THE ORGANIZATION OF SOVIET GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY

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CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7
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RIPPUB
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S
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79
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November 9, 2016
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July 27, 1998
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1
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September 30, 1953
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REPORT
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25X1A5a1 Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release 199 -00202A000100090001-7 25X1A5a1 25X1A5a1 25X1A5a1 25X1A5a1 Approved For Release 199 0202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release 19 Cjif. 79-00202A000100090001-7 THE ORGANIZATIO1; OF SOVIET G--]ODE Y AND CARTOGWEY TABIa-,' OF CQ:IT';2TTS SUMIARY I. MAIN LiU MIS TTUT ION OF G ~IOJESY 11TD CARTOG-P PEY ((,"UGK) 1 A. YOU - supreme Geodetic Administration (1919-1925) 1 B. GGK - Main Committee of Geodesy (1925-1930) 3 C. GGU - I-:sin Geodetic %dm_Inistration (1930-1933) 4 D. GGGGU - Main Gealogic, Hydrologic and Geodetic Administration (1933-1935) 4 E. GUGSK - Main kdministration of National Surveying and Cartogray.Dhy (1935-1939) 5 F. GU( - Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (1939-present) 5 1. Policy-Malting Bodies of the GUC a. b. Collegivm Council 2. General Agencies a. Central Cartographic and Geodetic Archives 8 b. Publishing Educe of Geodetic and Cartographic Literature 9 1'. Geodezist 9 c. TsIIIIGAiK' 10 d. Aerogeooribor (Factory of Geodetic Instruments) 11 e. NRKCh ('scientific -::diting and Map Conmilation Division) 11 f. NTCh (Transcription Bureau) 12 r Approved For Release 1999/99/01 : e-I 79-00202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release 1999/9 .,879-00202A000100090001-7 Pa c. Administration of Supply 12 h. Finance and ?fanning Division 12 i. Division of Cadres 12 J. UGGR (Admini3tration of State Geodetic Control) 12 k. Technical Diviufon 15 1. Administration of Zducatiox 1 Institutions 16 m. Secret Division 16 n. Mobilization Division la o. MS (Administration of the Topographic and Geodetic Service) 20 (1) Estfbli;shments (l'redpriyatya) 20 (a) I-tructure of Establishments 1.3 (1') Moscow AGP 25 (2') Northwe:;tern AGP 28 (3') Novosibirsk r1GP 30 (41) Central Asia AGP 30 (5') Ukrainian AGP 31 (61) 1'rnuis-Caucasian AGP 31 (7') North Caucasus AGP 31 (8') Yakutsk AGP 31 (9') Koly :-Okhotsk AOP 33 (10') Permanent Polar Expedition 33 (11') Kazakh AGP 34 (12') Eastern Siberian AGP 35 (131) Western A(.' 35 (i4') Southern AGP 35 Approved For Release 1999/09/01 CIA-l DP79-00202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release 199W010"! : CTA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 Pie p. 1 P (Administration of Cartographic Industry) 35 (1) Cartographic Factories 35 No. 1 - Leningrad Cartographic Factory 41 No. 2 - ?',oscow Cartographic r'ac ?ory 42 I No. 3 - !Linsk Cartogra -hic Factory 43 No. 4 - I ar' :ov Cartographic F; .ctory 43 No. 5 - Tashkent Cartographic Factory 43 No. 6 - Omsk Cartographic Factory L4 No. 7 - Sverdlovsk CaxtoL'aphic Factory 44 No, 8 - Tbilisi CNxtog;ra:?hic Factory L4 No. 9 - Saratov Cartographic Factory 46 No. 10 - Riga Cartographic Factory 46 No. 11 - I iyev Cartographic- Factory 46 No. 12 - Novosibirsk Cartographic Factory I~7 3. Analysis of the Structure of the GUGIK a. Size b. Political Influence c. Role of Women d. Compulsion e. Complexity f. Comrison II. MINIS TRY OF D :~': ~1TS A. VTU - Military Topographic Administration 1. VTS - r.iilitary Topographic Service 2. VIA - Military Engineering Academy 47 47 49 50 50 50 51 52 52 53 54 Approved For Release 1999/09/01 :CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release 19VVILMUT' 79-00202A000100090001-7 3. NIIVTS - Scientific Keserch Institutes of the Military-Topographic Service III. SOVIET LITEP k tJI REi:' NNC 'D IN THIS REPORT APPE11DIX I Statute of the Main .administration of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of People's Commissars U`3Sli P aks and Decora,~ions in the GUMC P 54 56 59 Approved For Release 1999/09/01 CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release ;, RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 This report establishes the organization and structure of the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography of the U.S.S.R. as known from available open source material. This type of information, fairly abundant before 1940, becomes very scarce after that year. It is estimated that by 1953, some 9,030 technical personnel were connected with the Main Adminis- tration of Geodesy and Cartography. The corresponding organizational picture for the Administration of Military Topographers cannot be established at this time because of the almost complete laci: of pertinent open source material. Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 IQ Q Q& 0-- MMW~ Approved For Release I 9 - DP79-00202A000100090001-7 A2 9b = a Y (GU(F~ The present organization known as the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGK, Glavnoye Upravieniye Geodezii 1 Kartografii) is the result of a long evolution of Soviet institutions and its history may be briefly represented as follows: 1919 VGU: Supreme Geodetic Administration (Vyssheye Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye) 1925 GGA: Main Committee of Geodesy (Glavnyy Geodezicheekiy Komitet) ? 1930 GGU: Main Geodetic Administration (Glavnoye Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye) 1933 GGGGU: Main Geologic, Hydrologic and Geodetic Administration (Glavnoye Geologo-Gidro-Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye) 1935 GUGSK: Main Administration of National Surveying and Cartography (Glavnoye Upravleniye Gosudarstvenny S"yemki i :artografii) 1939 GUGK: Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (Glavnoye Upravleniye Geodezii i Kartografii) A. 1219-122,5. This organization was established on March 15, 1919, by a decree of the Soviet of People's Commissars. It was en2owered to (a) carry out systematic topographic, geodetic and leveling pork, (b) organize map production for all departments of the government, (c) coordinate all geodetic and cartographic work in the U.S.S.R., (d) direct all geodetic and cartographic work, (a) work out technical geodetic and cartographic instructions and rules obligatory for all departments of government. This formulation of responsibilities is equally applicable to all successors of the YOU. Nevertheless, it was found necessary to reorganize Approved For Release 1999/09/01 CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 1 Approved For Release 19~ncARDP79-00202A000100090001-7 the YGU several times before a stable organization, the GUGK, was developed. There are two reasons for these frequent re-organizations; (1) lack of ex- perience, personnel and equipment and (2) political considerations. Contrary to the'original intention, the VGU was attached to one par- ticular department of the government, the Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNI2t, Vysshiy Soviet Narodnogo Khozyaysta) and its authority to regulate geodetic and cartographic activity of other agencies was questioned. At any rate, the VGU was unable to supervise all cartographic and geodetic work in the U.S.S.R. because of the lack of technical personnel. Even as late as 1924, (that is, five years after its organization) the VGU :.tad at its disposal less than 200 geodesists and only 21 cartographers. The amount c5f available equipment was pitiful, and had to be imported from abr.)ad. While there is no need to describe all details of the organization of the VGU, some aspects of its structure should be explained in order to make further discussion profitable. The policy making department of the VGU was the Collegiurn, exactly as it is now in the GUGK, as follows: Administration and Organization Financial Topographic and. Geodetic Cartographic Optics and Mechanics Geodetic Archives Technical Council The VGU has eight field offices in the following cities: Leningrad Approved For Release 1999/0901-:IC~F79-00202A000100090001-7 2 i oft Approved For Release 1999/09IE@P -00202A000100090001-7 Moscow Sverdlovsk Rostov Omsk Saratov B. GGK& 1925-30. On May 14, 1925 a Geodetic Committee (Geodezicheskiy Komitet) was established under the State Planning Commission (Gosplan). This committee took over from the VGU the work of coordination of all geo- detic and cartographic work in the Soviet Union. The chaage was obviously necessary because of the lack of authority it had over other government agencies and departments.' At the same time a permanent commission was ap- pointed to coordinate the activity of the VGU and the :Military-topographic section (VT0) of the army. The Technical Council of the VGU became merely a consulting body with no authority outside of the YOU. In September 4, 1926, the VGU was re-named the Geodetic Committee in the Main Mining-Fuel-Geologic-Geodetic Administration (Glavnoye Gcrno- Toplivnoye Geologo-Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye) still at the VSNKh (Supreme Council of National Economy). In 1928 it was further renamed, the Main Geodetic Committee (GGK, Glavnyy Geodezicheskiy Komitet). There were thus for some five years (1926-1931) two organizations both of which were called Geodetic Committees; one at the Gosplan to direct and coordinate work of all map agencies in the U.S.S.R. and the other ~.t the Supreme Council of National Economy (VsNKh) to carry out actual work in geodesy and cartography. Approved For Release 1999/ IA79-00202A000100090001-7 3 Approved For Release I 99 C11~ I c- DP79-00202A000100090001-7 Such separation of responsibilities introduced confusion and could not be tolerated very long, especially because of the rapid developmeat of field work and cartographic factories. C. M. 1930-1933. In, 1930 the Geodetic Committee of the V3NKh was transformed into the Main Geodetic Administration (GGU; Glavnoye Geodezich- eskoye Upravleniye) and the Geodetic Committee of the Gosplan was abolished in 1931 and its functions were taken over by the GGU. However, even then the GGU was not an independent department in the government, but attached to the Comjnisariat of Heavy Industry. The coordination of geodetic and cartographic work in all agencies was to be effected through the inter- Department Geodetic Council, (Mezhduvedomstvennyy Geodezitheskiy soviet) whose decisions were to be carried out by the GGU. The actual surveying operations were to be performed by the Institute of Basic Geodetic Work (IOGR: Institut Osnovnykh Geodezichewkikh Babot) which was soon replaced by the Trust of Basic Geodetic and Gravimetric Work (VLVG1aR: Vaesoyuznyy Treat Osnovnykh Geodezicheskikh i Gravimetricheskikh Rabot). Thus for the first time gravimetry was included in the program of geodetic surveying. At the same time cartographic activities of two organizations carrying out aerial surveying operations, "Dobrolet" and "Th rovozdukhput", were included in the system of the GGU. D. OGGeTJ.__1933-1935. During this period, because of considerations that are not easy to understand, the geodetic survey was co-ibined with the geologic survey into the lain Geologic, Hydrologic and Geodetic Adminis- tration (GGGGU: Glavnoye Geologo-Gidro-Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye). The system was extremely cumbersome and is considered by Soviet writers as some sort of "twilight period of Soviet geodesy". Approved For Release 1999/d-e-fr'79-00202A000100090001-7 4 Approved For Release M-fiffP79-00202AO00100090001-7 X. GUMGSK 1915-1239- On June 15, 1935 another reorganizati,)n took place. The GGGGU was abolished and replaced by the-Main Administration of National Surveying and Cartography (G'JGSK: Glavnoye Upravleniye Gosudar- stvennoy S"yemki I Kartografii). This time the GUGSK was attached to the Commisariat of Interior. F. GUGK. 1939 to the present. By 1938 it became clear that the only way to solve the problem of co-ordination and organization of geodetic and cartographic work in the country was to establish an organization with both legislative and executive authority outside of any existing Commisariat. Accordingly, a decision was made in September 14, 1938 to separate the Geodetic and Cartographic Office from the Commisariat of Interior and make it a separate department in the Soviet government. The new organization became known as the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGK: Glavnoye Upravleniye Geodenii I Kartografii) at the Council of Cormaissars, later at the Council of Ministers. The duties and responsibilities of the GU(K were itemized in it decree of the Council of Commisars U.S.S.R. of August 23, 1939. This date should be considered as the beginning of activity cf the GUGK. (see Figura 1) This decree, with subsequent alterations, (up to 1941) is given in Appendix I. Undoubtedly there have been other, more recent change:: in the organization of the GUGK, but very little is known about them. In view of the possibility of changes in the structure of the GUGK, all efforts have been made to use the most recent information so as to present an up-to-date picture. The organizational chart which accompanies this report is based on the study of all available material and should be substantially correct. Approved For Release 1999/03/ 1 : ~~A- P79-00202A000100090001-7 5 Approved For Release 1999/ 79-00202A000100090001-7 1. Policy-Making Bodies of the GU( Chief and Depu~tZ Chiefs. The GUGK is headed by a chief, (nachal'nik) whose duties are defined in the statutes (Appendix I, Section 5). The chief in 1951 was Aleksandr Nikiforovich Baranov who received (2) Stalin's prize of first class (with six other people) for the publication in 1950 of the "Sea Atlas", Vol. 1. In source (2) the photograph of Baranov indicates his age as about 55 or 60. Baranov has been chief of the GUGK since at least 1939. From source (3) we learn that he is a graduate of the Moscow Institute of Engineers of Geodesy, Aerial Surveying and Cartography (MIIGA!J) and is probably a com- petent man. The same source states that Baranov received a medal for the construction of the Moscow subway, presumably for the organization of sur- veying work. There are two deputy-chiefs. The first deputy-chief of the GJGK in 1949 was S. G. Sudakov (4) who is also a graduate of the MIIGAiK (:;). Both Baranov and Sudakov are described in source (3) of 1939 as "brought up by the party organization" and undoubtedly are members of the Comuuaiotic Party in good standing. The other deputy-chief in 1949 was Georgiy Kuz'mich Zubakov, r ued in source (4) as simply, deputy-chief, apparently a position inferior to the first deputy-chief, Sudakov. In this source Zubakov is referred to as engineer-geodesist, so that in all probability he is also a graduktte of MIIGAiK. He and Sudakov were awarded the Order of the Red Banner (.pith three other engineers) for organizing and carrying out over a period, of many years geodetic and cartographic work in exceptionally difficult regions. Approved For Release 1999/0 IAIDF79-00202A000100090001-7 6 Approved For Release 199 ~-:" Bf.RbP79-00202AO001 Attached to the chiefs office are two consulting bodies: the ^ollegium and the council. a. The C Qlle i (Kollegiya GUGK , as follows from the stat- utes (Appendix I, Section 7)., consists of members of the GUGK, usually division chiefs, under the chairmanship of the chief of the GUGK and is some sort of review board of activities of the GUGK. Decisions of the collegium are to be carried out by the chief of the GUGK. The composition of the Collegium in 1940 may be given here to illus- trate one point: it consists of competent people with the r_ecessnrr tech- nical background (all with the degree of engineer-geodesist): Chairman: A.N. Baranov, chief of GUGK Members: S.G. Sud.akov, chief of aerogeodetic establishments Q.D. Tatarnikov, G.K. Zubak ov, deputy chief T.I. Mukhin, chief of cartographic industry I,UGK A.Sh. Tatevyan, Director of TsNIIGAiK T.N. Kortoyy, Professor at MIIGAiK P.P. Pavlovskiy, connection unknown As an illustration of the activity of this body the following items may be quoted. In 1948 the Collegium considered and accepted (6) the five- year plan of research work at the TsNIIGAiK, (Central Scientific Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Sh~eying and Cartography) including ?1 topics in geodesy, six in astronomy, eight in aerial surveying and photogrammetry, and eleven in cartography. This would indicate very close supervi..ion of research activities of the Central Institute by the Collegium. In the same source we find detailed instructions to the chiefs of various depart- ments of the GUGK, formulated by the Collegium to facilitate the iitroduc- tion of the Krasovskiy ellipsoid. Approved For Release 1999/09/61: CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 7 Approved For Release 19991 %.M 79-00202A000100090001-7 b. The Council, (Sovet GUGK) as. defined in the statutes (Ap- pendix I, Section 9) is to meet once or twice monthly to discuss the most important work of the GUGK. The important aspect of the activity of the Council is the co-ordination of work between the various government organi- zations engaged in cartographic and geodetic work. This undoubtedly involves military organizations and for that reason the decisions of the council are not published. There is no information available concerning the mem- bership of the Council. 2. Gsrtersl Agencies a. CeRtr Cartographic and Geodetic Archive (T=KGF. Tsentral'nyy )Cartografo-Geodezicheskiy Fond) is described in a_source (5) of 1952 as follows: It is supposed to collect and make available for use all maps printed in the U.S.S.R. and all data on geodetic and cartographic work in the U.S.S.R. which are considered to be of national importsnce. This would include, for instance, lists of triangulation and astronomic positions. By law every map published by civil organizations in the U.S.S.R. must be deposited in the TsKGF which publishes catalogues which include complete description of these maps. An up -to-date record of the status of cartographic coverage is maintained on the 1:1,000,000 index map (dezhurnaya karta). In 1949 the chief of this section of the TsKGF was Ye. M. Taos' _ova, a woman (4). The map-gathering activity is not restricted to TsKFG, how- ever, and there are at least three other organizations within the G'JGK engaged in similar work but for somewhat different purposes. These will be discussed in their proper relationships later in this report. Approved For Release 1999/09/01:tlA- DP79-00202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release 1999/b/ E i -R79-00202A000100090001-7 15 b. Publinhitt& House of Geodetic and Cato zarphi wL terature (Geodezizdat: Izdatel'stvo Geodezicheskoy i Kartograficheskoy Literatury). The address of this publishing house is Moscow, Proyezd Vladimirovaa, No. 6, but the most surprising circumstance is that all recent books, instructions, atlases, etc. appear to have been printed at the Riga Cartographic Factory, Riga, Altonavas, No. 43. The chief of the Geodezizdat in 1949 was A.I. Salomatin (6). The special publishing house for the.GUGK was established in 1940, but it has history reaching back to 1933 when the 'Editing Bureau (Redbyuro Goc,kartrest) was first established (7). The activity of the publishing house of the GUGK may be described as follows: Publication of serials like od zis and $bQ ni.k NTi Publication of textbooks and monographs. Publication of Trudy TsNIIGAi1. Publication of reports of field parties. Publication of instructions, regulations, orders, forms, etc. 1'. Geodezist Since the publication of the periodical, "Geodezist", is specifically mentioned in the statutes, (Appendix 1, Section 13) a short description is included. After several unsuccessful attempts by the members of the Adm~nistra- tion of Military Topographers (1TU: Voyenno Topograficheskoye Upravleniye) to start a professional periodical, the "Geodezist" was organized by the VTU and VGU (Vyssheye Geodezicheskoys Upravleniye) in 1925. It war, to serve, Approved For Release 1999/09/01 CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 9 Approved For Release 1999109/01 1CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 then, both the military and civil geodetic and mapping establishments. The journal was a great success, remarkable for its detailed chronicle of events in geodesy and cartography both in the U.S.S.R. and abroad. In 1931 the 'Geodesist" became the official organ of the GGU (Glavnoye Geodezi,::h3& oye Upravleniye) but its connection with VTU remained unbroken. In connection with the 15th anniversary of the periodical, articles were published (8) praising this Journal very highly. "Nevertheless, the publication of the "Geodesist" was abruptly terminated in this year without explanation. Per- haps the general disruption of life in the U.S.S.R. because of the war was responsible. 21. Sbornik ITT Lft In 1*941 the GUGK began to publish its own serial, "Sbornik Nauchno-Technicheskikh i Proizvodstvenny1ch Statey po Geodezii, $artografii, Topografii, .4eros"yemke i Gravimetrii", (Collection cf Scien- tific, Technical and Production Articles in Geodesy, Cartography, Topogra- phy, Aerial Surveying and rrraviinetry) of which 33 issues were published between 1941 and 1950. However, since 1950 there may have been another change in the publication. Most recent information indicates the existence of Vol. 1 and 2 of "Sbornik Statey po Geodezii", (Collection of Articles in Geodesy), 1951, also published by the GUGK (9). Either the scope of this collection has been limited to geodesy, or this is a new serial, re- placing the Sbornik NTiPS. c. Central Scientific Research Institute of Geode 1-k-eria Survey and Cartogran (TsNIIGAIK): Tsentral'nyy Nauchno- Issledovatel'skiy Institut Geodezii, Aeros"ymeki i Kartografii) in Moscow. The detailed account of this Institute wis given in Technical Paper No. 16~ Approved For Release 1999/09/01 '-CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release 1999/09101 CIA-RE P79-00202A000100090001-7. of the Mapping and Charting Research Laboratory. The institute is the primary research center of the GUt.K, d. Factory of Geodetic Instruments (Aerogeopribor). This factory and similar establishments have been discussed in the Mapa)ing and Charting Research Laboratory Report entitled, "Soviet Geodetic anri Photo- grammetric Instrumentation". e. Sc e ti c 3ditiM and Ma Co i DLViBiOJ2 (NRKCh: Nauchno-Re&aktsionnaya Kartosostavitel'skaya Chast'). The Russian term is difficult to render, and its translation in the Statutes (Appends:: Is Sec- tion 10) as Division of tap Publication Control is misleading. The duties of the NRKCh as defined in 1940 are (10): (a) Checking and correction of all available maps. (b) Correct organization of editing, compilation, etc. (c) The selection of the host efficient technology of cartographic work. (d) Development of control over contents and design of maps. (d) General preparation of maps for printing. This organization was the outgrowth of a special research institute created for the Great Soviet Atlas of the World (NIIBSAM) in 1933. In 1938 this Institute was abolished and its personnel transferred to the newly created NRK'Ch of the GUGK. In 1940 the NRKCh had 131 1'stakhanovit.3s"; that is, exceptionally productive workers. The entire staff must, there, fore, be very large. A pertinent and noteworthy fact is to that the GUGK is specifically charged with the compilation and publication of th{t Great Soviet Atlas (Statutes, Section 2b). A source of 1949 (4) lists the names of ten employes of the DTIK;Ch who had received decorations for excellent work, among whom were two senior Approved For Release 1999/09/61-: CIA-R`DP79-00202A000100090001-7 11 O.Of 1 &e1cAt RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 Approved For Release 1 editors, S. N. Soldatov and S. N. Teplova. The chief of the ITEKCh in 1940 was G. V. Artamonov, a graduate of the MIIGAiK (3). According to a source of 1952 (5) the NKr:Ch had a special reference section (OSKS: Otdel Sprayochnoy KKartograficheskoy Sluzhb:') where a person interested in one particular region could obtain all available cartographic information, whether on the U.S.S.R..or of foreign countries. f. Transcription Bureau (NTCh: Nauchno Transkriptionnaya. Chast') appears to be independent of NRKCh, since it is mentioned separsteltiy in the Statutes (Appendix I, section 10). Nothing is known of its activity except a short notice of 1940 (11). g. Admministration of Supply (Upravleniye Snabzh niya). The head of this administration in 1948 was A.V. Batkov. The namE-of the administration is self-explanatory. It is supposed to supply all necessary material for the work of the various divisions of the GUGK (6). h. Fjce Planning: Div sign mentioned in the Statutes (Section 10) may be combined nor into one division of Planning an-1 Econom- ics (Plano-Ekonomicheskiy Otdel). The head of it in 1948 was M.K. Bendovskiy (6). i. Division of Cadre (Otdel Kadrov). The chief of this division in 1948 was V.V. Samoylova (a woman). The duty of this livision is to assure sufficient personnel for all departments of the GUGK. Administration of-State Geodetic Control (U( N: Up- ravleniye Gosudarstvennogo Ceodezicheskogo Nadzora). The head of this administration in 1948 was V.N. Lysyuk. According to a source of 1952 (5) the UGGN includes the administrations of representatives of the CUG in union and autonomous republics, and in other administrative geographical regions. Approved For Release 1999/09/01 CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 12 Approved For Release 19 DP79-00202A000100090001-7 A complete list of local representatives of the GUGK with defined limits of their jurisdiction has been found only in a source of 1940 (12) and is as follows: 1. Authorized Representative of the GUf for UKRAINSKAYA-SSR. t:iyev. Ukrainskaya SSR Krymskaya Oblast' Moldavs'mya SSR 2. Authorized Representative of the Gi1GK for Br,IARUt SKAYA SSR. Minsk. Belorusskaya SSR Smolenskaya Oblast' 3. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for GRUZI TSILAYA 33R. Tbilisi. Gruzinskaya SSR 4. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for ARMY.NSKAYA SSR: Yerevan. Armyanskaya SSR Authorized Representative of the GUGK for UZBEIS.SKAYA SSR. TaW..ent. Uzbekskaya SSA Turkmenskaya SSR Tadzhikskaya SSR Kirgizskaya SSR 6. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for KAZA " KAYA SSR. Alma .ta. Kazkhskaya SSR Authorized Representative of the GUGK for North Caucasus. Pyatigorsk. Dzaudzhikau Kray Krasnodarskiy Kray Rostovskaya Oblast' Kabardino Balkariya Severo-Osetinaskya SSR Dagestanskaya ASSR 8. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Leningrad Oblipolkom. Checheno-Inushskaya Leningradskya Oblast' Vologodskya Oblast' Arkhangel'skaya Oblast' Komi ASSR Karelo-Finskaya SSR Murmanskaya Oblast' Approved For Release 1999/091d1- :-ESA.*DP79-00202A000100090001-7 13 Approved For Release 1999/09:'CrA=P79-00202A000100090001-7 9? Authorized Representative of the GUM for the Novosibirsk Oblispolkom. Novosibirskaya Oblast' Omskaya Oblast' Krasnoyarskiy Kray Altayskiy Kray 10. Authorized Representative of the GUGX for the Khabarovskiy Krtyispolkom. Khabarovskiy Kray Primorskiy Fray 11. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for Irkutskiy Oblipolkon. Irkutskaya Oblast' Chitinskaya Oblast' Buryat-Mongol'akaya Yakutskaya ASS R 12. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Gor''sovskiy Obl1spol'.{om. Gor'kovskaya Oblast' Kirovskaya Oblast' Ivanovskaya Oblast' Tatarskaya ASSR Udmurskaya ASSR Mariyskaya ASSR Chuvashakaya ASSR 13. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Sverdlovsk Ob1L polkom. Sverdlovskaya Oblast' Chelyabinskaya Oblast' Permsk ya Oblast' 14. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Kuybyshevskiy Oblispolkiin. Kuybyshevskaya Oblast' Chkalovskaya Oblast' Mordovskaya ASSR - Bashkirskaya ASSR 15. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Saratov Oblispolkom. Saratovskaya Oblast$ Stalingradskaya Oblast' Voronezhskaya Oblast' Kalmytskaya ASSR Tambovskaya Oblast' Penzhenskaya Oblast' According to a source of 1952 (5) the representatives of the LGGN have control over all geodetic and cartographic work to be c:?cried out in that region over which the representatives have jurisdiction. They are supposed to control work undertaken not only by the Gt K but also by other agencies. Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 14 Approved For Release 19 1P' AJ DP79-00202A000100090001-7 Representatives of the GUGK follow all geodetic and cartographic work done in their region and gather cartographic and geodetic material relating to this work. They are supposed to maintain complete up-to-date record (dezhurstvo) of all changes,of cartographic interest in their territory, such as names of populated places, roads, administrative boundarieE, etc. Further information on the role of the local representatives cf the GUGK can be obtained from the secret instruction of the GUGK covering the regula t i. o.ass of topographic and geodetic work (13). We find that all agencies (with the specific exception of the Commissariats of Defense and of Navy) before they begin aerial surveying, or topographic work or scales I of 1:10,000 and larger, must secure a permit from the local representatives of the GUGK. The representatives, after consideration of the plan of pro- posed work, must check with the staff of the military area (eking) concern- ing the existence of secret areas and objects and the degree of their secrecy. If such objects exist in the territory to be surveyed the representatives of the GUGK issue permits only with the specific consent of military authorities. k. Technical.Division (Tekhnicheskiy Otdel). The chief of this division in 1948 was A.V. Rytov (6). This section is not mentioned in the statutes since it was not established until 1940 (12). The task of this division was formulated as follows: (a) development of problems of technical policy, formulation cf instructions and directives for work (b) consideration of suggestions for improvement (c) consideration of inventions and issuance of patents (d) methodical guidance in the re-adjustment of geodetic network. Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 15 Approved For Release li(.~CBi4DT79-00202AO00100090001-7 0001-7 1. A&inistratiQn of Educational Institutions (Upravleniye Uchebnykh 7-avedeniy). A detailed account of educational institutions may be found in Technical Paper No. 162 of this Laboratory. It describes the two Institutes of university level, (a) MIIGAiK: t'oscow Institute of Engineers of Geodesy, Aerial Surveying and Cartography. (b) Novosibirsk Institute of Engineers of Geodesy, Aerial Sur- veying and Cartography and (c) ten schools of intermediate training, topographic techniccums in Kiyev, Leningrad, Moscow, Novosibirsij,Seuipalatinsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Tonsk, Chkalov and the Moscow Aeriaiphoto- Surveying School. It should be noted here that the two major Institutes, formerly entirely in the system of the GUGK, are now in the system of Ministry of Higher Edu- cation (since March 1953, Ministry of Culture). Nevertheless, the GUGK exercises definite control over their Institutes. in. PI Secret Division (Sekretnaya Chaste) of the GUGK obvi- ously, is not mentioned in open source literature. Some information per- taining to the nature of its activities may be gleaned from the already quoted document (13). In all probability cartographic factories and aero- geodetic establishments also hf!ve secret sections. Secret divisions of the Administrations of Representatives of the GUGK are specifically mentioned in this document. In the enumeration of secret objects the following translation of Russian terms was adopted: Sovershenno sekrektno (literally perfectly secret): top secret Secretno: Secret Dlya sluzhebnogo pol'sovaniya (literally for service use): restricted. The instruction gives the following general rules: s.. v,.J{,t Approved For Release 1999/09/01 CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 16 Approved For Release 1999/09%1 Cif-RD'79-00202A000100090001-7 All persons who perform secret geodetic work must be cleared by thee (UGB (Glavhoye Upravleniye Gosudarstvennoy Besopasnosti) of the NKVD (Ch.ief Administration of State Security). Plants of the defense industry, military storages, army camps, and dockyards should be surveyed only in their outline; interior details may be ecause of the high position of the author of this report. (member of the Oollegiu_nnt. In 1937 S.V. Shirokov (50) published an article, "Hew To Catch Up and Overtake America in Geodesy". Taking his cue from Ordzhonikidze, Gomriisser of Heavy Industry, who had derided boastful assertions of some of the Soviet writers, Shirokov comes to the conclusion that Soviet geodesy was nowhere near the level of American geodesy. He asserts that in the U.S.A. there were 10,000 technical personnel working in geodesy. (this figure is considered gro-sly eyaggera'ed by American geodesists) At any rate, the figure, 10,000, seemed to Shirokov very much greater than the number of available geodetic person` 1 in the U.S.S.R. We should note here that Shirokov is one of the few Soviet geodesists who is really acquainted with American geodesy, having been in the U.S.A. in 1930 and having rvhlished a detailed account of the status of geodesy in the U.S.A. and Carada (51). After the World War II all references to the exact number of persor.rel disappear. We have only indefinite statements of "mar.y thousand::" of personnel in the system. of the GUGK. One statement (5) asserts that cartographic production has increased four times since the war, -hick would mean a considerable incref;se in nerconnel. There is every reason to think that the goal enviscged by Ylkhaylov Approved For Release 1999/09/01 CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 L3 Approved For Release 1999/09/O F: CIIk=RbP79-00202A000100090001-7 in 1930 has been reF.ched after the war, and that technical personn(.1. now in the GUGK may be estimated as 3,000 engineers 6.000 technicians Total 9,000 In Technical Paper No. 162 of this Laboratory which described train- ing facilities in the U.3.":. R. in geodesy and cartog?rar hy, a conclusion was reached that trained pE-rsonnel in geodesy and cartography in tie U.:". must number (without taking into account the ravages of the war) at least 6,000 engineers 10,000 technicians. It would appear that the system of the GUGK must absorb at lea:-t one- half, or possibly two-thirds, of all available personnel. in geodesy and cartograr..h',r in the b. Political Influence. The more recent post-war "ublications evidence no undue political pressure in the system of GUGK. Reviews of current work are replete with pa+riotic phraseology and glorification of the Soviet regime, but criticisms of various individuals and sections of the CUGK usually are on some tc=chnical rther than political point. This is in marked contrast to the years 1936-37 when professional periodicals in the U.S.S.R. were full of accusation of "sabotage", "deviation from the policy laid down by the party", etc. In all cases whenever a checking is possible, the most important leaders in the system of the GUGK have turned out to be graduates of technical institutes (usually MIIGAiK), meaning they may be considered to be competent in their own profession. Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 4 9 Approved For Release 1999/09/01T: CIA-RDP79-00202AO00100090001-7 c. Role of Women. The striking feature of the GUGK is the number of women engineers who are not only engaged in laboratory work but also in actual surveying expeditions. In many cases one can tell by the spelling of the last name whether the person is a man or a woman. At any rate, of the 169 persons in the GUCK who received medals and decorations for excellence of work during the first half of 1948 (17) there w?re 89 men, 60 women and 20 per:ions whore sex could not be identified. Cf the whole, then, at least 36 percent were women. d. Comrpulsion. One is impressed with the intensity of profes- sional life in the U.S.S.R. Either in a negative way (persons are named and their shortcomings are publicly discussed) or in a nnositive wty (medals, decorations, prizes, etc.) a person is always pushed to do more and better work. Suggestions, inventions, improvements are welcome, but at the same time official instructions' and norms of production leave very little for private initiative. Refresher courses are continuously set up even for persons in rat'.er high positions. The periodic calling of "active" ses- sions (pep meetings` is specifically mentioned in the statutes of the GUGK. Various divisions of the CUGK compete with each other for the Red Bnnner which is vied for by each group. In short, the competition motive is very strong. A person caught in this system apparently has no time to think of anything but his professional work. e. Complexity. The system of the GUGK is extrerely complex as is quite apparent from what little information we were able to gather. A person outside of that system has very little chance of ascerta'%ning, say, the exact nature of cartographic coverage of a certain territory. In order to do that he has to get permission of at least three divisions of Approved For Release 1999/09/01 `: CIA-R[)P79-OO2O2AOOO1OOO9OOO1-7 50 Approved For Release 1999/09/61 C31RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 the GUGK: TsKGF, UGGN and the cartographic factory which is in charge of that particular territory. If he is given access at all to all these ma- terials, he still has to deal with the Glavlit, (censorship). ? Secrecy permeates everything in the GUGK, apparently to a much greater degree than elsewhere. It is probable that most employees of the CUGK have very little idea how this organization works as a whole. For an oitsider having only fragementary information at his disposal, the task is well nigh hopeless. f. Comparison. It is impossible to elvate the GUGK with any organization in the U.S.J. The nearest analogy would be the U..?. Coast and Geodetic Survey but total activities: of the USC and C.S. in geodesy cor- respond to only one department of the GUGK (Administration of the .ono- graphic and Geodetic Service). On the other hand, some of the functions of the USC and CS such as magnetic work., are being carried out in the U.S.S.R. by an entirely different complex of organizations (UGi'L: r'..dminis- tration of Hydro-Meteorological Service). It is to be remembered that the GUGK is also in charge of cartographic factories and geodetic-tcpographic training, as well as of a research institute in geodesy, aerial surrey and cartography. Foreign control, which in the U.S.A. is a part of the respons ---.bill ties of the Army Map Service, is at least partially being taker. care of by the GUGK (through UGGNN and TsIIIICAiK). The GUGK is sup_:osed to be a civilian organization, coordinating geo- detic and cartographic wort of civilian agencies such as the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Forestry, Clavesevmorput' (Main Administration of the North :jea Route) and others. By statute all rules and regulations pub- lished by the GUGK are obligatory for other agencies in the tT.:..< . Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 51 Approved For Release 1999109/ 1 r_cIA, l DP79-00202A000100090001-7 specific exemption is trade for the Army and Navy. Here we :.hcu d note that in the reorganization of 11,ar.h 16, 1953, both the Army and Navy ministries were combined into one- Ministry of Defense (Ministerstvo Oborony). We have, then, to consider the 1,itiistry of Defense. II. MINISTRY OF DEFENSE A. MILITAItY TOPOGRAPHIC AD'riINISTRATiON (VTU: Voyenno-Topografichesk )ye Upravleniye). According to the statutes (Section 15) the relations between the GUGK and the Commissariats of Defense and of the Navy are to be -egulated by a special statute which is not yet available to us. These relationships will have to be established on the basis of exceedingly scanty mit.erial. If our information on the activity of the GUGK after 1940 was quite inaee- quate, information on geo etic and cartographic activities of thE: Army and Navy is practically non-existent. The Military Topogra7hic Administration (VTU) is the direct successor of the Military Topographic Section (VTO, Voyenno-Topograficheskiy Otdel) of the General Staff of the Imperial Army. The VTO had existed since 1822 and was the main geodetic and cartographic agency of the Russian empire before the revolution. The old organization survived in pretty nearly the same form, and from what is known about it, bears a remarkable re.,.emblance to the structure of the GGGK. The scale is undoubtedly much smalU.er which is not saying that the VTU is less important than the GUGK. With strong emphasis on military needs, it may well. be that the VTU plays a mere impor- tant role than the CUGK in the formulation of policies and general direction of geodetic and cartographic work. Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : c G -RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 4, 4 Approved For Release 1999/09/01 : CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7 The VTU is attached to the 7th Department of the General Stiff, and undoubtedly consists of many subdivisions of which the following are known: 1. Military-Topographic 3 ce (VTS: Voyenno Topograficheskaya Sluzhba). This appears to be analogous to the UTGS of the GUGK. The re- sponsibility of the VTS is to conduct geodetic and topographic work in assigned regions, which include the border regions of the U.S.S.R. In an assignment to adjust the general network of triangulation of 1st class in 1946, (6) the VTS was to take charge of the triangulation to the .rest of the Pulkovo-Nikolayev line, to the south of the Troitskosavsk-Mog7cha-Khabarovsk- Vladivostok line, to the east of the Vladivostok-Fermin line and to the south of the Chardzhou-Mary-Krasnovodsk line as well as eleven numbered, but unidentified, loops of 1st class. The amount of work involved in this ad- justment is roughly one-eighth of that of the entire net. From t},is we may draw the conclusion that the staff of the VTS is correspondinf-ly smaller than that of the staff of the UTGS of the GUGK. Another Indication of the size of the VTS may be gleaned Iron: a state- ment in a general review of the activity of the GUGK, 1919-1944 (1). We have in this source a separation of the work done by GUGK (and its prede- cessors) from that done by "other agencies" (not specified which agencies): Triangulation 1-st Order Triangulation 2-nd order Leveling 1st and 2nd order All Agencies 75,300 km. 66,900 km. 127,55