COLOR PRINT DRYER COLOR SHEET FILM DRYER

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04747A001300050001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 38
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 18, 2011
• Sequence Number: 1
• Content Type: REPORT

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106
COLOR PRINT
DRYER COLOR
SHEET FILM DRYER
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TECHNICAL PROPOSAL
COLOR PRINT DRYER
COLOR SHEET FILM DRYER
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 1
Technical Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2
Program Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3
Personnel Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . Section 4
Program Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 5
Qualifications and Experience. . . . . . . . . Section 6
Facilities and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . Section 7
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
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The drying operation of the photographic process involves the removal of moisture
from the material so that an equilibrium is reached with the air in which the material
is to be stored and handled. The best results are accomplished by natural evaporation;
however, the process is much too slow. Techniques which reduce the drying time are
usually accompanied by undesirable effects on the material such as curl, brittleness,
distortion, and sensitometric changes. In recent years, color films and papers have
placed even more stringent requirements on drying techniques because of their soft
emulsion and many layers. The purpose of this program is to establish a rapid drying
technique for sheet color films and papers which retains the product quality of natural
evaporation.
The overall program is divided into two phases. Phase I is to be an investigation
and design analysis of drying techniques with the objective of arriving at recommended
techniques and demonstrating these techniques with breadboard hardware. Phase II will
be a hardware prototype stage in which equipment suitable for operational use will be
fabricated.
This proposal is confined to the Phase I effort and describes our approach to
investigations of drying techniques for (a) sheet color film both negative and positive
material, (b) matte drying of sheet color papers, and (c) gloss drying of sheet color
papers.
It is anticipated that the Phase I effort will require approximately eight months and
will consist of the following subphases:
A. Preliminary Investigation.
B. Test and Analysis Phase.
C. Preparation and Submission of Recommendation.
D. Development of Breadboard Hardware.
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SECTION 2
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
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SECTION 2
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The goal of this program is to provide automated high quality rapid drying tech-
niques for color sheet material. Considerable research has been and is being done to
provide quality rapid drying methods for continuous roll black and white material. This
is the result of pressures brought to bear in the motion picture, television, and aerial
reconnaissance fields. A reasonably high level of technology has been established as
is evidenced in investigation by Miller1, Boyd2, Michener3, and others and 25X1
proposes to use this advantage. The requirements of this program then
are to expand the present technical level of rapid drying methods to include sheet color
material. The prime considerations are the drying characteristics of the various color
materials in use, the correlation of these characteristics with existing advanced drying
techniques and the mechanical considerations of automation in the handling of soft color
material in sheet form.
Photographic drying is a complex process of controlled moisture removal. It is
generally accepted that optimum photographic and physical characteristics of films and
papers are obtained when the materials are dried to a 50 percent relative humidity equi-
librium. This does not mean that the moisture content of the various materials must
be brought to the same point, since different materials have different moisture capacities.
As an example, the amount of water to be removed from an acetate butyrate base is about
seven times as great as from an estar base4. The problem then is that different mate-
rials vary widely both in their capacity for moisture in the processing phase and in their
moisture content when in the optimum relative humidity equilibrium. Since undesirable
changes occur when color materials are brought to equilibrium outside of the optimum
range (40-60 percent), the drying requirements must be accurately determined and the
drying rates closely controlled. Only with recent developments in infrared and micro-
wave techniques has this degree of control been feasible. Self regulating feedback sys-
tems are feasible in which the drying energy level is controlled by the moisture content
of the material. This is the key to optimum quality rapid drying and may allow both
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color film and paper drying to be accomplished in a single piece of equipment.
To accomplish the investigation and design analysis goals, pro- 25X1
poses to divide the effort into four subphases.
Subphase A. Preliminary Investigation: This portion of the program will
consist of those activities necessary to prepare for the test and analysis portion and
will include such things as: (1) establishment of test requirements and measurement
procedures, (2) drying techniques search, (3) accumulation of test equipment and
materials, (4) analysis of material drying characteristics, and (5) establishment of
experimental design parameters.
1. Establishment of Test Requirements and Measurement Procedures.
The analysis of drying techniques requires the determination ct drying
rates and an assessment of the resulting quality. Establishment of measuring techniques
and quality levels are required in the following area:
(a) Moisture Content
(b) Physical Characteristics
Dimensional (overall and local)
Curl
Brittleness
Abrasion
Peeling
Water marks
Surface texture
(c) Sensitometric Characteristics
Density
Color
Mottle
The ability to accurately measure moisture content in this investigation is of con-
siderable importance. The desired moisture content must be established for each color
material in terms of equilibrium relative humidity. The drying rates required to bring
each material to this optimum condition can then be determined and compared for each
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of the drying techniques analyzed. Several moisture measurement techniques are
known; however, the electrical hygrometer technique appears to offer the most poten-
tial to this investigation. The advantages of this method are (1) speed of measurement
and calibration, and (2) convenience in use, as readings are obtained directly in terms
of relative humidity which eliminates the need for moisture equilibrium curves. More
detailed information on this subject can be found in Colton and Weigand's paper on
"Moisture in Photographic Film and Its Measurement"5.
The analysis of resulting physical and sensitometric characteristics in the quality
control consideration of this investigation. A rapid drying technique is of little value
if the product is physically or sensitometrically changed. Most of the undesired physical
conditions are readily apparent or can be determined by available ASA Standards pro-
cedures. Dimensional change measurements are probably the most complex.
proposes to use the moire' cancellation method in which both local and
overall dimensional changes can be quantitatively determined. The principle involves
the registration of a master halftone screen to a screen on the test material. Irregu-
larities in the formed moire' pattern are used to determine the location and magnitude
of dimensional changes. This method has been used and described on several occasions
by people in the Film Testing Division of Eastman Kodak Company6.
2. Drying Techniques Search
The purpose of this portion of the investigation is to accumulate as much
information as possible with reference to drying techniques. This will be done through
(1) literature search, (2) manufacture search, and (3) laboratory testing. The choice
of the drying techniques to be tested under the Test and Analysis Subphase will be based
on this investigation. Emphasis will be placed on advanced techniques which show
potential in the color field. Such techniques are characterized by selective energy
absorption, positive and instantaneous energy control, elimination of surfaces-to-
interior energy transfer, and cold source energy.
engineers have been involved in photographic drying problems for
several years and are presently involved as a monitoring agency on an Air Force develop-
ment program in ultra-rapid microwave film drying technique.
The type of rapid drying technique to be investigated will include but not be limited
25X1
25X1
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to the following.
1. Air Impingement
2. Infrared Radiation
3. Chemical Displacement
4. Dielectric
5. Microwave
Equally important during the search phase is the consideration of automated sheet
material transport techniques. Color sheet film has been successfully dried in the
Kodak RT Versamat processor using roller transport. The transport mechanism of
other processors such as the Krecnite Agi-flo, Rolor Transflo, Pakorol, and Log-E-
flo will be investigated.
Plans are to consider color paper matte drying under the same conditions as film
with the hope that one method or piece of equipment can be designed to do both jobs.
Gloss drying of color paper will be considered separately both in terms of initial drying
and as an emulsion rewet system.
3. Accumulation of Test Equipment and Materials
The anticipated requirement for equipment and materials falls into
three general classes: (1) measurement and instrumentation apparatus for use in the
test and analysis phase and (3) drying equipment utilizing the techniques to be
investigated.
As often as possible access to existing equipment or manufacturers' development
models will be pursued; however, in some of the more advanced techniques, test models
may have to be fabricated.
4. Analysis of Material Drying Characteristics
Dryer requirements are based on the amount of moisture absorbed in
the processing. The amount of moisture absorbed is dependent upon the type of material,
processing treatment, and use and storage environment. By performing an analysis of
drying characteristics of the color materials, the range of dryer requirements can be
established. Materials to be tested will include: Ektachrome, Ektacolor, Ektacolor
Print Film, Ektaprint C, Ektaprint R, Anscochrome and Printon. Depending on the
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results of these tests, it may be possible to establish the extremes and choose two
materials which represent this range for use in the test and analysis phase.
5. Establishment of Experimental Design
Near the end of this subphase, decisions will have been made regarding
the test procedures and the techniques to be analyzed and will permit a final experiments ental
design to be established for the Test and Analysis phase. At this time the requi
for statistical confidence will be determined and the necessary ANOVA tables prepared.
Subphase B. Test and Analysis: It is during this phase that the potential tech-
niques found in the search effort will be tested and analyzed. Three general areas will
be investigated: (1) the drying techniques, (2) the resulting quality and (3) the opera-
tional considerations.
and moisture
Under the drying technique, such things as drying rate, energy control,
level monitoring will be considered. The quality requirements will be established as out-
lined earlier while the operational consideration will include such things as size, weight,
cost, power requirement, mechanical complexity, and automation potential.
The test portion will consist of a closely controlled sequence of investigation for
each technique. Color material used for testing purposes will be exposed to a test
frisket composed of neutral areas, step tablets and halftone screen background. These
sheets will be exposed and processed under recommended conditions just prior a 70?tF
test. These sheets will then be cut lengthwise and one-half will be placed
50 percent RH enclosure to be dried by natural evaporation for reference purposes. The
other half will be the test material to be used with the various drying techniques.
samples will be tested to insure valid results.
Comparison will be made of the drying rates and resulting quality for various condi-
tions within each technique and between techniques.
Sub hase C. Preparation and Submission of Recommendations: The data
generated in the test phase will be reduced and analyzed and a report of the findings
prepared. At the end of this phase a meeting will be scheduled in which the capabilities
and limitations of all systems will be presented along with our recommendations regard-
ing the technique or combination of techniques which we feel offers the greatest potential.
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Sub phase D. Development of Breadboard Hardware. Upon the customer's
approval of the technique choice, engineers will design and fabricate 25X1
a breadboard model to adequately demonstrate the system. This model, though not
finished operational hardware, will possess design features which will contribute to the
Phase II fabrication effort.
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1. Miller, Dana, "Rapid Drying of Normally Processed Black and White Motion
Picture Film" , S. M. P. T. E. , Feb. 1953.
2. Boyd, J. W. , "Rapid Drying Characteristics of Several Films for Aerial
Photography", PSE, 4, No. 6, 354-358 (1960).
3. Michener, B. C. , "Drying of Processed Aerial Films", Photogrammetric
Engineering, Vol. XXIX, No. 2, 321-326 (1963).
4. Op. cit, p. 323.
5. Colton, E. K. , Wiegand, E. J. , "Moisture in Photographic Film and Its
Measurement", PSE, 2, No. 3, 170-176 (1958)
6. Adelstein, P. Z., Leister, D. A., "Non-Uniform Dimensional Changes in
Topographic Aerial Films", Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. XXIX, No. 1,
149-161 (1963.
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If this program is awa
Services Laboratory unde
engineer.
PROGRAM ORGANIZATION
ned to the Physical
will be the project
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
will be assigned as the electronic engineer with
serving as the photoscientist. Assistance in mathematical analysis and
computer programming, if necessary, is available from the Systems Analysis Depart-
ment. Mechanical design and model shop facilities are available as required for
fabrication of the Breadboard Equipment.
Since its organization in 1955, has specialized in applied research, 25X1
test, evaluation and product improvement programs involving reconnaissance and
intelligence equipment. The present staff of approximately one hundred ninety-five
people includes ninety-eight professionals and eighty-five highly skilled technicians
and supporting personnel with experience in reconnaissance equipment and associated
technologies.
The company has specifically avoided entering into competition with production
suppliers to permit emphasis on applied research, test, evaluation and development
of special purpose instrumentation.
This program in itself will not require the hiring of additional engineering person-
nel. Unforeseen problems requiring skills and technical experience which the afore-
listed personnel do not possess may arise. In that event, other personnel available
within our company structure and consultant staff will be assigned as necessary to
break these problem areas.
Vice President of Research and 25X1
Engineering is an example of the level of individual we have available in this category.
This task fits ideally into our company structure and long range planning. A large
percentage of our effort has gone into the test and evaluation of printers, driers proces-
sors and all other types of ground support equipment for reconnaissance systems. The
experience gained in these programs and our more recent color programs will permit
us to avoid the mistakes and problem areas contained in earlier versions of equipment.
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Moreover, since we do not compete in the production area, we are not trying nttol
a particular product. Rather, we can take advantage of all of the known techniques,
thus resulting in a better product for the customer
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PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
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SECTION 5
PROGRAM SCHEDULES
PROPOSED PROGRAM OUTLINE
Phase I. Investigation and Design Analysis of Rapid Drying Techniques for Color
Sheet Material.
(3 months)
Subphase A.
Preliminary Investigation
1.
Establishment of Test Requirements and Procedures
(a) Moisture Content
(b) Physical Characteristics
(1) Dimension
(2) Curl
(3) Brittleness
(4) Abrasions
(5) Peeling
(6) Water Marks
(7) Surface Texture
(c) Sensitometric Characteristics
(1)
(2)
(3)
Density
Color
Mottle
2.
Drying Techniques Search
(1)
Literature
(2)
Manufacturer
(3)
Laboratory Test
3.
Accumulation of Test Equipment and Materials
(1)
Measurement and Instrumentation
(2)
Color Materials and Chemistry
(3)
Drying Equipment
4.
Analysis of Material Drying Characteristics
5.
Establishment of Subphase B Experimental Design
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(2 months) Subphase B. Test and Analysis
(1 month) Subphase C. Preparation and Submission of Recommendations
1. Drying Technique (s)
2. Mechanical Design
(2 months) Subphase D. Development of Breadboard Hardware
1. Design
2. Fabrication
3. Testing
Phase II. Development of Prototype Hardware
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PROGRAM SCHEDULE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
MAN MONTHS
ACTIVITY
ENGR.
TECH.
PRELIMINARY
A
INVESTIGATION
6
3
TEST AND
B
ANALYSIS
4
3
PREPARATION AND
C
SUBMISSION OF
I
1
RECOMMENDATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF
D
BREADBOARD
3
2
HARDWARE
TOTAL
14
9
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QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE
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This processor was designed and built byl to
maintain sensitometric control on all film tests. Paddle agitators are
precisely controlled for stroke rate in chemical baths with temperatures
controlled within t .1? F. Stop baths and rinse tanks are included to permit
complete processing in one unit.
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DIGITIZED DENSITOMETER
has designed a digitizer to permit printout of
density directly on an IBM 526 card punch. Standard 21 step sensitometric
strips are recorded directly on an IBM card with printout. The cards are
then available for computer manipulation.
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DIGITIZERS
Magnetic tape and paper tape digitizers are used to read out Micro-
Analyzer outputs. These units were designed and built b ramming
to provide flexible inputs to the rlandoma programming
spot
features for automatic sen and cut-off.
sampling, automatic area sampling
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MICRO ANALYZERS
Two analyzers are locate m~ blebforurandoml sclann ng clOean
i
areas. The analyzers are progra ectly
nto either density or transmittance isgfrom 25 micron /menutelrto 25 m Ilia
can ed
computer. Scan speeds can be vari
a
other micron
per minute. Areas as small as
a?perturedsh pesrare also
analyzed with densities above 3. Slits
analyzed. Frequency response of
interchangeable. Roll or cut film may be apermits scanning of extremely small
logarithmic amplifiers of over 3 KC pspeed. Mensuration precision while scanning is
areas at relatively high Over 50 lens systems are a v a i I a b I e at
better than .3 microns. with these
atile analysis system
l
y vers
to permit a high
25X1
analyzers.
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FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
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SECTION 1
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
The facilities have been systematically designed so as to 25X1
assure the "in-house" availability of all equipment which is necessary to pursue applied
research programs involving theoretical study, laboratory analysis, and design and
fabrication of prototypes, if necessary. 25X1
of floor area housed principally in two (2) buildings. A TOP SECRET clearance has
been granted to the company for these facilities.
The company's facilities are oriented towards work in the areas of photography,
electronics, optics, mechanics, and combinations of these fields. The companies
facilities include a photosecience laboratory, computational facilities, electronics labo-
ratory, optics laboratory and machine shop.
We have complete Engineering Design and Model Shop facilities. Our Engineering
Design facility is manned by 2 Senior Designers, 3 Designers, and 4 Draftsmen. Our
Model Shop employs 6 full time model makers. In view of our specialty of reconnais-
sance all of these people are imminently qualified in the sciences and technologies which
surround our area of specialty.
These facilities comprise sixty-thousand square feet 25X1
More complete descriptions of a representative sampling of our facilities is included
in the following pages.
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MECHANICAL DESIGN AND MODEL FABRICATION
house design and fabrication capability. A design room staffed with designers having
diversified backgrounds and a modern model shop employing highly skilled model
makers combine to offer idea-to-prototype hardware capability in a range of optical-
electromechanical devices.
has devoted about 3600 sq. ft. of its facility to provide an in-
During the latter part of October 1966, this group will move to a new 4500 sq. ft.
controlled environment building. Extension of the precision capabilities of this group,
was of prime consideration in the design and layout of this new facility.
Following is a list of the major equipment in the model shop:
1 Hardinge turret lathe, 1" collet cap
1 Monarch lathe, 14" swing, 30" center distance
1 LeBlond "Regal" lathe, 15" swing, 42" center distance
1 South Bend lathe, 10" swing, 24" center distance
2 Bridgeport mills, 9" x 30" table
3 Bridgeport model 12BEJ mills, w/standards
1 Cincinnati shaper, 16" stroke
1 Cincinnati model 2MH horizontal mill
1 Hammond surface grinder w/6" x 18" magnetic chuck
1 Delta super hi-sensitive drill press
1 Toolroom bench drill press
1 Fosdick toolroom floor drill press
1 10" rotary table
1 18" rotary table
1 10" B&S dividing head
1 Racine cutoff saw - 6" x 7" cap
1 Sevrit cutoff saw (non-ferrous)
1 DoAll model ML band saw
1 Walker Turner pedestal grinder
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MECHANICAL DESIGN AND MODEL FABRICATION (Cont'd)
1 Carbide tool grinder
1 Belt sander
1 FAMCO No. 3-1/2 R arbor press
1 48" capacity metal brake
1 24" capacity metal brake
1 24" capacity metal shears
1 Diacro No. 2 punch
1 Diacro notcher
1 Miller model 61M arc welder
1 Treet-all hevi-duty heat treat furnace, 20000F w/full controls
1 Treet-all hevi-duty lab type heat treat furnace, 20000F.
1 Clark hardness tester
1 Pratt and Whitney electro limit gauge w/GE electric gauge head
1 Preis Panto Engraver w/masters
Misc: Inspection quality surface plates, height gauges, gauge
blocks, electric and pneumatic hand tools, acetylene welding
and brazing equipment.
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ELECTRONICS LABORATORY
has devoted 4, 000 square feet of space for the
design, testing, and fabrication of electronic prototypes. The company has
available the following electronic test equipment:
35 ea. Ammeters, A.C., D.C., of various ranges and
manufacturers
9 ea. Philbrick Operational Amplifiers
4 ea. Audio Amplifiers
1 ea. General Electric Brightness Meter
1 ea. Weston Brightness Meter
7 ea. Brightness and Color Temperature Standard Bulbs
17 ea. Capacitor Decades and Substitution Boxes
1 ea. Ballentine AC-DC Calibrator
3 ea. Standard Cells
1 ea. Hewlett Packard 522B Electronic Counter
2 ea. Computer Measurements Corporation Electronic
Counter
2 ea. Leeds and Northrop Galvanometer
4 ea. Inductor Decades
17 ea. Simpson Multimeters
1 ea. Berkley Electronic Correlator
1 ea. Hickock SG299 Oscillator
1 ea. Hewlett Packard Audio Oscillator
1 ea. Hewlett Packard Low Frequency Function Generator
1 ea. Federal R. F. Oscillator
1 ea. Tektronix Square Wave Generator
6 ea. Tektronix Oscilloscopes
26 ea. DC Voltage and Constant Current Power Supplies
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Electronic test equipment (continued)
1 ea. Leeds and Northrop K-2 Potentiometer
1 ea. General Radio 1217C Pulse Generator
1 ea. Leeds and Northrop Model 4760 Resistance Bridge
11 ea. Resistance Decade and Substitution Boxes
1 ea. Leeds and Northrop Shunt Box
1 ea. General Radio Strobotac
3 ea. Transistor Testers
1 ea. Sensitive Research Corporation Volt-Amp-Wattmeter
1 ea. Leeds and Northrop Volt Box
20 ea. Voltmeters A. C . , D.C., of various ranges
1 ea. Fluke Model 821 Differential Voltmeter
1 ea. Fluke Model 801 Differential Voltmeter
8 ea. Vacuum Tube Voltmeters
2 ea. Weston Wattmeter
1 ea. Photon Instrument Six Channel Recorder
1 ea. Eight Channel Sanborn Recorder
1 ea. Leeds and Northrop Wheatstone Bridge
1 ea. Kintel Model 301 Voltage Standard
2 ea. Kintel Model 203 Microvolt-Ammeter
1 ea. Supreme Electronics Tube Tester
1 ea. Heath Model RC-1 Radiation Counter
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 PHOTOSCIENCE LABORATORY
photographic laboratories cover over 7, 000 square feet of
All continuous black and white aerial film processing is handled with the three
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floor space. The entire area is under rigid temperature and humidity control. Tem-
0 0
perature is maintained at 70 F ? 2 F and humidity at 50% ? 5% 1111. All air entering
the laboratory area is filtered to remove dust and dirt particles larger than 5 microns.
The laboratory complex includes black and white continuous processing rooms,
black and white printing rooms, studio areas serving both black and white and color
requirements, color processing and printing rooms, a photographic chemistry labora-
tory, a chemical mixing area, and a fully equipped sensitometric testing laboratory.
In addition to these specially equipped and constructed facilities, there are darkroom
areas available for use in research and development activities and other general photo-
graphic applications.
Eastman Kodak Versamat processors installed Rigid quality
control is maintained over these machines through sensitometric evaluation and chemi-
cal analysis and control. Color film processing is accomplished with the use of the
Zeiss FE 120 Processor. Printing for both black and white and color is accomplished
using printers manufactured by LogEtronics, Morse, Miller-Holzwarth, Omega,
Bessler, and Durst. Also,
has fabricated and modified existing
equipment for use in high resolution printing.
sensitometric laboratory includes a Data Sensitometric
Processor, an Eastman Kodak Model 1B Sensitometer, A Welch Duplex Densitometer,
and MacBeth TD 100 and 102 Densitometers. In addition, has a
MacBeth TD 102 Densitometer that has been coupled to a digital display and an IBM
Summary Punch. Density values read with this equipment are automatically printed
and punched on IBM cards which may then be fed directly into a computer for auto-
matic sensitometric evaluation.
In addition to the laboratory areas already described,) Iniain-
tains five Whitfield clean rooms. These filters have removed 99.97 per cent of all
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PHOTOSCIENCE LABORATORY (Cont'd)
particles larger than 0. 3 microns. These rooms are set up for total darkness opera-
tion. Because of the nature of this area, it lends itself to the fabrication of image
standards and image evaluation. Two pieces of equipment contained in this laboratory,
and unique to our effort in the sensitometric and image evaluation field, are the Mann
Data Micro Analyzer, and the Data Model 1248 Digitizer. Both of these pieces of
equipment were developed by and represent a fundamental break-
through in the art of photometric and sensitometric target analysis for the evaluation
of photographic recording emulsions and camera lens performance.
The Mann Data Micro Analyzer is a highly accurate recording microdensi-
tometer. It has the ability to scan automatically an area as large as 8 x 10 inches.
The instrument has the capability to read the density of an area one (1) micron in
diameter to values of density higher than 4.0. A chart recorder is supplied for con-
tinuously recording the analog output of the instrument which is, in fact, the density
of the material scanned. The Data Model 1248 Digitizer is used for digitizing the
analog output. The digitizer displays the density in digital form and utilizes a paper
tape punch to produce a permanent record of the digitized data. In this manner, data
from the Micro Analyzer are reduced directly to a form that is acceptable for computer
input for subsequent mathematical analysis. With the in-house availability of these two
pieces of equipment, has the ability to evaluate the sensitometric
characteristics of photographic recording emulsions over large areas and to reduce
the evaluation to a quantitative number.
also has available two David Mann Corporation Step and
Repeat Printers. These extremely high precision instruments are used to produce
resolution targets and micro step wedges .
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PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
analytical laboratory facilities are fully equipped and
staffed with the trained personnel to carry out chemical research programs in the
major areas of the photographic process. This laboratory has investigated optical
sensitizing dyes for high resolution emulsions, both soluble and insoluble aromatic
overcoatings to be used to protect image standards, qualitative and quantitative
analysis of complex developer formulas, conventional chemical process control tech-
niques, formulation of unconventional specialized developer formulas aimed at fine
grain and high contrast photographic response, and the formulation and use of color
coupler developer systems.
The laboratory is equipped with a Beckman DU-2 Spectrophotometer, an
International centrifuge, an Ainsworth analytical chain balance, a constant temperature
water bath, a Beclanan Model 76 pH meter, several mechanical stirrers, a full com-
plement of laboratory glassware, and an adequate supply of chemical reagents. Further-
more, the laboratory is equipped to carry out elution, gravimetric, titrimetric, and
spectral analyses.
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LIGHT STANDARDS LABORATORY
This facility includes 250 square feet of floor space completely enclosed
and pressurized. The pressurized air is filtered of all foreign particles above
5 microns in size and special maintenance procedures insure a high level of
cleanliness for use of optical instruments. The interior of this room is painted
completely with lamp black nonreflecting paint.
The laboratory is utilized primarily for calibration of secondary light
sources, as well as light detectors, against our primary light standards. These
primary sources are calibrated for color temperature, horizontal candle power
and luminous flux by the National Bureau of Standards. This room is ideally suited
for making very low level light measurements. Other support equipment for this
laboratory include a 36 inch integrating sphere, a precision ruled 8 foot photometer
bench and a brightness meter with its own calibration standard.
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