DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE TRAINING NEEDS ASSOCIATED WITH COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B05171A000300010027-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 30, 2003
• Sequence Number: 27
• Publication Date: March 12, 1970
• Content Type: REQ

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12 March 1970
DE VELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
TRAINING Ni iX$ ASSOCIA`1'FI_) WITH COLOR PJIOTOGRAPI
I.J. Purpose -. The objectives of the proposed NPIC-sponsored research
effort are fourfold.
I.I.I. Develop a standard "color vocabulary" for use within the
Center.
1.1.2. Provide a literature review of information relevant to
color vision as it applies to Center operations.
1.1.3. Determine the specific NPIC color-oriented training needs
and the training resources currently available to the Center.
1.:L.11. Recommend what steps should be taken to satisfy the train-
ing needs isolated in 1.1.3.
1.2. Background .. There is every indication that the introduction of
the high resolution color acquisition film (SO 211-2) will provide photo inter-
pretation that long-awaited additional dimension of information .. the spectral
characteristics of a target or area of interest- without suffering the severe
resolution degradation typical of its predecessors. Furthermore, there is
reason to expect that technical breakthroughs are imminent for other types
of "unconventional imagery" such that before long, a family of special pur-
pose, high quality acquisition and duping materials will be available to
augment conventional black/white photography. In response to these very
recent advances in the state-of-the-art, Center and Community planners have
prophesied that by the mid 1970's, at least half of the input to the Center
will be in color.
1.2.1. Tonal and spatial information hold promise for-improving
both target identification and target detection, given the potentially
enormous range of hue, saturation and value interactions aiding the
identification of targets (color coding) or contrasting one target from
another or from its background (target conspicuity).
1.2.2. A consideration, required upon the injection of a new
element into a complex system such as photo interpretation, is the assur-
ance that personnel who must produce and employ the product understand
how it will affect their normal procedures as well as those of others in
the chain. Several training courses in "unconventional imagery" have
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been attempted in the Center for just this r. easorn. With the exceptcn
of special purpose briefings developed for a limited, technically
homogeneous audience, "broad brush" color training session,,, have been
over-technical and, accordingly, have proven to be unsatisfactory to
large segments of the Centers population. That is not to say that
highly technical seminars do not have a place in the Center's operations;
they do. However, a single, comprehensive course appears not to be the
answer to the Center's color training needs.
2.1. Scope - In order to assure maximum utilization of color photo-
graphy, or the more generic "unconventional imagery", all Government personnel.
involved with the acquisition, production and exploitation of the materials
must be grounded in the fundamentals of the new imagery and techniques re-
lated thereto. Each person so involved should appreciate the unique capabil-
ities and liabilities of the several types of imaging systems, especially as
the new products precipitate a change in his current modus operen.di.
2.1.1. It appears that a comprehensive color training program will
involve a number of audiences with markedly different interests, and that
the success of such a training program will. be gauged by the extent to
which it satisfies the most pressing needs of the audience. As a result,
the training directors must be cognizant of and have the resources
necessary to prepare and comply with these needs.
2.1.2. With few exceptions, the Center and the Intelligence Commu-
ity are not yet in a position to define their color training needs. In
many cases, the research necessary to stipulate training requirements has
yet to be performed. Consequently, training programs, especially as they
relate to intelligence information as opposed to photo technology, can
be expected to issue directly from the most recent research findings.
Hence, they must be structured so as to allow for the introduction of new
information as well as the modification, or at least qualification, of
previous philosophies to reflect the dynamics of current R&D efforts.
2.1.3. The proposed investigation will be a four-part effort to
provide the Center, in the following order of delivery:
2.1.3.1. A recommended "color vocabulary", citing applica-
tions for use within the Center and in communications between the
Center and components of the Intelligence Community.
2.1.3.2. A review of the literature relevant to the human
perception of color, with particular emphasis on the perception of
color photography and transparencies.
2.1.3.3. A thorough determination of the current and
anticipated color-specific training needs of, and training capabil-
ities available to, Center personnel who are involved with the pro-
duction, evaluation and exploitation of color photography, including
managerial and engineering personnel.
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201.3.11. A recommended approach for implementing the
color training for Center personnel cited in 2.1.3.3. .
2.1.11. In all cases, the contractor shall emphasize the manner
in which SO 2112 acquisition material, the dupe stock for reproducing
SO 2112, and the techniques attendant to the production, reproduction,
exploitation and interpretation of SO 242-related photography and informa-
tion derived therefrom, will modify current Center operations. However,,
proper allowance must be maintained to treat additional "unconventional"
materials as well.
3.1. Objectives ?- The primary requirements of this program are to:
3.1.1. Provide a comprehensive glossary of color-oriented nomen-
clature applicable to the various activities within the Center. The in-
tent of this effort is to have the contractor design a standard "color
vocabulary" to ease the problem of communication among the several dis-
ciplines concerned. The "vocabulary" should be so designed as to include
and interrelate, when feasible, the physical, psychophysical and psycho-
logical terminology and concepts as they apply to Center operations.
Graphical as well as textual illustrations are encouraged when and if
they improve comprehension. It should be assumed that the users of this
document will be of diverse technical and professional background. The
product should reflect such diversity. Furthermore, the effort will re-
quire that the contractor determine the degree of specificity of, and a
recommended notation system for the physical and perceptual attributes
of the unconventional imagery--especially as related to SO 21+2. One of
the most pressing needs of the Center at the moment is to agree upon a
standard terminology for describing color signatures of targets. How-
ever, the Center and the Community in general have not progressed much
beyond the most preliminary stages of investigating the color signatures
issue from either an interpretation or requirements perspective. It is
recognized that the Center must support the contractor by making avail-
able to him the results of the Government's work in this area; providing
to him the characteristics of the emulsions employed in unconventional
imagery exploitation, and assisting him in gaining familiarity with the
Center's operations. It shall be the task of the contractor to assess
previous evaluations and to arrive at a standardized "vocabulary" suit-
able for broad usage within the Center.
3.1.1.1. For every definition included within the glossary,
the contractor must seek accuracy with respect to technical content.
3.1.1.2. If and when the contractor recommends adoption
of a term or scale, etc. as a standard that is at odds with the
current national or international standards, he must in every in-
stance make note of this departure and justify it in writing.
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3.1.2. Review and document the literature relevant to the
perception of color as it relates to the production, evaluation and
exploitation of color photography (transparencies as well as prints)
within the Center.
3.1.2.1.1. The physiological basis of color vision.
3.1.2.1;2. Those stimulus characteristics .r.espon-
sible for the perception of color, including the effects of
interactions of such stimulus parameters upon visual and
perceptual sensitivity.
3.1.2.2. Primarily atheori-t-i.cal in its approach, the report
should strive to apply relevant portions of the existing literature
in color vision and perception to the typical operations and problems
found within the Center.
3.1.3, Determine and report upon the immediate and future color.
specific training needs of Center personnel who are charged with the re-
sponsibility of producing, evaluating, exploiting, and reporting on color
photography and related equipment. Management color-training needs should
be assessed as well. In addition, the contractor should make careful note
of training capabilities currently available to the Center. This task will
necessitate having the contractor familiarize himself with Center operations
to the extent that he can generate a list of unique, generic job description
characteristics of Center personnel--within the context cited above--and
relate to each the associated color--training requirements. The documenta-
tion detailing these training needs should be structured in such a fashion
that for each separate topic, there will be sufficient detail as to lead
directly to a training program outline without necessarily being involved
in the manner in which the information should be presented to Center per-
sonnel. That task will be addressed in 3.1... The following list of
suggested categories exemplifies the variety of topics to be considered
as candidates for the training program. It is by no means all inclusive,
.and it is tendered for information purposes only.
(a) General orientation - the role of color photography in photo-
graphic reconnaissance.
(b) Comparison of different types of color products and the appli-
cation of each to the photographic reconnaissance effort.
(c) Intelligence value (information content) of aerial color photo-
graphy by-target and film types.
(d) Color signature determination by target type.
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ce) Color signature exploitation techniques by target type.
(f) Color-oriented targeting requirements.
(g) Environmental influences on color photography (color
fidelity).
(h) Photo technology of acquisition and reproduction color
emulsions.
(i) Photographic processing techniques, products and applications.
(j) Color perception and applications.
(k) Mensuration techniques and accuracy (edge definition, special
techniques, spatial versus tonal differentiation, etc.).
(1) Exploitation hardware requirements and special modifications
thereto.
(m)
Intelligence of color photography:
1. Color signatures per emulsion/target conspicuity.
2. Reporting techniques.
3. Keys (generation and utilization).
4. Exploitation hardware.
5. Special exploitation techniques.
(n) Techniques for assessing spectral fidelity of images.
3.1.4. Propose an implementation plan for satisfying those color
training needs established in 3.1.3.
3.1.4.1. The specific course that will be followed in this
task is left to the discretion of the contractor. It is suggested,
however, that he consider the possibility of employing the list of
generic job descriptions obtained in 3.1.3.and interrelating to each
a recommended training action. The justification for this task
rests primarily upon the philosophy that there is no single train-
ing approach--formal course, bibliography, seminar or what-have-you--
that by itself will satisfy all of the color training-requirements
of the Center. Moreover, it appears likely that there is no single
Government, industrial or academic source of professional expertise
that could address in sufficient detail the broad spectrum of topics
of interest to the Center. It will be, therefore, the Government's
prerogative to select the technique and/or source of manpower to
provide color training, with the contractor charged with the respon-
sibility of supporting the training program by defining the problem
areas and proffering solutions to them. Specifically, the contractor
shall propose training techniques, sources and options most appro
priate to each unique training need. The contractor is enjoined. to
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bear in m:i.i.id that quest:i.ons regarding the intelligence value of
color photography are undergoing constant revision and, updating,
and as such, sha:L:L undoubtedly complicate to some extent efforts
to develop a systematic training program. The recommended
training approaches and. options must reflect such dynamics.
!t . G] L'NEBfiJ,
4.1. Proposals - The proposal shall be as follows:
(a) Task Abstract Contents Synopsis of task within 12 lines,
plus estimated cost of direct labor, material, overhead, G&,A., fee, total.
(b) ;I:ntroduction - Contents - Covering background and task justi-
fication rationale.
(c) Technical Discussion - Contents - Detail and subsections as
a function of the task.
(d) Work Statement - Contents - This statement should succinctly
describe the individual tasks to be done and should be sufficiently
definitive that one may read this section to understand the purpose and
scope of the tasks.
(e) Deliverable :Items - Contents ., Type of reports.
(f) Project Schedule - Contents - Percentage of project completion
by months and related schedule of percentage of project expenditures by
month in tabular form.
(g) Time Bar Chart
(h) Financial Considerations w Contents - Cost details, summary,
GFE required.
.4.1.1. While it is the wish of the Government to accomplish the
aims of this program as expeditiously as possible, sufficient time should
.be allotted for a thorough and complete accomplishment of-the aims set
forth herein. Tentatively, it is envisioned that the program will be
completed within 12 months from the time that an adequate number of con-
tractor personnel- have been granted proper, security clearances.
4.2. The Center is currently contracted for studies in PI Human Factors,
Image Manipulation, Image Evaluation, and Image Processing. The successful
contractor for the study as outlined herein is not to address these areas
except, after determination through the Government's Technical Representative,
that a specific aspect of these projects is in conflict with this study.
Reports and results of these studies will be made available to the contractor,
as required.
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4.3. Program Interface w Although the work to be performed under the
terms of this document; is confined to the investigation of color training
requirements, interfaces will exist between this program and other studies
underway within the Government. It is anticipated that liaison (associate
contractor relationship) between the contractor selected for 'this program
and the contractors conducting related internal studies will be such that
this program will result in a compatible and integrated overall exploitation
research program.
4.4. Administration .. The Government will retain overall program manage-
ment. Written approval from the contracting officer must be obtained before
any changes in objectives, costs, or priorities are effected or before any
subcontractor or consultant is employed.
4.5. Contractor Responsibility - The contractor is expected to provide
competent and cooperative administrative service. He will be vested with
certain authority to control the direction and degree of technical effort
within the bounds of the estimated costs. As a part of his overall responsi-
bility, the contractor will be responsible for the work performed by all of
his subcontractors and consultants. The fact that the Government has granted
approval for the use of a specific subcontractor or consultant in no way
relieves the contractor from this responsibility. The contractor shall state
in his proposal those subcontractors and/or consultants he plans to use in
this program.
4.6. Technical Representative a The contracting officer will designate
a technical representative to provide technical guidance, liaison, and
authorize specific project efforts of the contractor. Such authorization
shall be given in writing in its original form or in confirmation of an oral
authorization. The contractor will accept no other authorization, except that
of the technical representative or contracting officer.
4.7. Reports - Periodic technical reports will be submitted as required
throughout the life of the contract. All reports, including a detailed final
report, will meet the basic requirements of specification DB-1001, dated 31
August 1966, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTRACTUAL DOCUMENTATION, attached
hereto. In addition to the detailed final report, a.~supplementary.final
report will be required summarizing the results of the study and the operational
concepts derived.
4.8. Personnel Availability - Where possible, the contractor should make
maximum use of Government expertise, particularly in the fields of interpre.-
Cation, mensuration, training, photo technology and human factors. The ex-
pected scope of utilization of Government personnel shall be clearly delineated
in the proposal.
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