COLOR REPRODUCTION SYSTEMS REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04770A002400040002-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 64
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 27, 2005
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: April 15, 1965
• Content Type: REQ

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SUBJECT: Color Reproduction Systems Review
TASK/PROBLEM
1. In view of the recent importance attached to color photography by
the intelligence community, investigate and determine the most suitable
means to reproduce and utilize multiple copies of color materials. Deter-
mine the most suitable reproduction system and types of equipment to be used
in, all phases of the reproduction cycle. Also, attempt to define how color
photography can best be utilized by the photo interpreter.
INTRODUCTION
2. Acquisition Information: Reference to the acquisition phase through-
out the report is a necessary consideration in the selection of materials for
subsequent reproduction systems. Acquisition altitudes are especially signifi-
cant, and are therefore defined as follows:
a. Low altitude
b. Medium altitude
co High altitude
d. Very high altitude
less than 5,000 feet.
- 5,000 feet to 50,000 feet.
over 50,000 feet (non-orbital).
orbital condition.
3. General Background Information
a. High quality faithful color reproductions of ground scenes in-
volve consideration of the acquisition stage. The natural phenomena of haze
and altitude are basic factors in selecting the acquisition film. Natural
sunlight penetrating the atmosphere and being reflected back to the camera al-
titude is scattered so that unequal quantities of red, green, and blue light
energy reach the camera film plane. At high and very high altitudes this
effect is most pronounced. Thus, the processed color acquisition film image
may appear unnatural to the observer. Further, as acquisition altitude increases,
the scene brightness range is reduced. The combination of low scene brightness
and distorted color hues of known objects in the color original will appear
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HAZE ATTENUATION
y
HAZE
CAMERA AERIAL IMAGE
HAZE FILTER
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HAZE ATTENUATION
y
CAMERA AERIAL IMAGE
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FILM RESPONSE
VISUAL
DENSITY
LOG E
LOG E LOG E
,mini
IMAGE FORMING LIGHT
Q
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ACQUISITION ALTITUDE AND FILM SELECTION
AERIAL IMAGE
HIGH ALTITUDE > 50M
HAZE
LOW ALTITUDE < 3M
GROUND SCENE
LOW CONTRAST FILM
HIGH CONTRAST FILM
LOW CONTRAST FILM
HIGH CONTRAST FILM
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PROCESSED IMAGE
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FILM LATITUDE
W
CD
J
U-
O
DISTORTED
3.4
ASSUMED
NORMAL USABLE
DENSITY
DISTORTED
LOG E
EXPOSURE LATITUDE
om aotosiatic
j deelassiflcatlon
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DISCUSSION
4. Color Duplicating Materials: The customer and contractor agreed at the
outset of work that prime emphasis would be placed on the quality of the second
generation color positive duplicate. Essentially, the aim was toward the truest
or most natural reproduction within the capabilities of the system and available
sensitized materials Specifically, the quality of the copy was to approach
as closely as possible what the photo interpreter would see in viewing the scene
from close by. Additional guide lines were found necessary in considering the
chief factors of color fidelity, contrast and image sharpness. This is because
aerial photography normally produces frames with a wide range of scene bright-
ness and taken at various camera angles. Since exposure and color balance are
critically affected by such differences, the reproduction quality emphasis was
placed on those portions of frames or frame sequences acquired nearest the
a. Reversal Systems: Good quality second generation color duplicate
transparencies have been produced from color positive originals using color
reversal materials as a duplicating medium, Again, as previously mentioned,
the conditions of acquisition govern the flexibility of this system,
(1) When the original camera film is processed in a system
where the resulting image has the same appearance as the original object photo-
graphed, the film is called a "reversal" film. The advantage of a color re-
versal film is that no further stages are necessary to produce a positive image.
Color reversal films are of two main groups:
(a) "Incorporated Coupler" films are those which have
certain chemicals included in the emulsion during manufacture that greatly
simplify the processing stages after exposure. A typical "incorporated
coupler" film process consists of a black-and-white first developer, a means
of"reversing" the image, a single color developer and appropriate bleach, fix,
and washing cycles, The processes are relatively simple and a high quality of
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color fidelity can be maintained. The coupler concentration is critical and
having it incorporated in the film assists in retaining desired color balance.
Typical "incorporated coupler"
in the name, such as
Films are those which have the prefix
Many films of this group can be processed
in the field by the use of chemical kits available from the film manufacturer.
It is imperative that the instructions supplied both with the film and the
chemical kits be rigidly followed to attain the maximum quality of the color
film. There are some "incorporated coupler" films which must be returned to
the manufacturer because facilities for processing are not yet generally avail-
able. Special Color Film (Estar Thin Base), Type SO-121, is typical).
(b) "Unincorporated Coupler" films are those which do not
have the dye-coupling chemical included in the emulsion during manufacture.
The couplers are, instead, part of the chemical processing solution formula,
The resulting film process is more complex. A typical commercial process of
this type includes a black-and-white first developer, three individual color
developers (one for each emulsion layer in the film), three separate means of
reexposing the individual layers, plus bleaching, fixing and washing cycles.
Since color developer solutions require the coupler as part of the formulation,
the mixing and subsequent process usage requires very careful control methods,
The entire "unincorporated coupler" process is more complicated and more dif-
ficult to control both chemically and mechanically, It is not easily used
in field type systems. Kodachrome films are typical of the "unincorporated
coupler" type.
(2) Acquisition films used successfully are:
(a)
Incorporated coupler type.
(b)
coupler type.
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Special Color Film (Estar Thin Base), Type SO-121:
Aero Film Type 8+42: Incorporated
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(c)
Incorporated coupler type.
(d)
Special Ektachrome Aero Film, Type SO-282 (MS):
II for Daylight: Unincorporated coupler
type.
(3) Color duplicating systems used for producing the second
generation copies depend upon the density range and contrast of the color orig-
inal. Few color products show straight-line portions of the three character-
istic curves, but have instead continuously changing slopes. This means that
film used to make the duplicate must be carefully selected for exposure and
color balancing capabilities. Good results have been obtained using films of
different contrasts to generate copies for which there are different applica-
tions. For selection of a duplicating film, consideration must be given to
both its resolution and color balance characteristics. Because available
color films may not have both the resolution and color characteristics, a
compromise selection may be necessary. This possibility of compromise is
greatest for contact printed duplicates and much less for enlargements, Re--
Lated photographic characteristic curves and data for color materials tested
are shown in the .Appendix.
(4) A method of selecting a duplicating color film for aerial
color originals is best described by the following hypothetical example, Assume:
(a) A high altitude color original has been acquired on
Type SO-121 color film (see Appendix for characteristics and data). Measure-
ments made on scenes of the camera color original between the darkest and
lightest neutral objects show the following:
Red (max) = 1060 Green (max) = 1.29 Blue (max) = 1.52
Red (min) = Oa50 Green (min) = 0.38 Blue (min) = Oa52
ADR = 1 x 10 ADG = 0.91 ADB = 1.00
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(b) The scenes were considered to be normal and should
have had a brightness ratio of 30 to 1 or about 1.5 density range, Haze
accounted for the reduced range and for unequal amounts of the primary colors
(red, green, and blue).
(c) To produce more natural appearing results requires
that the density range be doubled. Assuming the objects are neutral, the
density difference between them must be increased and equalized to maintain
the correct color balance. Therefore, the density ranges and gradients
of the duplicating material are calculated as follows:
Red: DR = 2 x 1.1 = 2.20 Gradient is 2.0 (by requirement).
Green: AD G = 2.2 to equalQDR Gradient is 2.20 = 2040
0.91
Blue: DB = 2.2 to equalADR Gradient is 2.20 = 2.20
1.00
(d) Having determined the gradients and knowing the
densities, the film may be selected by calculating the gradients of the
potential choices at the mid-density range. The films having the gradients
(or contrasts) closest to the requirements would be used. In this case
Type SO-121 would be the duplicating film selected, having gradients of approx-
imately 2.10, 2.40 and 2.20 (for r?ed, green and blue respectively).
(5) High Contrast Combinations:
(a) SO-121 and S0-121: Good quality second generation
color copies were produced from Type S0-121 high altitude originals using
Type S0-121 also as the duplicating medium. As stated previously, light
attenuation caused by haze reduces the aerial image brightness range,
requiring a high contrast duplicating material. Of all combinations tested,
the best contact printed duplicates of high altitude photography were made
using Type SO-121 for both acquisition and duplicating.
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on Special Duplicating Film, Type S0-271, were made from Type 8442
(b) 8442 and S0-271: Second generation color copies
originals, These copies have good color quality; however, neither Type 8442 nor
Type S0-271 have resolution characteristics for more than limited recommenda-
tion in high altitude combinations,
(6) Medium Contrast Duplicates: Medium contrast copies
also were made from Type S0-121 high altitude originals using Type SO-2710
This material is very useful when the color original has recorded a maximum
of about 30 lines per millimeter. For contact printed duplicates, however,
resolution is its limiting factor. The color balance of these copies is
excellent,
(7)
Low Contrast Duplicates:
(a) Low contrast color copies were successfully produced
using kilm, Type SO-3440 This product has an average con-
trast of about 1,2 and reproduces the density range of the color original very
closely, Resolution of Type S0-344 is good.
(b) Low altitude color originals must be duplicated on
a material such as Type S0-344 to prevent loss of information in the high
and low densities. This could require some compromise between resolution
and color balance depending on the resolution of the low contrast duplicat-
ing film used, However, low altitude acquisition systems may not require
high resolution because of ground scale. An original acquired at the medium
altitude of 10,000 feet on Type S0-121 was successfully duplicated on
Type SO-3440
5. Negative-Positive Systems:
ao A color negative-positive system of duplicating is similar
to black-and-white except that dye images are developed instead of silver
images. Color negatives and print materials usually have incorporated
dye couplers. Processing is relatively simple, consisting primarily of a
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Color Internegative Film has a removable jet backing on the film
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color developer, stop bath, bleach, fix, and the necessary washes. Processed
color negative images will be of little value to the photo interpreter because
dye systems used in color negative films are in complimentary colors designed
for compatible print materials, but not the human eye. Reliable identifica-
tion of target colors by direct examination of the negative should not be
expected. Target images, of course, can be discerned to save time in the
selection of frames for printing.
be Color negative acquisition was not made at high altitude because
of resolution limitations.
co Duplicating systems have been successful. Using Special
Ektacolor Aerial Film, Type SO-276,
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negative Film, color negatives were produced by contact printing from Type
SO-121 color positive originals.
(1) Reversal and negative-positive systems together can pro-
vide the community with color positive duplicates and compatible internegatives
both made directly from the original to retain maximum resolution. The con-
tact printed internegative provides a means of going directly to third gener-
ation transparency or reflection prints at any desired enlargement practical
for the system.
(2) A continuous contact printer was used for the internega-
tive exposing stage and processed through the Speltron, a color negative
processor.
(3) The selection of which color negative material to use
is dependent upon the available processing equipment and printers.
(4) Type SO-276 and
antihalation protection coating which is leached out in processing. These
products can, therefore, be processed easily in a C-22 color process system.
support. This must be removed in the processing cycle, and thus requires
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X, and
25X1
25X1
IX are materials having an 25X1
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special buffing racks for removal. Despite some processing complication to
remove the backing, the better resolution characteristics of this
color film are desirable. Both
0
X and Eastman Color Internegative
Films have good low contrast control for duplication purposes. Results of
testing with Type S0-276 showed no significant advantages in comparison with
results from , and therefore no further mention of Type SO-276
will appear in this report.
(5)
Data sheets and characteristic curves are included in
the Appendix.
6. Enlarging S stems:
a. Intelligence briefing aids and/or enlargements for P. I. study
have been partially explored for usable systems. Six of the seven systems
tested (see Figure 5) provided excellent to poor enlargements. The quality
depended upon the generation of the final color positive transparency and
the stage or stages at which enlarging occurred. A required consideration
is the availability of the acquisition color positive original. As shown
in Figure 5, excellent quality and resolution are possible, but some of the
systems were considered impractical.
b. Equipment limitations prevented the preferred use of additive
printing with narrow band filters in the enlarging stage. Thus all work
was accomplished using the subtractive printing method. These two methods
are illustrated and discussed in the section on Color Printing Equipment.
c. The negative materials used in the testing were processed
using laboratory "sink" processing systems until late in the program when
a continuous negative color processor became available. As described pre-
viously (Negative-Positive Systems), contact printed internegatives were
produced on three products. Excellent quality and resolution were retained
in enlargements up to 17X (maximum tested).
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Fig- 5
SYSTEM STUDY FOR ENLARGED COLOR DUPLICATES
SO-121
Color Poaitive
ORIGINAL
50-121
Color Positive Duplicate
CONTACT
(III)
=5x 1-n a gative
5X ENL
Color0
Positive
CONTACT
Qnalitya Poor
a+Practicability: Practical
SO-344
Color Positive Duplicate
CONTACT
Color Positive
CONTACT
5270
Color Internegative
CONTACT
Color os ive
5X ENL
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SO-121
Color Positive
5X ENL
50.271
Co'.or Positive
5X ENL
Good Excellent
Not Practical Not Practical Not practical
**Practicability rating assumes all community sub-aections do not have access to the color original when needed.
SO-121:
SO-271:
SO-344-
5270
W,T
Special Color Film (Ester Thin Base)
Color Duplicating Film
Film
Internegative Film
Print Film
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Enlargement Printing
25X1
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25X1
d. Enlarging from the color positive original directly to a 3X
internegative provides a wider selection of materials because films of lower
resolution capability may now be used. For example, Ektacolor Inter- 25X1
negative Film has limited value in contact printing but can be considered
as an enlarging medium,
e. Artist rendered briefing boards have been successfully copied
using industrial studio techniques. (See Figure 6.) The system shows only
a common color negative-positive system. There are other systems which can
be used for color positive originals which were not included for test effort
as the systems are established and data published. Adequate description of these
other systems are found in the Graphic Arts Handbook. This is a loose-
leaf publication available in up-to-date form from graphic arts dealers. It
is important to note, however, that artist materials may cause some difficulty
in color reproduction. The main sources of difficulty are usually caused by
the color temperature and spectral distribution of the lighting, and the
artist?s color not being recorded on the film as the human eye sees it. Re-
sponse of a color film to colors available for briefing aids can easily be
determined by a color photographic check.
f. Stereoscopic Effects: The high altitude missions were flown
25X1 with T
High Definition Aerial Film (Estar
Thin Base), Type 440)4 -- a black-and-white negative material -- simultane-
ously exposed in paired cameras. From positive prints of these acquisitions,
stereoscopic viewing was possible. (See Figure 7.) Contact color positives
were made on two materials. These were Type SO-121 and SO-3l4. When high
contrast color scenes (Type SO-121) are viewed with the normal black-and-
white scenes, medium color saturation is seen with excellent sharpness. This
effect thus gives the sharpness of the inherently sharper black-and-white
positive plus the color signatures from the high contrast color duplicates.
When viewed stereoscopically, the normal black-and-white scene and the low
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Prepared Positive Imag
Camera Exposure
Exposed Color Negative
Internegative Film)
Color Negative
Printer Exposure
Exposed Color Positive
Print Film)
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Exposed Color Positive
Professional Print Paper)
Color Positive Transparency
1X (Contact) to 5X
Printer Exposure
Color Positive Reflection Print
lX (Contact) to 5X
Figure 6. NEGATIVE-POSITIVE COLOR REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
(For Reproduction of Briefing Charts and Intelligence Enlargements)
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COLOR/BLACK-AND-WHITE STEREO SYSTEM
COLOR ORIGINAL
TYPE SO-121
B & W POSITIVE 1 =COLOR DUPLICATE
STEREO IMAGE
COLOR
SATURATION
LOW
SATURATION
MEDIUM
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contrast color scene (Type SO-344) provide insufficient color saturation.
Stereo viewing with color images on both sides produce the maximum color
saturation and signatures of target areas. However, for the systems studied,
the apparent resolution is greater for color/black-and-white pairs. (See
Figure 8).
7. Color Printing Equipment: (NOTE - No equipment was designed, fabri-
cated, modified or otherwise provided under this project. Printers discussed
in this section, as well as processors and other hardware discussed in
Later sections, were conceived and developed under other programs.)
a. Contact Printers: High-speed continuous contact printers have
been used successfully for printing color duplicate positives, color inter-
negatives and black-and-white duplicate negatives. Both additive and sub-
tractive methods of light-filter combinations were tested. (See Figure 9).
(1) Additive Printing: Narrow spectral band filters (red,
green and blue) were selected to match the peak sensitivities of the emul-
sion layers in the duplicating film. The three filters were positioned in
separate apertures, and exposure balance also achieved separately for each
color by the use of neutral density filters. Duplicates produced by addi-
tive printing, as compared to subtractive printing, gave good images with
colors of better hue, brightness and saturation. This is the preferred
method for printing color to color or color to black-and-white, where max-
imum information retention from color originals is desired. (See Part A
of Figure 12). It is also superior for control of color balance. The method
applies to both contact and enlargement printing.
(2) Subtractive Printing: With this method,, color and ex-
posure balance was obtained by using Kodak color correction and neutral den-
sity filters over a single aperture. Good quality color copies were obtained;
however, interlayer color image effects were apparent and when printing the
color original onto a panchromatic black-and-white material, there was a
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COLOR/COLOR STEREO SYSTEM
COLOR ORIGINAL
TYPE SO-121
COLOR DUPLICATE
TYPE SO-121
STEREO IMAGE
COLOR
COLOR DUPLICATE
TYPE SO-121
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COLOR ORIGINAL
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REPRODUCTION SERIES' COLOR TO COLOR
SO 121:0 SPECIAL COLOR FILM (ESTAR THIN BASE)
SO 121
COLOR POSITIVE ORIGINAL
SUBTRACTIVE PRINTING (TUNGSTEN)
SO 121
COLOR POSITIVE DUPLICATE
ADDITIVE PRINTING (TUNGSTEN)
COLOR POSITIVE DUPLICATE
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demonstrated loss of some color target information. (See Figures 10, 11 and
Part B of Figure 12). This method also applied to both contact and enlarge-
ment printing.
(3) Testing was accomplished on two printers:
(a) Niagara Printer: Additive color printing was done
on a Niagara printer specially equipped with a tungsten source and a simple
modification of the aperture. The one-inch aperture was reduced by a photo-
graphic mask to three separate 0.25-inch apertures. Narrow band filters of
red, green, and blue were then positioned -- one in each 0.25-inch aperture.
Color balance was controlled by adding or removing neutral density filters
over each aperture. This was done for printing duplicates of Type S0-121
originals onto Type S0-121 color film. Filters used were:
1. Red: Wratten No. 29 with Corning Heat Absorber.
2. Green: Wratten No. 99.
3. Blue: Wratten No. 35 with Wratten No. 47B.
The Niagara Printer can be operated as an additive printer at 82 feet per
minute when camera type color materials are used as a duplicating medium.
Typical examples are Types S0-121, S0-276 and X. The Niagara is 25X1
not practical as an additive printer for all duplicating films. Some of
these films are slower in speed by as much as 2.00 Log E compared to the
type of films used in cameras. To print such materials by the additive
method would reduce Niagara printer output by more than 95%. Typical examples
of the slower speed duplicating materials are Type S0-271 and iI Color 25X1
Internegative Film.
(b) Colorado Color Printer:
1. Initially, subtractive color printing was done
on a Colorado printer. The Colorado is a Niagara type printer with a specially
designed lamphouse and a tungsten light source. The principle of subtractive
printing is achieved by individual dial control of cyan, magenta, and yellow
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REPRODUCTION SERIES: COLOR ENLARGING 15 APRIL 65
SO-121 COLOR POSITIVE ORIGINAL
SUBTRACTIVE PRINTING (TUNGSTEN)
m
INTERNEGATIVE
5X ENL. NEG.
SUBTRACTIVE PRINTING (TUNGSTEN)
ORIGINAL IMAGE
ENLARGING LIMIT
POSITIVE 2X ENL.
POSITIVE 4X ENL.
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REPRODUCTION SERIES: COLOR TO BLACK AND WHITE
Color Positive
ORIGINAL
White Light Printing
(Tungsten)
4400
Black and White Negative
CONTACT
Mercury Arc Printing
8430
Black and White Positive
CONTACT
SO-121:
4400 :
8430 :
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Special Color Film (Estar Thin Base)
Panchromatic Aerial Film (Ester Thin Base)
Fine Grain Aerial Duplicating Film
Figure 11
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COLOR PRINTING METHODS
HIGH INTENSITY BROAD BAND LAMPS
SELECTED
NARROW-BAND FILTERS
COLOR CORRECTION
FILTERS
PRINTING DRUM
A (ADDITIVE PRINTING)
B (SUBTRACTIVE PRINTING)
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filters and neutral glass variable filter wedges. The resulting total light
quality is then measured by a Quantalog densitometer which is an integral
part of the printer. Because this method of control is still not fully appraised,
it was not used during this study as a method of subtractive printing.
2. Color balancing for subtractive printing was
accomplished by using color correction and neutral density filters over
the entire printing aperture. Good quality color prints were obtained, but
here again, the quality was not judged as good as that for the additive print-
ing method. This conclusion is related to the basic methods and should not
be attributed to the printers used.
3. This unit was also used for additive printing
by setting all color correction wedges on "zero" and inserting the "tri-color"
narrow band filter pack. The results from the Colorado as an additive printer
compared favorably to those from the Niagara.
b. Step Printers: (Step-and-repeat contact printers for color
materials are being designed).
(1) Experimental Testing: A modified "Morse" printer equipped
with a high intensity tungsten light source was tested using subtractive color
correction filters. The printer will accommodate a 9.5-inch width of film
and expose a 20-inch length in one step. Experience was limited to contact
printing multiple copies of selected color positive original frames and se-
lected color negatives. The originals were 70mm and 9.5 inches in width.
Estar thin base and standard base materials were used. Excessive exposure
times were necessary for most materials because the single lamp provided in-
sufficient intensity over the large field. Thus reciprocity effects were
observed in some cases. Problems were encountered in registration, across
the width of the original and duplicating materials. This problem was aggra-
vated by lack of adequate supply and take-up assemblies for both the original
and duplicating stock.
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(2) Design Requirements: From the above experience and the
lack of commercially available equipment, the following requirements will have
to be satisfied for a step-and-repeat printer (not the "Morse" printer).
(a) Good flat bed contact-immersion printing may be re-
quired to eliminate Newton rings.
(b) Capability of handling any width from 70mm to 9.5
(c) To verify frame numbers with minimum raw stock usage,
the selected frames should be conveniently viewable by the operator.
(d) The printer should have sufficient light intensity
for exposing color originals or duplicating films, similar black-and-white
types, and various types of color and black-and-white paper print materials.
(e) Repeated printing of a single color frame with a
high intensity light source requires a means of cooling the original to pre-
vent fading of dye images.
(3) Other desirable features which should be incorporated
where possible are as follows:
(a) Printer cycle time per frame 4hould be kept to a
minimum to provide maximum production capability.
(b) Incorporate within-frame tri-color electronic mask-
ing or dodging to improve color and density differences caused by camera
angle, solar altitude, and haze effects.
(c) Specific frame recall-information or features of this
type may become available in the future. If this occurs, new printers should
include them if feasible.
c. Enlarging Printers: For maximum utilization of color in aerial
reconnaissance, multiple copies and some enlargements must be generated. Photo-
graphic materials are included in this discussion only to the extent neces-
sary to provide a means of evaluating optical-mechanical considerations for
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enlargers. Tests and practical experience strongly indicate that enlargements
should be made directly from the original to avoid losses of image sharpness,
color fidelity and tone reproduction. The production of enlargements from
second generation contact printed color positives is not recommended. The
best enlargements can be made directly from the color original. This system
is impractical for simultaneous community group efforts. Internegatives
made from the color positive original, and delivered with the color positive
duplicate, would minimize this problem. The internegative would provide maxi-
mum retention of image detail and color fidelity from which subsequent enlarge-
ments could be produced.
(1) Step enlarging has been accomplished successfully. Com-
mercial enlargers are available which incorporate the step method for selective
frame-by-frame printing. The majority offer wide selections of capabilities
and accessory items. Test work was accomplished using two commercially avail-
able enlargers equipped with color-corrected lenses. Illumination falloff, off-
axis unsharpness, subtractive printing, and long exposure time were the major
25X1 problems. One of the units, the 10-20-40X enlarger with a 19X color-
corrected lens, produced enlargements of excellent quality.
(2) High output continuous enlarging printers capable of
handling 70mm original material are not available. The basic principles
are known, but the design problems are complex.
(a) For rapid enlarging of selected frames or areas,
maximum quality can be retained by providing the community with a continuously
enlarged color negative made directly from the original. Enlarged color posi-
tive copies could also be provided if desired,
(b) Exposed raw stock up to 9.5 inches, generated by a
continuous enlarger, could be processed on present continuous equipment.
(c) A continuous enlarging capability would be highly
desirable to gain the maximum benefits from color materials. In providing
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this capability, problems of equipment design must be considered. Continuous
enlarger design problems currently recognized include:
1. Isolation from sources of vibration.
2. Uniformity of light over the entire aperture.
3. Range of enlargement.
4. Color-corrected optics.
5. Mechanical film speed ratios of print master to
6. "Tri-color" light sources.
(d) For dual purpose, step-and-repeat enlarging capability
would provide versatility. Electronic "dodging" or masking should likewise be
considered.
(e) A contact printed internegative system now available
does not provide the best response to community needs. Resolution of the en-
largements are limited by the inherent resolution of internegative materials
currently available.
d. Light Source Performance Requirements: Light sources for print-
ing color originals onto color and/or black-and-white materials have specific
design requirements. These vary with the purpose of the equipment of which
they are a part. Applied design considerations in the general scope of color
printing include the following:
(1) High energy output for the red, green, and blue portions
of the visible spectrum. (A high energy lamphouse is currently in the design
stage).
(2) Selection of a source with the coolest operating tempera-
ture to reduce or prevent dye fading of the printing master.
(3) Selection of a source with long life and good stability
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e. 1:1 Optical Printing:
(1) Continuous printers of this type are not available for
70mm to 9.5-inch films.
(2) Despite the advantages of optical printing, e.g., adapt-
ability for within-frame color correction, the optical design problems are
formidable.
(3) Unless a nearly "perfect" optical system could be designed,
there is a strong danger of loss in image quality.
8. Color Processing E ui ment:
a. Continuous Machines: The two color processing machines discussed
are the reversal type and the negative-positive type:
(1) Color Reversal Processors: Two machines are available for
test work. One is designed to provide a test facility and limited production
capacity for color films with incorporated couplers
The second 25X1
provides similar capabilities but is designed for films with unincorporated
25X1 couplers
(a) Because of the success and simplicity of process-
25X1
25X1
25X1
processing, relatively 25X1
few reproduction tests were completed on the second processor ("Ragdoll"). In
ing Ektachrome compared to the complexity of I
view of this, provisions are being made to operate the Ragdoll as an
processor when needed.
(b) The color reversal processor ("Grafton") for
0
products is a sinuous path, deep tank, machine with recirculation systems
for six of the ten solutions. The majority of test effort was with this proces-.
sor. The machine is capable of processing either thin base acquisition film
such as~ Special Color Film (Estar Thin Base), Type SO-121, or standard
base material such as Film, Type SO-344. These films also
differ in that Type SO-121 has an antihalation dye in the backing which leaches
out during the process cycle, whereas the SO-344 has a removable antihalation
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25X1
25X1
backing (removable-jet) which requires auxiliary chemical and mechanical
treatment in processing for its removal.
(c) The Grafton accommodates widths of 70mm to 9.5
inches and operates at five feet per minute. Although the speed of the machine
is relatively slow, single-strand 9.5-inch color duplicates can be contact
printed from three 70mm color originals (one at a time) to increase the process-
ing output by a factor of three. The 9.5-inch strand then must be slit and
trimmed to the 70mm size as a post-process operation. The many thousands of
positive continuous processor ("Speltron") has been tested using the
feet of type films processed during this study were run on this
machine. Both 70mm and 9.5-inch materials were processed with generally
excellent results.
(2) Negative-Positive Color Processors: A color negative-
C-22 process and applicable photographic materials. Negative films can be
material (paper base), a
at 2.5 feet per minute. To process reflection print
Dryer-Glazer will be installed as the final
station. The advantages of high resolution and contrast control characteris-
25X1 tics offered by II Color Internegative Film can be obtained by incorpor-
ating a station to remove the rem-jet backing.
(3) Design Requirements - Continuous Deep Tank Color Processors:
Experience gained from existing available equipment further pointed up the need
for the following design requirements:
(a) Color processors should be designed for specific
processes. Multi-process processors usually impose limitations in quality
and/or production output. (Example: Solution-to-solution crossover times
can and do cause undesirable chemical and photographic control problems).
(b) Deep-tank color processors should have temperature
controls capable of maintaining ?0.5?F in all chemical solutions. Washes
need not be controlled to this narrow tolerance. Use of the same water for
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both solution temperature control and washing has limited application if
high quality is to be maintained.
(c) Solution agitation is critical in color processes
and must be closely controlled to the required levels of agitation.
(d) Processor top rollers should be submerged except
for crossovers. Submerged top rollers will prevent aerial oxidation, reduce
the tendency for streaking, and provide more consistent solution times.
(e) Adequate flow rate instrumentation is mandatory
to insure a high level of quality. This applied to all replenished and re-
circulated chemical solutions and to wash water.
(f) Temperature indicating-recording instrumentation
should be incorporated at the design stage. Temperature variations cause
undesirable shifts in color balance and speed. For control of high output
systems, dynamic process conditions require immediate transmission of tem-
perature data to the control area outside the machine room.
(g) Speeds of 20 feet to 40 feet per minute (single-
strand of 9.5-inch width) should be considered as a design aim.
b. Roller Transport Machines:
(1) Expected Capabilities: The roller transport principle
adapted to color processing has some unique features and advantages. These
are:
(a) The principles of machine design have been highly
successful in both the X-Omat and Versamat type processors.
(b) Efficient agitation required in color processing
may be provided by the "squeegee" like action of the submerged rollers in
each machine rack. This action occurs at each of the film support rollers
and requires that careful consideration be given to safeguards against
possible film damage.
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(c) Solution volumes are small on a per tank basis.
This is an advantage for maximum use of chemicals, but may require high
rates of replenishment because of. the relatively rapid chemical exhaustion
rates of most color systems solutions.
(d) The modular design permits the assembly of basic
components for "tailor-made" processing of many p1otographic materials.
(e) Field military units, presently equipped with
black-and-white systems, might reduce logistical support problems by using
interchangeable parts for multi-purpose equipment.
(f) Transparency and reflection print materials could
be finished as either continuous strips or sheets.
(g) Properly designed equipment should be simpler to
operate and require fewer highly trained personnel for the processing oper-
ation compared to other continuous color processing systems.
(2) Expected Limitations: Study of the system chemistry
and associated mechanical conditions is continuing. It is important to
point out that the use of a roller-transport color processor prohibits solu-
tion time changes as a means of correcting known-errors in the exposure of
the film. (This is not a serious limitation because time changes are dis-
couraged in favor of proper camera exposures.) Exposure correction by tem-
perature variation, although possible, will cause undesirable shifts in
color balance. Variation of process chemistry to correct erroneous exposures
should be discouraged. There are no simple means or instantaneous sensing
devices to alert the operator for all the dynamic chemical conditions of
the system.
c. Drum-Type Color Processors: Continuous drum-type processors
are not commercially available. Prototype equipment has been designed for
black-and-white film processing but further work is needed in this field.
The complexity of drum systems is such that continuous color processing is
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not foreseeable in the near future.
d. Processors, Small Scale:
(1) Applicability: While this type of processing is pri-
marily limited to small scale operations, 70mm film up to about 25 feet in
length were satisfactorily processed in the "Nikor" reel-tank unit. "Nikor"
units are available with roll film capacities to 100 feet; however, process-
ing of such lengths was not done at the contractor's facility. Sheet film
and paper materials are readily processed in conventional "off-the-shelf"
basket-type equipment.
(2) Testing:
Test work and systems review in this area of
color processing were accomplished using kit processes where possible.
Pre-packaged color chemicals provided the highest assurance of quality and
repeatability. Equipment-chemical systems used were:
(a) Basket-tank: E2/E3, C-22, P-122, and
Color Negative.
(b) "Nikor" reel-tank: E2/E3, C-22,
mercial and Modified ME-4.
(c) Air Force B-5-tank: E2/E3.
(d)
agitation): C-22, P-122.
Rapid Color Processor, Model 16K (high
Color Negative, Commercial, and ME-L+ processes are labor-
atory mixed; all others are mixed from process kits. All process steps of
kit processes normally are designed for one temperature only in the wet cycle
with various tolerances for each stage. Exppsure errors are usually "corrected"
by time variation although gross changes may require chemical adjustment.
For maximum quality, properly exposed film is a requirement. Also for maxi-
mum quality, manufacturer's instructions must be followed explicitly.
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(3) Results: Of the various systems tested, the following
observations are noteworthy:
(a) Color film processed in the "B-5" system, wkiile
acceptable, demonstrates a streakiness and nonuniform development. This is
inherent in the design because chemical solutions are "trapped" within the
film convolute.
(b) In these small-scale systems, all parts of the film
do not receive the same degree of agitation -- this is a function of the film
lengths and widths involved.
(c) Thin base films such as SO-121 are difficult to
load in a "Nikor" reel.
(d) Processes dependent on operator-agitation (lift
and drain) may demonstrate different speeds and color balances. Skilled.,
experienced personnel have difficulty in total darkness to determine accur-
ately the passage of time. While process stages are easily timed, control
of operator-agitation cycles is most difficult. A "process programmer"
was used to provide signals for more accurate cycle timing. The product
quality was thus improved.
(L) Timing Device: The "process programmer" was devised
prior to work on this project as a means of signalling the three basic move-
ments performed by the operator in a totally unmechanized processing cycle.
These movements are "UP", "DOWN", and "MOVE in a horizontal direction".
By punching a 35mm machine leader at selected intervals and positions, timed
audible or visual-audible signals are programmed for the movement to be
performed. Leaders can be punched readily for any process. The device
now is being further tested for timing immersion of sensitometric'process
control strips concurrent with the processing of long length, uncut originals.
(See Figure 13).
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PROCESS PROGRAMMER
CONSTANT SPEED SPROCKET - 6"/MIN
SIGNAL LIGHTS (FILTERED)
GROUP 1
;acluded tram auiomatt
downgrading and
declassiticatian
AUDIBLE ONLY
DOWN UP MOVE
w
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e. Viscous Negative-Positive Color Processors:
(1) Advantages: The use of a frame-by-frame viscous color
negative processor would have many advantages. Among these are:
(a) More constant chemical strength. (Single-use
viscous developers eliminates replenishment for a large chemical inertia
system, thus reducing potential process drift.)
(b) Minimum solution handling.
(c) Wider tolerance in temperature control.
(2) Background knowledge is limited to successful black-and-,
white systems. To date, viscous developers have not been formulated for the
processing of aerial color negative-positive materials. Problems are:
(a) Handling and storage (stability keeping) character-
(b) Viscous processed image stability will need study.
These problems would apply to any new color processing system.
(3) Feasibility study is necessary as a first step toward
solving the above problems, if the advantages of a viscous approach are de-
sired for color processing.
9. Post Processing Equipment:
a. Type of Equipment Discussed: Finishing equipment for color
reproduction materials may be divided into two categories:
(1) The type of equipment for long: lengths of film and
(2) The type for sheet materials.
Finishing equipment for sheet material will not be reviewed, since there
is. available literature to cover most normal situations. Dealer catalogues,
25X1 circulars and handbooks provide a good sampling
of the available equipment.
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b. Cleaning:
(1) Cleaning of long length color original and duplicate
transparencies presents special problems. Cleaning tests have been conducted
on Types SO-121 and SO-271 film. Tacky roller cleaners, while effective in
removing air-borne dust, and similar particles, have sufficient adhesive power
to remove emulsion areas of pin hole size. The cause is related to softer
emulsion surfaces on some color products. Tacky roller cleaners are not
presently recommended for either of these films. Improvements in films or
processing aimed at hardening the emulsion surface may resolve this problem
at a later date.
(2) A continuous film cleaner using solvent application was
tested with Type S0-121. While a slight pink buildup of residual dye appears
on the buffing or cleaning roller, densitometric data indicated less than
0.02 magenta density loss after 25 passes through the machine. The film
cleaner 1,1, 1 trichloroethane, was the same as used for current black-and-
white materials. No special precautions were necessary. Tests are under-
way to determine if color films cleaned with these solvents are affected
after prolonged storage in sealed containers.
c. Lubrication: The lubrication of color films in widths of
70mm to 9.5 inches has not been investigated. Requirements need to be es-
tablished.
d. Titling:
(1) Titling of color positive films has been accomplished
using custom(.built black-and-white equipment. Products extensively handled
were Types 8442, S0-121, S0-271 and S0-344. Color negative products have
not been tested to date; however, no problems are expected.
(2) Current titling methods require separate handling for
each film length. Color positive films have maximum density around the
frame format. Thus, titling the original film prior to printing the dupli-
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cate is not possible because the title cannot be printed through the maximum
density areas. The original and all successive duplicates must therefore
be titled as repeated operations. With this method, the possibilities of
human error in keeping all frames of all copies correctly titled are increased
in relation to the number of copies required. An edge flashing technique
is being investigated on another contract. This may result in a solution
to the problem, by providing a clear edge for titling.
e. Slitting: Slitting of processed color film from wide for-
mats that have been multi-parallel contact printed is a practical means of
increasing output from the processing machine. The use of Estar Thin Base
(Type S0-121) for duplicating has been successful for this purpose. There
have been some minor problems in precision slitting with current pilot stage
equipment. These problems are expected to be solved.
10. Viewing Equipment:
a. General Information:
(1) Valid identification of target color signatures requires
established guides for the available. color systems. The requirement for con-
trolled viewing conditions is of great importance to photo interpretation.
(2) Proper viewing conditions for color films cannot be
overemphasized. Two main factors contribute to the observer's impression.
These are the correct ambient room lighting conditions and the viewer light
source. Both factors are influenced by intensity, uniformity, and spectral
distribution. While new data are constantly being developed which may alter
present recommendations, the viewing conditions should adhere to those out-
lined by the American Standards Association. The publication is PH 2.23-1961
entitled "American Standard Lighting Conditions for Viewing Photographic
Color Prints and Transparencies."
(3) There is considerable adaptation by the human eye to
differences in viewing conditions. Ample treatment of this subject may be
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found in chapters three and four of Principles of Color Photography. This
book was authored by Messrs. R. M. Evans, W. T. Hanson, Jr., and W. L. Brewer.
It was published by John Wiley and Sons, N. Y., 1953, and carried Library
of Congress Card No. 53-6722. Despite this ability of the eye, however, view-
ing conditions should be established to help the operator relate color signa-
tures to known targets. Good viewing conditions will lessen the effort to
compensate for color and density changes, promoting more rapid and complete
information extraction.
b. Transparencies:
(1) Color reproduction materials and methods which have been
and are used to provide target color signatures necessitated the establishment
of additional "ground rules." These rules will require revision as community
requirements become more positively defined. Color reproduction of scenes
acquired at or near the nadir point are used as the aim. Equipment limita-
tions prevent using a broader reference in long film lengths. Oblique scenes
are not acquired under these conditions and therefore show varying degrees
of density and color balance. The photo interpreter must then either mentally
"correct" for these differences, or use mechanical-optical devices that will
assist him.
(2) All optical devices and aids used by the photo interpreter
in examining color products must be color corrected. Microscopes, magnifiers,
projectors and stereo viewing devices are included. The degree of color cor-
rection will depend upon the intended use of the device.
(3) Best ambient room conditions include flat neutral gray
walls with 18% 30% reflectance. Color temperature of ambient lighting
should be 3800 ?200?K and of variable intensity to provide incident diffuse
light equivalent to 10% - 25% of the transmitted light.
(4) A survey of available equipment and typical character-
istics are given with their color temperatures and intensities as follows:
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Equipment Item
Color Temp: Intensity:
Kelvin) (Ft-Candles)
25X1
IAv
lite Stand
ard Viewer,
Model T-2
14:
Intens
ity Switch
on HIGH
4
000?K
325
Intens
ity Switch
on LOW
4
000?K
260
25X1
Q
Av
ilite Stan
dard Viewer,
Model T-2
40:
Intensi
ty Switch
on HIGH
4
000?K
360
Intensi
ty Switch
on LOW
4
000?K
192
25X1
r-
?otor
ized Film
Inspection and
SPTI'cingT
able, No.
1-214-R-001
4
300?K
593
25X1
~
55-In
ch Film V
iewing Table,
No. 1-200-
R-001 (al
l table lamps "ON")
4
500?K
600
25X1
Stereo
Viewer fo
r 9-inch x 9-inch an
d
y-inch x 1
8-inch Ro
ll Film
4
300?K
128
25X1 1Viewer, Background Projector:
Projection at 5X
Projection at 15X
Projection at 30X
25X1
25X1
28
20
6
Measurements were made using a "SAectra,Color Temperature Meter"
and al Illumination Meter,
Not measurable, but less than 3000?K.
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(5) Practical experience in color duplication and enlarging
of thousands of feet of color aerial original films quickly demonstrated
that in the color evaluation stage, the following conditions must be satis-
fied:
(a) The same viewer and ambient lighting conditions
must be used for estimating the degree of color-corrections and/or final
comparison.
(b) Experienced color quality control personnel will
individually arrive at a common color balance providing they all use the
same viewer. Slight differences (0.05 color corrections) do arise because
of individual preference. Sufficient data are not available to use densi-
tometric correlation with known ground target reflectance under all climatic
conditions.
(c) A color viewer with variable area, intensity, and
color balancing features would be invaluable not only for color evaluation
in establishing printer balances, but also for enhancement of target area
content by color biasing.
c. Stereo Viewing: Stereo viewing of color and black-and-white
pairs (both normal density range when viewed separately) requires the in-
sertion of neutral density over the black-and-white side. This technique
subdues the black-and-white image brightness (but not the sharpness) thereby
increasing the apparent color saturation of the stereo image. To avoid
the handling of neutral density filters, the use of a polarizing system in
each optical path would simplify stereo viewing systems. (See Figure 14).
d. Reflection Prints:
(1) The basic requirements for viewing color reflection
prints have been outlined in the ASA Standard PH 2.23-1961 referred to
previously.
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(2) One commercially available equipment item tested and.
known to meet these requirements is the ~Avlite Standard Viewer
Model T-240. The unit is useful for viewing both reflection prints and
transparencies. The DAvlite Standard Viewer Model R-240 also meets
this standard but is suitable for reflection prints only.
CONCLUSIONS
11. General:
a. Study of the various facets of color reproduction revealed
the need for new equipment, modified equipment, new uses for currently
available materials, requirements for new products, and new approaches to
current problems. Positive approaches to the problems and their success-
ful solution are believed realistic and possible, but not necessarily easy
or without extensive effort.
b. Successful color reproduction must be considered as a part
of the acquisition planning. The two phases cannot be separated in prac-
tical plans or studies.
c. As the study progressed, logistics problems appeared more
frequently. Therefore, logistics should have a significant effect upon
recommendations.
12. Materials:
a. General Effects of Acquisition System Types on the Choice
of Color Reproduction Materials: These effects are related here to the
contrast of the color duplicating film, since the speed, resolution and
color balance characteristics must be satisfactory before the film can
be chosen. The listing below indicates "HIGH" and "LOW" contrast as
comparative terms applicable to the available and recommended reproduction
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Contrast of Duplicating Contrast of Duplicating
Type Acquisition Film for Acquisitions Film for Acquisitions
System is: at High Altitude: at Low Altitude:
Single-Film HIGH (non-stereo) LOW
(color only) HIGH or LOW (stereo)
Two-Film HIGH LOW
(color/black-and-
white)
Two-Film HIGH (non-stereo) LOW
(both color) LOW (stereo)
b. Operational and test experience with color acquisition and
reproduction systems has been limited. Guides have been established for
further testing to extend this experience and refine the choice of materials
for reversal and negative-positive systems. These guides are adequate to
cover the production of duplicate transparencies, reflection prints and
stereo pairs. Significant improvements are possible in these areas. Oper-
ational improvements can be sought along with study of additional material
and equipment subjects recommended in this report or new subjects such as
camouflage color detection.
c. Equipment limitation is a factor in the choice of materials.
Some of the films tested were equipment limited preventing effective full-
scale use. For example, some of the films were too slow for printing on
current continuous equipment by the additive method.
d. Duplicates with improved color saturation, color brightness
and hue were produced by the additive printing technique as compared to
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subtractive printing. The additive system Mhould be further exploited for
use with all suitable color reproduction materials.
e. The emphasis of investigations on optimum quality of the second
generation duplicate has resulted in a clear indication that color enhance-
ment of this copy can be achieved as compared to the camera color original.
13. Equipment:
a. Continuous Contact Printers (Niagara Type)
(1) Continuous contact printers are capable of good quality
and consistent repeatability with printing speeds up to 82 feet of film per
minute for some films.
(2) These printers have been used successfully for the multi-
strand printing of three (3) 70mm records on a single-strand of 9.5-inch
film thus permitting an increase in effective processing capacity in terms
of 70mm output.
(3) Printer light intensities are not presently adequate
for "tri-color" printing of slow speed duplicating films.
(4) More investigation is needed to enable design or modi-
(a) Negative-positive film systems.
(b) Within-frame printing to correct for the color
imbalances caused by the angle of acquisition, solar altitude and the effects
of haze.
b. Step Printers:
(1) Experience has been limited to a modified "Morse" printer.
The efficiency of the light source in this printer is low, making excessively
prolonged exposures necessary. Printing results showed the effects of reciproc-
ity failure to some degree.
(2) Design requirements and desirable features have been
established as noted in the discussion on page 30 (also noted is the fact
that step-and-repeat color printers are now being designed).
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MODIFIED HAND STEREOSCOPE FOR
COLOR-BLACK AND WHITE PAIRS
INDIVIDUAL
POLARIZING
EYEPIECES
J 1i Nu UP
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
i0catloa
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(3) A major design feature.is the capability for "tri-color"
(additive) printing to optimize color reproduction quality.
c. Color Enlarging Printers:
(1) The best enlargements are those made directly from the
original, but this is not a practical approach for simultaneous community
requirements.
(2) Negative-positive systems offer a practical approach.
This approach would provide an internegative made directly from a color posi-
tive original to be supplied along with a color positive copy (also made
directly from the original). Further reproductions could then be made
from the internegative.
(3) Enlargements (third generation) made from second gener-
ation or contact printed positive copies result in losses of image sharp-
ness, color fidelity and tone reproduction.
(4) Step enlarging has been moderately successful with
commercially available equipment. The major problems were:
(a) Illumination fall-off.
(b) Off-axis sharpness loss.
(c) Subtractive printing.
(d) Prolonged exposure times.
(5) Efficient high-speed continuous enlarging is desired
to gain the maximum benefit from color materials. Equipment of this type
is not presently available. Continuous enlarging printers may be char-
acterized by simple basic principles, but also by complex design problems.
(6)
The requirements for enlarging printers have been de-
termined as follows:
printing).
(a) "Tri-color" narrow band
(b) Sufficient illumination
light sources (additive
intensity to minimize
reciprocity effects resulting from prolonged exposures.
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PAR 2.13
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(c) Color-corrected lenses.
(d) Field flatness and uniformity.
(e) Improved image sharpness over the entire field.
(f) Magnification up to 20X in dne stage.
(g) Roll heads to accommodate various film and/or paper
widths for both the platen and the easel.
(7) Other desirable features are:
(a) Auto focus (step enlarger only).
(b) Automatic scan and "dodging" for each primary light
d. Light sources are most important elements in the design of
printers intended for color work, and should be considered concurrently with
the design effort.
e. 1:1 Optical Printers: Equipment is not commercially available
for use with aerial film widths and such equipment is not considered feasible
to date.
f. Processors, Continuous Deep Tank:
(1) In-house reversal equipment has produced satisfactory
quality machine processing of Ektachrome type materials. Capabilities and
limitations are:
(a) Single-strand film widths from 70mm to 9.5-inches.
(b) Pilot to semi-production operation.
(c) Output capacity limited to five feet per minute.
(d) Single-strand 9.5-inch film bearing three separately
printed 70mm reproductions can be processed to increase processor output
capacity of 70mm duplicates. This requires the added operation of slitting.
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(2) A negative-positive processor under testing provides
satisfactory processing of transparency and reflection prints, but has an
output of only 2.5 feet per minute.
(3) Processors are most effective when designed for specific
processes and have built-in systems for the control of temperature and agi-
tation.
(4+) Design of full-scale production equipment could be
started now for reversal color processing, but negative-positive systems
need further investigation. Existing equipment will continue to be useful
in a supporting role for testing and limited production.
g. Processors, Roller Transport: Design principles for this type
of equipment have proved successful for black-and-white materials. Advan-
tages and disadvantages for use with color are unique in most cases.
(1) Major Advantages:
(a) Efficient use of chemicals.
(b) Adaptability for multi-purpose use by interchang-
ing modules.
(c) Suitability, without modification, for continuous
long length or intermittent short length operation.
(2) Major Disadvantages:
(a) The large number of rollers increases the danger
of damage to the emulsion of color materials.
(b) Processing time changes are difficult for indivi-
dual modules. All dwell times are constant for a given machine speed and
rack size.
(c) Rapid chemical exhaustion in small capacity tanks
may create problems even with a replenishment system in operation.
h. Processors, Drum-Type: Equipment is not commercially avail-
able for continuously processing color films.
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i. Processors, Small Scale:
(1) Equipment is commercially available.
(2) Acceptable results were achieved for film lengths up
to 25 feet in the "Nikor" reel unit.
(3) Precise times and temperatures are critical and dif-
ficult to maintain. A recently devised "programmer" was used with success
for accurate timing. (See Figure 13).
(4) The eleven equipment-chemical systems tested revealed
other basic problems with small-scale operation as follows:
(a) Nonuniformity and streakiness (B-5 system).
(b) Agitation variation for long lengths.
(c) Thin base film loading difficulty ("Nikor" reel).
(5) Best results require that equipment be compatible for
sizes and techniques involved.
(6) Small-scale systems are particularly useful in a con-
tinuing program of materials and systems evaluation.
j. Processors, Viscous Color Negative:
(1) Equipment of this type may simplify or eliminate con-
trol of variations in chemicals, agitation and temperature.
(2) More study is needed.
(3) Pilot testing might be initiated with a modified black-
and-white viscous processor.
k. Post Processing Equipment:
(1) Film cleaning with solvents is preferred over the ule of
tacky rollers which tend to damage color emulsions.
(2) Lubrication methods need further study.
(3) Black-and-white titling equipment can be used success-
fully with color, but requires titling of all copies separately. Better
methods are needed.
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(4) Estar Thin Base requires better control devices than
available on current equipment for precision slitting.
1. Viewing Equipment:
(1) Limitations of current equipment restrict the reference
aim to reproductions of scenes acquired at the nadir, so that the operator
is obliged to compensate mentally for color and density changes in oblique
photography.
(2) Some requirements for viewing transparencies are:
(a) Color-corrected optics.
(b) Ambient lighting at 38000 ? 200? color temperature
and variable intensity to provide incident diffuse light equivalent to 10%
to 25% of the transmitted light.
(c) Flat neutral gray walls in the viewing room with
18% to 30% reflectance.
(3) The same or equivalent viewer and conditions must be
used to estimate color corrections and make final comparisons.
(4) Experienced quality control operators using the same
equipment will arrive at a common color balance within ? 0.05 color correc-
tion.
(5) A variable area, intensity and color viewer should be
of benefit to quality control and photo interpreter operations.
(6) Color and black-and-white stereo combination viewing
can be successfully done with relatively simple equipment. Modifications
for improvement are also simple.
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RE.0OMMENDATIONS
14. General: Retain the scope of this study in a continued program,
and initiate detailed planning for further study as early as possible in
order to make the best use of information generated thus far.
15. Materials:
a. Recommended Color Reproduction Systems (See Table 1): Choice
of materials is best represented in the referred table; however, those listed
can be recommended for the particular features which place them in the table.
A scan of Table 1 should be more meaningful after a reading of (1) through
(8) below:
(1) ~ (Special Color Film (Estar Thin Base), Type 50-121
is recommended as a reproduction material primarily due.to its resolution
and where high contrast is desired in the reproduced copy. Color copies on
this material are excellent for stereo viewing with black-and-white. It
is not recommended for use beyond the second generation, or for duplicating
high-contrast originals.
(2) I (Special Color Duplicating Film, Type 50-271 is
a medium contrast product suitable for reproductions of color originals
having low density ranges and where resolution is less important than color
fid,e.lity. It is useful in making an enlarged record of an original acquired
at medium to high altitude. Copies contact printed on this material pro-
vide medium color saturation when viewed in stereo with black-and-white.
Resolution of contact prints may be acceptable if the original has a large
ground scale and resolution is not critical.
(3) Film, Type S0-344 is an excellent product
for resolution and low contrast. It is useful for color copies of low alti-
tude acquisitions, where matching the color original is desired. Its use
for high altitude copies is limited by low contrast. It may be used to
copy a high altitude original where resolution is more important than color
enhancement; but such copies are not usable for stereo viewing with black-
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Acquisition Altitude,
of the
P-aftl Systems
Negative-
Positive Systems
Direct
Staten Yawl .
>3X Positive
Predicted
Ne tive
Materials 1
1 Positive Materials
Original
Viewing
Side 1
wide 2
Transparency
Image Contrast
Contact
>
High to very high-
above 50,000 feet
(See Note 1)
SO-121
SO-344
8442 *
SO-121
8442 *
So-?44 1
B&N **
B&W
50-3
SO-121
8442
SO-271
So-344
High
High
Medium
tom
5270
KEI **
Low to Medium -
up to 15,000 feet
(See Note 2)
so-344
30-271
SG-344
SO-271
SO-344
SO-271
B&W **
B&H **
s0-344
SO-271
50-344
50-271
High
Very high
5270
KEI **
5270
KEI **
Note It High contrast color original material is assumed for these altitudes. * Type 8442 may be used when the color original
No attempt is made to relate acquisition camera resolution capability has recorded leas than 30 lines per millimeter.
to the acquisition film.
Note 2t Medium contrast color original material is assumed for these altitudes
because of a higher scene brightness range than for high altitudes.
It is further assumed that resolution is less critical at these lower
level ground scales.
Numerical Designations
50-121: Special Color Film (Ester Thin Base), Type 50-121
80-271: Color Duplicating Film, Type S0-271
B31, Black-and-White
KEI: Interne gatiVq iP 1
KEP: Print Film L J~
EPPP: Professional PrinfV 1
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(4) I ktachrome Aero Film, Type 84+2 is usable where
high contrast in a color film is desired and resolution is less important.
The material has an extended latitude resulting in better shadow and high-
light colors for higher contrast scenes. It may also be considered as a
high contrast medium for. direct enlarging at greater than 3X.
(5) I color Internegative Film, Type 5270 is the best
material tested for selected area enlarging. It has excellent resolution
and color fidelity characteristics for this purpose. Further, it may be
considered as a medium for contact printing internegatives from the color
original.
(6) I IEktacolor Internegative Film is excellent for
enlarging directly from the original. When contact printed from aerial
acquisition originals, this medium cannot retain the resolution normally
required. It is useful also in studio type work or for low altitude inter-
negatives where resolution may be less critical.
(7) I IEktacolor Print Film is recommended for use with
I _j
either of the two internegative materials providing the original image
has been enlarged. This material has excellent color fidelity but because
of resolution limitations should not be used for contact prints from contact
printed internegatives. Transparencies made on this material have medium
contrast relative to the internegative.
(8) IEktacolor Professional Print Paper is recommended
I _j
for use where enlarged reflection prints are desired. It should not be
used for contact printing a contact printed internegative because of the
resulting loss in resolution. Apparent image contrast can be controlled
partially by the type of print surface desired.
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16. System Improvements:
a. Improve color reversal and negative-positive systems by
"tailoring" reproduction processes to specific potentially usable films.
b. Establish specific data for color printing of both transpar-
encies and reflection prints.
c. Examine new materials for applicability. This effort is con-
tinuous in nature to assure the best reproduction system choices.
17. Equipment:
a. Continuous Contact Printers:
(1) Improve current printers for narrow band additive print-
ing of the slower speed color duplicating films.
(2) Control gross printing level by neutral density filters
and fine adjustment by lamp voltage to minimize color temperature shift in
the lamp.
(3) Investigate the use of the modified Niagara or Colorado
type printers for color negative-positive systems.
b. Step Printers: Review and test potentially useful equipment
as it becomes available.
c. Enlarging Printers:
(1) Design and fabricate a high output continuous enlarg-
ing printer for full exploitation of color. This facility would make prac-
tical the providing of a continuously enlarged color negative made directly
from the original. The degree of enlargement should be 3X or greater.
(2) Improve step enlarging equipment to incorporate narrow
band additive printing techniques.
d. Printing, General:
(1) Investigate light sources as part of equipment design.
(2) Study within-frame color and density correction problems
for feasibility. Make "breadboard" tests.
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e. Processors, Continuous Deep Tank:
(1) Design and construct an efficient production scaled processor
capable of 20 - 40 feet pert minute output. Include consideration of multi-
strand 70mm capability.
(2) Modify existing equipment for higher speed operation, and
maintain it for testing and pilot plant back up in support of mission processing.
f. Processors, Roller Transport: Consider this equipment with color
reversal systems for tactical or low altitude reconnaissance support, or with
negative-positive systems for large scale preparation of print materials.
g. Processors, Small Scale: Keep abreast of the latest develop-
ments with such equipment to take advantage of its testing and pilot plant
support capabilities.
h. Processors, Viscous Cglor Negative: Continuous viscous color
negative equipment has good use potential and should be investigated early.
Initiate feasibility studies.
i. Post Processing Equipment:
(1) Establish requirements for cleaning and lubricating of
(2) Devise a method of titling color positive originals
which will reproduce the title photographically when copies are printed.
j. Viewing Equipment:
(1) Initiate an investigation to determine the problems
in using the current ASA viewing recommendations and the degree of variance
which might be desirable due to special problems. This primarily pertains
to transparencies but may include reflection prints.
(2) Determine the most suitable commercial equipment for
measuring color temperatures and intensities.
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(3) Design and build a variable area, intensity, and color
balance viewer to assist in the exploitation and evaluation of color trans-
parencies. It should also be capable of handling long lengths of film
70mm to 9.5-inches wide and have a viewing area at least 30-inches long.
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18. Characteristic Curves and Data for Color Duplicating Materials:
A graph of the characteristic color curves is given -- along with some of
the basic capability and handling data -- for each of the following materials:
25X1
25X1
Special Color Film (Estar Thin Base) Type SO-121,
Aero Film, Type 8442.
Special Color Duplicating Film, Type SO-271.
Film, Type SO-344.
25X1
25-X1
25X1
25X1 g.
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Color Internegative Film.
X (Currently applicable to nternega- 25X1
 25X1
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Film: SPECIAL COLOR FILM (ESTAR THIN BASE) Typc SO-1201
Use: altitude reconnaissance
Overall Thickness: 3.5 mils
Resolving Power TOC 10:1 125 lines/mm
TOC 1.6:1 75 lines/mm
Process: Modified ME-4
Safelight: Total darkness required
Exposure Index: 13
Illuminant: Daylight + Wratten 2E
Log %1: 2.88
Red?
2.2
lit Cll~!116lllill 1,116111
2.0
Z
W
7.8
 25X1
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Use: High altitude reconnaissance
Overall Thickness: 6.1 mils
Resolving Po,;er: TOC 10:1 100 lines/mm
TOC 1.6:1 32 lines/mm
Process: Modified 1"11-4
Safelight: Total darkness required
Exposre Index: 25
Ill minant: Daylight + Wratten 2B
Log Ell: 7.67
15 Apr 65
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25X1
Process: Modified ME-4
Safelight: Total darkness required
Exposre Index:
Illuminant: 3000?K + .30G +.30Y @ 0.2
Log E,,: 0.86
Film: SPECIAL COLOR DUPLICATING FILM, Type SO-271
Use: Medium contrast color reversal film for duplicating.
Overall Thickness:
Resolving Power:
TOC
10:1
71 lines/mm
TOC
1.6:1
32 lines/mm
ri ! 11S{JLL111f!i_u.1.L.!t1_Li]
3LLl-I1 L iV L.L I11
L11J .llL_%.L111
1J AA 1.11. LJ,-1 A 111Lj L LI.I-ILli1 tL Ld1-L1 1ll111 11II J,
1 -1 -j ] ] ] ] -1 j
15 Apr 65
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 25X1
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Film: FILM, Type SO-344
Use: Low contrast color reversal film for duplicating
5.9 mils
Resolving Power: TOC 10:1 90 li.nes/mm
TOC 1.6:1 35 lines/.rim
Process: ECO-2
Safelight: Total darkness required
Exposure Index: 5 .
I:luminant; 3000?K C 0.02 seconds
Log E11: 1.27
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 PAR 213
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Film: COLOR I11'LR;Q GATIVE FILE,
Use: ernegatives from color reversal originals
Overall Thickness: 6.2 mils
Resolving Power: TOC 10:1 190 lines/run
TOC 1.6:1 58 lines/mm
Process: Color Print
Safelight: Total darkness required
Illuminant: 2850?K + Wratten 2B 0.04 seconds
Log E31: 1.50
. iiILL j~U r;Li i~L !.tI L u LI ~uI c .iitil TL.11Liu 3.0
~'
------- -- Bl> e I
L.LLI. LI ; 1. i.l L.L
r I
o
L L.11.1. L11
III J. L L L I fj.1.. !I~jl 11 ~
I; 1 i.11IAL LI L4
ll+1i~, .i. 11
-63-
i :1
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Grefen
li ill Lill it 1. i1i2.0
I
.2.4
i
11.6
 PAR 213
Approved. For F~elease 2005/06/06 : CIA-RDP78B0477002400040002p4 65
25X1
Film: X (Currently applicable to IIEktacolor Internegative Film) 25X1
Use: ernega' ve from color reversal posi ive
Overall Thickness: 6.1 mils
Resolving Power: TOC 10:1 48
TOG 1.6:1 22 lines/mm
Process: C-22
Safelight: Total darkness required
Illuminant: Daylight C 0.01 sec.
Log Ell: 2.70
;, 11~_i 1 11,11 1' aT"i; LJl
.L1J 1111 11_ 1Li .IL L.L1. .LIL ii ~.l~~. LILL1.Lf L 1',. 1.L ,.;. l.ll
lines/mm
SECRET
4 J
-1 :14
1 ,.
Approved For Release 2005/06/06 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA002400040002-1
 25X1
n11ii.Ljl
Film: PI IIW FILM!
Use: Fos iv ttransparancics from color negatives.
Resolving Power
TOC 10:1 56 lines/mm
TOC 1.6:1 28 line s/T::m
Process: C-22
Safelight: Total darkness required
Exposure Index:
Illuminant: 500 watts, 3000?K with Wratten 2B
Log Ems: 1.25
1 / J-i Jil-L L11. L 1 iL1. u l LJ
II
MOM-1
15 Apr 65
SECRET
-65-
Approved For Release 2005/06/06 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA002400040002-1