FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL/CONSULTIVE CONTRACTOR SERVICES TO IMPROVE PRODUCTION METHODS AT CUSTOMER'S FACILITY

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• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 42
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 24, 2004
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: June 4, 1970
• Content Type: REPORT

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PAR 254
FINAL REPORT
Technical/Consultative Contractor Services
to Improve Production Methods
at Customer's Facility
4 June 1970
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
SUBJECT
TASK/PROBLEM
1. - 3. (statement of problem)
INTRODUCTION
4. Black-and-White Production Support
5. Color Production Support
DISCUSSION.(Black-and-White)
6. SO-239
a. Effect
b. Short Range Improvements
c. Long Range Improvements
6451 and SO-369
a. Printing and Processing
b. Special Considerations
c. Intended Applications
d. General Results
8. 2430 Duplication System
DISCUSSION (Color)
9. Interim Color Duplication System
a. Background
b. SO-360
c. 7271 and 7380
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10. Requirements for Briefing Materials
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)
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11. Product Investigation 21
a. General 21
b. 7271 Internegatives 25
c. 6110 Internegatives.from Color Originals 25
d. 6110 Internegatives Via SO-360 Duplicate 25
e. Suitability of Color Products for Briefing 26
Materials
12. Preparation of Color Briefing Materials 26
a. Present Black-and-White System 26
b. Production of Briefing Materials Via Route 1 26
c. Production of Briefing Materials Via Route 2 31
d. Production of Briefing Materials Via Route 3 32
13. Summary of Available Systems for the Preparation 32
of Briefing Materials
a. Route 1 32
b. Route 2 32
c. Route.3 32
14. Possible Future Systems 33
a. General 33
b. Negative Intermediate Film 5253 33
c. Reversal Intermediate Film 52+9 33
.CONCLUSIONS
15. Black-and-White
16. Color
RECOMMENDATIONS
17. General
18. Black and White
19. Color
APPENDIX - Equipment Used for Color Printing and
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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Title Page
1 Interim Color Duplication System 12
2 SO-271 Printer Curve 14
3 SO-360 Printer Curve 15
4 Simplified Tone Reproduction Diagram 16
5 Tone Reproduction Curves -- SO-242/SO-360 17
6 Simplified Tone Reproduction of Eastman Color Negative 19
Products -- SO-242/7271/7380
7 Tone Reproduction Curves -- S0-242/7271/7380 20
8 Diagram of Products/Enlargements Used in Testing 23
9 Color Briefing Material Preparation Route 1 27
10 Color Briefing Material Preparation Route 2 28
11 Color Briefing Material Preparation Route 3 29
12 System Presently Used for Production of Black-and-White 30
Briefing Materials
13 Possible Future Color Negative System 34
14 Possible Future Color Reversal System 35
Table Title
1 Color Products Used for Duplication
2 12X Print Comparison Summary
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With. the provision of production specifications and training
for handling SO-239, 6451 and SO-369, the black-and-white operations
at NPIC can achieve improvement in quality and effectiveness. NPIC's
on-hand equipment, personnel and procedures are adequate to meet both
mainstream and special production requirements in support of photo-
interpreter activities with black-and-white materials.
Production of color enlargements and briefing boards at NPIC can
be made more effective with judicious use of available materials.
Support effort given the Photo Lab under this PAR included. information,
sample materials, and orientation to enable that facility to select
appropriate materials and processes. Some of the options now available
can result in a savings of up to two generations of printing. Current
equipment and personnel capability at NPIC would have to be augmented
considerably to exercise some of these options, however; and training
effort would be required subsequent to such augmentation for adequate
production of color materials on an operational basis. Among the equip-
ment needs are continuous color processors of the roller-transport type.
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SUBJECT: Technical/Consultative Contractor Services to
Improve Production Methods at Customer's Facility
TASK/PROBLEM
1. Perform studies and conduct experimental investigations
for improvement of production methods and techniques at NPIC that would:
a. Permit direct coupling into an integrated National dis-
tribution plan, and
b. Increase production quality and efficiency.
2. Determine the changes in equipment, material, personnel and/or
procedure that would be required to achieve the above.
3. Provide technical and/or consultative services, personnel
training support, and samples of materials as available and appropriate
to achieve the above.
4. Black-and-White Production Support. Three new black-and-white
duplicating products have been. introduced to the Photo Lab at NPIC.
These products are Kodak Direct Duplicating Aerial Film (Estar Base)
50-239, Kodak Minicard Film 6451 (Clear Base), and Recordak Print Film
SO-369. The emphasis with SO-239 was on how duplicate negatives from
the contractor's facility should be used in the preparation of enlarge-
ments, although the'capability to use SO-239 rawstock was also established
in the Lab. With the high-contrast, fine-grained duplicating films
6451 and SO-369, the emphasis was on providing the Photo Lab with the
capability to print and process these products for special applications.
5. Color Production Support
a. With the increased level of color acquisition material
being used in the national program, work was done under this contract in
support of NPIC to determine what materials and procedures would improve
the quality and efficiency of their color duplication systems. Recognizing
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the limitations of the present system for color duplication, studies
were aimed at determining whether an interim system might not be
feasible using various presently available products. This, report deals
with such an interim system,as developed under another project,
and the technical consultative liaison to implement its use at NPIC.
b. In addition, color enlargement production in the prepara-
tion of briefing materials at NPIC was investigated in support of
operations at the customer's shop. The remaining efforts under the color
portion of this PAR were directed in that area.
DISCUSSION (Black-and-White)
6. SO-239. Kodak Direct Duplicating Aerial Film (Estar Base)
SO-239 was accepted by the customer for use in preparing duplicate
negatives of all very high altitude missions in their shop.
was the first of these missions, and a contractor representative was
present at the customer's facility on 10 and 11 Sept. 1969, as the SO-239
duplicate negatives were received and used for the first time. The
following is based on observations and discussions with customer personnel
during that visit.
a. Effect
(1) Photo Lab technicians had been thoroughly briefed and
trained in the proper manner to handle the SO-239 duplicate negatives,
which are a mirror image of conventional third generation negatives.
No problems unique to SO-239 were encountered.
(2) Photointerpreters prefer the third generation
enlargements they now receive from the Photo Lab over the fourth generation
ones of the past. As most of these enlargements are at magnifications of
40X or greater, the matte particles in the SO-239 emulsion appear as
very, small plus density spots on the enlargements. However, these are not
considered objectionable in view of the overall improvement with SO-239,
and the fact that the enlargements are used mainly for briefing purposes
rather than interpretation.
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b. Short Range Improvements. Two minor changes in the packing
configuration of the SO-239 copies were requested. First, all copies
are to be wound emulsion out to simplify handling on enlargers. Second,
an extra label is to be applied to each can stating that the SO-239
dupe negative is wound emulsion out, and indicating in brief phrases how
the material should be handled. This request was confirmed by message on
29 September 1969 and took effect with
c. Long Range Improvements
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(1) Matte Particles. Although the matte particles are
accepted as the trade-off for improved definition in enlargements from
SO-239, it would be very desirable if their effect could be eliminated.
Liquid gate printing (or possible manufacturing changes in S0-239) may
ultimately offer a solution to the matte problem.
(2) Selective Target Printing. The Photo Lab actu-
ally uses only a very small percentage of the total square footage
delivered to it in the duplicate negative, and selective target printing
could assist the Photo Lab. Current contractor reproduction techniques
are aimed at providing the best overall density level in each duplicate
copy on a part-by-part basis, without knowledge of what the targets of
interest might be. (This necessarily requires compromises, because a
series of many frames must be printed at a single level.) The Photo
Lab feels that sometimes target areas which must be enlarged could have
been more desirably recorded at a different density level or contrast
in the duplicate negative. It is too early to tell whether or not S0-239
will have any effect on this problem.
(3) Contrast and Density of S0-239 Copies
(a) S0-239 film affords the capability for higher
or lower system contrast than that provided in the duplicate negatives
for and subsequent missions for which the product was
used. Given a choice, the Photo Lab would prefer lower contrast. They
are currently using Grade 1 paper for 90% of the work and this leaves
many higher contrast grade papers, but only one lower contrast paper,
from which to choose. This limits the lab's versatility for obtaining
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better prints of high contrast imagery. They would prefer to have
Grade 2 and 3 paper be the big runner, so there would be more flexi-
bility in both directions. Therefore, a lower contrast duplicate
negative would be preferred. Unfortunately, this could have an
undesirable effect on the very low contrast imagery that is frequently
acquired, especially at low solar altitudes. This is recognized as a
limitation of current part-by-part printing techniques and is being
considered in the overall concept of selective target printing. No
immediate change in overall density or contrast of the SO-239 duplicate
negatives is indicated.
(b) Another factor which must be considered is the
variation from one photointerpreter to another in what each wants in
enlargements. Some prefer higher or lower densities or contrasts than
others, and some are more concerned with shadow detail. than others.
This could perhaps be related to the target specialty of each PI5 but
it does represent a problem of the Photo Lab and a further complication
for selective target. printing.
(4) Photo Lab Capability to Use SO-239 Rawstock.
Because there may be other uses for SO-239 in the Photo Lab, exposed
sensitometric control strips and a Versamat processing specification were
left with lab personnel on the visit in conjunction with
Subsequently, a more comprehensive data package, as well as a new batch
of sensitometric control strips, were provided.
7. 6451 and SO-369. During the course of study, the customer made
several. requests for high-contrast duplicate positives (contact and
enlargement) of certain low-contrast target areas in past missions. These
requests were satisfied by using fine-grained, high-contrast duplicating
'films 6451 and SO-369. These copies provided NPIC photointerpreters with
additional intelligence data over what was obtained in the standard 2430,
duplicating film system. It was requested that the NPIC Photo Lab be
given the capability to print and process 6451 and SO-369. The following
discusses the visit to the Photo Lab to introduce these new products.
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a. Printing and Processing. Photo Lab personnel were given a
package of data containing process control curves, printer control curves
and tone reproduction curves for both films. A processor and printer were
brought into control according to these standards and a typical "flat"
original negative was printed onto each of the two films.. The advantages
of these products were evident from the duplicate positives printed.
b. Special Considerations. Artifacts (e.g. measles, Newton
rings, non-uniformity, etc.) associated with high-contrast, fine-grained
duplicating films, were pointed out and explained. Lab personnel were
also given a set of curves showing the differences in contrast between
contact and enlargement prints on 6451 and 50-369 from the same original
negative.
c. Intended Applications. The Lab Chief mentioned, with some
concern, that the Photo Lab does not usually receive the original negative
until about six weeks after acquisition and that any special prints,
required by their photointerpreters before this time, would have to be
from the duplicate negative. It was pointed out that the original intent
was to give each of the labs having access to the original negative the
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capability of printing and processing from the original negative, depend-
ing on which lab has the original negative at the time a special print is
needed. However, the duplicate negative can be printed onto 6451 or
SO-369 to yield easier-to-interpret imagery for low-contrast scenes, and
with only the minimal quality losses for an extra generation.
d. General Result. Photo, Lab personnel felt that the new
high-contrast films offered their lab another tool for improving the
reproduction of low-contrast imagery which may not have been possible with
their present methods. They were satisfied with the informational package
that was provided.
8. 2430 Duplication System. Copies of the contractor's up-to-date
process control and system curve data for printing Kodak Fine Grain Aerial
Duplicating Film (Estar Base) 2430 have been prepared for transmittal to
the Photo Lab. This will enable them to satisfy special requests that
may require printing as it would be done on a large-volume basis in the
contractor's facility.
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DISCUSSION (Color)
9. Interim Color Duplication System
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a. Background
(1) With the introduction of Kodak Aerial Color Film
(Estar Thin Base) SO-21+2 for use as an original acquisition product,
there is available a significant increase in image quality for color
acquisition systems. In the operational color using the forerunner of
SO-21+2 -- Kodak Aerial Color Film (Estar Thin Base) SO-121 -- one of the
weakest elements was the limited resolution of the duplicating film,
Kodak Aerial Color Duplicating Film SO-271. The advent of SO-21+2 has
magnified this inadequacy.
(2) An obvious solution to the above problem would be
an improved color duplicating film. While efforts are currently
aimed in this direction by the manufacturer, such a product is not
presently available. In an effort to extract as much information as
possible from the improved SO-242 color original, the use of other
available duplicating products was investigated. The result, from
work under another project, was an interim color duplicating. system
that offered a somewhat improved quality and flexibility over the
SO-271 system. Figure 1 illustrates the product types that comprise
this interim duplication system for color.
b. SO-360
(1) Block l of Figure 1 illustrates the use of Kodak
Ektachrome Aerographic Duplicating Film (Estar Base) SO-360 as a re-
placement for SO-271. This product, like SO-271, is an Ektachrome
reversal color film that is usable in generating 1X (contact) duplicates.
The procedure is the same as that used for SO-271.
(2) While SO-360 offers only a small improvement in
resolving power capability, it does offer a somewhat improved (lowered)
color contrast relationship and superior dye homogeniety (or "color
granularity").
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Figure 1
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Interim Color Duplication System
ORIGINAL POSITIVE
(NOT AVAILABLE)
SO-360
DUPE POS.
7380
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(3) Figures 2 and 3 illustrate printer curves of
S0-271 and SO-360. The major improvement in SO-360 with regard to
color balance comes primarily from the lower red contrast of SO-360.
(4) Figure 5 illustrates tone reproduction of a
specific set of CORN ground targets for a color system using SO-242
as an original, and SO-360 as the duplicating product. In this
illustration, the printer has been balanced to obtain equal status "A"
integral densities of 16% neutral ground reflectance objects. Figure 4
illustrates (for one color only) the constituents of the system used to
generate the tone reproduction curves shown in Figure 5.
c. 7271 and 7380
(1) Both Eastman Color Internegative Film 7271, and
Eastman Color Print Film 7380, are high-quality, commercial motion
picture products capable of yielding good color balance and high resolution.
Their use in some cases results in an improvement in both color balance
and resolution capability over SO-360. This is true in terms of the
duplicate positive, despite the fact that prints produced from 7380 inter-
negatives require an additional third generation step compared to direct
reversal second generation duplicates onto SO-360.
(2) Independently of this project, the contractor is
conducting a thorough follow-on investigation with operational material
to determine if the 7271/7380 route offers a real improvement over
duplicates produced directly onto SO-360. All testing will include
duplicates produced from operational missions onto both products so that
all image characteristics can be evaluated.
(3) Desirable features of the use of 7271 internegatives
includes their use in the production of paper prints (discussed later
in this report) and in the preparation of a composite master roll from
which "adjusted" 7380 prints can be made.
(4) The production of duplicate prints from recent
operational color missions have required the use of many different
printing conditions to produce satisfactory results. Reversal duplicating
film, which necessitates the use of the original for each. duplicate
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Figure 2
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Original Density = 1.56
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Figure 3
SO-360 Printer Curve
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Original Density = 1.56
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Figure 4
Simplified Tone Reproduction Diagram
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TONE REPRODUCTION
50-360
3
41 SO-242
5
TRANSFER
CAMERA IMAGE
TRANSFER I
CHARACTERISYIC
2
1
SO-242
CONTRAST
ORIGINAL PRODUCT
ATTENUATION
4% 64%
(Ground Reflectance)
This diagram represents a set of conditions with original film SO-242 printed onto
duplicating film SO-360. (Only one color in each block has been shown for simplicity.)
Block 1 - Contrast attenuation of the ground CORN Gray scale.
Block 2 - The characteristic curve of the original material.
(Blocks 3 and 5 are used to transfer data)
Block 4 - The camera image characteristic of the original product. This includes the
effects of such things as the atmosphere, camera flare, optics, etc.
Block 6 - Characteristic curve of the printer/product/process of the duplicating material.
Block 7 - Tone reproduction of the ground CORN objects (Block 1) when the printer balance
is adjusted to produce equal integral densities of a 16% neutral reflectance
object.
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Figure 5
Tone Reproduction Curves -- SO-242/SO-360
NOTE: Printer balance has been
adjusted to produce equal
Red, Green and Blue densities
at a point representing 16%
ground reflectance objects.
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copy, requires the further breakdown of the original according to
printing conditions, or the reassembly of multiple printings in the compo-
sition of the duplicate, if the original is not broken down as such.
(5) Use of internegative systems permits the printing
of a "timed" internegative (adjusted in density and color balance) on a
frame-by-frame basis, with subsequent assembly of a composite master
internegative. This master internegative can in turn be printed at a
single (or possible double) level for the entire mission.
(6) The use of such a system with operational missions
is currently underway. Prints produced in such a way will be carefully
compared to those produced with various printing levels onto S0-360
film.
(7) Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the tone reproduction
for these internegative/print materials as used with S0-242 color
acquisition film.
10. Requirements for Briefing Materials
a. Briefing materials used in black-and-white systems
consist of up to 40X enlargements onto 24" x 30" photographic print
paper to which annotations have been made. (Sometimes, small areas of
higher magnification imagery in the form of inserts also are added to
the print.) A typical example of a briefing board might be a 4X, 24 x 30
print of a particular target with an insert consisting of a small print
(about 6 x 8) magnified to 20X. The insert is usually of the same
target as the larger print and is designated by means of the annotation.
b. These briefing boards are called for during the first and
second phase readout. Requirements are usually for a total of about
17 copies, one copy being of special priority. This special priority
print is usually printed and annotated directly. An insert is added to
the enlargement at this time in the form of a paste up, if required.
Another print made in a similar fashion is used as a master from which
a copy negative is produced. Another requirement of briefing materials
is the production of 8 x 10 hard copy reference prints and 8 x 10
,Vu-graph transparencies (approximately 60-80 required). These prints
are made by contact printing from the 8 x 10 master negative.
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Figure 6
Simplified Tone Reproduction of Eastman Color Negative Products -- SO-242/7271/7380
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7380
TONE REPRODUCTION
4
3 TRANSFER
7271
INTERNEGATIVE
2 ! SO-242
1
CONTRAST
ATTENUATION
4% 64%
(Ground Reflectance)
This diagram represents a set of conditions with original film SO-242 printed onto
Eastman Color Print film via Eastman Internegative Film. (Only one color in each block
has been shown for simplicity.)
Block 1 - Contrast attenuation of the ground CORN Gray scale.
Block 2 - The characteristic curve of the original material'.
(Block 3 - Data transfer)
Block 4 - Characteristic curve of the printer/product/process of Eastman Color
Internegative Film.
Block 5 - Characteristic curve of the printer/product/process of Eastman Color Print Film.
Block 6 - Tone Reproduction of the ground CORN objects (Block 1) when the printer balance
is adjusted toproduce equal integral densities of a 16% reflectance object.
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Figure 7
Tone Reproduction Curves -- SO-242/7271/7380
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d. The requirements for color briefing materials are
expected to be the same as that for black-and-white, with the exception
that the magnification of the prints will probably be limited to 20X.
e. Materials would be requested from the Photo Lab on a
rather timely basis. At this time original color acquisition is not
available, so that NPIC must work from internegatives provided by another
production facility, or from internegatives produced from the SO-360
reversal duplicate in the Photo Lab. A procedure for the production
of color briefing materials must satisfy the requirement for producing
the needed number of high-quality annotated prints on a timely basis.
11. Product Investigation
a. General
(1) A preliminary investigation was conducted in order
to test and evaluate the various available color products for possible
use in the preparation of color briefing materials.
(2) Table 1 gives the names and descriptions of the
products evaluated.
(3) Figure 8 is a block diagram depicting the manner in
which the products were tested, along with the various stages of enlarge-
ment used.
(4) Lines 5 to 8 of Figure 8 are reversal, second
generation duplicate prints which. were used for comparison purposes with
the film and paper prints. Lines 9, 10, 11 and 12 depict prints made
from two types of internegatives, Eastman Color Internegative Film 7271
and Kodak Ektacolor Internegative Film 6110 (lines 1,2,3 and 4). The
equipment used for this testing is given in Appendix A.
(5) A summary of the results of prints made from these
internegatives is given in Table 2. In all cases the comments in
Table 2 apply to both.-film prints and Ektacolor paper prints. This is valid
because the results from a particular type and magnification of
internegative yield similar results when printed onto transparency or
print material.
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Table 1
Color Products Used For Duplication (Present)
PRODUCT NAME
TYPE
USE
EKTACHROME AEROGRAPHIC
COLOR REVERSAL
DUPLICATE TRANSPARENCIES
DUPLICATING FILM SO-360
FILM
(ESTAR BASE)
EASTMAN COLOR INTERNEGATIVE
COMMERCIAL MOTION
INTERMEDIATE MATERIAL
FILM 7271
PICTURE PRODUCT
EASTMAN COLOR PRINT
COMMERCIAL MOTION
TRANSPARENCY
FILM 7380
PICTURE PRODUCT
(FROM 7271)
KODAK EKTACOLOR INTERNEGATIVE
PROFESSIONAL PRODUCT
INTERMEDIATE MATERIAL
FILM 6110
KODAK EKTACOLOR PRINT
PROFESSIONAL PRODUCT
TRANSPARENCY
FILM 6109
(FROM 6110)
KODAK EKTACOLOR PROFESSIONAL
COLOR PAPER PRODUCT
PRINTS
PAPER
(FROM ALL NEGATIVES ABOVE)
KODAK EKTACHROME PAPER
COLOR REVERSAL PAPER
PREPARATION OF COLOR
PRINTS FROM (ORIGINAL)
POSITIVE TRANSPARENCIES
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Figure 8
Diagram of Products/Enlargements Used in Testing
Type C
Paper
Type C
Paper
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Type C
Paper
7271
SO-360
12X
4
X
1
TypeC
Paper
e
Paper
Type C
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Table 2
12X Print Comparison Summary
(transparency and paper)
INPUT FILM AND
MAGNIFICATION
1X7271
4X7271
12X7271
4X6110
12X6110
4X6110
SOVIA
-360
SHARPNESS
FAIR
FAIR
GOOD
POOR
POOR
POOR
CONTRAST
GOOD
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
GRAININESS
(DYE HOMOGENITY)
GOOD
POOR
POOR
GOOD
GOOD
GOOD
SYSTEM
COMPATIBILITY
GOOD
POOR
POOR
POOR
POOR
GOOD
R)
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b. 7271 Internegatives
(1) Prints obtained from 1X (contact) 7271 inter-
negatives were acceptable, while prints obtained from enlarged
(both 4X and 12X) 7271 internegatives were unacceptable. The enlarged
internegatives displayed evidence of excessive contrast and graininess.
(2) The excessive contrast can be attributed to a
"reciprocity failure" effect with this product. Exposures longer than
one second produce a non-linear increase in contrast. Enlarged 7271
negatives required the use of the BPE (Beacon Precision Enlarger)
with exposures ranging from one to two minutes. This was in spite of
the fact that the BPE lamphouse was converted to white light
(subtractive) printing in order to gain as much illumination as possible.
(This product is designed for use with exposures of less than one second.)
(3) The exact cause for the increased-graininess of
enlarged 7271 internegatives was not determined. The contact printed
7271 internegatives did not show this problem. It is possible that
edge effects (of S0-242 enlarged onto 7271) are responsible for this
phenomenon.
c. 6110 Internegatives from Color Originals. The enlarged
6110 internegatives produced from SO-242 originals lacked the sharpness
of 7271 internegatives, but displayed good color balance and graininess
characteristics. Evidence of increased contrast from reciprocity
failure was not apparent. on this product as was the case with the en-
larged 7271 internegatives. The 6110 film was exposed for approximately
20 seconds as against the product recommendation for a range of 1 to
16 seconds.
d. 6110 Internegatives Via SO-360 Duplicate. The inter-
negatives made from the SO-360 reversal duplicate as compared to
internegatives made from the SO-242 original showed higher contrast and
somewhat reduced sharpness. Color balance was perhaps a bit more
saturated in color, especially with respect to reds.
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PAR 254
e. Suitability of Color Products for Briefing Materials
(1) Both the Eastman Color products (7271/7380) and
Ektacolor products (6110/6109) can be utilized in some form to produce
enlargements for briefing material usage. The results obtained in the
above preliminary product investigation precludes the use of enlarged
7271 internegatives in available systems.
(2) Contact 7271 internegatives and enlarged 6110
internegatives can be used in several schemes as intermediate products
for the preparation of briefing materials. These intermediate films
can in turn be used to produce briefing boards on Ektacolor Professional
Paper. Vu-graphs can be produced on either 6109 or 7380 print film.
(3) Figures 9, 10 and 11 depict three viable routes
that can be used for the production of briefing materials utilizing the
products tested above. Details of these systems will'be descussed below.
I
t
12. Preparation of Color Briefing Materials
a. Present Black-and-White System
(1) The system presently being utilized at NPIC for the
preparation of black-and-white briefing materials (Figure 12), requires
the use of five generations to produce the required briefing boards and
VU-graphs. The two 24 x 30 (.3rd generation) paper prints are annotated
directly.
(.2) Because of the requirement of approximately 17
briefing boards and 60 to 80 Vu-graphs, all with annotation, a master
negative is made from one of the annotated paper prints and in turn used
to produce the remaining prints and Vu-graphs.
(3) The systems shown in Figures 10 and 11 permit the
production of briefing materials with fewer generations. The prints
sq produced display superior quality, especially with regard to sharpness.
b. Production of Briefing Materials Via Route 1(Figure 9)
(1) This system is similar to that used in the preparation
of black-and-white briefing materials in that it requires direct
annotation onto paper and subsequent copying onto a master negative.
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Figure 9
Color Briefing Material Prepration -- Route 1
PROCESSING FACILITY
7271 INTERNEG
CUSTOMER SHOP
* DELIVER 1
PAPER
PRINT
(8 X 10)
EKTACOLOR PAPER
WITH ANNOTATIONS
(24 X 30)
3X REDUCTION
6110 INTERNEG
(8 X 10)
6109 FILM
60 - 80 VUGRAPHS
(8 X 10)
EKTACOLOR PAPER
17 BRIEFING PRINTS
(24 X 30)
W
N
Vl
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Figure 10
Color Briefing Material Preparation -- Route 2
SO-242
4X
6110 INTERNEG
WITH TELECON INPUT
ANNOTATED OVERLAY
ADDED TO INTERNEG
PROCESSING FACILITY
CUSTOMER SHOP
6109 FILM
60 - 80 VUGRAPHS
(8 X 10)
GROUP 1
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EKTACOLOR PAPER
(8 X 10)
[3x
EKTACOLOR PAPER
17 BRIEFING PRINTS
(24 X 30)
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 mm,M..Ml mom W, m, w mm mmOnAmlowm owl=
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Figure 11
Color Briefing Material Preparation- Route 3
SO-242
1X
PROCESSING FACILITY
CUSTOMER SHOP
SO-360
DUPE FILM
4X
6110
INTERNEG WITH
ANNOTATED OVERLAY
(8 X' 10)
I 3X
6109 FILM
60 - 80 VUGRAPHS
(8 X 10)
EKTACOLOR
PAPER
(8 X 10)
EKTACOLOR
PAPER
17 BRIEFING PRINTS
(24 X 30)
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Figure 12
System Presently Used for Production of Black-and-White Briefing Materials
SO-239
r DUPE NEG
PROCESSING FACILITY I
4X REDUCTION
1X
PAPER
PRINT
(8 X 10)
INSERT
2 PAPER PRINTS
WITH ANNOTATIONS
(24 X 30)
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1X
F I LM
60 - 80 VUGRAPHS
(8 X 10)
4X
PAPER
17 BRIEPFIAPNG PRINTS
(24 X 30)
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1
(2) The final production briefing materials require
five generations. The two 21+ x 30'prints (3rd generation) produced
from the 7271 internegative are of good quality, primarily because
they are 3rd generation prints from a 7271 internegative possessing an
inherent high resolving power.
(3) This system allows flexibility of target selection
in that a complete mission copy 7271 internegative can be supplied to
NPIC for use in the production of briefing materials at a time when
they are being requested.*
c. Production of Briefing Materials Via Route 2 (Figure 10)
(1) This system permits the production of annotated
briefing materials in three generation steps. Since the internegative
is made directly from the SO-21+2 original immediately after processing,
a telecon input to the processing facility is necessary to indicate the
specific target area. (Figure 10 indicates an internegative of 1+X
magnification for illustration purposes. Other magnifications can be
used to produce the 8 x 10 internegative, provided they are compatible
with. the equipment used and the coverage desired.)
(2) This system introduces the use of an 8 x 10 annotated
overlay placed in contact with the 8 x 10 internegative. This overlay,
which can be produced with materials such as opaque press-tape letter-
ing deposited onto clear acetate sheet, contains the annotation and
will show up as white letters** on the final briefing boards and Vu-graphs.
* Request for briefing aids are normally made during phase 1 and 2
readout periods. At this time the Photo Lab does not have the
original SO-242 acquisition film at their disposal. The production
of enlargements at this time must be made from the 1X 7271 inter-
negative shipped with the SO-360 color duplicates, or from inter-
negatives produced at NPIC from the SO-360 duplicates.
A procedure for the production of "outlined" letters which will
show up on either light or dark backgrounds can be used for
greater flexibility. This procedure is described in Kodak
Publication No. Q-126 "A Method for Making Spreads and Chokes."
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d. Production of Briefing Materials Via Route 3 (Figure 11)
(1) This system calls for production of an internegative
(4X or larger) from the SO-360 reversal color duplicate. The inter-
negative (6110) would be produced at NPIC and would offer complete selec-
tivity of targets, as the complete mission is available at this time on
the SO-360 duplicate. Use of the annotated overlay technique would reduce
the number of generations required for final prints, although the system
still requires four generations.
(2) The quality of this 6110 internegative produced from
the dupe would be somewhat inferior, especially with regards to sharpness,
to a 6110 or 7271 internegatives produced directly from the SO-242 original.
13. Summary of Available Systems for the Preparation of
Briefing Materials
a.. Route 1 (1X 7271 -- Produced from Original)
(1) Advantages
(a) Provides the best overall 2nd generation
internegative.
(b) The entire record is available at NPIC
on a timely basis.
(c) This system provides a high quality 3rd
generation paper print for use as the
two first priority briefing boards.
(2) Limitations. The production of the remaining quantity
of briefing materials requires five generations.
b. Route 2 (4X 6110 -- Produced from Original)
(1) Advantages. This system requires only three generations
to produce all annotated materials.
(2) Limitations
(a) Requires a telecon input* to designate target,
(b) Some target images in the internegatives may
be lower than desirable in contrast. Special
printing techniques could thus be required
to maintain normal contrast.
c. Route 3
(1) Advantages. Entire record available to customer
shop on a timely basis.
* Future communications improvement may make this easier.
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(2) Limitations
(a) Requires four generations to produce all
materials.
(b) Compromises quality, especially sharpness.
14. Possible Future Systems
a. General
(1) Systems which could employ the use of intermediate.
films are shown in Figures 13 and 14. These materials have not been tested
in such systems and have been shown for illustrative purposes only as
considerations for future systems. The color intermediate products shown
have been designed for, and are only available in, motion picture sizes.
(2) The use of products such as these, if they become
available, would be attractive in that they permit the use of a system
having the quality capability of a 2nd generation 7271 internegative
(as shown in Figure 9) along with the feasibility of "mass" producing the
remaining annotated prints in one additional stage (Figures 13 and 14).
b. Negative Intermediate Film 5253
(1) Figure 13 describes a system utilizing Eastman Color
Intermediate Film 5253 in conjunction with Eastman Color Internegative
Film 7271.
(2) This intermediate product yields a positive image
when printed from the 7271 internegative. Such a 3rd generation inter-
mediate stage would permit inclusion of an annotated insert so that the
final annotated prints can be produced in one additional generation.
The final stage calls for the use of reversal materials because of the
positive polarity of the intermediate stage.
c. Reversal Intermediate Film 5249
(1) Figure 14 shows a system similar to that described
above except that it utilizes Eastman Color Reversal Intermediate Film 5249.
(2) The polarity of this material calls for the use of
negative products in the final stage. The intermediate stage, however,
permits the inclusion of the annotated insert.
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Figure 13
Possible Future Color Negative System
SO-242
7271 INTERNEG
4X
5253
INTERMEDIATE NEG FILM
WITH ANNOTATED OVERLAY
(8 X 10)
SO-360 FILM
60 - 80 VUGRAPHS
(8 X 10)
EKTACHROME PAPER
(8 X 10)
3X
EKTACHROME PAPER
17 BRIEFING PRINTS
(24 X 30)
PROCESSING FACILITY
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Figure it
Possible Future Color Reversal System
PROCESSING FACILITY
CUSTOMER SHOP
7271 INTERNEG
5249
INTERMEDIATE REVERSAL FILM
WITH ANNOTATED OVERLAY
6109 FILM
60 - 80 VUGRAPHS
(8 X 10)
EKTACOLOR PAPER
(8 X 10)
13X
EKTACOLOR PAPER
17 BRIEFING PRINTS
(24 X 30)
I
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15. Black-and-White
a. The techniques provided to NPIC are adequate for
improving the quality and effectiveness of production operations.
Processing and printing specifications for Photo Lab personnel, and
training in their use, have been given for three products:
(1) SO-239. This direct reversal duplicating film
offers the improvement in quality of a duplicate negative at the second
rather than the third generation level.
(2) 6451. A fine-grained, high-contrast duplicating
material, this film facilitates extraction of additional information
by photointerpreters in selective printing applications.
(3) SO-369. Characteristics and advantages similar to
6451 make this film another choice for selective printing.
b. The NPIC facility is now adequate in respect to equipment,
personnel and procedures -- excepting only the possible need for more
choices in low-contrast grade photographic paper print materials. This
need is an item for customer evaluation.
16. Color
a. Procedures normally used for the production of black-
and-white briefing materials are limiting in their capability to
produce briefing materials in color. The current system is less than
adequate, specifically, for attaining the quality and production capacity
that would be consistent with a timely schedule.
b. There are presently available viable routes that can be
taken to produce color briefing materials utilizing a reduced number
of stages of printing.
c. The use of graphics in the form of annotated inserts is
a workable approach, and will result in a savings of up to two
generations of printing.
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d. Products usable in the production of briefing materials
can be processed in continuous color processors of the roller trans-
port type in order to increase productivity.
e. Equipment and personnel capability at NPIC will require
considerable augmentation to produce color materials, including
enlargements and briefing boards, on an operational basis. Training
would also be required subsequent to such augmentation.
f. While systems are available to handle color duplicating
and enlarging operations, and the customer may at his option choose
to implement such systems, flexibility should be maintained to take
advantage of any new color products that may become available. At
present, the resolving power capability of color duplicating products
is considerably less than that of the new color acquisition material,
SO-242, and improved color duplicating materials are.highly desirable.
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17. General. Because of the improvements of products and processes
through constant development, this effort should be continued indefinitely.
18. Black-and-White. That the customer consider implementing
use of the new materials, where applicable, to improve quality and
effectiveness in his facility.
19. Color. That the customer consider:
a. Investigation of his needs to implement one of the three
routes described in this report for the production of color briefing
materials.
b. Implementing the use of such devices as contact inserts
within the printing stages as a means of providing annotations to
systems used to produce briefing materials.
c. Increasing the production capacity of the NPIC Photo Lab
by considering the use of a continuous color processor such as the
Kodak Ektachrome RT Processor, Model 1811M, or the Model 11+11M.
These processors could be modified to accept a negative process to per-
mit the continuous processing of either 8-inch or 10-inch width Ektacolor 4+7
paper prints. A similar modification could be made to process either
or both the 6110 internegatives and 6109 prints. The largest production
capability could be realized with the processing of the Vu-graphs on
continuous rolls of 6109 print film.
d. Updating or supplementing methods for the production of
color briefing materials with improved systems as they become available.
Investigate the feasibility of utilizing color intermediate products
in systems to produce color briefing materials as they become available.
e. Providing technical liaison between NPIC and the con-
tractor with regard to techniques to provide improved color briefing
materials. This would include any required assistance and training
in the implementation of continuous processing cycles for color materials
at NPIC.
f. Continuing to investigate improved methods of providing
duplicates from S0-242 originals. Studies should include the feasibility
of utilizing timed contact internegatives on 7271 film printed onto 7380
film as a possible supplement or replacement for duplicates made onto
80-360.
~- 38 GROUP 1
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APPENDIX
Equipment Used for Color Printing and Processing Operations
1
1. Printing
a. 1X (contact) 7271 Internegatives. Where printed on a
Rainbow continuous contact color printer, the Rainbow printer was modified
to run at 5-feet-per-minute, and the lamphouse was converted from an
additive to a subtractive mode in order to obtain sufficient illumination.
b. 1X SO-360 duplicates were printed on a Conventional Rainbow
c. 1X Ektacolor paper prints were printed on a "Miller-Holzwarth"
contact printer.
d. All enlargements onto internegative films 7271 and 6110,
reversal duplicating film SO-360, and paper prints were printed on the
BPE (Beacon Precision Enlarger). The lamphouse was converted to sub-
tractive printing for the 7271 and 6110 internegative printing.
2. Processing
a. Eastman Color Internegative Film 7271 was processed in an
Eastman Color Internegative type process in the Ragdoll continuous deep
tank processor.
b. Ektachrome Aerographic Duplicating Film (Estar Base) S0-360
was processed in an ME-4 type process in the Grafton continuous deep tank
processor.
c. Ektacolor Professional Paper was processed in the CP-100
process in the Kodak Rapid Color Processor, Model 30 (24 x 30 size only).
The contact printed 9.5-inch wide prints were processed in a Kodak RT Color
Processor, Model 1411CM, adapted to a special process for Ektacolor
Paper.
d. Kodak Ektacolor Internegative Film 6110 was processed in
a 3.5-gallon (Kodak C-22 process) sink line, using Kodak Internegative
Developer.
e. Kodak Ektacolor Print Film 6109 was also processed in
a 3.5-gallon sink line in C-22.
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