(UNTITLED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 92
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 13, 2012
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: December 9, 1969
• Content Type: REQ

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D R A F T
25X1
The R&D program must provide the techniques and equipment
which will allow NPIC to meet its exploitation obligations
in an efficient and timely manner. These. obligations are
ever-changing because of changing targets and report
requirements being levied upon the existing reconnaissance
systems and the advent of new systems such as the
The challenge of the R&D effort is to provide technology and
equipment inventory to allow NPIC to meet these obligations
without a substantial increase in manpower and facilities.
The objectives of the attached five-year R&D plan can be described
briefly as follows:
a. To insure Center capacity to efficient/yhandle
process, copy, store and retrieve imagery materials
both for present and future systems.
b. To find ways to make the imagery interpretation process
more efficient, less costly and speedier without
avoiding drugery and tedium.
c. To develop equipment procedures to extract maximum
detail from imagery.
d. To preform the necessary investigations to push
state-of-the-art in fields directly related to
imagery exploitation and procedures.
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OVERHEAD PHOTOGRAPHY/IMAGERY INTERPRETATION PROCESS RESEARCH
A. Program Object,iye,(FY-69/76). To develop the capability~todefine,
evaluate, opti{mi
ze.' and augment the imagery interpretation; process.
lI
Rationale. The Center's image ant re pretation and photogrammetric
processes, and consequently its basic mission, are.fundament ally
dependent on the unique , visual,., perceptual. and cognitive capabilities
and limitations of its human resources. Objective definitionsand
evaluation ofthose.processes will'enable more appropriate and effective:.
-management decisions .concerning both R&D and operational programs.as
base of the skills of the. Center's imagery exploitation personnel.
Rationale. This data base is required to judiciously determine ai:d.
implement necessary improvements in the exploitation process of
present (conventional) imagery, and to plan for the effective
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equipment, procedures and organization. A prime example ofthe'function ---
of this information is in the identification ofithose areaswhere auto-
oration will provide significant improvements in operational efficiency--
.pretation process on new imaging systems suoh as.
another is in the definition of the intelligence yield. of the'inte'r-
1. Data Base Objective (FY-69/76).: Establish and maintain a data
exploitation of future imagery systems.
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r1IJitf151.u a / a? _...
2. Automation Objective (FY-71/76). Identify potential applications
of automated and semi-automated exploitation systems.
Rationale. A thorough understanding of the human exploitation
processes will provide information which can be applied to the
development of machine capabilities to augment productivity in the
face of increasingly greater demands for services.
Image Quality Assessment Objective (FY-69/76). Develop psycho-
physical procedures for assessing image quality.
Rationale. There is a continuing need to establish the psycho-
physical relations between current and future'imaging systems in
order to optimize the design of acquisition and display systems.
Equipment Design Objective (FY-69/76. Develop and promote appli-
cation of human factors'state-of-the-art principles to the design
o-? photoexploitation equipments.
Rationale. The limitations and capabilities of the Center's human
resources must be considered in the design specifications of exploita-
tion hardware in order to effect maximum system performance.
B. Program Progress.
1. Data Base.
a. A series of-photo interpretation and photogrammetry performance
measures were developed and/or administered during FY-1969 to
establish a frame of reference for future evaluations of the
significance of changes in equipment and/or procedures.
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b. A statistically significant improvement in general target
search was shown to have occurred from 1967 to 1969, which
verified. the significance of,an organizational change.
c. Twelve weeks of training for novice photo interpreters in the
Offutt Defense Sensor Interpretation and Applications Training
Program were found to be roughtly equivalent to 2z years of
on-the-job experience for photo interpretation reasoning ability.
This resulted in a decision to send all new PI recruits to
this training program.
d. Mensuration accuracy statements wepe refined by means of an
intensive statistical analysis of operational research data--
providing the first definitive accuracy evaluation statement in
association with NPIC_ official dimensional reports.
e. A preliminary validation of an Agency administered PI selection
battery to be used in evaluating PI applicants will be completed
early in 1970.
f. A PI target knowledge inventory will be completed by early 1970.
A cross?section of targets typically read out by area specialists
were selected as test items in an evaluation of identification
performance.. Results will indicate which type targets should be
included in a pilot training program to be developed during FY-1970.
Results of a community wide intelligence yield ev25X1tion
program (monitored by NPIC and jointly funded by NPIC and DOD
components) will be forthcoming in the spring of 1971.
2. Automation.
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ORKii " PAPER L- 6
A five year projection of the possible role of automated
collateral storage and retrieval systems for use by photo-
interpreters and collateral support personnel was developed.
A preliminary evaluation of a new semi-automated text and
graphics display system will be conducted in terms of its
potential application to photointerpretation, collateral
support, graphics and text display and manipulation.
3. Image Quality Assessment.
a. Preliminary psychophysical relations between photography
and line-scan imagery resolution requirements were established
by comparing the exploitation of photographs and line-scan
images of the same ground-order-of-battle target models.
The above study will be replicated utilizing real ground-order-
of-battle targets for validation purposes.
4. Equipment Design.
a. A comprehensive literature review of line-scan interpretation
research was conducted.
b. The PI Equipment Human Engineering Design Guide, a document
summarizing basic. physiological and engineering information
applicable to the design of imagery exploitation hardware,
was updated by inclusion of sections specific to acoustics
and comparators.
Approximately 250 articles on imagery exploitation research
were reviewed and included in the Imagery Interpretation
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1-R I PAPER
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Bibliography. Those relevant to NPIC operations were
abstracted and included in the state-of-the-art review.
d. A number of industrial and government research .facilities
were contacted in search of relevant state-of-the-art
information .
Several European studies indicated that the convergence
angle of microscope eyepieces might influence visual per-
formance. Since the CENTER emplgys a variety of optical
instruments, many of which were designed with high conver-
gence angles, preliminary research was conducted on the
effect of convergence angle upon photointerpretation per-
formance. The results are not yet conclusive, but there are
sufficient indications of excessive ocular accommodative
activity to warrant continuation of the research.
The PI Equipment Human Engineering Design Guide will be
further updated and republished during FY-1970.
The literature review and site visits discussed above will
continue. Unaided stereo projection display possibilities
and unconventional imagery exploitation state-of-the-art
will be emphasized.
Research will continue on microscope convergence angle, and
an investigation of the effects of-microscope field-of-view
on PI performance will be designed.
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QR3 PI
C. Program Plans
ShCRET.
1. Alternatives. This R&D program area is one which is particularly
susceptible to division into a large number of discrete tasks
which provides a number of options for its management. The level
of in-house effort is limited by personnel ceilings, so this
variable is?essentially fixed.
Contracting each separate task on a competitive basis to individual
local qualified firms would provide the lowest contractual costs
.
for accomplishment of the program objectives, but the level of
administration required exceeds the Center's capacity. This
is particularly true if the program is to be systematically oriented
and the projects appropriately integrated.
Using a single prime contractor would cost more contractually but
would relieve the administrative burden of processing each task
through a complete management approval cycle and the contractor
could provide the necessary support for systematizing and inte-
grating the program. The technical and philosophical limitations
imposed by the single contractor route keeps this from being a
clear choice for accomplishing this program.
2. Approaches Selected. We have selected a hybrid approach utilizing
the services of a,imajor contractor in the areas of his capability
and supplementing this with satellite contracts for specific tasks
where specific capabilities are known to exist and/or significant
cost reductions can be appreciated without compromising the program.
6
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WORKING PA Ef
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WORKING P
Supplementing both of these two sources is a considerable in-
horse effort utilizing both NPIC and Headquarters psychologists
and other medical staff personnel. A major aspect of the in-house
effort is accomplished through the utilization of a Technology
Integration Check-Out Facility, developed under this program,
which is used for gathering interpreter performance data under
controlled conditions. The following paragraphs describe specific
approaches for each of the major objectives.
a. Data Base. The long-range research objectives of the Imagery
Interpretation Research Program are to remain responsive to
the priority needs of the operational components of the CENTER.
It is intended that future exploitation oriented research
topics evolve as they have in the past--the production groups
take sto ck-of-t~ieir cr ~icaT skills on an-annuaTbasis,-and in
coordination with this program, select those skills which
appear to require immediate improvement or which should be
developed in preparation for advanced hardware or procedural
changes. If the request is compatible with NPIC resources, a
s
.research plan is developed and implemented to evaluate the
...current skill level; where applicable, performance under
simulated conditions of advanced technology are also evaluated.
On the basis of the research findings, a decision is then made
? by the operational group initiating the request to maintain
the status quo, or to seek assistance in improving the skill
level. Training programs
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WORD
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1 .
PAM
c. Image Quality Assessment.
(1) Acquisition System Parameters.
FY-7076. Collection of exploitation data on intelligence
information extraction as a function of image quality
will continue. Such data gathering must be target, require-
ment, and sensor specific, and must produce results which
will enable future acquisition system planners to devise
objective design specifications, based upon known user Op
image quality needs. Line-scan
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ORKING Plil
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will be emphasized earliest in the program, with
becomes appropriate.
(2) Display System Parameters.
FY-70/76. Research efforts will be concerned with an
objective determination of quality requirements of
imagery in anticipation of new acquisition system products
for display and exploitation. Interpreter information
needs will be the primary criterion. Consideration of
25X1 line-scan F---] displays will occur earliest25X1
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in the program, with succeeding studies to be dependent
upon subsequent acquisition system developments.
3}_ Image Manipulation.
PY-70`76. Continuing support shall be provided to the
Image Analysis and Manipulation Program efforts to
define optimum image processing procedures. Image quality
--tradeoffs based upon user-needs must be objectively
;designated, and where feasible, artificial manipulations
-vf-image rendition may be found appropriate if exploitation
efficiency is demonstrated to be enhanced.
d. Equipment Design.
(1) Relevant R&D Advances.
FY'-70/76. Efforts will be made to maintain cognizance
of human factors research results and their potential.
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application to CENTER requirements. Emphasis will be
on research and information assemblage in support of
decisionmakers anticipating CENTER environment alterna-
tives. Techniques for upgrading the performance of
CENTER human resources will also be priority targets for
consideration.
It
(2) Human Engineering Design Guide.
.FY-70/76. This document will be updated with revised
human engineering design data; as available, and with new
bodies of information as required to support new system
developments. The Guide will be maintained for the
Intelligence Community as a central source of human
engineering design specifications for image exploitation
-hardware development.
D. Resources. Summary of R&D Funds required for the Imagery Interpretation
25X1
Process Research Program.
~d talc S~~d~~~ J .Y7f~d??~~
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1
.%*. IMAGERY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
5 December 1969
/'~ ~- P t/~ X
A. Program 0bje.cti.vc. Investigation and implerncnLation of the advanced
technology necessary to develop. an in.te;rated, automated sysi:(m for
storage, retrieval, manipulation and display of imagery, imagery
information, collateral graphics, and reporting graphics in the
interpretation and reporting cycles of the exploitation process.
Rationale. It is incumbent upon NPIC to develop equipment, tech-
niques and perform display studies which will result in a degree of
automation of the exploitation and reporting process consistant with
cost and manpower effectiveness. The purpose of this effort is to
provide the information base to make prudent decisions in this area.
The advent of the new acquisition systems such as the make suc25X1
k1 er&
ar) effort seem mandatory. Even if this was -not the case, a reappraisal
of the manner in which information is handled in the exploitation
process considering advancements in technology certainly seems in
order.
Eccr.ded fr;ni a419 alt
downgrad{nb and
acta"stfication
Recent studies have revealed that considerable time is spent by
interpreters in all phases of exploitation in searching for materials
and in consultation with others in an effort to obtain needed informa-
tion. For example, consultation consumes 20 to 30 percent of an inter-
preters time and searching for materials requires 10 to 15 percent
of the time. Other tasks such as referring to maps and preparing
reports also require large portions of time. Other personnel such
as editors, graphics personnel, and collateral support personnel
also spend time in assisting the interpreter in obtaining informa-
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tion and in manipulating this information. Of course, the end
product of these search and manipulation routines is the photo
intelligence report.
One reason NPIC's information handling problem is so vast is because
of the complex and variable nature of this information. It varies
from textual information which can conveniently be stored in a
computer through graphics and low resolution photography. Awe
_Eop-end of the scale `:,high resolution photography that stores
the maximum amount of information per s-gvare inch of any commercially
available recording material.
The advent of new acquisition systems will only compound this already
frustrating situation. If imagery is to be interpreted in a shorter
time frame and in a more efficient manner then it is incumbent
that NPIC develop equipment and techniques and perform display
studies. These actions will result in a degree of automation of the
exploitation and reporting process ands .will assist in reducing man-
power requirements to interpret and -ref report on each target.
previous imagery, line drawings and other collateral. Support
personnel will likewise be under more pressure to rapidly update
such collateral and to have it readily available. The preparation
of text and graphics for photo intelligence reports is likewise
time consuming and requires considerable manpower to accomplish.'
make it imperative to rapidly refer to maps,
This program will attempt to develop versatile systems that can assist
Wletlt r'f i/t ":G
various operational personnel .n performing n}zmer,ous tasks.
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f!n
1. Objective (FY-70/71). To develop automated off-line inter-
active display and layout display consoles for the rapid inter-
change of imagery information between the interpreter and
supporting elements.
Rationale. Imagery information exchange between interpreters,
intelligence analysts, editors, and graphics analysts is currently
performed manually--a process which is time-consuming and not
the most efficient. The prototype, automated consoles would-be
operationally tested in order to more fully assess their poten-
tial for improving the efficiency of the exploitation process.
2. Objective (FY-71/72). Investigate the basic_,technologies_that
will be required to implement contingency plans to handle the
imagery in various chip forms.
Rationale. Several contingency plans have been put forth on
the handling and reproducing
material, prepare plans to 25X1
handle or reproduce this material in chip or roll form.
various acquisition systems onto one display.
Efforts will also be-made to correlate the information from
could be displayed simul_25X1
taneously.
Objective (FY-72J73). Based on the degree of success of the
prototype interactive display and layout consoles, to develop
improved models for operation on-line to the central computer.
ET
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Rationale. If the off-line consoles prove valuable in actual
operations, an on-line system will have greatly increased capa-
bility by access to the large central data base.
11. Objective(FY-74/76). To integrate the imagery information system
with the textual information system (IIS).
Rationale. Since. textual, image, and graphical information are
closely interwoven througnout the exploitation process, it will
be much more efficient to combine the software and hardware into
one integrated information storage and retrieval system.
5. Objective (FY-73/76). Develop a digital system for automatically
correlating imagery information of the same target which has been
selected and input by the photo interpreter. The results of
this correlation will provide the interpreter with analytical
data based on comparisons and weighting factors inherently
available from the circumstances and sensor characteristics
for each of the input images.
Rationale. The requirement to compare many different types
and dates of imagery.to assist in the analysis of target
characteristics and activity status becomes mere and more com-
plex as the variations in the acquisition systems increase. A
natural development arising from the proposed information handling
systems would be to automate portions of this comparison and
analysis task.
B. Program Progress. Several in-house studies have been devoted to
understanding and defining the problem. The Automatic Reporting
Techniques and Equipment Study-, TICOF studies and the Advanced
S RT
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Editing Systems Evaluation Teams have all looked at aspects of
the Imagery Information Technology Program.
One contractual effort has been to develop some programs and tech-
niques to demonstrate the feasibility of a cathode ray tube graphics
system. Results to date have shown that such a system has promise
of solving some exploitation and reporting problems. Three dimen-
-sional line drawings can be displayed and-rotated on the cathode
ray tube face. Text and graphics can be easily created, changed
4a.
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Objectives have been determined for the development of a system
to display text and graphics on a cathode ray tube. Provisions are
to be made for the future modifications of such a system to allow
the projection of continuous tone imagery onto the screen. Objectives
have also been specified for another system that can display multiple
images from chips of current and past coverage and from microforms
of maps and other-collateral.
A contract was awarded in FY-69 for a Chip Implementation Study.
This will present the center with several alternative plans for
chip system development based on predicted acquisition systems and
imageryn requirements.
C. Program Plans.
1. Alternatives. One alternative is to attempt to store all imagery
information on magnetic tape or similar storage media. This
approach has the advantage of allowing the manipulation of such
information by digital or analog techniques. The main disad-
vantage is that it requires a virtually impossible storage require-
ment.
Another alternative is to store all imagery information on micro-
form imagery (chips, microfiche, etc.). This has an advantage
of reducing storage space requirements but a disadvantage of
not allowing the information to be manipulated.
One obvious alternative is to do nothing in this area and proceed
with the present in-house equipment complement and make the best
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of it. Considering the available technology, this does not
seem to be judicious. Within the next year or so, sufficient
information should be available from our present and. planned
efforts to allow judgments to be made to the degree of auto-
mation that should be- considered or implemented.
2. Selected Approach. The selected approach is to combine the
advantages of 'the first two alternatives. Those types of
information that can most advantageously and economically be
stored on magnetic tape or similar storage media will be so
stored and will have the added advantage of being manipulated
by analog or digital techniques. Those types of information
that can be stored on microform more economically and which
require little or no manipulation will be stored and viewed on
a separate system. Eventually these two systems may be combined.
In the latter part of FY-70, plans will be made to implement a
Chip System to accommodate the amount and type of material to
be provided by the system. In the following fiscal ye arz 25X1
(71-75) equipment will be provided to efficiently handle chips
and other forms of imagery material.
Great emphasis 'will be made from FY-72/76 to automate reporting
and display methods, to expand the ability for rapid access to
collateral material, and to introduce advanced imagery handling
equipment. In FY-7172, efforts to correlate various. acquisition
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system imagery onto one display will be aimed at preliminary
feasibility studies with the objective of future equipment
development based on the successful indications of such studies.
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2.
Manpower. An increase in.programmin~ capability will probably
be required from FY-7l forward.
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@e 'C'
1+ December 1969 (R-2)
3. OV]i;IZllL,lLD T'fI0T0 RAPI[Y IN1E1CxIi, ANALYSIS AND MANTPULATI01\1
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G Vu 2 1
EXdue{C 1;".1 Aa!]xafiC
C'i'Y,'7fc'a~i~;
25X1
A. Program Objective F''-6g 761. To develop the capability to precisely
define, evaluate, and man
imagery systems including
intelligence.
as they become significant sources of strategic
Rationale. Imagery-is the basic raw material input to the Center.
The Center's mission is to "refine" this imagery into narrative informa-
tion selected for pertinence to specific intelligence requirements.
The required information is often at the limit of the response and/or
the storage capacity of the imagery system and it may be obscured. The
intelligence is generally perishable. Defining and understanding the
physical properties'of the imagery provides keys to the development
I '40,r-
of equipment and processes for compensating the obscuration and making
this information more readily available to the interpreter.--thereby
helping to assure the completeness and timeliness of the Center's
primary function.
1. Image Analysis Objective (F'Y-70/76). Develop improved image quality
measurement and specification capability that c9rrelates objective
and subjective performance criteria.
Rationale. Present objective image evaluation techniques do not
correlate adequately with subjective judgments of quality which.
has caused confusion in the mission evaluation process. In the
case of equipment design, viewing devices, for example, can-
not now be built with assurance that they will meet the
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LU Ut. U
interpreter requirements. Consequently, the design and subse-
quent analysis of image producing systems is less a science and
more an art than is desirable. The photo-optical image evaluation
program will provide a capability to objectively detect, specify,
and measure system performance in terms which are reconcilable
with subjective judgment. While these problems have been attacked
in the past, they have not been resolved and the added complexity
of evaluating 's a predictable requirement 25X1
NRO
2. Image Manipulation Objective (FY-69/74). To achieve an operational
image manipulation system with the capability of compensating
various image degrading factors occurring during acquisition and/or
processing.
Rationale. Numerous factors such as atmospheric haze, low sun
angle, defocus, and image smear may occur during a given mission
which degrade the imagery and thereby limit the interpreters'
capability to respond to the Center's read-out requirements.
Some of these factors such as low sun angle occur over extended
periods in certain target areas. Image manipulation is intended
to provide means to compensate for these and other image degrading
effects in order to render such images more readily and completely
interpretable..
3. Unconventional Imaging Systems Objective (FY-776). Determine
the fundamental parameters, techniques, and equipment necessary
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1. Image Analysis. Three contracts have been concluded during this
period.. One was a study that defined the present state-of-the-art
in photo-optical image evaluation; it recommended a general
approach to finding a solution to the problem of relating subjective
quality estimates to objective measurements. The second sought
to apply the theory developed and establish basic conditions for
evaluating optical. components. The third contract developed
general requirements for rnicrodensitometri.c analysis of photo-
graphic imagery-
Collectively, these 25X1
NRO
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etc. in order to specify the quality of this imagery and to
imaging systems including
to realize the intrinsic information potential of unconventional
enhance it as required.
tion of unconventional imagery will. play an increasingly signi-
ficant role in the Center's operations. The development and
execution of this program will assure the capability to extract
the maximum amount of information from these new systems. It
will also establish a flexible base from which to proceed to
other new systems as yet undefined, while maintaining continuity
of developments, definitions, and relationships with conventional
systems.
Rationale. NPIC imagery sources are not restricted to conven-
tional photography and, with the advent of 25X1
systems with or without the exploi125X1
B. Program Progress.
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wri i$ Soe ilx Y;G SECRET
2. Image Manipulation.
contracts have taken a first step, identifying the areas where
further effort will be best directed. From them has come the
development of a comprehensive series of projects that will
lead to the accomplishment of the long range objectives.
(a) Digital Image Manipulation Systems are being evaluated
and developed under contract. A very significant propor-
tion of the required software developed has been accomplished.
Numerous investigations and evaluations of the required image
input and display systems have been performed. Image enhance-
ment ,nn
has been accomplished on images degraded by defocused)
image motion. and simulated atmospheric dffects in the
laboratory. Experiments have been designed and tested to
obtain objective measure of the intelligence'value of such
enhanced imagery--preliminary results are very favorable.
(b) Analog (Optical) Image Manipulation is being investigated
101 N?
in-house by contractor support. Hardware is beingassembled
and experiments are being designed and performed. If some
of the image enhancement techniques considered under the
digital system, can be accomplished by,Aalog methods, it
It'f it
appears that significant savings in time and cost would-result.
(c) Photographic Image Manipulation consisting ofunsharp masking
by the "ring smear" technique is being investigated under
Nil
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contract; an equipment breadboard has been constructed
which is being used to conduct experiments intended. to
define the significance of unsharp masking as an image
enhancement technique.
(d) Electronic Enhancement. A program is being developed
in-house to consider the potential of electronic techniques.
for enhanced imagery. Various pieces of equipment and
technical proposals are currently under evaluation.
(e) Digital Imagery Enhancement (In-House). A plan has been
established and work is underway to provide an in-house
capability for digital enhancement of operational imagery
on the basis of knowledge gained through the digital image
manipulation contract. Appropriate. hardware and software
are under development. Best methods of attack are being
determined; extensive coordination with ORD and NPIC/PSG/AID
is being performedG~n order to-obtain- required computer*
support.. Site preparation is being performed and personnel
requirements have been determined.
(f) Operational Enhancement System. A time phasalplan for
evolution-from experimental to operational status is under.'
development; requirements for input/output devices and
computer support are being defined. Organizational respon-
sibilities, personnel requirements, and locations for
equipment are being considered.
S. 1RT
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3. Unconventional Ima-1.n ;Systems. A literature research has been
initiated and state-of-the--art capabilities are being investigated.
rl~ty
Some limited &feasible experiments have been performed with existing
equipment, utilizing,Xnalog, ,D'igital and7aotographic processes.
Development of the overall program is in the planning stage.
C. Program Plans.
1. Image Analysis.
(a) Alternatives.
(1) Retain and refine the present objective measurements
and expand the subjective evaluation phase by more
carefully explaining to the P.I. the nature of the
judgments he makes.
(3) Implement an integrated program to optimize existing
procedures, while developing new objective evaluation
techniques. As a parallel effort, psychophysical studies
will be initiated to provide a basis for determining the
correlation between subjective and objective evaluation
parameters.
(2) Establish a program of basic research designed to
quantify the fundamental physical and psychophysical
.interrelationship. On the basis of these results,
develop practical mission oriented evaluation procedures
and equipment.
E
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(b) Approach Selected
(1). The third. alternative offers the greatest pay-off at
the least risk and is therefore selected. Alternative
two would provide the firmest scientific foundation
with the lowest level of risk; however, it would cost
considerably more and require too much time to be prac-
tical. The first alternative. is the least attractive in
(2)
that it has the highest risk and would not allow con-
sideration of the new evaluation procedures available.
Milestones.
i.
FY-72:
Completion of study of evaluation techniques
ii.
FY-73:
Objective measure identified
iii.
FY-74:
Subjective experiment complete, testing
procedures developed
iv.
FY-75:
Correlation procedures determined
v.
FY-76:
Operational implementation
2. Image Maniulation
(a) Alternatives
(1) Evolve from in-house systems.
(2) Request contractual development and installation.
(3)
Issue requirement for performance of these operations
(4) Fully depend on the efforts of other exploitation com-
. munity components for development of this technology.
SE(RET
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(b) Approach Selected
(h) Establish in-house capability in the preceding areas.
(2) Develop in-house systems from in.-house work.
(3) Request contractual support if and where needed.
(i+) Milestones.
i.
July 1970:
In-louse DIM capability established.
ii.
Feb 1970:
In-house AIM capability established.
iii.
June 1970:
In-house PIM capability established.
iv.
End FY-72:
Determine the best operational appli-
cations for digital, optical, electronic,
and photographic enhancement techniques.
v. FY-73: Operational equipment requirements determined
and contract for development initiated.
.- FY-74: Personnel and organizational requirements
vii. FY-75: System turned over to operational person-
nel for primary routine use.
viii. IT-76: Integration into organizational structure
accomplished.
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3. lJnconvccnt:i.onal Imaging Systems.
(a) Alternatives.
(1) Employ only in=house resources--build onto existing
equipment and techniques.
(2) Rely solely on contractual support.
(3) Develop existing equipment and techniques internally,
enlist contractual support where appropriate.
(1+) Rely solely'on other exploitation components to develop
necessary technology.
.(b) Approach Selected
(1) Develop equipment and techniques internally, and enlist
contractual support where needed.
(2) Milestones.
i.
FY-71:
Establish needs and priorities
ii.
FY-71:
Program definition
iii.
FY-72:. Program execution
iv.
FY-73:
Report
v.
FY-71+/75: Integrate into operational environment
.vi.
F'Y-76: Recommendations
X 1?U 1
d
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15.
D. Resources
1. Image Analysis.
(a) Funding--totalling
(b) Support from and coordination with TSSG/RED/ATB/IIFS
.(c) Coordination with and support from TSSG/APSD
(d) Computer support (quantity and source to be determined)
2. Image Manipulation.
25X1
(a) Funding required, FY-70 through FY-76, 25X1
(b) PI support from IEG
(c) Computer support
i.. Initial phase of in-house work to be supported by
DDS&T/ORD has been coordinated
ii.. Further work requirements to be determined
(d) In-house personnel to manage projects and run equipment
(e) FY-74-75: Additional personnel to man operational facility
(estimate for. (h))
3. Unconventional Imaging Systems.
(a) Contractual support totalling over a six year perioc25X1
is anticipated.
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(b) In-house equipment and man--hours will be required.
(c) Coordination with TSSG/RED/ATB/EIS and TSSG/APSD will be
(d) Computer support will be required, source and quantity as
yet undetermined.
1l ~..f ~df"..~1bG
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%J 4tI. L41 !_a / A
4. OVERHEAD PHOTOGRAPHY/IMAGE INTERPRETATION INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES
A. Program Objective (FY-69/76). To provide NPIC imagery interpreters
with the instrumentation required to accomplish their assign-
ments in the required time, and performance levels.
Rationale. Two basic factors in the present and future NPIC
exploitation operations dictate the requirements for image
interpretation equipment development.' The first is to make
information available from the imagery which the interpreter
could not perceive without the assistance of equipment
specifically designed for this process. This type of situa-
tion required the development of stereoscopes, tube magnifiers,
stereomicroscopes, light tables, anamorphic eyepieces, etc.
The second is to assist the interpreter in such a way that he
is able to perform at the required level more efficiently.
Equipment developed in response to this type of requirement
Jove
are special manual and/or motorized film' Adevices, advanced
stereo-rhomboid arms, elevating light tables, projected scale
micrometers, PI i comparators, etc.
Excluded t+a*~ 5atQ131
Crxnrra,l:nt and dffl .,,.....
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it is incumbent upon NPIC to be prepared to exploit
their products. This objective is addressed to the
potential requirement for imagery interpretation equip-
ment needed for exploitation of these products.
3. Operational Improvement Objective (FY-69/76). Provide
equipment required to significantly improve interpreta-
tion operations.
Rationale. Advances in technology and improved exploita-
tion concepts originating. with operational personnel
provide direct and indirect requirements for interpreta-
tion equipment modifications and development even though
no other factors indicating the need for a change are
present.
4. Automatic Target Recognition Objective,(FY-69/76). Provide
support to interpretation operations by automating those
aspects which are most tedious, relatively trivial, and
time-consuming for the human. Rationale for this project
will be covered with.the sub-objectives which follow.
a. FY-.69/70. Objective - to develop a fully automatic
Target Indexing Device (TID) for use on high volume
collection systems and to maintain a sustaining 25X1
research effort on related Automatic Target Recogni-
Ition (ATR) techniques.
Rationale In order to cope with the increasing
output-of future high-volume collection systems, it
is imperative to automate those tasks that are
tedious, repetitive, and time-consuming. The TID
will expedite the Phase II exploitation of photo-
graphic missions and possibly provide a capability
for mission reprogramming. and accurate determination
of the percent of cloud cover per mission.
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~yas+a:a> tt~ r (U 3.lS 3.1L il! \L e
b. FY-71/72. Objective - to develop the capability to
automatically and rapidly scan imagery for man made
objects and to investigate the feasibility of
applying ATR techniques to 25X1
Rationale - the capability to machine-scan photo-
graphic coverage of large areas of relatively sterile
qq imagery and indicate only those portions containing
man-made objects will greatly reduce PI time spent
in search operations. With the 25X1
possible application of ATR techniques to solve such
problems as cloud and/or detail screening and target
identification by operating directly, on ectornic
signals could greatly. reduce data handling and
interpretation time.
c. FY-73/74. Objective - to develop machine capability
to rapidly rescan for specific types of targets and
to, develop techniques to determine change detection.
Rationale - The rescanning of numerous missions
for start of missile site construction, initial
operations, etc., constitute a very time-consuming
operation that could be alleviated by developing
an automatic rescanning capability. Automation of
the change detection function could be a significant
time saver by eliminating the need for analysts to
look at any target except those showing significant
change.
d. FY-75/76. Objective - to further apply techniques
developed in previous phases to permit the fabrica-
tion of a device that can automatically and rapidly
detect, identify, and count objects for order-of-battle.
Rationale - This development would result in significant
time savings by automating the tedious and time-
consuming order-of-battle compilation. This development
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Zt 6tft'
would be another "module" leading eventually to.an
integrated automatic target system that could relieve
the analyst of these important but
veryf_time consuming
operations and permit the bulk of this time to the
specialized and detailed analysis for which machines
B. Program Progress.
25X1
1540 Light Table. A special light table designed to
provide specific accommodations for interpretation of
imagery will be in production in the latter half of
CY-70. The entire community has placed a joint procure-
ment order for this device.
2. Advanced Stereo Rhomboids. This attachment for the
standard stereomicroscope will provide performance and
separation required for viewing roll film in stereo. 25X1
3. Digitized Measuring Light Table. This device is a standard
PI light table fitted out with an automatic digitizing
system to facilitate target location and mensuration. It
was developed in response to specific requests and sug-
gestions made by operational personnel.
4. Twin Stage On-Line PI Comparator. This recently developed
device will provide the PI with an automated mensuration
comparator capability competitive in accuracy to the, more
complex equipment used by photogrammetrists.
5. Automated Stereoscanner. This equipment will provide
automatically correlated stereoscanning of roll film
from and other major acquisition systems. It will
be initially used to evaluate the intelligence extrac-
tion significance and the operational feasibility of
automated stereoscanning.
6. Automated Target Indexing..Device. This prototype
equipment will be delivered to NPIC in the latter part
CY
of 1970. Demonstrations of an earlier breadboard indicate
that. this device will be capable of automatically
evaluating the cloud status of target imagery at the
rate of 100 feet per minute--thus promising to relieve
NPIC interpreters of one of their most menial and time-
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C. Program Plans.
1. Alternatives. One significant alternative to the present
approach to imagery interpretation equipment development
would be along the lines of system development as opposed
to component development. The recommended .approach to
to the Exploitation System is a case in point.
However, the process of changing the conceptual approach
to an existing operational system is not as readily
accomplished and not necessarily appropriate. Before
tl,ere should the system approach would be feasible, a management
consensus that the existing ad hoc system is so outmoded
and inefficient that such an undertaking is justified.
2. Approach Selected. Since the system oriented concept
does not appear feasible at this time, the content of this
program is determined by a number of fundamental factors
that ultimately combine to produce pressure'for
development support. All these factors are toonumerous
to cite here but the following are representative
examples:
a. acquisition system characteristics,
b. intelligence, requirements,
c. knowledge of the imagery interpretation process
gained from that portion of the R&D program,
d. knowledge of the physical properties of imagery
gained from that portion of the R&D program,
e. observations and concepts provided by operational
personnel,
f. procedural changes introduced by management,
g. limitations in space, funds and/or manpower.
Any one of these factors may be altered in such a way
that a significant interpretation equipment development
requirement may result. More frequently various combinations
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?i V1I4 a, q AA%A. Il 131 3.13
of them produce both the requirement and the general
specifications for the equipment performance character-
istics. On such a basis the following milestones for
our present program were evolved:
25X1 a. Mid FY-71. interpretation equipment in opera-
tional status.
b. FY-71. Image. comparison stereoviewer developed.
c. FY-72. Automated Stereoscanner perfected.
d. FY-72. Wide Field Stereoviewer developed.
The following table summarizes the milestones for this
program including the various ATR modules.
69 70
74 75 7
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V. OV EPITHE D ?HOTOGRAPI Y/REPRODUCTION
Objective (F'Y-69/76). Develop efficient imagery reproduction systems
as required for acquisition system products and operational require-
ments.
Di_scussion., The NPIS exploitation process requires numerous copies
of selected imagery in excess of those routinely provided by the
primary processing facility. Studies presently underway indicate
that the number of routinely produced copies will be further reduced
in the future due to extremely significant increases in the volume
of the original take resulting from the system. It also appears
that a relatively limited number of reproductions of 25X1
will be provided. In addition to these impending increases for
imagery reproduction services in the Center, it appears that capa-
bility for reproduction of unconventional imagery forms such as 25X1
rill be required by the end of the planning period.
The objective of this program is to provide the Center with repro-
duction systems that will most efficiently provide the quantity and
quality of reproductions reauired to support the. Center's exploita-
tion operations and the responsibility to serve the community under
the National Tasking Plan.
1. Black and White Reproduction Systems Objective (FY-69/76). Improve
black and white photography reproduction systems in terms of
performance, operating efficiency and economy.
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;;ession. Present black and white reproduction systems require
i Lat _vely :l.ar{;e amount of per sonnel, space, complex equip-
ncllaL time :,.n uppl_i.c?. i'hure is eonsictcrablc-~ poLenL.ial for
i.r~er ovc.incnt here if a .simpler system for developi:n , the :i.ma;,c
1,U produced withouL reducint_; the quality of' tee :i.mr, ?c.
fliitil very recent lures all attempts to accomphsti suet, improve
rrrent over the conventional silver halide process seemed doomed
to fail the quality criterion. In recent times, however,
numerous monochrome imaging systems have been developed which
show promise of a significant breakthrough--among them are dry-
silver, free-radical, and the improved diazo process. With each
of these systems only heat is required to develop the image.
Other areas where refinements may be required are in the automa-
tion of the printing and enlarging. equipment including the
selection. and coding of target-oriented duplicates.
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B. Program Progress.
1. Dry Silver. The Center has been funding dry silver materials
research aad development contracts since FY-65. The fruits
of this development are now beginning to pay off. Paper and film
materials of good quality are near production. Equipment to
print and process these materials are also being developed.
As a result of a cost sharing-no fee research and development
contract, the is investing in the quality and quantity
pilot plant production of negative acting reproduction films
f-'or reconnaissance photography. Contact printing and photo
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enlarrrin; paper are presenuly entering the contractor pilot
plant scale-up production, with some improvement in photo
s-need. The photo enlarging paper should be available by
~0 June 1970. A dry-heat processed diazo (no amr:oniaj has been
developed to provide an immediate positive-to-positive repro-
d.ction capability for the PI's. This material is in pilot
plant production. A processor for this material is scheduled
for delivery'in December 1969. The ultimate positive-to-positive
reconnaissance reproduction material is still in research and,
as such, has the associated research risks.
However, the pay-off potential of this material is great. A
versatile, high-quality, positive-acting reproduction system
will allow virtual elimination of useless negatives and inter-
negatives.
Special processing equipment for this dry process material has
also been developed. As of now a step-and-repeat printer with
.:. Pioi. air processor has been assembled and. is in operation
support of the materials development. High speed processors
for roll film and paper have also been fabricated and are in a
6- to 12-month T&E program at the present time. In addition, a
sheet film hot air knife processor and a 40-inch wide enlarging
paper processor are being assembled and are scheduled fox
delivery in June 1970.
As a result of the promise of these experimental model develop-
ments, it is expected that in FY-70 prototype developments will
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c._ initiated to produce a dry diazo printer and en enlarger
ed r n rote This equipment will be used in the PI area to
i.i,zjLe L'he.ir function.
LUer.?nat_i_yes. There is considerable conjecture concerning;; the
potential benefits of dry heat processed photo reproduction.
The conventional silver halide system has been the undisputed
leader for such a long period. Considerable research invest-
ments could be saved if the present approach is accepted as
adequate. However, advances in the understanding of the inter-
actions of light and matter show promise of a break-through
be
and it appears that the dry process will not only/much simpler
and less expensive but also of higher quality.
The unconventional reproduction systems will doubtless be
developed in conjunction with their respective acquisition systems
but it is doubtful that the characteristics of the operation and
the end-product will be suitable for NPIC exploitation operations.
If better coordination between the collection and acquisition
system developers can be effected, it should be possible to assure
L i.aL the fir. st Y.reproductio:n. system would be the r i.ght rep~roduct:i_on
ys Less.
2. Selected Approach. As is apparent from the Program Progress a
heavy emphasis has been placed in the development of the dry
silver materials and the associated reproduction equipment. At
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25X1
NRO
L;Ie ca me time the free-radical and R/S processes are Icing
c i.osely Watched. Our expect 'pion through the present oro,_7ram
9_a; to develop a dry-photo reproduction system in the following
time frame.
a. Negative to Positive Film - FY-71
U. ilegative to Positive Enlarging Paper - FY-71
c. Heat Paper Processor - FY-71
d. Positive to Positive Diazo and Heat Processor - FY'-70
c. Positive to Positive Film - FY-73
Unconventional Reproduction Systems - FY-76
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5. OVERHEAD PHOTOGRAPHY/REPRODUCTION
A. Program Objective (FY-69/76). Investigate that work and
equipment development necessary to provide NPIC with
advanced reproduction technology and to permit efficient
production of new-film copies at a quality commensurate
with the original imagery.
Rationale. This program is required if the NPIC repro-
duction capability (both ) is to
incorporate the technology advances which will allow the
reproduction functions to be performed with a minimum loss
of detail, expediently and economically from a cost and
manpower point of view.
1. Dry Silver Objective (FY-69/76). Develop high-quality
dry-process reconnaissance reproduction capability for
black and white materials to equal or exceed that of
present wet chemical materials:
a. FY-70 to FY-72. Continue development work to
achieve an increased quality in dry photo process
material.
b. FY-70 to FY-74. Develop new lines of reproduction
equipment to make the dry photo process material
available in normal operations. Produce paper and
film processors, reader/printers, and diazo-type
printers for use by the interpreter, as well as
the Photo Lab personnel.
GROUP I
Excluded tram autamatt~
dcaa~rala; and i
25X1
25X1
NRO
Rationale. The further development of dry process materials
will permit the Center to gradually program the replace-
ment of a number of rather inefficient wet chemical processes.
This should reduce to a minimum the amount of space
assigned to chemical mix facilities, tank farms and wash
tanks, etc.;! 25X1
NRO
It will speed up the production of
briefing boards and target delineation prints by decreasing
the processing and drying time in the Photo Lab. Even
more important, the development of a positive-to-positive
(reversal film) will permit the photointerpreter to
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T) rT
utilize photographic enhancement techniques on a routine
basis within their normal work stations. Things like
file copies, work prints and varied density cuts will
now be made quickly and efficiently by the PI thus speeding
up the exploitation process.
3. Conventional Reproduction Objective.
a. Begin in FY-71 to develop an automated step-and-
repeat contact printer for rapid production of
b. Begin in FY-71 to develop methods and equipment for
production and handling film chips or cut film
(smaller than full frame).
25X1
INIKO
25X1
25X1
NRO
E R
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b. As the current Chip Implementation Investigation
(FY-69/70) progresses, certain areas for research
and development will appear; some of the probable
areas are printers, processors, viewers for
reproduction, and handling.
Storage and retrieval, transmission, and associated
handling problems, as pertains to NPIC, will also
be investigated.
B. Program Progress.
1. Dry Silver. The Center has been funding dry silver
materials research and development contracts since
FY-65. The fruits of this development are now beginning
to pay off. Paper and film materials of good quality
are near production. Equipment to print and process
these materials are also being developed.
As a result of a cost sharing-no fee research and develop-
ment contract, the
25X1
NRO
is investing in the 25X1
quality and quantity pilot plant production of negative
acting reproduction films for reconnaissance photography.
Contact printing and photo enlarging paper are presently
entering the pilot plant scale-up production, with some
improvement in photo speed. The photo enlarging paper
should be available by 30 June 1970. A dry heat processed
diazo (no ammonia) has been developed to provide an
immediate positive-to-positive reproduction capability
for the PI's. This material is in pilot plant production.
A processor for this material is scheduled for delivery
in December 1969. The ultimate positive-to-positive
reconnaissance reproduction material is still in research
and, as such, has the associated research risks.
However, the pay-off potential of this material is
great. A versatile, high-quality, positive-acting
reproduction system will allow virtual elimination of
useless negatives and inter-negatives.
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Special processing equipment for this dry process
material has also been developed. As of now a step-
and-repeat printer with a hot air knife processor has
been assembled and is in operation as support of the
materials development. High speed processors for roll
film and paper have also been fabricated and are in a
6- to 12-month T&E program at the present time. In
addition, a sheet film hot air knife processor and a
40-inch wide enlarging paper processor are being assembled
and are scheduled for delivery in June 1970.
As a result of the promise of these experimental model
developments, it is expected that in FY-70 prototype
developments will be initiated to produce a dry diazo
printer and an enlarger reader printer. This equipment
will be used in the PI area to facilitate their function.
C. Program Plans.
1. Alternatives.
a. Dry Silver. The alternative is to follow the con-
ventional, wet-chemical process which is expensive,
time- and space-consuming, and presents considerably
greater logistical problems.
25X1
I
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fi
1~s sc~ j 4 .3 i~ ?///n
2. Approaches Selected.
a. Dry Silver. The immediate plan is to develop
material and equipment to reproduce operational
imagery material at a quality equal to conventional
photo lab processing.
NRO
c. Conventional Repo~duction Development (FY-71/76).
The specific plan here will be a function of the
pending decisions on chip implementation within NPIC,
25X1
NRO
requirements, and the impact of
new acquisition systems.
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tl,40 4 December 196
6. OVERHEAD PIIC)TOGI'RAIIIIY/MFNSI]RA'ATION
A. Program Objective(FY-70/72) . To develop the capability to
more precisely and more efficiently measure images for
subsequent conversion to accurate ground dimensions and to
more accurately define mensuration errors in. order to
optimize mensuration techniques, photogrammetric measuring
equipment, and mensuration accuracy statements contained in
intelligence reports.
Rationale. Accurate measurements are an intrinsic element
of the imagery exploitation process. They often serve as
key factors in the basic identification of targets imaged on
the film and provide an essential data base fundamental to
any quantitative, detailed, technical analysis based upon
data extracted from recorded imagery.
1. Technological Base Objective (FY-69/76). Perform basic
and applied research in precise mensuration so as to
develop a technological base for use in developing
future measuring equipment. Investigate, evaluate, and
develop the basic components of measuring systems to
determine the best light sources, optical systems,
reticles, controls, and measuring engines necessary to
optimize future mensuration equipment. Isolate and
evaluate mensuration error sources, and improve the
precision of mensuration accuracy statements to further
improve the intelligence reporting process.
Rationale. Mensuration instruments are extremely expen-
sive to produce; their cost is directly related to their
accuracy. As a consequence, they should be no more
accurate than necessary to perform their intended
function. In order to determine this fundamental
accuracy level, we must have a thorough technical knowledge
of the mensuration error process, and we must optimize
individual components of the measuring system so that.
the comnonent will not be the "weak link" in the total
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L - 41 .1
system. This same technological data base is a necessary
input to further refinement of'the dimensional error
statements contained, in NPIC quantitative reports.
These error statements govern the confidence an analyst
can place in the validity of a stated dimension.
ments to efficiently utilize
2. Equipment for Photogrammetrist Objective (FY-70/76).
Develop both general purpose and highly sophisticated
ultra-precise mensuration instruments for use by photo-
grammetrists. Major emphasis will be upon stereo mensura-
tion, lowering the cost of production units, and designing
for high reliability and easy maintainability. Early
efforts will be directed toward developing medium accuracy
equipment to fill an existing gap between the ultra-
precise and coarse accuracy measuring instruments
currently available and in adapting our present instru-
Rationale. The photogrammetrist.requires more versatile,
sophisticated instrumentation than the PI in order to
perform his detailed, complex mensuration analysis.
These equipments will incorporate the very best techniques
and components developed through our studies and research
as a part of our growing technological base. Special
emphasis will be required for stereo mensuration in
order to improve our ability to measure heights. Large
inputs of may present future problems in
the areas of viewing optics, multiple layer films and
specialized distortions. Modification will have to be
investigated.
3. Equipment for. Photointerpreters Objectives (FY-71/76).
Develop s mi--sophisticated measuring instruments for use
by imagery interpreters in their own work spaces during
everyday operations. Toward this end, we will produce
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4-
equipment, such as measuring stages, digitized light
tables, etc., that can be utilized for rapid, comparative-
type measurements made during normal imagery exploitation
operations, making sure that future equipments are
adaptable to and that current equipment
is modified to accept it. Highly reliable, maintenance
free equipment is essential and a definite development
goal.
Rationale. Many comparative-type and non-critical
measurements can be, and have been, performed by the
photointerpreters, thereby speeding up the imagery exploita-
tion process. With the advent of high volume acquisition
systems, this measuring process could cut heavily into
our available PI man-hours which are already in short
supply. As a consequence, this process must be made as
efficient and rapid as, possible. Maximum automation is
a specific goal., with high reliability to reduce the amount
of down time.
4. Automation of Mensuration Objective (FY-71/76). Identify
potential. applications of automation to the mensuration
process and implement the most promising applications.
One area of considerable promise is a semi-automation of
the mensuration pointing process by combining the better
features of, a comparator and a microdensitometer into
a single versatile piece of equipment.
Rationale. Pointing--placing the reference point on
the extremes of the image to be measured--is a tedious
and time-consuming manual operation. This-is particularly
true with low contrast imagery where the edges are difficult
to define. In these areas a microclensitometer can help
define the edges automatically, and probably more
accurately, thus expediting the entire measurement process.
B. Program Progress. There has been considerable progress toward
these objectives to date. In .$f f under multi -ple year
funding, a prec.i.sion stereo comparator will be completed
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and delivered to the Center. This instrument is intended
for ultratl-ptecisc work by the photogrammetrists and ih -
corporates many advanced features such as .5 micron accuracy,
automatic correlation of the stereo imagery, and the capability
to use roll film,on large format stages, i.e., the original
negative for maximum fidelity.
A digitized light table for use by the interpreter has been
developed under FY-69 funding. This instrument will undergo
operational testing during the next few months. This instru-
ment is connected on-line to the Center's 494 computer and
will permit immediate readout of either ground dimensions
or film coordinates from roll film while the film is still
on a normal, operational PI light table.
FY-69 and FY-70 funds were utilized to support certain
critical. in-house studies of mensuration errors and how
they effect our mensuration procedures and equipment. The
information thus gained will be utilized as a foundation for
future studies and for the future development of advanced
mensuration instrumentation.
Utilizing FY-68 funding, a PI on-line comparator was produced
for use by the photointerpreter. This is a stereo instrument
for measuring stereo images on cut film chips and is designed
for use in detailed interpretation. It can be used to measure
heights and is on--line to the Center's centralized UNIVAC 494
computer. It is a medium precision instrument with accuracy
in the 2 micron region.
C. Program Plans.
1. Technological Base.
a. Alternatives. The majority of the work on mensuration error
analysis could be done in-house, utilizing
operational personnel. when, and if, man-hours
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are available. This approach has major dis-
advantages because it could tie up key opera-
tional personnel and/or delay the research
effort so much that the technical answers
acquired are too late to effect contemporary
equipment designs..
(2) The major portion of mensuration error analysis
could be contracted out. The major disadvantage
.is that specific tasks related to this analysis
still require major inputs of man-hours from
operational personnel.
(3) The hybrid approach would perform certain key
tasks, requiring large operational inputs; in-
house while contracting for support in the
other areas. Major disadvantage is that a
rather high degree of coordination would be
required.
b. Approaches Selected. The. hybrid approach is selected.
We will attempt to obtain the advantages of both
systems, while minimizing the obvious coordination
problems by very intensive monitoring.
2. Equipment for the Photogrammetrist.
a. Alternatives. There is little alternative here. We
either continue, as pr_ograitimed in our objectives, or
we accept current equipment as being adequate and
stop the development of advanced prototypes. We would
then concentrate on modifications to existing equipment.
b. Approach Selected. Continue to develop advanced
measuring equipment concentrating on high reliability
and reasonable cost with maximum operational
efficiency as stated in our objectives. To not seek.
these advances in efficiency would leave the Center
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at the mercy of major inputs from sophisticated, now
acquisition systems and in the position of possibly
not being able to perform our mission.
3. Equipment for the Photointerpreter.
a. Alternatives.
(1) To develop new instruments as projected by
our objectives.
(2) To have the photogrammetrists make all the
measurements.
b. Approach Selected. Approach one was selected since
approach two appears unrealistic since it would
increase duplication, require an increased T/O,
and materially slow down the over-all exploitation
process.
4. Automation of Mensuration.
(1) Continue to utilize conventional techniques
and equipment to measure subliminal images and
thereby accept the inherent losses in accuracy
and in time spent trying to accurately point on
images with ill defined edges.
(2) Attempt to develop equipment and techniques to
implement a more sophisticated and scientific
approach to the problem.
b. Approach Selected. To not select approach two is
to be ultimately out distanced by the technology of
future acquisition systems. Furthermore, option
two has the inherent promise of increasing the quality
and speed of our measurements with some possible future
savings in manpower.
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SECRET
7. OVERHEAD P1IOTOGRAIPFIY/TEST AND EVALUATION
r fill va rA;n
; and
5 December 1969
of E ciw Lt~ULi 3 dnd
define the significance of equipment and techniques pertinent to
NPIC imagery. exploitation operations.
Rationale. The rapidly advancing technology of imagery acquisition
systems and intelligence analysis techniques produces a commensurate
pressure for technological development on.NPIC exploitation operations.
Exploitation equipment and techniques which are developed in
response to this pressure are generally of such an advanced nature
that processes for specifying and measuring their performance are
non-existent or at best poorly defined. The absence of these pro-
cesses limits the evaluation in large part to subjective judgments.
The objective of this program is to identify the situations in
which such knowledge, techniques and equipment are lacking, anticipate
the need , and develop whatever is required to objectively evaluate
the particular advanced technology in order to establish its net
worth to NPIC operations. Information derived from the subsequent
test and evaluation processes will not only identify which new
developments should be considered by management for incorporation
into Center operations, but will also provide knowledge and guide-
lines to the R&D effort which will result in more meaningful and
appropriate performance specifications for new development require-
ments.
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B. Program Progress. The T&E development program is in the first
stages of formalization, however there are several accomplishments
to date which are noteworthy.
ceer i '~' f. A study has l`c :ii pcrfunne.U to defitic the
accuracy limits io dimensional comparators of conventional
design. Information from this study was used to evaluate the
performance specifications postulated for the High Precision
Stereo Comparator being developed under the Mensuration Program.
It has also been used in establishing the test procedures that
will. be used in evaluating the comparator performance.
2. Simulated Imagery. Special imagery simulating the characteristics
of systems such as theF--]but which has been carefully cali-25X1
brated, is being developed to test the performance of the High
Precision Stereo Comparator (HPSC) and the Automated Stereoscanner
(AS).
Test Plans. Detailed test plans have been developed to assure
that the testing of these two devices (HPSC and AS) is compre-
hensive and meaningful. Since there is no precedent for either
of the devices, much of the test design required original work.
These test plans include the operational significance as well
as the technical performance aspects of the equipment.
t+. Calibration Device. Due to the high order of accuracy (1 micron
with .2 micron least count) for the HPSC a special calibration device
will be developed in FY-70 in order to test and calibrate the
HPSC.
111
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SECRET
5. Dry Silver. Special consultation arrangements have been made
with the National Bureau of Standards to develop sensitometric
J,,
tit 1'0T' ',11(' dFf
I Oil I! t'_ :V'E'iC?rir3
project a special sensitometric processor will be developed in
FY-70-
6. Resolution Test Target. The present most satisfactory method
of evaluating the resolution performance of optical components
and systems is by a qualified technologist reading a resolution
test target displayed through the optics. A special resolution
target will be developed in FY-70 which will increase the
objectivity of this testing process.
C. Program Plans.
1. Alternatives. The need for thorough and technologicalysound
test and evaluation of R&D products is well-established; however,
the requirement becomes even more evident as the R&D becomes
more complex and-less directly relatable to existing operations.
This type of evolution is typical to the maturation of an
R&D program--NPIC's is no exception. Accordingly an Engineering
Support Division has been established at NPIC to accomplish the
test, evaluation and maintenance operations required for the
information, techniques and equipment products of the NPIC R&D
Staffing of this Engineering Support Division is currently
limited so that development of the special advanced techniques
SECR E T
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Lint i
and equipment required for some of the T&E operations is beyond
their capacity. An alternative would be to increase that
staffing, and perform more of this T&E development work in-house.
lri v.t: of t e iniier~u~ limi.f a ien s orr Lhe
number of in-house personnel who can be assigned to the T&E task,
a contractual support program for the development of the highly
specialized equipment and techniques required for test and evalua-
tion of advanced exploitation equipment has been established.
The milestones of this program will be in terms of timely
provision of the required equipment and techniques to the
Engineering Support Division. The evidence. will be in terms of
objectively conclusive T&E results and reports being accomplished.
Some of the more significant development products that will
require special T&E equipment and techniques are as follows:
a.
b.
c.
FY-70/72. Dry silver photo materials.
FY-71. High Precision Stereo Comparator.
FY-71/72. Automated Stereoscanner.
d.
e.
f.
g.
FY-71. Target Indexing Device.
FY-71. Image Comparison Microstereoscope.
FY-72. Ultra Violet Rear Projection System.
FY-72. Wide-Field High Power Stereomicroscope.
h.
FY-73/76.
25X1
i.
NRO
FY-73/76. Image Manipulation Equipment.
SECRET
PAPER
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k. FY-7476. Advanced Information Display Systems.
1. FY-74/76. Automated Mensuration System.
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tur ai vR ,
Research and Engineering Division
Program Narratives
I. Accomplishments. TSSG/RED accomplishments are generally covered
within the RD&E program submission and as such will not be reiterated
here. There are, however, a number of accomplishments related to
the in-house activities of the Reconnaissance Systems Branch and
the Exploratory Laboratory of the Advanced Technology Branch--
integral elements of the Research & Engineering Division,-which
are not covered in this submission. These accomplishments are as
follows:
A. Reconnaissance Systems Branch
1. The Reconnaissance Systems Branch developed a short time
pad, or camera exposure burst, technique in support of
NRO/SOC. This technique provided the intelligence
community with 24% more targets acquired per mission-- 25X1
at no increase in cost.
2. The Branch provided full-time participation in a CIA
effort related to the planning for the development and
exploitation of a
3. Branch personnel developed a quick-reaction method of
determining the correct positions of missed targets for
use in subsequent acquisition programs. Utilizing this
system, the number of targets missed has been radically
reduced.
4. "Standing Prerequisites for the Exploitation of Collection
Systems", a definitive specification was prepared and
distributed.
5. The Branch supplied, to operations at F__] detailed
requirements for future ~. emphemerides such as the MCD. 25X1
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6. RSB completed guideline studies regarding sun angle/exposure
requirements that have provided superior vehicle programming
operations.
7. A preliminary manual was written and distributed to
the community.
8. The Reconnaissance Systems Branch succeeded in establishing
NPIC altitude requirements through COMIREX for imple-
mentation by the NRO.
B. Exploratory Laboratory.
1. The Laboratory has demonstrated a system of ultraviolet
radiation and special photoprocessing which can be utilized
to monitor potential sources of unauthorized disclosure of
classified information. Our laboratory experiments with
these techniques proved that reconnaissance film, with the
photographic emulsion stripped off, still retained latent
classified information capable of being reconstituted by
special techniques. This was also true of standard view-
graph backing materials. The need was demonstrated for
controlled disposal of these wastes to ensure tight security.
2. Equipment to establish a photometric standard was success-
fully designed and built in order to achieve a consistent
measure of light table brightness. Copies of this instru-
ment are calibrated by the Exploratory Laboratory and then
supplied as GFE to vendors for determining if light tables
conform to procurement specifications.
3. In-house experimentation proved that a technique for
directly viewing an original negative as a positive image--
suggested by a contractor--was totally unsuitable for NPIC
requirements. This knowledge terminated consideration of
R&D program to develop a prototype.
4. An exploratory experiment indicated that for image detail
of less than 50 microns in size, Dual Gamma and Trenton
processing both produce the same mensuration results. This
had been an area of considerable speculation.
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5. Sixty-seven individual grid patterns of four different
geometries were produced in support of the = Stereo-
comparitor Project. These high-precision units serve to
calibrate the optical components of this equipment and will
be utilized in its acceptance checks.
6. Laboratory derived knowledge provided APSD with factual
data on the use of matte particles in aerial films.
Exploratory Laboratory produced photomicrographs of micro-
tomed film slices gave additional insight into the problem
created by particle interference when reconnaissance
imagery is viewed under very high magnifications.
II. Program Plans.
A. Statement of DDI Objectives. Develop equipment and techniques
to improve the efficiency of imagery exploitation.
B. Statement of NPIC Objectives.
1. Research, Development & Engineering Management Support.
a. Provide research, development, and engineering support
to the Center's imagery exploitation effort and to the
other elements of the imagery exploitation community
to the extent of the Center's capability.
b. Maintain a laboratory staff and facility that under-
takes research in the photosciences and identifies
new areas for development and engineering.
c. Provide technical coordination and liaison with the
developers of new acquisition systems and provide
the Center's operational components with information
on the nature and impact of future reconnaissance
systems upon Center operations.
d. Promote coordinated equipment procurement programs as
a means of cost-savings.
e. Apply an R&D project management system which establishes
an effective means of needs analysis, contractor
selection, project justification, and monitoring.
TOP SECRET
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C. Discussion of Objectives.
1. Requirements. In addition to the obvious requirement
for the development of appropriate technology to support
current operations, the systematic and efficient exploitation
of a broadening spectrum of reconnaissance imagery dictates
the continuing development of an extensive family of
advanced equipments, materials, and techniques keyed to
the specific handling requirements imposed by the collection
systems themselves. NPIC attempts, through the Reconnais-
sance Systems Branch, to maintain an awareness of, and a
responsiveness to, the exploitation implications contained
in the imagery from progressively more advanced and diverse
acquisition systems. Because of the complex technology
involved, NPIC often must become an integral part of the
system development team during its early stages. At the
same time, we are in a unique position to evaluate and
predict the impact and effectiveness of technical changes
occurring in reconnaissance technology. Thus, NPIC's
research and development must not only accommodate current
and impending changes in the imagery inputs to the Center,
but must also provide the means to "feed back" to imagery
suppliers those objective data and analyses which will
tend to upgrade both the quality of the product and the
efficiency of the subsequent imagery exploitation process.
Under NSCID 8 and the National Tasking Plan, NPIC has an
additional responsibility to provide research and
development support to, and to promote joint procurement
programs with, other members of the intelligence community
currently engaged in National-level imagery exploitation.
Because these members work with the same collection products
it is expected that this requirement can be met without
the creation of additional programs. Through the mechanism
of the Exploitation Research and Development Subcommittee
of COMIREX (EXRAND), these efforts are thoroughly discussed
and appropriately scaled to specific community needs before
they are permitted to become candidates for Center implementa25X1
tion. 1a eyana;.,'
-4-
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lur Ntlf l
D. Method of Approach. Primarily because of over-all funding
limitation, NPIC has, in the past, found it necessary to
emphasize short-range, quick-pay-off projects at the general
expense of longer range programs which would have provided
a more systematic approach to the development of new exploita-
tion systems, equipment, materials, and techniques, while at
the same time, advancing the over-all state-of-the-art. This
approach has generally been able to provide the Center with
essential exploitation equipments, while at the same time,
providing reasonable economy. This approach worked for three
primary reasons; first, the earlier acquisition systems, while
state-of-the-art, were not overly sophisticated by today's
standards; second, there was so much initial work to be done--
so many items of equipment of known parameters which had to be
developed; and third, the Center was in a period of somewhat
unrestricted growth--when a difficult problem arose, more
manpower was applied.
The situation has changed; the new acquisition systems are
highly sophisticated and are becoming more so; most basic
equipments of known parameters have been built; and the Center
now has fixed personnel resources. With this change in
situation, it appears realistic that our RD&E approach also
change.
We are now entering an era in which there will be inputs from
a growing number of extremely complex acquisition systems.
This era will require a corresponding broad systems approach
to the development of exploitation-equipment. With this over-all
increase in sophistication, the technical unknowns will rapidly
expand producing corresponding increases in the technical
risks and the development costs involved. In order to minimize
these technical risks and reduce development costs to acceptable
levels, NPIC must develop a very systematic and pragmatic approach.
First, we must judiciously establish a broad technological
foundation based upon a sound research program consisting of
prudent studies and selected feasibility breadboarding. We
must, at the earliest possible moment in the development cycle,
TOP
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
717.
TOP
isolate the component areas of maximum technical risk and
establish solutions prior to implementing total systems which
may still contain fundamental weaknesses. We must establish
multiple-phased programs with prudent milestones and numerous
key check points, while at the same time providing an effective
R&D management system designed to make maximum utilization of
these tools. This is both a methodical and practical approach;
however, it is both time-consuming and expensive; nevertheless,
in the long run, it will ultimately prove to be cheaper.
Our FY-72/76 R&D projection is based upon anticipated needs in
individual program categories. There are assumptions made which
may, or may not, prove valid later on. However, the over-all
approach is to develop a balanced program with some effort
directed toward each category, using the best judgements and
estimates now available, and subsequently, scaling the total
R&D program to a reasonable level.
Stemming from efforts currently underway, an integrated exploi-
tation system will have evolved early in the FY-72/76 period
which will provide a foundation for subsequent research and
development concepts. Data from the PI Process Research and
Image Analysis and Manipulation programs, for example, will
be readily available to locate and define the most significant
areas requiring future research and development and will provide
specific performance requirements. By the middle or end of
this period, automated assistance will be available from the
Imagery Interpretation Instruments and Techniques program to
provide a significant part of the administrative and collateral 25X1
information required for exploitation processing on a
basis. This will include image quality manipulation and
evaluation, automatic target location, automatic target changes,
current correlated colateral data, and analysis of existing
and new data inputs by the interpreter. During the latter
half of the planning period, equipment will be developed for
appropriate utilization of various forms of unconventional and
restored imagery and reporting, which will, in 25X1
-6-
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 25X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
v! 0A.U.411 I
.= hvide the.technical basis for integrating and absorbing
into Center operation any radically different imagery inputs
from a system, which is expected to
have considerable impact on the utilization of imagery for
intelligence purposes.
E. Alternatives Considered.
a. One obvious alternative is a continuation of research
and development at about our current levels. Conservatively,
if we specify one or more of the newly-emphasized, major
program areas as being beyond NPIC's compass, and if the
National-level exploitation effort is willing to pick up
the slack, significant increments could be taken out of
the Agency budget picture altogether.
At the other extreme, it would be quite possible to project
that the total research and development effort in imagery
exploitation--directed toward strategic purposes--could be
put under NPIC's direction. This would appear counter-
productive, however, in that NPIC does not have either the
physical base nor the total operational perspective necessary
to perform all the work for all potential users.
Another alternative is that we could encourage a climate
in which NPIC's research and development depends to some
extent on outside funding, DOD, ACDA, etc. This
course has the advantage of centralizing talent and resources,
but in a practical sense, it requires both initiative and
cooperation on the part of other agencies above and beyond
contemporary expectations. It may be that by utilizing
a system approach, rather than a project-oriented approach,
we can make this a practical proposition, inasmuch as
direct project control then becomes an unimportant aspect
as long as the definition of the final objective is mutual
among the sponsors.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
 25X1 ___ AL 11. n r% r"r
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
b. Risks Involved. NPIC has of necessity begun a transition
away from the emphasis on "short-term, quick pay-off"
projects; since, this "short-term" approach cannot be
pursued indefinitely. Most of the obvious projects have been
investigated or developed, and while such projects will
always have a high priority, we can readily foresee that
we can no longer obtain significant major technical
accomplishments without first establishing significant
preliminary groundwork. The effect of this change will be
to reduce risks over the long haul at a relatively modest
increase in cost, and perhaps more important, to allow for
the insurance of eventual success in over-all programs which
are built up of numerous, individual, small projects which
are, in themselves, inherently risky.
F. Coordination. NPIC will continue to conduct coordination of
research and development activities in accordance with established
Agency procedures, and through the mechanism of EXRAND, which
provides a unique focal point for exchanges of information.
There will be no lessening of the coordinating and up-dating
activity NPIC pursues through the dissemination of equipment
catalogs and R&D News Notes.
G. Resources Required. In line with the increased level of tech-
nology to be developed within the planning period and with
changes in the technical areas of emphasis, it will be necessary
to expand our technical resources in certain critical areas,
such as electro-optics, electronics, and computer technology.
The extent to which this will take place will be a direct
function of NPIC involvement in future collection systems such
During the five-year period, a higher level of research and
development funds will be needed to pay the costs of phased
development contracts with private industry and for other
service contracts applicable to modification of equipment on
hand, to provide individual consulting services, and for
satisfying immediate operational needs.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
SECRET
(!When Filled In)
FY-71
Component
TSSG/RED
Planning Level `v
(Thousands)
Date 8 December 1969
Object Class
~~'f ~iSCk551J+- w~Ye.?+?-YES
Priority
Item
Unit Price
Quantity
Total Price
Justification/Comments
,.25X1
Crucial
Psychologist
GS-13
Expanding requirements in the area of human factors research,
primarily directed toward in-house support to our operational
co
t
ill
i
th
mponen
s, w
requ
re
e addition of another psychologist
o s to our staff. He will be used primarily for performing in-house
fr,Ko s(e{ data reduction and developing experimental designs with respect
h~
to vision studies, PI Test Batteries, and in support of TICOF
and other human factors programs.
Crucial
Photo-Scientist
GS-13
1
25X1
``~
During FY-70 we began laying a foundation for an expanded program
i
i
n
mage analysis, image manipulation, and image restoration in
an attempt to lay a broad technical foundation for future R&D
l
tFfs1 (I~l~~w~
programs. Our expanding efforts in this area require the additio
of one 1 photo-scientist to help the presently overworked
S~. gurY ~`
/
personnel currently assigned to the Imagery Technology Section.
,rucial
Supervisory
GS-14
1
s
With the increased emphasis in image manipulation and analysis an
Photo-Technologist
(DC
Adva
ced T
h
l
FY 7' 7r~
imagery interpretation research starting in FY-70 and continuing
7
,
n
ec
ogy
no
Bra
ch)
t{-
.~ through FY-76, the Advanced Technology Branch will expand from it
n
current level of 13 to 15. A Deputy Chief will be needed in orde
r9lfp. /
to efficiently direct the efforts of this number of technical
, ~v
/
ter
people because of the diverse nature of the functions incorporate
d
under this branch. These functions cover abroad spectrum of bot
~
contractual and in-house projects in the areas of image manipulat
~frecwY ~
J
image analysis, image reconstruction, human factors research, hum
_t. S i3
a f
r
engineering, and the physiology of vision. This is in addition t
the extensive scientific investigations of our in-house Explorato
Laboratory.
aefaatr t
S
G-f,
SECRET
(When Filled Tnt
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
n
d
s
r
d
h
i
on,
an
o
ry
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
Component TSSG/RED
Object Class
Priority
Electro-Optical Engineers
Planning Level
(Thousands)
GS-13
Quantity
2
(1) FY-72
(1) FY-73
SECRET
(When Filled In)
FY-72 - 76
programs which will be coming to fruition during the
planning period.
Optical-Physicist
- E- e hn c an
Physical Scientist (E.E.)
GS-1314
1 ti
FY-72
1
FY-72
1
FY-72
I
Date 8 December 1969
Justification/Comments
These engineers will be required to implement the expanding
exploitation systid t
ems requreo efficiently interpret
The growing sophistication of the complex optical systems required
for current and future viewing and mensuration systems -- required
25X1xploit the imagery from every more complex acquisition systems--
dictates that we must expand our technical expertise in the area of
optical design and fabrication. This position for an Optical -
Physicist is in direct response to that requirement.
Needed to relieve the Physical Scientist from routine time.cpuMming
tasks in order to make them more productive.
Needed to phase in on real time R&D. Man should have strong
background in information theory.
J25X1tional ADP Personnel have been requested but are not a part
of this exhibit. They are included in the ADP Annex.
1 I
c
d
w t y
V_0
( L t,, -
JLVIILI
" i
(When Filled Tn) t~~ us~,
r Y z. -~-
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
SECRET
(When Filled In)
FY-71
Component
Object Class
Priority
TSSG/RED
Electro-Optical Physicist
Secretary-Steno
Planning Level $
(Thousands)
Quantity
fa k? re t7 r-
!lwce
Lx rr.l
Date 8 December 1969
Justification/Comments
25X1
25X1ysicist will be needed to support the Systems Research Branch in
the area ofl I This area of Research &
Development will grow to major proportions during t1 FY-72 - 76
time frame and will require the acquisition of specialized technical
125X1:retary-steno will be required to support the efforts of the
above additional people being added to the Division.
NOTE: These personnel have been requested in FY-71 in order that
we may recruit and train them to a functioning level during
the FY-71 period so that they will be ready to plan and
implement a considerably expanded R&D budget during the time
frame of FY-72 - 76.
SECRET
(When Filled in)
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
SECRET
(When Filled in)
on onent
TSSG/RE
bjcct Class 26 Supplies
i'lanninc; Lcvel
(Thousands)
r
Date 5 December 1969.
:iori.: tem Unit Price
Quantity
,Total Price Justification/Comments
Crucial Electrical Supplies
5
Replacements for worn out components. Parts for in-house fabric2
a~
.experimental equipment. (Tubes, Transistors, Transformers, Relays
etc.)
Crucial `Mechanical and Optical Sup
Replacements for worn out or broken components. Components for
plies
experiments (lens flanges,
shutters, simple lenses.mirrors,
filters, etc.)
Crucial Chemical Supplies
Replacement items required to service the Center and
conduct R&D effort.
Crucial Replacement parts for
E
I To cover replacement lamps and columns for the atomic absorption
Chemical instrumentation
i
and gas chromatograph instruments respectively.
Crucial Photographic Supplies
Essential replacement of 'items required to service the Center and
(Film, paper, chemicals)i
R
I
C
! conduct R&D effort.
E
?
~
I
1
X1
~a
,
FY - 72
SECRET
When F]11(-, r' Tn)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
(When Filled- in)?
Co nonent
"Acct Class
iority
Crucial
Crucial
Crucial
Crucial
Crucial
TSSG/RED
26* Supplies
Ele.ctrical Supplies
(Mechanical and Optical
Supplies
Replacement parts for
chemical instrumentation
Chemical Supplies
]Photographic-Supplies
(Film, Paper, Chemicals)
Planning Level $
(Thousands)
Unit Price .I Quantity
FY = 73
Date '5 December 1969.
Justification/Comments
25X1acements for worn out components. Parts for in-house
fabricated experimental equipment. (Tubes, Transistors, Transformers,
Relays, etc.)
Replacements for worn out or broken components. Components for
experiments (lens flanges, shutters, simple lenses mirrors,
filters, etc.)
To cover replacement lamps and columns for the atomic absorption
and gas chromotograph instruments respectively.
-- Replacement items required to service the Center and
to conduct R&D effort.
Essential replacement of items required to service'the Center
and conduct R&D effort.
SECRET
(When Pi 11Pd '.,1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8 '
_ - _ .....1 .SECRET .
(Mien Filled In), FY - 74
cnponent
.abject Class
TSSG/RFD
26 Supplies
(Thousands)
.25X1
Date 5 December 1969
iority item Unit Price
Quantity'
f
Total Price
Justification/Comments
Crucial Electrical Supplies
I
25r~aX1
F. cements for worn out components. Parts for in-house
fabricated experimental equipment. (Tubes, Transistors, Transform
Relays, etc.)
Crucial iJiechanical and Optical
Replacements for worn out or broken components. Components for
Supplies
, simple lenses mirrors,
experiments (lens flanges, shutters
, etc.)
filters
Crucial Photographic Supplies
-replacement of items required to service the Center
(Film, Paper, Chemicals)
and conduct R&D effort.
Crucial Chemical Supplies
Replacement items required to service the Center
{
and to conduct R&D effort.
Crucial Replacement parts for
To cover replacement lamps and columns for the atomic absorption
Chemical instrumentation
and gas chromotograph instruments respectively.
J
{
.
s
I
'
Planning Level .1 _~
ers,
SECRET
(When in(l T,1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012104/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
(When Filled In)
Component TSSG/REr
Planning Level
Q ect Class 26 Supplies (Thousands)
Date 5. December 1969
Priority Item Unit Price
Quantity
Total Price
Justification/Comments
Crucial Electrical Supplies
I
Hap,acements for worn out components. Parts for in-house
fabricated experimental equipment. (Tubes, Transistors,
Transformers, Relays, etc.)
Crucial 1"echanical and Optical
Replacements for worn out or broken components. Components for
Supplies
!
experiments (lens flanges, shutters, simple lenses mirrors,
filters, etc.)
Crucial Replacement parts for
To cover the replacement lamps and columns for the atomic
Chemical instrumentation
absorption and gas chromatograph instruments respectively.
i
Crucial Photographic Supplies
9 Essential replacement of items required to service the Center
(Film,Paper,:Chemicals)
y .
f
and conduct R&D efforts.
, ,..
Crucial Chemical Supplies
1
.. Replacement items required to service the Center
I
and to conduct R&D effort.
I
I
~
ill
SECRET
(When Filled In)
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
Cnnponent
eject Class
TSSG/RED
26 Supplies
Planning Level Y
(Thousands)
SECRET
(When Filled In)
I
FY - 76.
Oate 5 December 1969
/z
Priority Item
I-
Unit Price
Quantity
`
Total Price justification/Comments
Crucial
Electrical Supplies?
l? 1ucements for worn out components. Parts for in-house
fabricated experimental equipment. (Tubes, Transistors
,
Transformers, Relays, etc.)
Crucial
Mechanical and optical
Replacements for worn out or broken components. Components
Supplies
for experiments (lens flanges, shutters, cimple lenses mirrors,
filters, etc.).
Crucial
Replacement parts for
To cover replacement lamps and columns for the atomic absorption
chemical instrumentation
. and gas chromotograph instruments respectively.
Crucial
Photographic Supplies
Essential replacement of items required to service the Center
(Film, Paper, Chemicals)
and conduct R&D effort.
Crucial
Chemical Supplies
Replacement! items required to service the Center
and to conduct R&D effort.
SFCRcT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
SECRET FY-72
(when Filled In)
^ntonent
TSSG/RED
Date 5 December 1969
Planning Level $ 25X1
'~i,o ect Class 25 Site Preparation (I'housanis)
rio-ity Item Unit Price Quantity
'total Price
Justification/CoTSlents
?
X1sirable Card punch/line printer
^
I
1
I
25X1
_1
I 'LOUa this item in the EL area on-line to the NPIC computer.
!
!
I
I
25
SECRET
(when Fiiierd Tn)
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
f FY- - 72 76
SECRET
(when Filled In)
C ;-:~o e SSG/RD
?bect Liass 26 Supplies
Planning Level
(Thousands)
25X1
Pate 5 December 1969
?:.. Item
Unit Price
Quantity
Total Price
Just ification/Co,rments
Crucial Paper and steno supplies
1
r
25X172
FY-73
FY-74
1
FY-75
I
FY-76
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
SECRET ~ FY-72
(When Filled In)
COMDOrent
1`.icroscope Breadboard
Set
`)' ect b ass 31 Equipment
t ~ C
Crucial Forced draft oven
C~ aci al ;Uaser
Crucial Large Optical Flats
Large Diameter
Good Quality Lenses.
TSSG/RED
Planning Level
Unit Price
Crucial !vonochromator, Special I
Photomiultiplier for
Essential
25X1
tsammma Ynotometer and
NRO
Essenti25X1
NRO
12
4
25X1
Ku has no facility for heating experimental specimens in a.
precise fashion. The forced draft feature of this unit will orov'ide
such capability in the useful temperature range of 400 -- 200?C.
Blue Green laser to allow direct readout of the Analog Image
Manipulation system. The initial experiments are being done with
existing Red lasers which were adequate for experimentation but
pose severe limitations for routine use.
Required to extend the small format results of the Analog Image
Manipulation program to larger format for routine operational use.
The increase in area would be approximately 35X.
RPnuired to breadboard a special microscope which utilizes the
25X11niques developed in theAnalog Image Manipulation program.
25X1
whin the acquisition of these accessories spectral-radiometric
raar] Lys can be made of small areas on From
Date 5 December 1969
JUs t i l cation/Co U;,ents
These chips would serve as input sources in determing
of photographic materials.
High Quality Sensitometeir
could be exactly defined.
s device would provide direct CIE coordinates f
25X1 from 0
u,?lples and larger area photography. This would be necessary
for determination of re-nroduction of specific objects.
25X1
25X1 NRO
This device would be capable of producing accurate, repeatible ex-
posures in film so processing could be monitored and film evaluated
under a white light exposure.
Quantity
Total Price
SECRET
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
 C 3.ponent
TSSG/REP
ct Class 31 Equipment
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04113: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
V FY-72
SECRET
(When Filled In)
Planning Level $ Total included on
(Thousands) attached sheet.
bate 5 December 1968
~y item
r.~.ri-
Unit Price Quantity
Total Price Justi:ication/Co;~s,,en2s
25X1
Essential
1
This is a temperature controlled processor for rapid development
25X1
aterial.
of
NRO
25X1 25X1
ff 25X1
Desirable Card punch/line printer
1
obtain a listing of R&D informa
which has been stored on punch cards, for various NPIC component
Crucial Digitized Macrodensitome
ker
This device would produce computer compatible density data that
for Computer Input
could be manipulated for curve plotting, gamma measurement and
statistical analysis for R&D.
Essential Desk top computer
Present laboratory calculators do not have sufficient capability
Olivetti
to do
very many of the tasks required to reduce experimental
data. They can't be programmed to handle complex egtion. Thi
instrument is also needed to help in the reduction and analysis
of in-house Human Factors data.
Crucial Micro Camera
1-
Needed to produce high quality reticles and resolution targets.
Crucial iTn-Conventional Processo
rs
1
If we are to evaluate non-conventional photographic materials, w
will need the proper equipment to precisely expose and process t
materials. Since it is not known which materials will be availa
i
at what time, K is allowed each year to provide the necessary eq
ment. Cost includes processors for two types of materials.
Desirable Ultrasonic Cleaner
1
To get sufficient cleanliness for vacuum coating and AIR.
Desirable Thickness Gauge
1
Needed to increase the labs capability to deposit optical coatin
accurately.
i
I
t
SECRET
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04113: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
ti
on,
s.
s
e
hese
ble
uip-
gs
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04113: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
SECRET
(When Filled In)
ConNone; .
ty
25X1
Crucial
Planning Level
(Thousands) '
Quantity
Ex-
perimental equipment
TSSG/REI'
31 Equipment
r-Conventional
Processor
1uArc Printer Lamp
15
hate 5 December 1969
25X1
C :. nuation and improvement in ELTs capabiiities for
evaluating non-conventional photographic materials.
During the next two years) systems will
be a reality. This expenditure will provide equipment for basic
experimentation with imagery so acquired.
These filters allow precise exposure of narrow wavelength bands as
isolate individual layers of
IE
I To work with interference filters above. 25X1 NRO
Existing lasers will be beyond their life expectancy and replace-
ment be more practical. The only relatively new laser will be in
use in a specific program. The others will allbe vintage 1965
or older.
SECRET
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
Co: Do vent
SSG/RE_'D
C', ject Class 31 Equipment
Priority
25X1-noial E -
25X1
perimental Equipment
Crucial
Sensitometric Processor
Essential Replacement Filters
(interference)
Essential { Replacement Munsell
Chips
-
Essential
25X1
NRO
Planning Level
(Thousands)
Unit Price
Quantity
S CRET
(When Filled in)
FY-74
llate 5 December 1959
Just ification/Corimerts
25X1
125X1Kpand the capability for basic experimentation and analysis
of the output of systems.
Continuation and improvements in the ETA's capabilities for
evaluating non-conventional photographic materials.
Filters are delicate and are easily broken; therefore, replace-
ments must be available.
Chips will be handled and are easily damaged. Replacements must
then be available.
Modified light source filters if a new standard "D" source is
established.
SECRET
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
Component
)sect Class
TSSC/RED
31 Equipment
SECRET
Date 5 December 1969
Planning Level $
(Thousands)
priority
item
unit Price
Quantity Total Price
Justification/comments
25X1
5XVrucial
Ex-
!
25X1, r of
xpand the capability for basic experiment atior . and ara,yS4S C)_
perimental Equipment
the output of systems.
Crucial
Sensitometric Processor
25X1
_?_~inuation and improvements of the Laboratory's capabilities
in evaluating non-conventional photographic materials.
Essential
Ektamatic Processor
5Xlvice for stabilization print and film processing for rapid 25X1
access work. NRO
Essential
10
Needed for measuring resolution of *various
Essential
Recalibration of equipment, and modification of available equip-
ment will be needed'to update standards, etc.
25X1
I
NRO
{
i
.
SECRET
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2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
one nt
~ihjcct C lass
Priority
25X1-ucial
Crucial
Essential
25X1
TSSG/RED
31 Equipment
Ex-
Improvements to
Sensitcmetric Processor
!disc, Photo-Equipment
in support of
systems
Planning Level $
(Thousands) r
Quantity
SECRET
(When Filled In)
FY-76
Late 5 December 1969
just i:FiCatiOn/Co-.-=ents
125X1 and the capability for basic experimentation and analysis
of the output of systems.
G25X1inuation and improvement in EL's capabilities for evaluating
non-conventional photographic materials.
Photographic Apparatus(. processing, exposing, etc.) will need
modification to be used in combination with CRT type imagery.
SFrRPP.T
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
FY - 72 -- 76
5F CZiiT
(when Filled In)
;:om;Poa ent
",jcct Class
TSSG/RED
41 Grant Program
iority Item,
Crucial R1T Grant Program
Planning Level $
(Thousands)
Unit Price Quantity
Date 5 December 1969
Justification/Comments
W25X1 provide low cost senior and graduate level research investigators
in the fields of photo-physics and photo-chemistry and other areas
of mutual interest. Planned for the level for each of the
years FY-72 --:76,
SECRET
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
I SECRET 5.
(When Filled In)
FY-71
Component TSSG RED
Object Class 21
Planning Level
(Thousands)
Date 9 December 1969
Priority
Item
Unit Price
Quantity
Total Price
Justification/Comments
Critical
Travel (FY-71)
25X1
This travel is required to:
1.
. Monitor Research & Development contracts for the purpose
assuring contractor compliance with technical and contrac
specifications and successful delivery of the final produ
desired. It is an essential element of Research & Develo
ment management;
Review current Government and industrial R&D efforts and
determine contractor capabilities and their knowledge of
the state-of-the-art;.and
3. Provide technical coordination and liaison with the devel
of new acquisition systems to obtain information for the
Center's Research & Development effort and for the operat
components, on the nature and impact upon the Center's
operations of changes in reconnaissance technology;
4. Contact professional consultants to discuss existing and
anticipated problems and attend professional meetings and
seminars for the purpose of expanding the technical and
managerial capabilities of assigned scientific and engine
personnel.
Travel for items (1), (2), and (3) is considered to be Priority I,
critical. Travel for item (4) is considered to be Priority 2,
advantageous. This item is small and makes up only 5 per cent of
total travel costs.
SECRET
(When Filled in)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
RED's
of
tual
ct
p-
opers
ional
ering
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
Component
Object Class
TSSG/RED
SECRET
(!When Filled In)
FY-72 - 76
Planning Level
(Thousands)
Date 8 December 1969
Priority
Item
Unit Price
Quantity
Total Price
Justification/Comments
Critical
Travel (FY-72)
25X1
'nis travel is required to:
Travel (FY-73)
1. Monitor Research & Development contracts for the purpose
Travel (FY-74)
of assuring contractor compliance with technical and con-
tractual specifications and successful delivery of the
fi
Travel (FY-75)
product desired. It is an essential element of Research
Development management;,
Travel (FY-76)
2. Review current Government and industrial R&D efforts and
determine contractor capabilities and their knowledge of
the state-of-the-art; and
3. Provide technical coordination and liaison with the
developers of new acquisition systems to obtain informati
for the Center's Research & Development effort and for th
operational components, on the nature and impact upon the
Center's operations of changes in reconnaissance technolo
4. Contact professional consultants to discuss existing and
anticipated problems and attend professional meetings and
seminars for the purpose of expanding the technical and
managerial capabilities of assigned scientific and engine
personnel.
Travel for items (1), (2), and (3) is considered to be Priority
critical. Travel for item (4) is considered to be Priority 2,
advantageous. This item is small and makes up only 5 per cent o
RED's total travel costs.
SECRET
(When Filler/ Tn)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78B05171A000500010015-8
nal
&
on
e
gy;
ering
I,
f
 25X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/13: CIA-RDP78BO5171A000500010015-8
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