THE ORGANIZATION OF SOVIET GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00202A000100090001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 79
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 27, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 30, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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THE ORGANIZATIO1; OF SOVIET G--]ODE Y AND CARTOGWEY
TABIa-,' OF CQ:IT';2TTS
SUMIARY
I. MAIN LiU MIS TTUT ION OF G ~IOJESY 11TD CARTOG-P PEY ((,"UGK) 1
A. YOU - supreme Geodetic Administration (1919-1925) 1
B. GGK - Main Committee of Geodesy (1925-1930) 3
C. GGU - I-:sin Geodetic %dm_Inistration (1930-1933) 4
D. GGGGU - Main Gealogic, Hydrologic and Geodetic
Administration (1933-1935) 4
E. GUGSK - Main kdministration of National Surveying
and Cartogray.Dhy (1935-1939) 5
F. GU( - Main Administration of Geodesy and
Cartography (1939-present) 5
1.
Policy-Malting Bodies of the GUC
a.
b.
Collegivm
Council
2. General Agencies
a.
Central Cartographic and Geodetic Archives
8
b.
Publishing Educe of Geodetic and Cartographic
Literature
9
1'. Geodezist
9
c.
TsIIIIGAiK'
10
d.
Aerogeooribor (Factory of Geodetic Instruments)
11
e.
NRKCh ('scientific -::diting and Map Conmilation
Division)
11
f.
NTCh (Transcription Bureau)
12
r
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c.
Administration of Supply
12
h.
Finance and ?fanning Division
12
i.
Division of Cadres
12
J.
UGGR (Admini3tration of State Geodetic Control)
12
k.
Technical Diviufon
15
1.
Administration of Zducatiox 1 Institutions
16
m.
Secret Division
16
n.
Mobilization Division
la
o.
MS (Administration of the Topographic and
Geodetic Service)
20
(1) Estfbli;shments (l'redpriyatya)
20
(a) I-tructure of Establishments
1.3
(1')
Moscow AGP
25
(2')
Northwe:;tern AGP
28
(3')
Novosibirsk r1GP
30
(41)
Central Asia AGP
30
(5')
Ukrainian AGP
31
(61)
1'rnuis-Caucasian AGP
31
(7')
North Caucasus AGP
31
(8')
Yakutsk AGP
31
(9')
Koly :-Okhotsk AOP
33
(10') Permanent Polar Expedition
33
(11') Kazakh AGP
34
(12') Eastern Siberian AGP
35
(131) Western A(.'
35
(i4') Southern AGP
35
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p. 1 P (Administration of Cartographic Industry) 35
(1) Cartographic Factories 35
No. 1 - Leningrad Cartographic Factory 41
No. 2 - ?',oscow Cartographic r'ac ?ory 42
I
No. 3 - !Linsk Cartogra -hic Factory 43
No. 4 - I ar' :ov Cartographic F; .ctory 43
No. 5 - Tashkent Cartographic Factory 43
No. 6 - Omsk Cartographic Factory L4
No. 7 - Sverdlovsk CaxtoL'aphic Factory 44
No, 8 - Tbilisi CNxtog;ra:?hic Factory L4
No. 9 - Saratov Cartographic Factory 46
No. 10 - Riga Cartographic Factory 46
No. 11 - I iyev Cartographic- Factory 46
No. 12 - Novosibirsk Cartographic Factory I~7
3. Analysis of the Structure of the GUGIK
a. Size
b. Political Influence
c. Role of Women
d. Compulsion
e. Complexity
f. Comrison
II. MINIS TRY OF D :~': ~1TS
A. VTU - Military Topographic Administration
1. VTS - r.iilitary Topographic Service
2. VIA - Military Engineering Academy
47
47
49
50
50
50
51
52
52
53
54
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3. NIIVTS - Scientific Keserch Institutes of the
Military-Topographic Service
III. SOVIET LITEP k tJI REi:' NNC 'D IN THIS REPORT
APPE11DIX I
Statute of the Main .administration of Geodesy and
Cartography under the Council of People's Commissars U`3Sli
P aks and Decora,~ions in the GUMC
P
54
56
59
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This report establishes the organization and structure of the Main
Administration of Geodesy and Cartography of the U.S.S.R. as known from
available open source material. This type of information, fairly abundant
before 1940, becomes very scarce after that year. It is estimated that by
1953, some 9,030 technical personnel were connected with the Main Adminis-
tration of Geodesy and Cartography.
The corresponding organizational picture for the Administration of
Military Topographers cannot be established at this time because of the
almost complete laci: of pertinent open source material.
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A2 9b = a Y (GU(F~
The present organization known as the Main Administration of Geodesy
and Cartography (GUGK, Glavnoye Upravieniye Geodezii 1 Kartografii) is the
result of a long evolution of Soviet institutions and its history may be
briefly represented as follows:
1919 VGU: Supreme Geodetic Administration
(Vyssheye Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye)
1925 GGA: Main Committee of Geodesy
(Glavnyy Geodezicheekiy Komitet)
?
1930 GGU: Main Geodetic Administration
(Glavnoye Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye)
1933 GGGGU: Main Geologic, Hydrologic and Geodetic Administration
(Glavnoye Geologo-Gidro-Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye)
1935 GUGSK: Main Administration of National Surveying and Cartography
(Glavnoye Upravleniye Gosudarstvenny S"yemki i :artografii)
1939 GUGK: Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography
(Glavnoye Upravleniye Geodezii i Kartografii)
A. 1219-122,5. This organization was established on March 15,
1919, by a decree of the Soviet of People's Commissars. It was en2owered
to
(a) carry out systematic topographic, geodetic and leveling pork,
(b) organize map production for all departments of the government,
(c) coordinate all geodetic and cartographic work in the U.S.S.R.,
(d) direct all geodetic and cartographic work,
(a) work out technical geodetic and cartographic instructions and
rules obligatory for all departments of government.
This formulation of responsibilities is equally applicable to all
successors of the YOU. Nevertheless, it was found necessary to reorganize
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the YGU several times before a stable organization, the GUGK, was developed.
There are two reasons for these frequent re-organizations; (1) lack of ex-
perience, personnel and equipment and (2) political considerations.
Contrary to the'original intention, the VGU was attached to one par-
ticular department of the government, the Supreme Council of National
Economy (VSNI2t, Vysshiy Soviet Narodnogo Khozyaysta) and its authority to
regulate geodetic and cartographic activity of other agencies was questioned.
At any rate, the VGU was unable to supervise all cartographic and geodetic
work in the U.S.S.R. because of the lack of technical personnel. Even as
late as 1924, (that is, five years after its organization) the VGU :.tad at
its disposal less than 200 geodesists and only 21 cartographers. The amount
c5f available equipment was pitiful, and had to be imported from abr.)ad.
While there is no need to describe all details of the organization of
the VGU, some aspects of its structure should be explained in order to make
further discussion profitable.
The policy making department of the VGU was the Collegiurn, exactly as
it is now in the GUGK, as follows:
Administration and Organization
Financial
Topographic and. Geodetic
Cartographic
Optics and Mechanics
Geodetic Archives
Technical Council
The VGU has eight field offices in the following cities:
Leningrad
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Moscow
Sverdlovsk
Rostov
Omsk
Saratov
B. GGK& 1925-30. On May 14, 1925 a Geodetic Committee (Geodezicheskiy
Komitet) was established under the State Planning Commission (Gosplan).
This committee took over from the VGU the work of coordination of all geo-
detic and cartographic work in the Soviet Union. The chaage was obviously
necessary because of the lack of authority it had over other government
agencies and departments.' At the same time a permanent commission was ap-
pointed to coordinate the activity of the VGU and the :Military-topographic
section (VT0) of the army. The Technical Council of the VGU became merely
a consulting body with no authority outside of the YOU.
In September 4, 1926, the VGU was re-named the Geodetic Committee in
the Main Mining-Fuel-Geologic-Geodetic Administration (Glavnoye Gcrno-
Toplivnoye Geologo-Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye) still at the VSNKh (Supreme
Council of National Economy). In 1928 it was further renamed, the Main
Geodetic Committee (GGK, Glavnyy Geodezicheskiy Komitet).
There were thus for some five years (1926-1931) two organizations both
of which were called Geodetic Committees; one at the Gosplan to direct and
coordinate work of all map agencies in the U.S.S.R. and the other ~.t the
Supreme Council of National Economy (VsNKh) to carry out actual work in
geodesy and cartography.
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Such separation of responsibilities introduced confusion and could not
be tolerated very long, especially because of the rapid developmeat of field
work and cartographic factories.
C. M. 1930-1933. In, 1930 the Geodetic Committee of the V3NKh was
transformed into the Main Geodetic Administration (GGU; Glavnoye Geodezich-
eskoye Upravleniye) and the Geodetic Committee of the Gosplan was abolished
in 1931 and its functions were taken over by the GGU. However, even then
the GGU was not an independent department in the government, but attached
to the Comjnisariat of Heavy Industry. The coordination of geodetic and
cartographic work in all agencies was to be effected through the inter-
Department Geodetic Council, (Mezhduvedomstvennyy Geodezitheskiy soviet)
whose decisions were to be carried out by the GGU. The actual surveying
operations were to be performed by the Institute of Basic Geodetic Work
(IOGR: Institut Osnovnykh Geodezichewkikh Babot) which was soon replaced
by the Trust of Basic Geodetic and Gravimetric Work (VLVG1aR: Vaesoyuznyy
Treat Osnovnykh Geodezicheskikh i Gravimetricheskikh Rabot). Thus for the
first time gravimetry was included in the program of geodetic surveying.
At the same time cartographic activities of two organizations carrying out
aerial surveying operations, "Dobrolet" and "Th rovozdukhput", were included
in the system of the GGU.
D. OGGeTJ.__1933-1935. During this period, because of considerations
that are not easy to understand, the geodetic survey was co-ibined with the
geologic survey into the lain Geologic, Hydrologic and Geodetic Adminis-
tration (GGGGU: Glavnoye Geologo-Gidro-Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye). The
system was extremely cumbersome and is considered by Soviet writers as some
sort of "twilight period of Soviet geodesy".
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X. GUMGSK 1915-1239- On June 15, 1935 another reorganizati,)n took
place. The GGGGU was abolished and replaced by the-Main Administration of
National Surveying and Cartography (G'JGSK: Glavnoye Upravleniye Gosudar-
stvennoy S"yemki I Kartografii). This time the GUGSK was attached to the
Commisariat of Interior.
F. GUGK. 1939 to the present. By 1938 it became clear that the only
way to solve the problem of co-ordination and organization of geodetic and
cartographic work in the country was to establish an organization with both
legislative and executive authority outside of any existing Commisariat.
Accordingly, a decision was made in September 14, 1938 to separate the
Geodetic and Cartographic Office from the Commisariat of Interior and make
it a separate department in the Soviet government. The new organization
became known as the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGK:
Glavnoye Upravleniye Geodenii I Kartografii) at the Council of Cormaissars,
later at the Council of Ministers.
The duties and responsibilities of the GU(K were itemized in it decree
of the Council of Commisars U.S.S.R. of August 23, 1939. This date should
be considered as the beginning of activity cf the GUGK. (see Figura 1)
This decree, with subsequent alterations, (up to 1941) is given in
Appendix I. Undoubtedly there have been other, more recent change:: in the
organization of the GUGK, but very little is known about them. In view of
the possibility of changes in the structure of the GUGK, all efforts have
been made to use the most recent information so as to present an up-to-date
picture. The organizational chart which accompanies this report is based
on the study of all available material and should be substantially correct.
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1. Policy-Making Bodies of the GU(
Chief and Depu~tZ Chiefs. The GUGK is headed by a chief,
(nachal'nik) whose duties are defined in the statutes (Appendix I, Section
5). The chief in 1951 was Aleksandr Nikiforovich Baranov who received (2)
Stalin's prize of first class (with six other people) for the publication
in 1950 of the "Sea Atlas", Vol. 1. In source (2) the photograph of Baranov
indicates his age as about 55 or 60.
Baranov has been chief of the GUGK since at least 1939. From source
(3) we learn that he is a graduate of the Moscow Institute of Engineers of
Geodesy, Aerial Surveying and Cartography (MIIGA!J) and is probably a com-
petent man. The same source states that Baranov received a medal for the
construction of the Moscow subway, presumably for the organization of sur-
veying work.
There are two deputy-chiefs. The first deputy-chief of the GJGK in
1949 was S. G. Sudakov (4) who is also a graduate of the MIIGAiK (:;). Both
Baranov and Sudakov are described in source (3) of 1939 as "brought up by
the party organization" and undoubtedly are members of the Comuuaiotic
Party in good standing.
The other deputy-chief in 1949 was Georgiy Kuz'mich Zubakov, r ued in
source (4) as simply, deputy-chief, apparently a position inferior to the
first deputy-chief, Sudakov. In this source Zubakov is referred to as
engineer-geodesist, so that in all probability he is also a graduktte of
MIIGAiK. He and Sudakov were awarded the Order of the Red Banner (.pith
three other engineers) for organizing and carrying out over a period, of
many years geodetic and cartographic work in exceptionally difficult regions.
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Attached to the chiefs office are two consulting bodies: the ^ollegium
and the council.
a. The C Qlle i (Kollegiya GUGK , as follows from the stat-
utes (Appendix I, Section 7)., consists of members of the GUGK, usually
division chiefs, under the chairmanship of the chief of the GUGK and is
some sort of review board of activities of the GUGK. Decisions of the
collegium are to be carried out by the chief of the GUGK.
The composition of the Collegium in 1940 may be given here to illus-
trate one point: it consists of competent people with the r_ecessnrr tech-
nical background (all with the degree of engineer-geodesist):
Chairman: A.N. Baranov, chief of GUGK
Members: S.G. Sud.akov, chief of aerogeodetic establishments
Q.D. Tatarnikov,
G.K. Zubak ov, deputy chief
T.I. Mukhin, chief of cartographic industry I,UGK
A.Sh. Tatevyan, Director of TsNIIGAiK
T.N. Kortoyy, Professor at MIIGAiK
P.P. Pavlovskiy, connection unknown
As an illustration of the activity of this body the following items
may be quoted. In 1948 the Collegium considered and accepted (6) the five-
year plan of research work at the TsNIIGAiK, (Central Scientific Research
Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Sh~eying and Cartography) including ?1 topics
in geodesy, six in astronomy, eight in aerial surveying and photogrammetry,
and eleven in cartography. This would indicate very close supervi..ion of
research activities of the Central Institute by the Collegium. In the
same source we find detailed instructions to the chiefs of various depart-
ments of the GUGK, formulated by the Collegium to facilitate the iitroduc-
tion of the Krasovskiy ellipsoid.
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b. The Council, (Sovet GUGK) as. defined in the statutes (Ap-
pendix I, Section 9) is to meet once or twice monthly to discuss the most
important work of the GUGK. The important aspect of the activity of the
Council is the co-ordination of work between the various government organi-
zations engaged in cartographic and geodetic work. This undoubtedly involves
military organizations and for that reason the decisions of the council
are not published. There is no information available concerning the mem-
bership of the Council.
2. Gsrtersl Agencies
a. CeRtr Cartographic and Geodetic Archive (T=KGF.
Tsentral'nyy )Cartografo-Geodezicheskiy Fond) is described in a_source (5)
of 1952 as follows: It is supposed to collect and make available for use
all maps printed in the U.S.S.R. and all data on geodetic and cartographic
work in the U.S.S.R. which are considered to be of national importsnce.
This would include, for instance, lists of triangulation and astronomic
positions. By law every map published by civil organizations in the U.S.S.R.
must be deposited in the TsKGF which publishes catalogues which include
complete description of these maps. An up -to-date record of the status of
cartographic coverage is maintained on the 1:1,000,000 index map (dezhurnaya
karta).
In 1949 the chief of this section of the TsKGF was Ye. M. Taos' _ova,
a woman (4). The map-gathering activity is not restricted to TsKFG, how-
ever, and there are at least three other organizations within the G'JGK
engaged in similar work but for somewhat different purposes. These will
be discussed in their proper relationships later in this report.
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b. Publinhitt& House of Geodetic and Cato zarphi wL terature
(Geodezizdat: Izdatel'stvo Geodezicheskoy i Kartograficheskoy Literatury).
The address of this publishing house is Moscow, Proyezd Vladimirovaa, No. 6,
but the most surprising circumstance is that all recent books, instructions,
atlases, etc. appear to have been printed at the Riga Cartographic Factory,
Riga, Altonavas, No. 43.
The chief of the Geodezizdat in 1949 was A.I. Salomatin (6). The
special publishing house for the.GUGK was established in 1940, but it has
history reaching back to 1933 when the 'Editing Bureau (Redbyuro Goc,kartrest)
was first established (7).
The activity of the publishing house of the GUGK may be described as
follows:
Publication of serials like od zis and $bQ ni.k NTi
Publication of textbooks and monographs.
Publication of Trudy TsNIIGAi1.
Publication of reports of field parties.
Publication of instructions, regulations, orders, forms, etc.
1'. Geodezist
Since the publication of the periodical, "Geodezist",
is specifically mentioned in the statutes, (Appendix 1, Section 13) a short
description is included.
After several unsuccessful attempts by the members of the Adm~nistra-
tion of Military Topographers (1TU: Voyenno Topograficheskoye Upravleniye)
to start a professional periodical, the "Geodezist" was organized by the
VTU and VGU (Vyssheye Geodezicheskoys Upravleniye) in 1925. It war, to serve,
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then, both the military and civil geodetic and mapping establishments. The
journal was a great success, remarkable for its detailed chronicle of events
in geodesy and cartography both in the U.S.S.R. and abroad. In 1931 the
'Geodesist" became the official organ of the GGU (Glavnoye Geodezi,::h3& oye
Upravleniye) but its connection with VTU remained unbroken. In connection
with the 15th anniversary of the periodical, articles were published (8)
praising this Journal very highly. "Nevertheless, the publication of the
"Geodesist" was abruptly terminated in this year without explanation. Per-
haps the general disruption of life in the U.S.S.R. because of the war was
responsible.
21. Sbornik ITT Lft
In 1*941 the GUGK began to publish its own serial,
"Sbornik Nauchno-Technicheskikh i Proizvodstvenny1ch Statey po Geodezii,
$artografii, Topografii, .4eros"yemke i Gravimetrii", (Collection cf Scien-
tific, Technical and Production Articles in Geodesy, Cartography, Topogra-
phy, Aerial Surveying and rrraviinetry) of which 33 issues were published
between 1941 and 1950. However, since 1950 there may have been another
change in the publication. Most recent information indicates the existence
of Vol. 1 and 2 of "Sbornik Statey po Geodezii", (Collection of Articles
in Geodesy), 1951, also published by the GUGK (9). Either the scope of
this collection has been limited to geodesy, or this is a new serial, re-
placing the Sbornik NTiPS.
c. Central Scientific Research Institute of Geode 1-k-eria
Survey and Cartogran (TsNIIGAIK): Tsentral'nyy Nauchno-
Issledovatel'skiy Institut Geodezii, Aeros"ymeki i Kartografii) in Moscow.
The detailed account of this Institute wis given in Technical Paper No. 16~
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of the Mapping and Charting Research Laboratory. The institute is the
primary research center of the GUt.K,
d. Factory of Geodetic Instruments (Aerogeopribor). This
factory and similar establishments have been discussed in the Mapa)ing and
Charting Research Laboratory Report entitled, "Soviet Geodetic anri Photo-
grammetric Instrumentation".
e. Sc e ti c 3ditiM and Ma Co i DLViBiOJ2 (NRKCh:
Nauchno-Re&aktsionnaya Kartosostavitel'skaya Chast'). The Russian term is
difficult to render, and its translation in the Statutes (Appends:: Is Sec-
tion 10) as Division of tap Publication Control is misleading. The duties
of the NRKCh as defined in 1940 are (10):
(a) Checking and correction of all available maps.
(b) Correct organization of editing, compilation, etc.
(c) The selection of the host efficient technology of cartographic work.
(d) Development of control over contents and design of maps.
(d) General preparation of maps for printing.
This organization was the outgrowth of a special research institute
created for the Great Soviet Atlas of the World (NIIBSAM) in 1933. In 1938
this Institute was abolished and its personnel transferred to the newly
created NRK'Ch of the GUGK. In 1940 the NRKCh had 131 1'stakhanovit.3s";
that is, exceptionally productive workers.
The entire staff must, there,
fore, be very large. A pertinent and noteworthy fact is to that the GUGK
is specifically charged with the compilation and publication of th{t Great
Soviet Atlas (Statutes, Section 2b).
A source of 1949 (4) lists the names of ten employes of the DTIK;Ch who
had received decorations for excellent work, among whom were two senior
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editors, S. N. Soldatov and S. N. Teplova. The chief of the ITEKCh in 1940
was G. V. Artamonov, a graduate of the MIIGAiK (3).
According to a source of 1952 (5) the NKr:Ch had a special reference
section (OSKS: Otdel Sprayochnoy KKartograficheskoy Sluzhb:') where a person
interested in one particular region could obtain all available cartographic
information, whether on the U.S.S.R..or of foreign countries.
f. Transcription Bureau (NTCh: Nauchno Transkriptionnaya.
Chast') appears to be independent of NRKCh, since it is mentioned separsteltiy
in the Statutes (Appendix I, section 10). Nothing is known of its activity
except a short notice of 1940 (11).
g. Admministration of Supply (Upravleniye Snabzh niya).
The head of this administration in 1948 was A.V. Batkov. The namE-of the
administration is self-explanatory. It is supposed to supply all necessary
material for the work of the various divisions of the GUGK (6).
h. Fjce Planning: Div sign mentioned in the Statutes
(Section 10) may be combined nor into one division of Planning an-1 Econom-
ics (Plano-Ekonomicheskiy Otdel). The head of it in 1948 was M.K. Bendovskiy (6).
i. Division of Cadre (Otdel Kadrov). The chief of this
division in 1948 was V.V. Samoylova (a woman). The duty of this livision
is to assure sufficient personnel for all departments of the GUGK.
Administration of-State Geodetic Control (U( N: Up-
ravleniye Gosudarstvennogo Ceodezicheskogo Nadzora). The head of this
administration in 1948 was V.N. Lysyuk. According to a source of 1952 (5)
the UGGN includes the administrations of representatives of the CUG in
union and autonomous republics, and in other administrative geographical
regions.
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A complete list of local representatives of the GUGK with defined
limits of their jurisdiction has been found only in a source of 1940 (12)
and is as follows:
1. Authorized Representative of the GUf for UKRAINSKAYA-SSR. t:iyev.
Ukrainskaya SSR
Krymskaya Oblast'
Moldavs'mya SSR
2. Authorized Representative of the Gi1GK for Br,IARUt SKAYA SSR. Minsk.
Belorusskaya SSR
Smolenskaya Oblast'
3. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for GRUZI TSILAYA 33R. Tbilisi.
Gruzinskaya SSR
4. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for ARMY.NSKAYA SSR: Yerevan.
Armyanskaya SSR
Authorized Representative of the GUGK for UZBEIS.SKAYA SSR. TaW..ent.
Uzbekskaya SSA
Turkmenskaya SSR
Tadzhikskaya SSR
Kirgizskaya SSR
6. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for KAZA " KAYA SSR. Alma .ta.
Kazkhskaya SSR
Authorized Representative of the GUGK for North Caucasus. Pyatigorsk.
Dzaudzhikau Kray
Krasnodarskiy Kray
Rostovskaya Oblast'
Kabardino Balkariya
Severo-Osetinaskya SSR
Dagestanskaya ASSR
8. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Leningrad Oblipolkom.
Checheno-Inushskaya
Leningradskya Oblast'
Vologodskya Oblast'
Arkhangel'skaya Oblast'
Komi ASSR
Karelo-Finskaya SSR
Murmanskaya Oblast'
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Authorized Representative of the GUM for the Novosibirsk Oblispolkom.
Novosibirskaya Oblast'
Omskaya Oblast'
Krasnoyarskiy Kray
Altayskiy Kray
10. Authorized Representative of the GUGX for the Khabarovskiy Krtyispolkom.
Khabarovskiy Kray
Primorskiy Fray
11. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for Irkutskiy Oblipolkon.
Irkutskaya Oblast'
Chitinskaya Oblast'
Buryat-Mongol'akaya
Yakutskaya ASS R
12. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Gor''sovskiy Obl1spol'.{om.
Gor'kovskaya Oblast'
Kirovskaya Oblast'
Ivanovskaya Oblast'
Tatarskaya ASSR
Udmurskaya ASSR
Mariyskaya ASSR
Chuvashakaya ASSR
13. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Sverdlovsk Ob1L polkom.
Sverdlovskaya Oblast'
Chelyabinskaya Oblast'
Permsk ya Oblast'
14. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Kuybyshevskiy Oblispolkiin.
Kuybyshevskaya Oblast'
Chkalovskaya Oblast'
Mordovskaya ASSR -
Bashkirskaya ASSR
15. Authorized Representative of the GUGK for the Saratov Oblispolkom.
Saratovskaya Oblast$
Stalingradskaya Oblast'
Voronezhskaya Oblast'
Kalmytskaya ASSR
Tambovskaya Oblast'
Penzhenskaya Oblast'
According to a source of 1952 (5) the representatives of the LGGN have
control over all geodetic and cartographic work to be c:?cried out in that
region over which the representatives have jurisdiction. They are supposed
to control work undertaken not only by the Gt K but also by other agencies.
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Representatives of the GUGK follow all geodetic and cartographic work done
in their region and gather cartographic and geodetic material relating to
this work. They are supposed to maintain complete up-to-date record
(dezhurstvo) of all changes,of cartographic interest in their territory,
such as names of populated places, roads, administrative boundarieE, etc.
Further information on the role of the local representatives cf the
GUGK can be obtained from the secret instruction of the GUGK covering the
regula t i. o.ass of topographic and geodetic work (13). We find that all
agencies (with the specific exception of the Commissariats of Defense and
of Navy) before they begin aerial surveying, or topographic work or scales
I
of 1:10,000 and larger, must secure a permit from the local representatives
of the GUGK. The representatives, after consideration of the plan of pro-
posed work, must check with the staff of the military area (eking) concern-
ing the existence of secret areas and objects and the degree of their secrecy.
If such objects exist in the territory to be surveyed the representatives
of the GUGK issue permits only with the specific consent of military
authorities.
k. Technical.Division (Tekhnicheskiy Otdel). The chief of
this division in 1948 was A.V. Rytov (6). This section is not mentioned
in the statutes since it was not established until 1940 (12). The task of
this division was formulated as follows:
(a) development of problems of technical policy, formulation cf
instructions and directives for work
(b) consideration of suggestions for improvement
(c) consideration of inventions and issuance of patents
(d) methodical guidance in the re-adjustment of geodetic network.
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1. A&inistratiQn of Educational Institutions (Upravleniye
Uchebnykh 7-avedeniy). A detailed account of educational institutions may
be found in Technical Paper No. 162 of this Laboratory. It describes the
two Institutes of university level,
(a) MIIGAiK: t'oscow Institute of Engineers of Geodesy, Aerial
Surveying and Cartography.
(b) Novosibirsk Institute of Engineers of Geodesy, Aerial Sur-
veying and Cartography and
(c) ten schools of intermediate training, topographic techniccums
in Kiyev, Leningrad, Moscow, Novosibirsij,Seuipalatinsk,
Tashkent, Tbilisi, Tonsk, Chkalov and the Moscow Aeriaiphoto-
Surveying School.
It should be noted here that the two major Institutes, formerly entirely
in the system of the GUGK, are now in the system of Ministry of Higher Edu-
cation (since March 1953, Ministry of Culture). Nevertheless, the GUGK
exercises definite control over their Institutes.
in. PI Secret Division (Sekretnaya Chaste) of the GUGK obvi-
ously, is not mentioned in open source literature.
Some information per-
taining to the nature of its activities may be gleaned from the already
quoted document (13). In all probability cartographic factories and aero-
geodetic establishments also hf!ve secret sections. Secret divisions of
the Administrations of Representatives of the GUGK are specifically mentioned
in this document. In the enumeration of secret objects the following
translation of Russian terms was adopted:
Sovershenno sekrektno (literally perfectly secret): top secret
Secretno: Secret
Dlya sluzhebnogo pol'sovaniya (literally for service use): restricted.
The instruction gives the following general rules:
s.. v,.J{,t
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All persons who perform secret geodetic work must be cleared by thee (UGB
(Glavhoye Upravleniye Gosudarstvennoy Besopasnosti) of the NKVD (Ch.ief
Administration of State Security).
Plants of the defense industry, military storages, army camps, and dockyards
should be surveyed only in their outline; interior details may be ecause
of the high position of the author of this report. (member of the Oollegiu_nnt.
In 1937 S.V. Shirokov (50) published an article, "Hew To Catch Up and
Overtake America in Geodesy". Taking his cue from Ordzhonikidze, Gomriisser
of Heavy Industry, who had derided boastful assertions of some of the
Soviet writers, Shirokov comes to the conclusion that Soviet geodesy was
nowhere near the level of American geodesy. He asserts that in the U.S.A.
there were 10,000 technical personnel working in geodesy. (this figure is
considered gro-sly eyaggera'ed by American geodesists) At any rate, the
figure, 10,000, seemed to Shirokov very much greater than the number of
available geodetic person` 1 in the U.S.S.R. We should note here that
Shirokov is one of the few Soviet geodesists who is really acquainted with
American geodesy, having been in the U.S.A. in 1930 and having rvhlished
a detailed account of the status of geodesy in the U.S.A. and Carada (51).
After the World War II all references to the exact number of persor.rel
disappear. We have only indefinite statements of "mar.y thousand::" of
personnel in the system. of the GUGK. One statement (5) asserts that
cartographic production has increased four times since the war, -hick would
mean a considerable incref;se in nerconnel.
There is every reason to think that the goal enviscged by Ylkhaylov
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in 1930 has been reF.ched after the war, and that technical personn(.1. now
in the GUGK may be estimated as
3,000 engineers
6.000 technicians
Total 9,000
In Technical Paper No. 162 of this Laboratory which described train-
ing facilities in the U.3.":. R. in geodesy and cartog?rar hy, a conclusion
was reached that trained pE-rsonnel in geodesy and cartography in tie U.:".
must number (without taking into account the ravages of the war) at least
6,000 engineers
10,000 technicians.
It would appear that the system of the GUGK must absorb at lea:-t one-
half, or possibly two-thirds, of all available personnel. in geodesy and
cartograr..h',r in the
b. Political Influence. The more recent post-war "ublications
evidence no undue political pressure in the system of GUGK. Reviews of
current work are replete with pa+riotic phraseology and glorification of
the Soviet regime, but criticisms of various individuals and sections of
the CUGK usually are on some tc=chnical rther than political point. This
is in marked contrast to the years 1936-37 when professional periodicals
in the U.S.S.R. were full of accusation of "sabotage", "deviation from the
policy laid down by the party", etc. In all cases whenever a checking is
possible, the most important leaders in the system of the GUGK have turned
out to be graduates of technical institutes (usually MIIGAiK), meaning they
may be considered to be competent in their own profession.
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c. Role of Women. The striking feature of the GUGK is the
number of women engineers who are not only engaged in laboratory work but
also in actual surveying expeditions. In many cases one can tell by the
spelling of the last name whether the person is a man or a woman. At any
rate, of the 169 persons in the GUCK who received medals and decorations
for excellence of work during the first half of 1948 (17) there w?re 89
men, 60 women and 20 per:ions whore sex could not be identified. Cf the
whole, then, at least 36 percent were women.
d. Comrpulsion. One is impressed with the intensity of profes-
sional life in the U.S.S.R. Either in a negative way (persons are named
and their shortcomings are publicly discussed) or in a nnositive wty (medals,
decorations, prizes, etc.) a person is always pushed to do more and better
work. Suggestions, inventions, improvements are welcome, but at the same
time official instructions' and norms of production leave very little for
private initiative. Refresher courses are continuously set up even for
persons in rat'.er high positions. The periodic calling of "active" ses-
sions (pep meetings` is specifically mentioned in the statutes of the GUGK.
Various divisions of the CUGK compete with each other for the Red Bnnner
which is vied for by each group. In short, the competition motive is very
strong. A person caught in this system apparently has no time to think of
anything but his professional work.
e. Complexity. The system of the GUGK is extrerely complex
as is quite apparent from what little information we were able to gather.
A person outside of that system has very little chance of ascerta'%ning,
say, the exact nature of cartographic coverage of a certain territory. In
order to do that he has to get permission of at least three divisions of
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the GUGK: TsKGF, UGGN and the cartographic factory which is in charge of
that particular territory. If he is given access at all to all these ma-
terials, he still has to deal with the Glavlit, (censorship).
?
Secrecy permeates everything in the GUGK, apparently to a much greater
degree than elsewhere. It is probable that most employees of the CUGK have
very little idea how this organization works as a whole. For an oitsider
having only fragementary information at his disposal, the task is well nigh
hopeless.
f. Comparison. It is impossible to elvate the GUGK with any
organization in the U.S.J. The nearest analogy would be the U..?. Coast and
Geodetic Survey but total activities: of the USC and C.S. in geodesy cor-
respond to only one department of the GUGK (Administration of the .ono-
graphic and Geodetic Service). On the other hand, some of the functions
of the USC and CS such as magnetic work., are being carried out in the
U.S.S.R. by an entirely different complex of organizations (UGi'L: r'..dminis-
tration of Hydro-Meteorological Service). It is to be remembered that
the GUGK is also in charge of cartographic factories and geodetic-tcpographic
training, as well as of a research institute in geodesy, aerial surrey and
cartography.
Foreign control, which in the U.S.A. is a part of the respons ---.bill ties
of the Army Map Service, is at least partially being taker. care of by the
GUGK (through UGGNN and TsIIIICAiK).
The GUGK is sup_:osed to be a civilian organization, coordinating geo-
detic and cartographic wort of civilian agencies such as the Ministry of
Agriculture, Ministry of Forestry, Clavesevmorput' (Main Administration of
the North :jea Route) and others. By statute all rules and regulations pub-
lished by the GUGK are obligatory for other agencies in the tT.:..< .
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specific exemption is trade for the Army and Navy. Here we :.hcu d note that
in the reorganization of 11,ar.h 16, 1953, both the Army and Navy ministries
were combined into one- Ministry of Defense (Ministerstvo Oborony). We have,
then, to consider the 1,itiistry of Defense.
II. MINISTRY OF DEFENSE
A. MILITAItY TOPOGRAPHIC AD'riINISTRATiON (VTU: Voyenno-Topografichesk )ye
Upravleniye).
According to the statutes (Section 15) the relations between the
GUGK and the Commissariats of Defense and of the Navy are to be -egulated
by a special statute which is not yet available to us. These relationships
will have to be established on the basis of exceedingly scanty mit.erial.
If our information on the activity of the GUGK after 1940 was quite inaee-
quate, information on geo etic and cartographic activities of thE: Army and
Navy is practically non-existent.
The Military Topogra7hic Administration (VTU) is the direct successor
of the Military Topographic Section (VTO, Voyenno-Topograficheskiy Otdel)
of the General Staff of the Imperial Army. The VTO had existed since 1822
and was the main geodetic and cartographic agency of the Russian empire
before the revolution. The old organization survived in pretty nearly the
same form, and from what is known about it, bears a remarkable re.,.emblance
to the structure of the GGGK. The scale is undoubtedly much smalU.er which
is not saying that the VTU is less important than the GUGK. With strong
emphasis on military needs, it may well. be that the VTU plays a mere impor-
tant role than the CUGK in the formulation of policies and general direction
of geodetic and cartographic work.
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The VTU is attached to the 7th Department of the General Stiff, and
undoubtedly consists of many subdivisions of which the following are known:
1. Military-Topographic 3 ce (VTS: Voyenno Topograficheskaya
Sluzhba). This appears to be analogous to the UTGS of the GUGK. The re-
sponsibility of the VTS is to conduct geodetic and topographic work in
assigned regions, which include the border regions of the U.S.S.R. In an
assignment to adjust the general network of triangulation of 1st class in
1946, (6) the VTS was to take charge of the triangulation to the .rest of
the Pulkovo-Nikolayev line, to the south of the Troitskosavsk-Mog7cha-Khabarovsk-
Vladivostok line, to the east of the Vladivostok-Fermin line and to the south
of the Chardzhou-Mary-Krasnovodsk line as well as eleven numbered, but
unidentified, loops of 1st class. The amount of work involved in this ad-
justment is roughly one-eighth of that of the entire net. From t},is we
may draw the conclusion that the staff of the VTS is correspondinf-ly smaller
than that of the staff of the UTGS of the GUGK.
Another Indication of the size of the VTS may be gleaned Iron: a state-
ment in a general review of the activity of the GUGK, 1919-1944 (1). We
have in this source a separation of the work done by GUGK (and its prede-
cessors) from that done by "other agencies" (not specified which agencies):
Triangulation
1-st Order
Triangulation
2-nd order
Leveling
1st and 2nd order
All Agencies 75,300 km.
66,900 km.
127,55