (n+l)
(when n= 1, 2, 3, 4 and, perhaps more) with the silver ions.
This solvent action is of practical importance only with relatively dilute
developer, or with developer of low alkalinity.
(more)
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Addendum to Monthly Report
In fine grain developers, sulfite is used in a relatively high concentration.
The solvent action takes place upon the surface of the silver halide grains
preventing them from retaining their full size in development and reduces the
tendency of the grains in close proximity to one another to merge and form
larger clumps of silver.
This action does not hold true in the' use of all silver solvents. The use of a
solvent can be overdone. Strong solvents produce an increase in graininess.
The change in graininess produced by a solvent, also depends upon the
emulsion in question. It is quite possible to obtain an increase in graininess
with one emulsion and a decrease in another, the same addition of solvent to
the developing solution being used.
4. Sodium sulfite is a weak alkali and under certain conditions, increases
the rate of development and maximum density obtainable. Since sulfite
raises the pH of the developer and accelerates the development in developers
having a low pH, those having a high pH are affected slightly differently.
When added in large amounts to a developer composed of elon or hydroquinone,
sulfite appears to retard development. A solution composed simply of
hydroquinone carbonate and water will produce an image much faster than one
containing sulfite. The reason for this is that sulfite, while it does not
actually retard development, prevents the formation of oxyquinone, a material
which otherwise would speed it up. What sulfite does do in this capacity is
increase the maximum developer density obtainable for a given exposure. The
cause of this increase is the dependence of the developer potential on the
concentration of sulfite. As sulfite is added to the solution, the potential at
first drops very rapidly and then more slowly. Since the density obtained for
a given exposure varies almost linearly with the potential, it follows that the
addition of small amounts of sulfite should increase the density greatly, as
has been found to be the case.
5. Sodium sulfite also reduces excessive softening of the emulsion when
high concentrations are used in a developing solution.
6. The reaction with silver bromide in the presence of sulfite follows the
equation:
+2AgBr + NA2 SO3
SO3Na
+2Ag + NaBr + HfJr
(more)
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Addendum to Monthly Report
Acid is liberated in this reaction, which accordingly tends to decrease the
pH of the solution. The reactions of metol in the presence of sulfite follow
similar courses. On the other hand, 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone ("Phenidone")
does not form a sulfonate. The sulfite is not as effective as a preservative
for Phenidone as it is for metol and hydroquinone.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the investigation it is our opinion that a research
program to determine the most effective means of de-gassing solutions in
processing machines, and in chem-mix and storage tanks where oxygen
entrainment is at a maximum is justified.
6 /4 /6 5
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)mile mi ions
Glass Index of ],,Dispersion Diameter hicknes r No0
P
was '.;?acti inches inches Pieces
ype
e h.
512 6.3
8.35
385 6.o 1.5
9116 2.0
12.0 2.5
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i o 117 pmt ter Thickness I No
~. f.' ". r
s
Poro1,lir