SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR TEST FACILITIES AND PROBABLE SOLID PROPELLANT PRODUCTION FACILITIES, USSR

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 SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR TEST FACILITIES AND
-PROBABLE SOLID PROPELLANT PRODUCTION: FACILITIES, USSR
 TOP SECRET
PHOTOGRAPHICINTERPRETAT ION REPORT
SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR TEST FACILITIES AND' PROBABLE SOLID, PROPELLANT PRODUCTION FACILITIES, USSR
0
TOP SECRET
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Page
1. Location Map ........................................................ iv
2. Construction Chronology of Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Test Facilities and Probable
Solid Propellant Production. Facilities (bar graph) ............. . ................
3. Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Test Facility and Probable Solid Propellants Production
Facilities, Krasnoyarsk (photograph) ......:................................. 2
4. 'Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Tesl Facility and Probable Solid Propellants Production
Facilities, Perm (photograph) ....:....... . . . 2
5. Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Test Facility and Probable Solid Propellants Production
Facilities, Sterlitamak (photograph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
6. Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Test Facility and Probable Solid Propellants Production
Facilities, Biysk (photograph) ............................................. 3
Figure 7. Solid Propellant Rocket Motor 'rest Facility and Probable Solid Propellants Production
Facilities, Kamensk-Shakhtinskiy (photograph) ......., 3
Figure 8. Probable Solid Propellants Rocket Motor Production and Test Facilities, Kemerovo
(photograph) ......................................:.................. 3
Figure 9. Krasnoyarsk Solid Propellant Rocket Motor lest Facility (drawingand photograph) ....... 4
Figure 10. Biysk Solid Propellant Rocket Motor 'lest Facility (drawing and photograph) ............. 4
Figure 11. Kamensk-Shakhtinskiy Solid Propellant Rocket Motor lest Facility (drawing and -
photograph) ........................................................... 4
Figure 12. Perm Solid Propellant Rocket Motor 'rest Facility (drawing and photograph). ............ ... 5
Figure 13. Sterlitamak Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Test Facility (drawing and photography . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 14. Kemerovo Probable Solid Propellant Rocket Motor 'rest Facility (drawing and
photograph) ......................................................... 5
Figure 15. Cross-section Drawings and Dimensions of 'rest Cells and Blast Deflectors ............. S
Figure 16. Perspective Views of Solid Propellant Rocket Motor lest Facilities (drawings)........... 7
Figure 17. Plan Drawings, Elevations, and Dimensions of Possible Assembly/Checkout
Buildings (drawings) ................................................... 7
Figure 18. Layouts of Probable Solid Propellants Manufacturing Sections (drawings)........:....... 8
Figure 19. Perspective views of Possible Casting Facilities (drawings) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 20. Plan drawings of Possible Temperature Conditionitfg Facilities (drawings) ........ ...... 9
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 TOP SECRET
0
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 SUMMARY
TOP SECRET
Solid pro
pellant rocket motor test facilities, all as-
KRASNOYARSK
st cell deflector No I
T
sociated with pre-existing explosives plants, have been
e
Test cell deflector No 2
1
constructed
In or near the cities of Blysk, Kamensk-
Assembly ibeciout bwlding',
Shakhtinskiy, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, and Sterlltamak in the
Rail lines ? test area
'Steam lines - test area
USSR. A similar facility under construction at Kemerovo
Casting facility No 1"
cannot as yet be confirmed as a solid propellant test
facility. It differs from the others in that the appearance
Casting facility Na 2"
Temperature conditioning buildings"
Solid fuel production facilities'
of the incompleted test facility suggests an intention to
Rail liens ? production area
conduct vertical testing whereas the other 5 facilities arc
1
designed for horizontal testing. Co
nstruction on all of the
test facilities began in 1961 or sh
tinued to the present, although most
virtually complete by the end of 1964
ortly after and has con-
of them appeared to be
.
1
Concurrent with the constructi
additions have been made to the m
on of the test facilities,
anufacturing facilities
1
of the associated explosives plants.
manufacturing capabilities of the
These additions to the
plants are considered
probable solid rocket fuel production facilities. Possible
casting facilities and temperature conditioning buildings
have been constructed at all sites except Kemerovo.
1
INTRODUCTION
1
Five solid propellant rocket motor test facilities and
1
one probable facility, all associate
plosivcsmanufacturing plants, ar
d with pre-existing ex-
e located at 6 different
1
sites In the USSR (Figure 1). Int
stallations as solid propellant roc
erpretation of these in-
ket motor test facilities
1
with associated probable solid pr
sections rests primarily on the pre
deflector configurations were desi
pellant rocket motors, If this p
inescapable conclusion is that the S
opellants manufacturing
mise that the test-cell/
gned to test solid pro-
remise is accepted, the
oviets are engaged in the
production and testing of large solid propellant rocket
motors.
This report is based solely on photographic analysis.
It is it comparative study of the 6 test facilities and the
associated production facilities. The test facilities were
the initial focal points iaf interest, all. 6 having been first
observed In early stages 'of construction either in 1961
or 1962. The generally; concurrent development of probable
solid propellant manufacturing sections as additions to the
explosives manufacturing plants and their probable relation
PERM
Test cell deflector _
Assembly checkout budding'
Rail lines - test area . _
Casting laaldy"'
Temperatule cudilioang bwdmgs"
Rail lines. production area
Steam lines ? production area -
es'
i
t
ld
aci
uc
mn
uelpo
f
d
t
Soli
d
-
1 1 l l
KAMENSK?SHAKHTINSKIY ---------
Testcell'deffecta -- - - -- - -- -
Assemblyytkcsoutbuildmg? ---
l'eml
Rail Imes -test area ----
Temp:alume conditioning buildings- - - - _ - - -
l
Raillines. podudionarea __ _ _ - t--- - -- T-1
Steam lines ? poduchon area.' _ _~
Solid fuel pcduction area'
tlYSK'
Test cell deflector No I
Test cell deflector Na 2
Steal lines - lest area A,-
Caslmg lankly'
Solid fuel poduuion area',
STERLITAMAK
Test cell'dellecta
Assembly checkout building'
Rail lines - test area
Casting facility"
L-shaped ievelr..enl
Suppul buildings
Rail lines - lest aaea
steal lion - test area
1 F M ' . . A J 1 J A S j O N I 17 M ; A , M . 1 1 s 5 0 1 N ; D J F ; M A 11F iMi AiM I I A 5'.O II DII FAi
Probable "Possible MONTH PIIOTOGRAPIIY WAS OBTAINED U;C?UNDER CONSTRUCTION
FIGURE 2. CONSTRUCTION CHRONOLOGY OF SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR TEST FACILITIES AND PROBABLE SOLID PROPELLANTS
PRODUCTION FACILITIES.
TOP SECRET,
- " ll ~ij l~l': t~l
jI
I
I1 II-i lit iii
l i i l l i
 ship to the test facilities was not immediately recognized.
Five of the 6 solid propellant rocket motor test facili-
ties are directly comparable. These are located in or near
the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Kamensk-Shakhtinskiy,
Dlysk, and Sterlitamak. Recent detailed reports on'these
facilities present a step-by-step picture of their develop-
ment and functional interpretations of features they have.
in common. 1-5/ The sixth facility, located at Kemerovo,
has some features in common with the other 5 facilities
but differs from them in several Important respects. 6/
A .~ ~muo norru..r.arer
.'~1~ . nu r.ciun
FIGURE 3. SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR TEST FACILITY AN0
PROBABLE SOLID PROPELLANT PRODUCTION FACILITIES, KRASNO?
YARSK
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ILLEGIB
Fes? i ,
ratoLLe TIMPERATURN
COMDITIDMINn /UILDIUILDI"
G{
A..i rc 6'. f.r r,
-q
~.~ andk
1_I x it It..
FIGURE 4. SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR TEST-FATICTTr-XMr
PROBABLE SOLID PROPELLANT PRODUCTION FACILITIES. PERM=
25X1
TOP SECRET
 FIGURE 6. SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR TEST FACILITY AND PROBABLE SOLID PROPELLANT IRUUUCTUN FIGURE 7. SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR TEST FACILITY AND PROBABLE SOLID PROPELLANT'PRO7ff[TIO7J
FACILITIES, BIY5K0 FACILITIES, KAMENSK?SHAKHTINSKIYI
 FIGURE 7. SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR TEST FACILITY AND PROBABLE SOLID PROPELLANT
FACILITIES, KAMENSK.SHAKHTINSKIYI I
FIGURE B. PROBABLE SOLID PROPEL ANT ROCKET MOTOR PKOOUC.
TION AND TEST FACILITIES, KEMEROVO,~
25X1
 The locations of the 6 installations by geographical coordi-
nates and their Bombing Encyclopedia numbers are as
follows:
Uiydk
52-318N
85.05E
Komenok?Shakhtinnkiy
48-18N
40.12E
Kemornvo
55-20N
85.57E
Kruxnoyorxk
50.0'2N
93-03E
Prom
57.58N
55.52E
Stortitomnk
5543N
55.57E
In this report, the following key features which most of
the 6 Installations have in common are compared: 1) test
facilities as units, with separate comparisons of test cells/
deflectors, probable assembly/checkout buildings, and sepa-
rately secured storage units adjacent to the test facilities,
TOP. SECRET
2) probable solid propellant manufacturing sections, 3)
possible casting facilities, and 4) possible temperature
conditioning facilities.
COMPARISONS
OF THE INSTALLATIONS -
The Soviets apparently initiated construction of solid
propellant rocket motor production and testing facilities
late inQand maintained a similar construction schedule
at all the installations considered In this report through the
end of when the program appeared to be virtually com-
plete except at Kemerovo. The chronological development
of the various major components of.ahe 6 installations is
shown by means of a bar graph, Figure 2. Construction of
the test facilities was most obvious on photography early
in the program. it is now seen, however, that construction
of specialized manufacturing sections in the associated ex-
plosives manufacturing plants began at about the same time
and proceeded at about the same pace except at Kemerovo
where some marked variations In the schedule may be noted.
The overall similarity of the layouts and of the physical
relationships of the various test and production facilities of
the 6 installations Is apparent on the photographs which are
presented on Figures 3 through S. Detailed comparison., of
the major components of the installations are made in the
following sections of this report.
1
1
1
FIGURE 9. KRASNOYARSK SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MO
FACILITY.
mm ammm~~w~ -
T.k
B-
Rob
-.- Fmn ? lyd lark
-,- WWI
.--dan~7~d-1Soe
25X1
TOP SECRETI
MOTOR TEST FACILITY.
25X1
 TOP SECRET
25X1
FIGURE 13. STERLITAMAK SOLID PROPELLANT ROC
FACILITY.
FIGURE 12. PERM SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR 1TESTF7RR77Y. TEST FACILITY.
25X1
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ILLEGIB
0
 '[he layouts, test cells/deflectors, support structures,
and rail services of the test facilities at all 6'installations
show much similarity. Another feature common to all ex-
cept Kemerovo is the existence of a small separately secured
sensitive component storage unit in the vicinity of each test
facility. The similarities are illustrated in photographs and
line drawings of the 6 test facilities which are presented on
Figures 9 through 14 and in the perspective drawings on
Figure 16. Detailed comparisons of the test cells/deflector ,
the probable checkout /assembly buildings, and the separately
secured storage units are made in the following paragraphs.
Test Cells. and Deflectors
25X1
The test cells and their associated blast deflectors at
all test facilities except at Kemerovo are very similar in
appearance and are designed for horizontal testing. At
Kemerovo the L-shaped revetment is probably not designed
to be a blast deflector. At the other 5 facilities, deflection
angles of the faces of the blast deflectors vary from
degrees from the horizontal. The faces of the 2 deflectors
at the 131ysk test facility have 2 distinct angles, the lower
parts of their faces being inclined at 25 to 30 degrees and
their upper parts at about 40 degrees. Another unusual
;feature of the deflectors at l3iysk is that they apparently
have it deluge capability, a means of spraying the deflector
faces with water. Horizontal pipes are apparently mounted
it few feet away from the faces of the deflectors where the-
2 deflection angles intersect.
Longitudinal cross-section drawings of the test cells and
blast deflectors at the 6 test facilities are shown on Figure
15. these are drawn to scale and represent as accurately
as die data permits the dimensions, distances, and angles
of the depicted test components.
The primary purpose of all the blast deflectors is
thought to be the diversion of sound, heat, fragments, and
possibly noxious gasses. In all cases except it Perm there
are tilled fields In the back of the deflectors. At Perin the
area back of the deflector is wooded, and there Is a separate
test position almost in line with the test cell/deflector con-
figuration.
Probable Assembly/ Checkout Buildings
Structures tentatively identified as assembly and check-
out buildings at Bfysk, Krasnoyarsk, and Sterlltamak are
H-shaped, and the one at Perm appears to be a modified
H-shaped structure (Figure 16). At Komensk-Shakhtinskly
a rectangular structure approximately 115 feet inhcight may
serve as the assembly/checkout building. There is a similar
rectangular structure (separately secured) at ['erminaddi-
tion to the modified H-shaped building. The Kemerovo test
facility has no structure which can be compared directly
with those at the other sites, although a building 50 feet tall
(Figures 14 and 17) may house an assembly function when
.the facility is completed. In all cases, these structures are,
or apparently will be, rail served. Plandrawings and eleva-
tions of the structures are presented on Figure 17.
Test Facility Storage Units
A small separately secured area is associated with each
of the test facilities except at Kemerovo. Each of the areas
contains 1 small reverted building, a large vacant revetment
in the shape of a square with one side removed, and 2 possi-
ble tanks which dre either earth covered or earth banked
(Figures 3 through 7). 'These small secured sites are
thought to be used for storage of sensitive components of
rocket motors such as ignition devices. At Krasnoyarsk
the storage unit is adjacent to the northwest corner of the
test facility but Is separately secured and may have its own
rail spur (Figures 3 and 9). At Perm it is located at about
,,midway between the test facility and the possible tempera-
ture conditioning buildings (Figure 4). The storage unit at
Kamensk-Shakhtinskiy is to the southwest of the test facility
and separated from it by a.road and railroad (Figure 7). At
Biysk It is Immediately west of the test facility (Figures 6
and 10), and at Sterlitamak It is a short distance to the east
(Figures 5 and 13).
PROBABLE SOLID PROPELLANT
MANUFACTURING SECTIONS
Each of the test facilities is associated with an explo-
sives manufacturing plant. All of the explosives plants are
probably capable of manufacturing double-base powder, and
TOP SECRET
some probably also manufacture high explosives of various
types. In each case, the explosives plant antedates the
rocket motor test facility. ' Of significance is the fact that
expansion of the explosives plants has been concurrent with
the development of test facilities. This plant expansion has
consisted of probable solid propellants manufacturing sec-
,lions (Figure 18) which were built during a 3-year period
'Extending roughly from Also
during this period, possible casting facilities (Figure 19)
were constructed in all of the, explosives plants except the
Krasnoyarsk
At Krasnoyarsk the probable solid propellant manufac-
turing section consists of 2 possible casting facilities,. 7
storage buildings, and 2 large unidentified structures, all of
yvhlch were built adjacent to the uble-base explosives
plant (Figures 3, 18, and 19). Pipelines and conveyer sys-
tems that link the possible casting facilities with the nitro-
glycerine/nitrocellulose production facilities suggest that
double-base components (i.e., nitroglycerine and nitroccllu-
lose) are the principal ingredients of the probable solid pro-
pellant produced at that location.
Perm
A"situation similar to that In Krasnoyarsk exists at
Perm where a probable solid propellant manufacturing sec-
tion has been built on the southeast side of the explosives
plant. It contains a possible casting facility (Figure 19),
several storage buildings, and possible temperature condi-
tioning buildings. In addition, however, a large new separate
probable solid propellants manufacturing section has been
built '(Figures 4 and 18). The facilities of this large new
production section at Perm are similar to those at Kemerovo
and Kamensk-Shakhtinskly.
Kamensk-Shakhtinskiy
An entirely new probable solid propellantsmanufactur-
Ing section has been built approximately 2 nautical miles
southwest of the main explosives plant at Kdmensk-Shaklmin-
skiy (Figures 7 and 18). This facility Is almost identical to
the new probable solid propellants manufacturing section at
 TOP SECRET
Kemerovo. The possible casting facility at Kamensk- than to 1 revetted building (Figure 19).
Shakhtinskiy was built in the older double-base part of the
plant and appears to be equipped to utilize double-base
components for the production of solid propellants (Figures
7 and 19). This facility differs from those seen at the
other sites in that it consists of a large complex structure
which Is connected to 2 heavily revetted buildings rather
Biysk
The situation at f3lysk is similar to that at Kamensk-
Shakhtinskly in that the possible casting facility is located
in the older double-base area ofthe,plant and is connected
TOP SECRET
by conveyer lines to the double-base production elements
(Figures 6, 18, and 19). A large probable solid propellants
manufacturing section is located immediately south of the
main ?lant area (Figures 6 and 18). In addition to the usual
heavily revetted nitrating facilities inthisnewsection,'therc
are administration and engineering buildings, a large fabri-
cation building, and several service/storage structures.
 TOP SECRET
One of the reverted facilities is of particular interest be-
cause it is the only one of its kind found to date at any of the
subject sites and because of its unusual configuration. It is
a square building with a square high-bay section; the main
part of the building is approximately 55 feet high and the
high-bay section rises another 35 feet making a total height
of approximately 90 feet.
Sterlitamak
At Sterlltanfak (Figures 5 and 18) the possible casting
facility (Figure 19) was built within the pro- existing double-
base propellants plants as were some 12 other structures,
including several possible solid propellant rocket motor
storage buildings. I-lore again, the casting facility is linked
by pipes and conveyers to the double-base production ele-
ments. The Sterlitamak and Krasnoyarsk Installations are
alike in that expansion has taken place within the explosives
plants rather than in separate new,.sections.
Kemerovo
A new probable solid propellants manufacturing section
has been built at the Kemerovo installation (Figures 8 and
18). It is essentially identical to the new section at Kamcnsk-
Shakhtinskly (Figures 7 and 18). Jo date, the Kemerovo
facilities do not include a structure that is similar in any
way to the possible casting facilities at the other sites, all
of which have at least a generic resemblance to each other.
POSSIBLE CASTING FACILITIES
The possible casting facilities consist of largeconfplex
buildings connected to 1 or more heavily revettedbuildings.
Figure 19 presents a comparison of the possible casting
facilities that are found at all the sites except Ketncrovo.
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TOP SECRET
 The function-of these facilities is not clearly understood; a
reasonable explanation is that the various components which
make up a solid rocket fuel are brought together in the unre-
vetted building, and the finished product Is cast in the
heavily revetted structure where it also may be cured by
autoclaving and ultimately moved by rail Into storage.
POSSIBLE TEMPERATURE CONDITIONING
BUILDINGS
Possible, temperature conditioning facilities (offset
TOP SECRET
buildings) are present at all sites except Kemerovo (Figures
3 through 7). The interpretation of these structures as
temperature conditioning facilities is based primarily on
their unusual configuration which would permit economical
maintenance of several different'temperatures in one build-
ing. It Is probable that all of these facilities are, or will be,
provided with steam heat; Nome of them are definitely pro-
vided with steam lines. Dimensioned drawings of all the
subject facilities are presented on Figure 20.
 MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN PRODUCTION
FACILITIES
In analyzing the various facilities that appear to be
related to the production of solid propellants, it becomes
evident dial there are 2 major developments In the Soviet
program at the 6 installations under consideration: 1)
with, the exception of Kemerovo, all the sites have recently
constructed unique facilities, designated herein as possible
casting facilities, that are physically connected to pre-
existing double-base powder production elements; 2)atthose
locations whore separate new probable solid propellants
manufacturing sections have been built (Perm, Kamensk-
Shaklulnskiy, liysk, and Kemerovo) it is apparent that the
facilities were built for the express purpose of producing
nitrated substances that could be used as one of several
components, or possibly the only major component, of a
solid fuel for rocket motors.
COMMON ELEMENTS
OF THE INSTALLATIONS
Elements common to solid propellant rocket motor test
and production Installations considered in this report are
discussed in the following paragraphs.
1. Each of the 6 Installations has an elaborate test fa-
cility which includes several ,large complex rail-served
buildings, a'revetted probable control building, and I or 2
test cells with their associated blast deflectors. All of the
test cell/deflectdr pairs are designed for horizontal testing
except the' test facility at Kemerovo which Is currently
under construction. Presents Indications are that the
Kemerovo test equipment may have been designed for
vertical testing.
2. All installations are associated whit pre-existingex-
plosives manufacturing plants have double-base powderpro-
duction capabilities and probably in some cases having high-
explosives production capabilities. Relatively new facilities
associated with the production of propellants and which are
TOP SECRET
25X1
probably producers of solid rocket fuels have been bull( at
all the plants during a period extending from
17-1 In several cases complete new explosives/propellants
manufacturing sections have been built.
3. All installations have, or probably will have, a rail
net linking the various components of the production and
test facilities. These rail nets appear to have been ex;
pressly developed for the purpose of llnking.productlon and
test facilities via storage and temperature conditioning fa-
cilities.
4. Complex facilities, herein designated as possible
casting facilities, have been built at all of tile insthIlations
except Kemerovo. These facilities are connected lo double-
base production elements by plpes/conveyers/walkways.
5. All of the sites except Kemerovo have one or more
sets of facilities designated as possible temperature condi-
tioning buildings.
 TOP SECRET
MAPS OR CIUIITS
SAC, US Air Target Chart, Sprier dull, Shirt Illllt-91111., 0d rd, Aug li?J, arnie IT!110,111111 (SIsl'llls'1')
SAC. US Air Target Chart, Seri(-., '1111, Shore 11911?2IA, eat od, Mar Si), acme I:_Illl,llllll (SECIIET)
SAC. IIS Air Target ('hurt, Senior gnu, Short 11150 ^3111,, 9d od, Ala) ICI, arai. 1:2110,0011 (SlIclu. T)
SAC, IIS Air Target Char), Sorter duq?Shool 11101'2111., 9d od?lul (12,,s 1, I.200,1100 (SE('Ill?:'l')
ACIC. IIS Air Target Chart, Serirn 200, Shen) 111511?I III[,, tat od, Jun 113, +rnie 1:200,000 (5ECIIh:T)
ACIC. US Air Target Chart, Sorioa 21111, Shut III65.15A, tat od, Sep Sh,'nralr 1:9110,111111 (SECRET)
DOCUMENTS
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