REVIEW OF SOVIET PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROCEDURES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00202A000100070001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 78
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 27, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 22, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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REVIEW OF SOVIET PHOTOGRAI TRIC PROCEDU MS
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REVIEW OF SOVIET PHOTOGRA442TRIC PROCEDU S
TABLE OF CONTsI-'$
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Page
Excerpt from speech by'Academician A. N. Nesmeyanov
SUt 4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS
PART I
A.
Introduction
1
B.
Historical Development of Photogrammetry in the U.S.S.R.
5
PART II.
Soviet Methods and Procedures
9
A.
Mapping Scales and Procedures
9
APPEN
DIX
I
13
Comments and Discussions on the Soviet
book entitled:
NaatavleniZe to~ficheskoye s" vemlce v ~tabP
1:122-020, Chast II.N_oto rt~u~matrich~ss___i3ro raabbotp
na_;ruction~ for Toga araT>hic sAalys on a1: 10O~OOO
Scale.- Part II, Photo-tram atric Operations) Second Edition
GUGK, 1950.
APPENDIX II 18
25X1A5a1 Review of P ametrf.ra Phot ammetrv)
by N. N. Veselovskiy, 1945
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APPENDIX III 28
General Discussion of G o 3e7ifft, Tom IX,
1949, Chapter 4, mall r _.ga a_ o t o Pra
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Discussion of StereofotoA ommetriLa
tereophotograamnefir by A. S. Skiridov, 1951.
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APPEIMIX V
Report on Soviet Photogramnmatric
25X1A5a1 Instruments as escri ec in Poogracunetrich iye Prr iorv
nst entov d ni Pho+-nor rnmetri c Apuaratus and
Instrumentation by ^. V. Drobyshev, 1951
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APPE.aDIX VI
Comparison of Accuracy of Mapping Processes in the U.S.S.R.
and U.S.A.
The Straight Line Method of the Soviets '
Bibliography
Page
46
56
59
70
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..."The task of maximum use of mi.tural resources, set forth by the
19th Congress of the Party, is connected with the execution of large
scale and complex investigateons, the basic aim of which is the improve-
ment of geographic distribution of. industrial establishments, whir;:^. has
in view as far as possible bri.iging industry close to the sources .f raw
material and fuel.
This directive demands of science a multi-sided study and maftery of`
the vast expanses of our Fast and South. Before the Academy of Sciences
is laid the task -- on the basis of broadly developed geological, geogra.l;,c,
and eccnomic investigations, c'trried on together with various offices and
ministries, -- to furnish the scientific foundation of the Lrcpostd deve-
ooment of the national economy of a number of eastern and sourthen regi.t:nf:
of the Soviet Union.
The use of new meth c:rs of aerial investigation for territori: i. (air)
route research of a local ty h -c basically changed the temp o of ;vesti ; -
tive operations"...
?;xct-r t from a speech by .cadeiaician,
printed in
Vestnik Akademi,ra A,auk 6S,=R
Vyp. 3 (March), 1953
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Soviets appear to have made several original contributions in the
field of photogrammetry. There are probably, in the order of their impor-
tance, as follows:
1. The development of super wide-angle camert. lenses.
2. The development of efficient small-scale mapping systems
based on the "differentiated" method, though the method
itself is not an entirely original concept of the Ri sia.:as.
3. The concept and design of Drobyshev's stereometers.
4. The "straiCht-line" method of Romanovzkiy.
Major trends in Soviet photograrrraetrical methods as commente t on more
fully later would seem to be
1.. A recognition of the imrorta.nce of the optics, and a
development alone those lines possibly exceeding our own,
if the reports on their lenses are true.
2. The tendency to make the corrections for orientation
mechanically, rather than by homolog or optical means.
3. The use of numerical computationn where we tend to
compute by ana.lo , or not to compute explicitly at all.
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A. INTRODUCTION
In any attempt to evaluate photogrammetrical ma:)
,ing procedures in
the U.S.S.R. the fact that photogrammetry is a young subject which has
not yet reached maturity must be constantly kept in mind. Thou ft photc-
grammetrical surveys on the ground were made prior to World War I, aerial
photography - at first as an auxiliary aid to the map_ ing of detail by
conventional ground methods - became- a: major tool of the map mak ~r much
later.
Only in the last twenty years have governments fully recogn*:'ed that
mapping programs, to be efficiently completed, must utilize aerial photog-
raphy. Furthermore, it )tas only been in this period tw,t phctogramretr=-
cal theory, technisues and procedures have been developed to the point
where it has been possible to organize photogramnetri.caa.l survey , Dera.tione
in a rational and economical manner .,ui.table for mapping vast arEn .
It would seem danc-erous to assume from the fact th;,.t technic ues and
procedures differ from country to country and vary in accuracy that this
is due to the technical superiority of one country ever another. '?ech.ni -
cal superiority may exist, but in th:: main the organization of pl;oto.rram-
metry and the devel_mmnent of different techniques and -procedures in dif-
ferent countries would. seem_a.rgely to depend on their mappin;' needs and
whether these can be realized in a reasonably short time. These in turn
will depend to a great extent on the sizes of the countries and tie den-
sities of their populations and, to a lesser extent, on their political
structure and industrial stability.
1
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A good illustration of this vari+tion in practice is the difference
between Western -European and .American photogranimetric'al practice. ;-ince
Western Zurol.e consists of a number of comparatively smtruments. The theory appears to be well-developed, and current with
ours in the main, except possibly in the error theory. Accumulation of
error is mentioned and formula:; are given, but they are sim le, :M I doubt
that careful theoretical error studies have been made. The importance of
error accumulation has only recently been realized here, however, so if
the U.S.S.R. Is behind in this re:nect it is by only a ye:r or two'. In
the experimental investigation of errors and accur~cy .f prim .ry n~d::.sure-
ments they seem to be a little ahead, probable errors for the various set-
tings and material distortions being, f:iven. For examole, it is stited that
the error in parallax measurement caused by image motion has ben found
experimentally to be 1120 of the computed amount of motion. No stch figure
has been measured in the U..;.A. I cannot tell., of tour:-e, how reli ble
their results are, but at le.sian inot ru.
went.=. are simpler and therefore better, but this may be discounts:.. At
any event, most of the instruments area simple -- for e:ram'ole, te1 -cope
optics are not used much in the stereoscope.
The result is, that the graphical methods and use of coiuputalion ap-
pear to be advanced further than ours. The methods they use for .:50,000
and 1:100,000 maps are similar in structure to the m-thuds we use (in tr4-
metrogon work) for 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000. The organization o the wort-
is very reminiscent of our Brock method, and is good. From the d,scrip-
tions given, hcwev-~r, the accuracy obtained in 1:50,000 mapping mitst be
less than we have in such maps. And the amount of field control :-:Md. office
work is greater than we need. They seem to fly somewhat lower than we do.
The camer:.s used are wider angle than ours, and on the surfar?e the
lenses appear to be be ::ter. Teri: is fictitious, however. The len_:es are
rated f/5.6 and f/6.3 but I doubt that they work at better than f A or
f;11. This is implied by the shutter speeds used: 1 ,,,50 to 1/100- A smiactory.
To Camera Ta,fa-2. Russar-19, 127 mm. F, f/'.3, '30 mm. sc. ima{-e,
240 mm x 50 M. film, 200 plotos. Shutter speeds 1/:.'5 to 1/100, c;% eff.
Descriptions of mapping instrumt?nts, fragment:-_ry tran::;lation..
Statement: Multiplex is used in U,;:,R only for e:;tablishing control
in bridging.
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IV. Photo,_~ru nr:etric Instruments
StereoF=.r";0 of Drob_shev. Mechanical rzstitutior. Photos stay
horizontal. None manufactured as of 1949, OR to technical difficulties.
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D#scuasicn of eregf~~o rrmptri ~; : tereonhotZr::._: jet -r ) by
A. ; ; ridov 1951*
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A.
This boot:_ was not fully' `;ran.;ia'ued, which mc.2e ev_-.1us.tian di ff"icult.
However, the chapter ?tnd :;ect':on headin~,- were transluted, the boot- is
profuse with figures: and formulas, and so;s,e '=:ncvled e , f meth:id.-,, in; trt-
ment,? and termincloE;r had : 1rF ^-dy been :,wined from re.:.dine; Code, iya(1'.p-
pendix III), Drobyshev (Aipendi V) in translation. Hence, I feel that
I was able to get P. fairly good understanding of the boo!-..
B, G.~:R4L }?:VIEW OF 2'.^HGIJR
The most important genorr.l methods of ma,ioping used in TJ3 R seen to
be: plane-table, differentiated methods, and universal instrivnent methods.
All of these appear to 'lave major usage. The differentiated meth )d=eem;
to be used more than the ~~n_vers~ I, e.nd to be the pride of the Ru ::sans.
The multiplex does not seem to be used at all as a mapping- method, but
only for spatial triangulation.
The plane table we are not interested in. The universal method is
about the same ns we 1?now it. The method of differentiated proce.aec is
similar to the Brock method. It is the sane in basic concept, bu" has
been extended and improved in some important respects, and in a few re-
spects. is not ins good. Thus we have the following, tabular com-,ar s::n of
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the major methods of mapping by aerial photography:
Method
U.S.
Europe
U .SR
Universal
some
major
consi.:: rable
Multiplex
major
some
neglir'ible
Brock
negligible
none
major
low-order
some
sone
some
(contour-finder)
It is ironical that the only American mapping method -- the `:rock --
should have been neglect=ed her, but taken over by the u:ssians, ,:'nd that
one of the better European inventions, the Multiplex, should have been
neglected there but taken over by as.
The Photc-rfkmmetric Theory is well developed in the U.W.R. The
theory is as well developed here, but the najor difference seems '.o be
that there is no application of the more advanced theory- here, anl the
knowledge is not wide spread. In the U.S.S.P. the more -.dvanced theory
is contained in this textbook, even to calculation of higher-crie:? effects
and how to apply them in orientation of photos, and co ap arently tat;ht
in the higher courses.
The major trends in Rusin developments seer to be.
1. A recognition of the importance of the optics, and a
development along those line: far exceeding our own,
if the reports on their lenaes are true.
2. The tendency to make the corrections for orientation
mechanically, rather than by homolog or optical means,
The use of r n ric~?.1 computations where we tend to
compute by analog, or not to com jute explicitly at a!1.
A major criticism is a lack of recognition of the im:ortonce of re-
dundance, or the ass of reduWance to _ inplify the con~utations r..ther
than to reduce the errors. This tendency is noticeable in Americ +.n work
az well.
to
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C. R TSSI.d1 111..P:'Itti i PROCBU,1
Until about 19_l or 195,: the basic Russian Map scale has beer: 1:100.0000
with 20 in. contours in flat ar-ea , 240 m. contours in mountainous regions.
In the sparsely settled, outlying areas the 1-ubl4cation sce.le is ?:100,000
and contours are 110 r.:. , but th3 planimetric accuracy requirements ar re-
duced to be equivalent to 1:202,000 scale. Apparently, from rema?x_s made
later in the boo-'- and from remarks in Geodezi:.~a, there m)-st have `feen
auxiliary maiming, at 1:5)0,000, and some large scale mat) :ing.
Starting as of nokw the future plan is to map the country at 1:25,00C,
with selected area:: filled in at scales between 1:10,0:0 and 1:2, ',CO.
D . FBI. :. I-T' ; TRIJ 1ITTu
Instruments rem;!In pretty n!uch r!.s discussed elsewhere (Geodeziyn, and
Drobyshev) with one exception. The 70 mm. Russar 2.2 aerial cc;ives photo scr.le of 1:50,000 for
mars at 1:100,,'00, and 1:30,000 for reaps at 1:50,000. 2I-irldov g-ives
ranges 1:55,000 - 1:75,000 ectively. In each
case the upper end of Skiridov's range > would correspond to flying at the
sane height but usin-; a 70 mm. lens instead of 100 mm.
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Also, S':iridov describ.+s as a separate type of instrtunent, w'iich we
will c^Il Generalized certain particularly Iu.tph about 19L 8. They h;..ve still not been ,,coept?~d i~y Wild
and aantoni The ?assi.wn use them even sn the si 71e instri~aents.
The lower 2recision rind i.h~~ aif'erent em*Jh-usis in i_nstnxient, lo-3i