NPIC EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78T04759A009100010038-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 48
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 22, 2003
• Sequence Number: 38
• Publication Date: March 1, 1969
• Content Type: REGULATION

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NPIC Editorial Style Manual
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IEG-91/69
March 1969
SUBJECT: NPIC Editorial Style Manual
1. This is your personal copy of the NPIC Editorial Style Manual.
The purpose of this manual is to standardize matters of style in the
preparation of imagery exploitation manuscripts. Since decisions concerning
style are in many cases quite arbitrary, an effort has been made to continue
the generally good and acceptable conventions to which analytical, editorial,
and production personnel throughout the Center have become accustomed. In
addition, the manual attempts to elucidate some particularly agonizing
problems, such as effective construction, gleaned from the review of completed
IEG manuscripts.
2. The manual is being distributed to each member of IEG because we
all share responsibility for adhering to standardized styles. The more
closely the analyst's first draft. conforms to the accepted style, the more
efficiently it can be completed and published. Similarly, typists can assist
the process and reduce the amount; of editorial revision required by following
the style the first time the draft is typed. The editors will, of course,
review manuscripts for adherence to style and will ensure that completed
manuscripts follow the conventions set forth in the manual. Their main job,
however, should still be concerned with a clear, concise, and logical presen-
tation of the information being reported.
3. Like all good standards, this manual may be revised from time to
time. As new situations call for changes or the elaboration of existing rules,
the Chief, Production Control Staff will welcome the statement of problems
with or without suggested solutions or improvements.
4. All rules in this manual will become effective 7 April 1969.
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Chief, Imagery Exploitation Group
NPIC
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NPIC EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
I. Effective Construction
II. Punctuation
III. Capitalization -
IV. Signs and Symbols
V. Abbreviations
VI. Numbers
VII. Compound Words -
VIII. Spelling
IX. Names
X. References
XI. Footnotes
XII. Tables
XIII. Captions
XIV. First- and Second-Phase Reports
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This manual is essentially a set of rules or guides to use
in preparing all imagery exploitation publications. Unless
otherwise specified, Webster's Third New International Dictionary
is followed for spelling (except for compounding), usage, and defin-
ition. In other matters of form, such as compounding words,
the latest edition of the United States Government Printing
Office Style Manual is used. In cases of conflict, the forms
listed in this manual take precedence.
Parts of this style manual may be updated periodically by
Reporting Guidelines. Suggestions for revision should be forward
to the Chief, Production Control Staff, Imagery Exploitation Group.
(The overall classification for this manual is TOP SECRET
F_ I Individual sections are classified according
to their contents.)
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I. EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION
The following points are meant as guides for more effective sentence
construction; they are not meant as arbitrary rules. The rules of writing
permit many variations. However, keeping a few points in mind and observing
them will contribute toward strong and effective writing.
1. Use the active voice whenever possible. The subject of the
sentence should usually be at the beginning of the sentence.
Poor: At the site are situated three buildings.
Poor: At the site there are three buildings.
Better: Three buildings are situated at the site.
2. Keep coordinate ideas in coordinate form. Keep elements
parallel. If one idea is expressed by an infinitive, a
gerund, or a clause, other equal ideas should be expressed
by duplicate grammatical constructions.
Poor: Formerly, the installation was served only by a
road, while now a rail line runs through it.
Better: Formerly, t!Hc instal-b,a.tion was served only by
a road; now it is also rail served.
3. Keep related words together and in logical order.
Poor: There is a large earth mound at the site that is
in the center.
Better: A large earth mound is in the center of the site.
Poor: A security fence surrounds the building, which is
8 feet high.
Better: An 8-foot-high security fence surrounds the building.
Poor: Two buildings were complete and numerous other
structures are under construction.
Better: Two buildings are complete and numerous other
structures are under construction.
Poor: The facility consists of three radar positions. A
personnel center was observed south of the site.
Better: The facility consists of three radar positions.
A personnel center is observed south of the site.
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5. Be sure that all pronouns refer clearly and exactly to their
antecedents. Pronouns depend upon nouns or other pronouns for
meaning. Place pronouns as close as possible to their ante-
cedents and make pronoun references exact. Make sure that
the antecedent of a pronoun is a noun that can be logically
substituted for the pronoun.
6. Make every verb agree in number with its subject. Do not
be confused by words or phrases that intervene between the
subject and verb.
Poor: A number of vehicles and pieces of equipment are
observed.
Better: A number of vehicles and pieces of equipment is
observed.
or
Numerous vehicles and. pieces of equipment are observed.
Poor: A group of 11 buildings and structures which probably
serve as a construction support area were observed.
Better: A group of 11 buildings and structures which probably
serves as a construction support area was observed.
7. Avoid wordiness and redundancy. Unnecessary words often obscure
meaning.
8. Avoid needlessly complex sentences.
Avoid awkward sentence construction that tends to make the meaning
vague.
Poor: The site contains one large and one small building.
Better: The site contains one large building and one small
building.
or
The site contains two buildings, one large and one
small.
10. Avoid jargon to prevent possible misunderstandings. Jargon is
a technical or specialized vocabulary of a particular occupation
or group. Members of a group, of course, can use jargon when
communicating with one another, for it is their language. However,
the use of technical jargon is inappropriate when writing for a
general audience.
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A. Apostrophe
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1. Strictly speaking, only animate nouns should take the possessive
form. Inanimate nouns should show the genitive by a prepositional
phrase.
the Soviets' airfields
the major components of the site, not the site's major component-
the roof of the building, not the building's roof
2. Do not use the apostrophe for simple plurals of figures and letttLrs.
three ICBMs
two B-52s
WACs
The colon is used to separate lists or enumerations from the
independent clause of the sentence. It usually has the force of
as follows or for example.
1. Use the colon with such phrases as as follows, the following,
etc., in introducing a list.
The training area includes the following: two multistory
barracks, a motor pool, a maintenance shop, and three firing
ranges.
2. Use the colon as a full stop with enumerations. It may not be
used when the thought of the sentence should continue without
interruption.
Wrong: The aircraft observed were: two BADGER, one BISON,
and three COLT.
Right: The aircraft observed were two BADGER, one BISON, and
three COLT.
Right: The following aircraft were observed: two BADGER,
one BISON, and three COLT.
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The comma serves two functions: 1) to indicate parallel construction
and 2) to indicate parenthetical matter.
1. Parallel construction is usually indicated by a coordinating
conjunction.
a. Use the comma before and, but, or, and nor when they join two
independent clauses.
The launch site is complete, but the site support
facilities are still under construction.
b. Use the comma with three or more words in a series by placing
it before the and.
The men have food, equipment, and clothing.
c. Use the comma with parallel adjectives.
A hard, cold winter.
but
A dark brown roof.
If the order of the adjectives can be reversed or if and can
be inserted between them, then the adjectives are parallel and
should be separated by a comma.
2. Parenthetical matter is indicated by commas used in pairs. Such
commas have the force of weak parentheses: the words enclosed
between commas are not necessary to the grammatical pattern or
main thought of the sentence.
a. Use the comma with nonrestrictive clauses.
Restrictive: The building which was cloud covered is rail
served.
Nonrestrictive: The building, which was cloud covered,
is rail served.
(The first sentence tells which of several buildings
is rail served--no commas. In the second, there is only
one building--commas needed.)
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The building, one of the support facilities, is outside
the security Pence.
c. Use the comma with adjectives following nouns. It is generally
advisable to avoid the use of a single adjective after a noun;
two or more adjectives may be placed after the noun for emphasis.
The function of the airfield, civilian or military, was
not determined.
The photography, cloud free and showing good detail, was
made available to the requesters.
d. Use the comma with introductory or concluding elements of the
sentence. In these cases, really parenthetical in nature, one
comma does the work of two.
In the second place, the film is torn.
The film can still be, used, however.
1) Adverbial clauses are set off if' they precede, not if
they follow, the main part of the sentence.
When the building was observed, it was empty.
The building was empty when it was observed.
Adverbial phrases are never set off.
To the northwest is a powerplant.
2) Clauses beginning with though or although are always set
off.
The photography was good, although ths-s weather was
cloudy.
Although the w:athcr_ was cloudy, the photography was
good.
3) Participial phrases are always set off unless they are
restrictive or are used as gerunds.
Having his orders, he departed.
Having his ordsrs meant he could depart.
We observed a column marching ;_n single file.
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4) Smaller elements in geographical units are separated from
the larger ones.
Moscow, USSR, is the city in question.
He went to Rome, Italy, by plane.
The dash indicates a break so strong that it cannot be dealt
with by other punctuation. It is not used if any other mark will
suffice.
1. Use a dash before a final clause that summarizes a series of
ideas.
The powerplant, the mud lake, and the cascade buildings--
these are the bases for the judgment.
2. Use dashes as strong parentheses.
These are shore deposits--gravel, sand, and clay--but marine
deposits were found under them.
3. Use two dashes in tables to indicate a blank space. However,
in a table where a set of dimensions is given, dashes are not used
if no dimensions are specified for a particular entry.
100x34x10
811 x 50
E. Diacritical Markings
Diacritical markings are not used in IEG publications. A word
which normally would carry a diacritical mark is simply written without
the mark and no adjustment iri spelling is made. If the omission of
an apostrophe in a Russian or Chinese word leaves a space, the space
is closed, e.g., Shuangch`engtzu becomes Shuangchengtzu.
The hyphen is used in two ways: joining words or word parts to
form compounds and dividing words at the end of a line to preserve
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margins. (The use of the hyphen in compounding is treated in Section
VII.) Several rules for the use of the hyphen should be noted:
1. Use a hyphen to join two or more words serving as a single
adjective before a noun. Do not hyphenate such an adjective
if it follows the noun.
a rail-served site
but
the site was rail served
a driver-training course
but
a course for dr=iver training
2. Hyphens are used to indicate that the last part of a compound
has been suppressed but, will be supplied by the last part of
a paired compound to follow.
We live in a three- or perhaps a four-dimensional world.
3. Use a hyphen to form compound numbers from twenty-one through
ninety-nine and to separate the numerator from the denominator
in written fractions.
twenty-nine
fifty-five
two-thirds
four-fifths
one-half
4. Do not use the hyphen between a letter and a number. (This does
not apply to designations copied from an originating source as
in stating target and requirement numbers.)
Area Dl
Section 2B
paragraph Jla
5. Do not space around hyphens.
driver-training cour:-,c?
assault-gun firing range
January-April
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Indicate italics in typed material by underlining. Use italics
as follows:
1. Use italics to distinguish letters, words, or phrases when they
are referred to as letters, words, and phrases, not as thoughts.
The word facility is vague and much overused.
2. Use italics to indicate foreign words in those few cases in which
they must be used. (This, of course, does not refer to foreign
proper names.
He was considered persona non grata.
3. Use italics to indicate the titles of all documents and publications.
Good advice is given in Bernstein's Watch Your Language.
H. Omission
Show omission of material within a quote with a series of three
periods (four when the sentence is brought to a close).
Moir, The dictionary states, "The word fish . . . uses a plural form
identical with the singular."
Use parentheses to insert material into a sentence when the material
is too loosely connected to the main -idea to permit commas. Such
insertions are usually explmmnatory.
1. Use them to insert identifying material.
2. Use them to note abbreviations.
The plant is 11 nautical miles (nm) from the site.
3. Punctuation, if it is necessary, comes after the second parenthesis,
not before the first. If the parenthetical element itself is
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a sentence standing alone, the period is omitted; a question
mark or exclamation point is retained.
Wrong: Because the amount of equipment observed at the site is
normal, (in comparison with previous coverage) no detailed
listing is included.
Right: Because the amount of equipment observed at the site is
normal (in comparison with previous coverage), no detailed
listing is included.
~l. Use the single parenthesis when numerals are to be placed in
enumeration within a sentence.
His aims were as follows: l) to consolidate the position,
2) to establish . . . .
His aims were as follows:
(1) to consolidate the position
(2) to establish . . . .
1. A comma and a period are always placed within the quotation marks
with which they appear. Other punctuation marks are placed within
quotation marks only if they are part of the quotation.
He said, "The high and the mighty will fall."
He asked, "Will the hgh and mighty fall?"
Did he say "The hig~i and mighty will fall"?
If quoted material is more than one paragraph in length, the
quotation mark is repeated at the beginning of each paragraph,
but it is used at the end of only the last one. This is the
only instance in which quotation marks are not used in pairs.
2. Avoid unnecessary use of quotation marks. For example, do not
use quotation marks in the following cases:
L-shaped building
Launch Area A
figure-8 configuration
Internal quotation, that. is, a quotation within a quotation,
is indicated by a single mark, as follows:
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He said, "Have you seen the sign that reads 'High Voltage'
on the fence?"
1. Use the semicolon in parallel constructions involving two or
more sets of series.
Separate sections may be organized for administration; collection,
production, and dissemination of combat intelligence; supervision,
coordination, and administration of attached agencies; counter-
intelligence and security; and coordination of tactical and
photographic reconnaissance requests.
2. Use the semicolon in place of a coordinating conjunction between
two independent clauses.
It was time for change; the signal had been given.
3. Use the semicolon before however, therefore, as a result, consequently,
and nevertheless when they connect two complete but related thoughts.
The photography was good; however, it did not cover the target.
All. missions should remain secondary to the primary one; never-
theless, one must not discount them.
The slash mark is a last resort, to be used when any other form
of punctuation would be misleading. Unfortunately, the slash is fre-
quently used as a dodge, to avoid precision. In text, the slash mark
usually has the meaning and force of and or or. The slash mark can be used
in the following case:
To indicate azimuthal direction when the elements are compounded.
ENE/WSW runway
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Capitalization is not to be used as a means of emphasis. In some
cases the thought is changed when words are capitalized. A good example
is air force. When air force is written in lower case, it refers to the
organizational echelon above an air division or to an air force in an
abstract sense; when Air Force is capitalized, it means a particular service,
such as the US Air Force.
Two principles cover most cases: 1) that each sentence begins with
a capital letter and 2) that every proper name begins with a capital
letter. Additional rules are made to secure uniformity in doubtful cases.
A. Use initial capital letters in the following cases:
1. When incomplete sentences are used as complete thoughts.
Nothing to report.
No agreement on installations.
2. When enumeration is presented in columns.
(a) A gable-roofed building
(b) Several unidentified outbuildings
(c) Various loading ramps
Wilkes-Barre
Sary-Shagan
However, when native Chinese place names must be used, only
the initial element is captialized.
Ian-chou
Hsin-chiang
4. For the names of organizations and installations.
Central Intelligence Agency
Moscow National Stockpile Site
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Leningrad R&D Center
Launch Complex C of the Peking Missile Test Center
Platform Committee of the Republican Party
but
the fabrication center
the airframe plant
the missile assembly area
6. For common nouns when they are treated as proper nouns.
A region, institution, event, or any preeminent item may
be capitalized if context or custom makes it clear that one
is singled out.
the Channel (the English Channel)
Communist activity
the Western foreign ministers
the Middle East
Southeast Asia
Trans-Siberian Railroad, but Moscow-Kiev rail line
7. For buildings or structures referred to in text by a number
or letter keyed to an illustration. However, this does not
apply to the word item which is written in lower case when
keyed to an illustration.
The security fence (item 6) is unfinished northeast of
Building 7.
There is no road service to Area A.
8. For all words in titles of documents, except articles other
than the first and prepositions of fewer than four letters.
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Kiyev Regional Military Storage Installation
Minsk Missile Test Center
Budapest ICBM Complex
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the Republican Party
For the major components of organizations and installations,
i.e., first-division components. (Do not capitalize when
the full specification is not given.)
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Use all capitals in the following cases:
1. All abbreviations of organizations and installations.
COMIREX
NATO
2. All names or nicknames for missiles, aircraft, most electronic
equipment, codewords. and classification markings.
FAN SONG 1'UP SECRET KEYHOLE
BADGER COMINT
RANGER ICBM
C. Avoid unnecessary capitalization. Do not use capitals, initial
or otherwise, in the following cases:
1. Do not capitalize generic nouns or titles when they -,re riot
used with a proper name.
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9. For the words Figure or Attachment when they are a
ccompanied
by a number referring to an illustration.
The crosshatching i
The nearest airport
n Figure 1 indi
(Attachment 1)
cates ground s
is in Kiev.
cars.
10.
For the letter indica
ting a type, co
nfiguration,
or model.
The commanding officer of an air base spoke.
The commander of the missile base departed.
The training installation was near the railroad station.
Do not capitalize the first word in a parenthetical express-on.
or in a comment inserted with dashes when it occurs in the
text.
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Galkin's The training of Scientists in the USSR
the report, Missile Bases Near
The amount of equipment observed at the sites (those covered
on the previous mi:>sion) is normal.
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The missile base--we are still referring to the newer one--
is rail served.
;. Do not capitalize enumeration within a s(ntence.
Photographic interpreters must do the following: a) become
familiar with the installation, b) observe the major com-
ponents, and c) determine the probable output.
Do not capitalize the names of seasons of the year.
Snow tracks were seen in the winter of 1963.
Do not capitalize north, east, south, or west when they
refer to positions or locations.
The missile base is 9 nautical miles north of Moscow.
The site is south of the headquarters facility.
However, points of the compass are capitalized when they refer
to specific geographical locations.
It is in the western part of the Old South.
it was south of the East border.
They were the allies from the ;Hest.
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Signs and symbols are generally restricted to tables, graphics, and
legends; they should be avoided in text. Whenever they must be used,
however, the following general rules should be kept in mind.
A. Signs and symbols are closed against accompanying figures or
symbols.
10%
-5 feet
B. Any symbol set with figures in a series is used after each figure
in the group or series, not merely after the last.
450 to 650
15% to 25%
but
15 to 25 percent
C. The lower case x can be used to indicate dimensions in tables,
graphics, and legends. (In text, the word by is used.)
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Abbreviations are used to save space and time by avoiding the needless
spelling-out of repetitious words and phrases. Internal and terminal
punctuation will be omitted, except in the case of Latin phrase abbreviations
such as etc., i.e., and e.g.
A. A word may be abbreviated in the following cases:
1. When the word or phrase appears so often that repetition
would be disadvantageous. In such cases, the word will be
spelled out when it first appears and followed by the standard
abbreviation in parentheses; thereafter, the abbreviated form
will be used.
The installation is 12 nautical miles (nm) east of Moscow.
2. When the abbreviation is as common as or more common than
the actual name. In this instance, the abbreviation need
not be spelled out. For example: US, USSR, WAC, and BE.
When the word or phrase is commonly abbreviated in third-
phase reports. In such cases, the word will usually be
spelled out when it first appears and followed by the abbreviation
in parentheses. Some examples are:
antiaircraft (AA)
antiaircraft artillery (AAA)
air-to-air missile (AAM)
antimissile missile (AM)
air-to-surface missile (ASM)
biological warfare (BW)
chemical warfare (CW)
early warning (EW)
high frequency (HF)
kilogram(s) (kg)
kilohertz (kHz)
kilometer(s) (km)
kilovolt(s) (kv)
kilowatt(s) (kw)
megahertz (mHz)
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megawatts
nautical mile(s)
research and development
short-range ballistic missile
surface-to-surface missile
ultrahigh frequency
very high frequency
(mu)
(nm}
(R&D)
(SRBM)
(SSM)
(UHF)
(VHF)
4. When conserving space is a primary concern, as in graphics
and tables, the following abbreviations are acceptable.
These abbreviations should be avoided in text.
admi n
AE
afld
ammo
approx
arty
bks
bldg
C ommo
cu ft
di am
elev
ft
H
HQ
hwy
I,
lab
lat
lb
long
mfg
misc
No
prob
poss
RR
sq ft
ucon
unid
W
CONFI DENTIAL
a imi ni strati on
,,tomic energy
airfield
and
ammunition
approximately
artillery
barracks
building
communications
cubic foot (feet)
diameter
elevation
foot or feet
height
headquarters
highway
length
laboratory
I at i. rude
pound(s)
longitude
manufacturing
miscellaneous
number
probable (1y)
possible(ly)
railroad
square foot (feet)
under construction
unidentified
width
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T3. In abbreviating ordinal numbers in data blocks and reference
liisti.ngs, omit the letters n and r.
3d ed
2d series
C. Acronyms
Acronyms--words formed from the first, (or first few) letters
of several words--should not be used in third-phase reports as
means of sidestepping the problem of repeating lengthy installation
titles. All too often, they result in meaningless, unintelligible
combinations of letters. Whenever a complex title must be repeated,
it is much better to use part of the title or n suitable pronoun,
making certain, of course, that the reader will be aware of the
antecedent referred to.
CONF I DENT I A L
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A. The first ten cardinal and ordinal numbers will generally be spelled
out in all IEG reports. Chief exceptions are as follows:
1. Figures in tabular matter.
2. Items in order of battle listings in first- and second-phase
reports.
3. Numbers that are part of titles: Chapter 5.
4. Distances, dimensions, measurements, and proportions.
`ih^.e site is 3 nautical miles south of the city.
10 feet by 5 feet
9 feet long
8to1
5. Time of day.
6. Latitude and longitude
B. The following usual conventions will be observed:
1. In textual matter, spell out any number that begins a sentence.
Twenty-two launch sites are observed.
Three missions covered the 22 sites.
2. Dates. The day of the month will precede the name of the month;
the year will follow the month.
4 April 1969
Inclusive dates should be as follows:
4 April to 11 June 1969 (not 4 April 1969 to 11 June 1969)
SECRET
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If, as in first- and second-phase reports, the month is abbreviated,
the year should be abbreviated.
February 1969
Feb 69
3. Dimensions. In giving dimensions, the larger dimension usually
is given first. When it is necessary to indicate height as well
as length and width, the following form is used:
20 feet by 10 feet and 5 feet high
4. Millions and billions. In text, figures in millions (or billions)
will be written as numerals and the word million (or billion)
spelled out, except when the decimal would be carried out three
places or beyond.
1.5 million
1.25 million, but 1,256,000
Fractions. When possible, convert all fractions to decimals.
If a fraction cannot be converted, spell it out.
one-half inch, preferably 0.5 inch
five one-thousandths, preferably 0.005
6. Decimals. Place a zero before tenths decimals.
0.5 nm, but .50-caliber gun
7. Ur 114tar % snits. Air Force units up to and including an air
divLsiuu are designated i-,y Arabic numerals. Names of numbered
air forces are spelled out: Fifth Air Force, but 2nd Air division,
8th Fighter Wing. Army units up to and including divisions are
designated by Arabic numerals. The corps is written in Roman
numerals; the field army is spelled out: 8th Infantry Regiment,
2nd Infantry Division, First Army.
8. The rules for the spelling out and use of figures apply to the
adjectival form.
five-wheled truck
9,000-ton ship
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9. A number above ten will be written out if it is next to
another number above ten.
fifty 57mm guns
1,000 twenty-family units
eleven 13--family dwellings
However, if two numbers side by side are ten or below, both will
be written out.
There were five seven-story buildings.
10. Enumeration. When numbers are used to enumerate items in a list,
the Arabic numeral is set off by a single parenthesis if the
enumerated items are in a sentence.
The reasons for the poor photography are 1) the weather was
cloudy, 2) the camera :Leaked light, and 3) the emulsion was
streaked.
Numbers are set off by a period if the enumerated items are in
paragraph form.
The following factors affected the photography:
1. The weather was cloudy
2. The camera leaked light.
3. The emulsion was streaked.
Numbers are set off by double parentheses when items are to
be enumerated in a column.
(1) Cloudy weather
(2) Streaked emulsion
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The IEG guide to compounding is the GPO Style Manual. The current
trend in compound words is toward using fewer hyphens in favor of one-
word forms. There are cases, however, when the hyphen is mandatory.
The most common confusion about hyphenated compounds is in the use
of unit modifiers as simple adjectives and as predicate adjectives.
Hyphens are used between unit modifiers standing before the noun; they
are not used in predicate adjectives. For example:
cloud-covered photography, but the photography is cloud covered
small-scale photography, but photography of small scale
double-fenced area, but the area is double fenced
20-nautical-mile area, but the area covers 20 nautical miles
medium-sized plant, but the plant is medium sized
A. Hyphens should be used in the following instances:
1. To avoid doubling a vowel or tripling a consonant (except
when using such short prefixes as pre, pro, re).
shell-like, hull-less, semi-illiterate (but reentry)
2. To make any combined form, the second element of which is
capitalised.
pro-Western, anti-Russian, pre-World War I
3. To indicate the terminal points of a rail line or highway
when the name of the city is not hyphenated.
Moscow-Leningrad rail line
Berlin-Kiel highway
Hyphens should not be used in the following cases:
1. In a combined modifier, the first element of which is an
adverb. Never hyphenate after an adverb ending in ly.
heavily wooded area
usually clear pattern
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2. A compound predicate adjective or predicate noun, the second
element of which is a present participle or past participle.
The area is double fenced.
The activity is probably coal mining
C. When a compound modifier consists of two or more words with a
common beginning, use the following style:
The 6- by 4-nautical-mile area is fenced.
a 2- or 3-inch block
P. Certain common terms have been compounded into one-word forms.
(See the GPO Style Manual for a more complete list of compound
forms.
buildingway pipeline steamplant
campsite powerline waterline
fenceline powerplant
floorspace pumphouse
gatehouse railway
guardhouse repairway
launchway standpipe
messhall steamline
The following are t.':-word forms:
rail line
rail yard
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The IEG authority for spelling (except for spelling compound words)
is Webster's Third New International Dictionary (unabridged). The preferred
spelling listed in Webster's will be used. The following is a list of
troublesome words and is offered only as a ready guide, not as a compre-
hensive selection.
abut
accommodate
alignment
aluminum
arch-roofed (modifier)
arrester
baseline
blacktop
blockhouse
bogie
boilerhouse
boxcar
canceled
canceling
canister
Caribbean
category
collocate
communications
complement (complete)
converter
controlled
crossarms
cruise missile (noun)
cruise-missile (adjective)
cutoff
defense
discernible
electronics
farther (distance)
feasible
fencelines
firewall
flatcar
further (not distance)
fuse (general, electrical)
fuze (explosives)
gauge
hangar
hangarette
heating plant (not heat plant)
judgment
Krug
labeling
landline
leveled
leveling
liaison
liftoff
linage (for lines)
location map (not locator map)
logistics (noun)
logistic (adjective)
marshal
materiel (military)
midstage
mockup
off-loading
ordnance (military)
paralleled
paralleling
ponton
programmed
radiotelescope
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ru L In c,- d_,,
reconnaissance
reconnoiter
reinforce
repellent
requester
revetment
revetted
riverbank
riverbed
satellite
sawmill
separate
sizable
surveillance
totaled
totaling
transferable
transatlantic
transferred
transpacific
transshipment
Trans-Siberian Railroad
tunneled
tunneling
usable
wye (railroad)
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A. Third-Phase Reports and Briefs
1. The native forms of geographic place and installation names as
reflected in the Basic Encyclopedia (BE) and Target Data Inventory
(TDI) will be used in cover titles and data blocks. If a native
place name and/or functional designator is unacceptable (i.e.,
substantial evidence indicates a geographic or functional name
should be changed), a revised title can be given parenthetically
under the official BE and TDI name on the cover. Only an exact
BE and TDI name, however, will be entered in the data block.
2. In the abstract and text, use the conventional forms of well
known geographic place names and preferred functional designators
followed by the BE and TDI native forms in parentheses when names
are introduced. Thereafter, use only the conventional forms.
Examples:
The Petropavlovsk (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy) Military
Depot consists of two major sections. Dimensions of
buildings in the Petropavlovsk facility are in Table 1.
Moscow Propellant Handling and Storage Facility (Moskva
Suspect Missile Support Facility) is southwest of Moscow.
The authority for the spelling of geographic names is the National
Intelligence Survey (NIS) Gazetteer. When a conventional form is
not listed in the NIS Gazetteer, the preferred native form should
be used, but the spelling will follow the style given in the NIS
Gazetteer for other conventional forms. This means that Chinese
names, for instance, will be spelled without hyphens (Hofei, not
Ho-fei) and generic terms for physical features will be written
in English (Lake Balkha:sh, not Ozero Balkhash).
3. For annotations and captions of graphics, use the same geographic
place names and functional designators (if the latter are necessary)
as used in the related portions of the text.
1. The native forms reflected in the BE and TDI will be used in header
lines.
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2. When it is essential to refer to e total installation or geographic
place name in the text, use the conventional form for a familiar
place name and the native form parenthetically the first time the
name is used. Thereafter, use only the conventional form. Examples:
Peking (Pe-ching) Guided Missile Plant is a former aircraft
repair shop and airframe plant. The Peking plant is 7.5
nautical miles (nm) south of the center of Peking.
Of the only difference between the conventional and native form
of a place name is the addition of hyphens, as in many Chinese
names, show only the conventional spelling of the name in the text.
3. For annotations and captions of graphics and attachments, use the
conventional form of a geographic place name if the conventional
name has been used in the item to which a graphic is related.
Otherwise, use the native form given in the text or header line.
4. In the highlights section, use the conventional forms of well
known place names and the preferred functional designators. If
there is any likelihood that the reader will be unable to relate
an item in the highlights section to the "orresponding item in the
target report section, introduce the native form of the name and
the BE and TDl Functional designator parenthetically.
C. Preliminary OAK Cables
1. Use the conventional forms of well known geographic place names and
the preferred functional designators throughout the text portion of
the cable. At the end of the text section, list the BE and TDI
native forms of the targets reported in the cable (including the
country codes, geographic coordinates, and BE numbers where assigned).
D. Photographic Interpretation Memorandums
1. Use the conventional forms of well known geographic place names and
the preferred functional designators. if confusion might result from
the spelling of a geographic name, or if the functional designation
is different from that in the BE and TDI, supply the alternate form
parenthetically or in a footnote.
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E. Examples of Conventional and Native Forms of Common Place Names
Country
China (Com)
Conventional
Aral Sea
Komsomolsk
Lake Balkhash
Lake Baikal
Moscow
Petropavlovsk
Rostov
Canton
Chenghs ien
Chungking
Gart ok
Hainan Island
Hank ow
Koko Nor
Lha sa
Nanking
Pal iiingmiao
Peking
Shanghai
Stan
Tientsin
Yinhsien
China (Nat)
Pescadores
Ta I pe i.
Haiphong
Hanoi
Hon Gay
Phu 3I en Chau
Yen Bay
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Komsomolsk-na-Amure
Ozero Ba,lkhash
Ozero Baykal
Moskva
Pe 1 ropav lovsk -Kamcha t;ski ,y
Rostov-na-Donu
Kuang-chou
Cheng-chou
Chung-ching
Nang-ching
Hai-nan Tao
Han-kou
Ching Hai
La-sa
Nan-ching
Ta-erh-han-mao-ming-
an-li er -ho-chi
Pei-ching
Shang-hal
Hsi -an
Tien-ching
Ning-po
Peng-hu Lieh-tao
Tai-pei
Ha i Ph ong
Ha Not
Hon Gal
Phu Dien
Yen Sal
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Thailand
Egypt
Pu.ilga.ri.a
Rumania.
Yugos lavi a
1 For Rele%P25f ,1'jIP
Conventional Native
Alexandria
Cai ro
Suez
Sofia
Bucharest
Be lgra.de
Krung Thep
al Iskandariyah
al Qahirah
as Suways
Sofiya
Bucuresti
Belgrad
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The references section of a third-phase report contains the following
parts in the order given: Imagery, Maps or Charts, Documents (or Related
Documents or both), and Requirement. References should not be included
unless they are absolutely essential in identifying the source of a state-
ment in a report. Many reports contain references which add little to their
value but upgrade the classification. Such references may greatly reduce
distribution of a report and also preclude the ready release of a report
to foreign governments.
Only imagery from which information is extracted should be
referenced. Whenever a PI finds it necessary to refer to infor-
mation in an earlier report and does not reexamine the photography,
the earlier report will be referenced under "Documents." Imagery
information will include imagery project, mission number, date
of pass, pass number (if applicable), camera (if applicable),
frame and index numbers (if applicable), and classification/
control. Imagery is listed chronologically with the latest mission
first.
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Small-format imagery citations occasionally require special entries.
Example:
Agency Accession No Date Classification
CIA 811699 7 Nov 61 OFFICIAL USE ONLY
If the data does not fit the prescribed format for the presentation of
small-format photographic references, the entries may be made in full-
line presentation with the second line indented three spaces. Examples:
Army. Enclosures to R-311-56, Sep 56 (CONFIDENTIAL)
Ground photography from Soviet Union, No 130, Moscow,
1960 (UNCLASSIFIED)
Moscow. IR 1465520, 25 Apr 61, Photos
T)
TOP SECRET
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(CONFIDE TIAL)
Latest Coverage Statement
Al]_ IEG third-phase reports must be up-to-date when issued. More-
over, this fact must be evident to the reader. If the photography used
is leas than one month old at the time of signoff, no special indication
of the latest coverage is needed. If the most recent photography used
and referenced is older than one month at the time of signoff, there must
be a statement that the information in the report-isstill up-to-date.
This statement may be included in the introductic.i, or it may be added
as a footnote on the references page keyed to the entry for the latest
photography under "Imagery." The asterisk should be after the specific
mission, not after the overall heading of "Imagery." The footnote should
be written at the end of the page, not at the end. of the imagery section.
Example:
is the most recent coverage of this facility.
Occasionally, the most recent coverage is not used in a report. The
reason for this must be explained. An example of a footnote used for this
purpose :
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*Although 's the most recent coverage of this
facility, the best photography is obtained from 25X1 D
c$o. times, so ma:iy missions are used in a report that an inclusive
stattrrient simm_lar to the following can be made:
*All Ophotography of Moscow Unidentified installation
up to and including Mission was used in compiling
this report.
B. Maps or Charts
Entries in this section should include the publishing agency,
name (optional) and number of the series, sheet number, edition,
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date of publication, scale, and classification and controls. Over-
runs should be single spaced. Examples:
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ACIC. US Air Target Chart, Series 200, Sheet 0102-9AL, 2d ed,
Dec 56, scale 1:200,000 (SECRET)
SAC. US Air Target Chart, Series 200, Sheet M0167-5HL 3d ed,
Jul 67 scale 1:200, 00c. (SECRET 25) 1
If the classification arid cunt,rols of a map or chart are higher than
the overall classification of the report, only the map/chart series,
sheet, and scale need to be referenced. This form avoids specifying
the chart number or edition which would also require specifying
the classification and controls. (This simplified-form shall also
be applied in referencing routine cartographic information, including
coordinates, derived from maps or charts classified not higher than
SECRET. Any physical reproduction of a map or chart requires the
complete referencing of the material.) Examples of this simplified
form:
AMS Map, Series E501+, Sheet 0125-09925, scale 1:250,000
ACIC Chart, Series 200, Sheet 0581-25, scale 1:200,000
C. Documents
Textual information cited in the body of the report and not
based on imagery or maps or charts must be referenced under"Documents
Document references are numbered in the order of their appearance
in the body of the '-xt and are listed in sequence in the references
section. A document re*erence is indicated in the body of the report
by placing the appropriat? reference number immediately following
the sentence to which it applies. Example: "Collateral intelligence
indicates the presence of a nuclear reactor at the site."
The reference citation must include, in this order: the issuing
agency, report letters (if any) and numbers, title, date of issue
and in some instances date of information, accession number when
available, page number if necessary, and classification/controls of
the document exactly as given on the original.
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blished intelligence considered to augment the data
presented may be listed under a separate heading entitled "Related
Documents." However, do not include any document under this heading
which would cause a more restrictive overall classification or control.
It is important that only those documents or source materials
which are essential should be referenced or cited in a report. Collateral
material should be used in PI reporting only when it is essential to
support photo interpretation in answering specific requirements.
Because NPIC reports are PI contributions to producers of finished
intelligence, including selected foreign consumers, the information and
references cited should be generally restricted to photographic sources
at minimum classifications and controls.
If a report is updating or amplifying a previously published PI
report, the previous report must be listed. First- and second-phase
PI reports are not usually referenced in third-phase reports. However,
an earlier-phase report is referenced if the third-phase report explicitly
revises material in it. Cables are temporal documents usually representing
an early phase of reporting; their citation in subsequent reporting is
to be avoided. Examples of classified documents:
2. DIA. PC-365/3-1-64, Special Evasion and Escape Study, The
Republic of the Congo, May 64 , CIA Accession No 9693318-v
SECRET
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3. CIA. IAS, emorandum, Izmiran Observator ,
Krasnaya Pa ra, USSR, 17 Jan 68 (TOP SECRET 25X1
4. NPIC. RCA-09/0003/69, Peking Guided Missile Plant
TIT_
5. NPIC. BCA-Ol/0001/69, Plesetsk Rail-to-Road
Transfer Point No 1, USSR, Dec 68 (TOP SECRET
Examples of unclassified documents:
1. Jones, James J. Electric Power Resources in the Soviet Union,
Harpers, Jan 58 (UNCLASSIFIED)
TOP SECRET
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2. Simpson., Jonathan. "Radar for Defense," Aviation Week, Vol IX,
No 12, 1 Dec 59, p. 7 (UNCLASSIFIED)
D. Requirement
The project requirement and project number are included (after
"Documents") on the references page of Basic Imagery Interpretation Reports
and Briefs and Direct Support Imagery Interpretation Reports. These
references should be formatted as follows:
COMIREX BR-J/OOl-69
NPIC Project 210+77
TG P SECRET
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Most reference-type footnotes citing sources of information used in the
body of the text are listed under"Documents"on the references page. However,
useful information that is extraneous to the main portion of the text should
be placed in a footnote at the bottom of a page. The specific part of the
text to which the footnote applies is marked by an asterisk which is repeated
at the beginning of the footnote. The first footnote on any page will be
indicated by one asterisk; the second, two; the third, three, and so on.
The asterisk used in the text should follow the word, statement, or number
to which it applies. This also applies to imagery references on the references
page. For example:
Tabular material presents a special footnote problem which is considered
in Section XII.
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100ITGUM
Tables should be included in third-phase reports only if it is essential
to include information that cannot be stated so clearly in any other way.
Tables should significantly contribute to the overall comprehension of a
report. If they do not meet this criterion, their inclusion should be questioned.
Whenever tables are used, tabular material should be kept as simple as possible
so that the meaning of the data can be easily understood.
A. Column Headings
Column headings should be brief. Units of measurement are
usually placed in parentheses after or under the appropriate heading.
To save space, they may be abbreviated.
B. Row Headings
Row headings can be listed in any suitable, orderly manner--
numerically, alphabetically, geographically, or the like. When a
second line is needed for the row heading, it should be indented
two spaces. Totals and averages are double spaced below the
entries they follow.
C. Body
The comma is used in a figure of four or more digits. There
should usually be some entry under each column heading for each row
heading. If the value is zero, a zero should be entered in the
appropriate place. If data are not available, enter dashes in the
column. If the data called for are not applicable to the subject
matter involved, the abbreviation NA should be entered on the table.
Signs and symbols may be used in tables to conserve space. However,
in a table with dimensions given in the following way, leave the
space blank if there is no entry:
100 x 34 x 10
84 x ;0 (just leave it blank)
113 x 20 x 8
TOP SECRE~
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When column entries are words rather than numbers, avoid sentences;
use telegraphic-style phrases, if possible. If phrases or series
of words take more than one line in a column, succeeding lines
should be indented two spaces. Telegraphic-style phrases which are
a part of one item are separated by a comma or a semicolon, whichever
is applicable. If a semicolon is used, an initial capital is not
used for the phrase immediately following the semicolon.
In tables, one asterisk* indicates the first footnote reference,
a double asterisk** indicates the second, and so on. The asterisk
is placed after the title, column heading, row heading, number, or
item in the table to which the footnote refers. Table footnote
identifications are placed left to right, margin to margin, not up
and down the coluins. The table footnotes are written at the bottom
of each table and are separated from the tabular material by a solid
line running the width of the table. If a table is more than one
page long, the footnotes will be at the end of the table. However,
as an aid to the reader, the phrase "See footnote (or footnotes)
at end of table" should be placed at the bottom of any page of a
table that continues to another page. This phrase will appear without
an asterisk.
Titles for tables are similar to captions for illustrations
(see Section XIII) except that table titles are written in initial
capitals only. Tables are numbered consecutively throughout the
text and any appendixes. Example:
Table 1. Dimensions of Buildings in Area A
Tables included on illustrations are iic-c numbered and need not carry
titles. If a table title requires two lines, extend the first line
from margin to margin and center the second line.
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Each illustration (photograph, line drawing, map, perspective drawing)
appearing in IEG publications will be given a figure number and caption.
The figure numbers assigned to the illustration will begin with the first
illustration (even if it is a location map) and will continue consecutively
throughout the report. The caption will consist of a phrase describing
the material illustrated. The designations of the material illustrated
should correspond to the designations used in the text and should include
any qualifying words, such as possible, probable, or suspect, used in
describing the material in the text. The caption should be typed in
upper case.
FIGURE 1. POSSIBLE WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY
FIGURE 2. LOCATION OF LAUNCH AREA B
FIGURE 3. PERSPECTIVE DRAWING OF LAUNCH AREA B
If the illustration is a photograph, the caption will also carry the
date of the photograph in month and year, unless the date appears on the
photography itself. The date will be separated from the rest of the caption
by a comma :
FIGURE 1. POSSIBLE WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY, JUNE 1962
If two or more missions from the same month are covered in one report,
the day of the month is added to distinguish the mission referred to
and to indicate that there is other photography of the facility from the
same month. If a subcaption is needed to explain or to point up any unusual
features of a particular installation, it will follow the caption and be
in sentence form with normal sentence capitalization and punctuation.
FIGURE 1. POSSIBLE WASTE DISPOSAL-FACILITY. This sketch is compiled
from Mission 10+7, June 1968.
Subcaptions should not be used to give information abou'~ the
mechanics of graphic presentation. Such information (notes relating to the
use of color on the illustration, statements about scale, etc.) should be
included in the legend or elsewhere on the illustration itself.
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XIV. FIRST- AND SECOND-PHASE REPOI~J','
For the most part, the rules of grammar, punctuation, spelling, and
compound words adhered to in preparing third-phase reports are applicable to
first- and second-phase reports. However, publications processed by printer
and computer will vary from those reproduced by other means because of technical
limitations and formatted style requirements. For instance, only upper-case
letters are presently used; commas are substituted for semicolons; parentheses
are sometimes used to set off material within a series where commas would
ordinarily be used; Arabic numerals are used in order of battle listings for
numbers one through ten (except in the case of two numbers side by side), and
more abbreviations are permitted, particularly for points of the compass
such as NW and ESE.
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