PROJECT SELECTION (PART I)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00434A000300060008-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 4, 2000
• Sequence Number: 8
• Content Type: REPORT

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PROJECT SELECTION (PART I)
Psychiatric aid in the selection of personnel is being sought more
frequently today than at any previous time in history.
Because of the relative scarcity of psychiatrists and the large number
of individuals to be screened, aids are constantly being sought in preliminary
screening so that the number of individuals needing a final more complete check
by the psychiatrist may be held to a minimum.
Various psychological tests are usually used for this purpose. They
are of considerable value in detecting some cases of personality deviation and
neruoses. This is true especially in the less-educated groups and -wrhere the
individual may expect to gain by revealing his real symptoms -- as for example
in Selective Service examinations or in routine psychiatric examinations as a
preliminary to psychotherapy.
Where the individual may expect to lose by revealing his true self or
where overevaluation of himself may seem desirable, these tests are much less
accurate. In such cases only a test in which the answers are unknown to the
examinee is of much value. There are not many such tests which can be easily
administered and scored.
Project Selection was undertaken to determine which of several tests
could be used as an aid in the selection of personnel on the basis of comparing
the results of a rapid psychiatric screening to the test outcome.
The aim of this method was the selection of one more effective and
efficient test which compared favorably with the psychiatric evaluation that,
for the purpose of this study, was regarded as the standard most effective pro-
cedure.
The project was planned in two stages:
PART I
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a* syc is ric examen e
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Is. Administration of four standard psychological tests to be compared
to trie psychiatric evaluation.
c. Administration of the "Draw-a-Person" test following; the met :god of
l:achover; also for corasariaon with (a) and (b). This test is not yet standardized
but 1,:s excellent possibilities and, if effective, wuuld_ be easiest of all the tests
PART II
a. Administer the four psychological tests to 100 employees of proven
ability to determine whether from these examinations nny standard could be
determined for evaluating new a_ ulicant s.
Is. Administer the Draw-a.-Person test to this sane 100 em:--oloyees for the
pur_>ose of comparing it to the four psychological tests. This would help in its
standardization in a group of individuals who, by performance, had demonstrated
that they possessed ti-iose qualities which wo -wished to measure in the new applicants.
This report covers Part I of this project. Unfortunately only 50
psychiatric examinations were performed due to limitation of time and personnel.
It is not felt however that this seriously affected the validity of the results,
altliougn the larE_!er number would have been more desirable. The two traits which
were selected for --)rimary exa..linat ion were (a) er.ot Tonal stability and (b) sexual
deviation. These were considered the basic factors to be determined.
The following; psychologicai tests were selected:
1. Cornell Index N2
2. Roston Personal Adjustment Inventory
3. Minnesota Per:?onaality Scale
4. Bernreuter Personality Inventory
5. Draw-a-Person Test (i: ac lover)
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Each of these tests measuresmultiple personality traits in addition to
emotional stability. It was also decided to administer, in addition to the five
tests listed above, the aptitude-interest test of to all those individuals
who through their Draw-a-Person test showed evidence of disturbed sexuality. This
test measures the degree of masculinity-feminity of the individual. It was thought
that it might be of value in the detection of sexual deviates.
Description of the Individual Tests
Those factors which the individual tests were designed to test are des-
cribed below in the words of their authors. The descriptions are taken verbatim
from the manuals of each author.
1. CORNELL INDEX N-2 (1)
"The need has been felt for an instrument for the rapid psychiatric and
psychosomatic evaluation of large numbers of persons in a variety of situations.
The CORNELL INDEX was assembled as a series of questions referring to neuro-
psychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms, which would serve as a standardized
psychiatric history and a guide to the interview, and which, in addition, would
statistically differentiate persons with serious personal and psychosomatic dis-
turbances from the rest of the population. It was devised as an adjunct to the
interview; not as a substitute unless an interview is impractical."
For the purposes of Project Selection a score of 13 or above was
regarded as evidence of a need for further examination.
2. HESTON PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT INVENTORY (2)
(A) ANALYTICAL THINKING
"This scale, which was originally labeled "Intellectuality," parallels
what has often been termed "Thinking Introversion." Scores on this scale are not
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synonymous with intelligence; hence "Analytical Thinking" has been selected
as a more accurate designation. A study cited later does show "A" much more
closely related to college aptitude and achievement than any of the other
scales. A person high on "A" likes to be intellectually independent, thinks
for himself, analyzes and theorizes a great deal, enjoys solving problems, likes
carefully planned and detailed work, is persistent at tasks, and is serious
(as opposes to casual). Low scores suggest an uncritical acceptance of other's
ideas, a willingness to avoid planning and thinking, and a dislike for creative
or intellectual activities. "A" bears practically no relationship to any of
the other five scales; it is a very independent measure,"
(S) SOCIABILITY
"High degrees of this trait indicate extroversion in the social sense. A
person with a high "S" score is more interested in people than in things,he makes
friends easily, converses readily and freely, feels he is a "lively" individual,
enjoys social mixing, and frequently takes the lead in social participation. The
low person is self-conscious, shy, and socially timid, has only a limited number
of friends, and seeks the background on social occasions. He is the "introvert"
who is lacking in social skills and/or inclinations. "S" is more nearly related
to "C" than to any of the other scales. It is least related to "A".
(E) ;MOTIONAL STABILITY
"High scores here typify persons who can remain in stable and uniform
spirits, are not subject to apprehensive fears or worries, are not easily upset
or frustrated, can relax and avoid tension, and see life in reality rather than
through daydreams and uneasy retrospection. People low on "E" are easily dis-
rupted by minor crises, are readily embarrassed, often feel tired and listless,
are too impulsive and jitter fre entl feel thwarted and suffer often from
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tension, worry uneasiness. Extremely low scores may indicate the traditional
"neurotic." Both "C't and "P" appear highly correlated with "E". There is good
reason to believe this is a genuine association, since the items of each scale
comprise relatively discrete varieties of behavior."
(C) CONFIDENCE
IlPersons scoring high on ttC" make decisions readily, feel sure of the value
of their own judgment, adjust easily to new or difficult situations, feel they
enjoy the approval and favor of their associates, fave the present and future
optimistically rather than linger regretfully over the past, lack inferiority
feelings, and are not dissatisfied with their physique and appearance. A high
positive relationship has been observed between "C" and "E". People low on ""C""
distrust their ability, cannot make desicions satisfactorily, and display the
traditional "inferiority complex."
(P) PERSONAL RELATIONS
"High scores on "P" indicate two basic attitudes: (1) feeling that other
people are trustworthy and congenial and (2) ability to refrain from annoyance
and irritation at others' behavior. Thus one who is high on "P" does not feel
slighted by others, does not feel they misunderstand him or cast him in an
inferior role, is not too critical of others, does not lose patience readily,
and is not angered too frequently or too easily. He can see things fairly
and impersonally. People low on this scale are touchy, suspicious, and easily
irked by other people. A very low score might be partially indicative of
"paranoid" trends. Caution is needed in the interpretation of an individual's
"Pit score, because it has the lowest reliability of any of the six scales."
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(H) HOME SATISFACTION
"On "H" a high score denotes pleasant family relations, an appreciation
of desirable home conditions, a feeling of mutual understanding and respect,
freedom from emotion breeding home conflicts, and a healthy recognition of
one's obligation to home and family. At the low extreme we find admissions
or complain's of such difficulties as wishing for a different home, feeling
that enjoyment can be found only away from home, conflicts with parents' ideas,
family not considerate, parents too strict, domineering, or unsympathetic, or
parents overly irritated or emotional. Although composed of items correctly
classifiable into a separate category, the "H" scale exhibits some positive
correlation with all the other scales except "Al.'
For our purposes any scores below the 10th percentile or above the 95th
percentile were regarded as showing a need for further investigation. Scores
which were too high were thought to be evidence of self-overevaluation.
3. MINNESOTA PERSONALITY SCALE (3)
"Part I - MORALE: High scores are indicative of belief in society's institutions
and future possibilities. Low scores usually indicate cynicism or lack of hope
in the future.
"Part II - SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT: High scores tend to be characteristic of the
gregarious, socially mature individual in relations with other people. Low
scores are characteristic of the socially inept or undersocialized individual.
"Part III - FAMILY RELATIONS: High scores usually signify friendly and healthy
parent-child relations. Low scores suggest conflicts or maladjustments in
parent-child relations.
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"Part IV - EMOTIONALITY: High scores are representaive of emotionally stable
and self-possessed individuals. Low scores may result from anxiety states or
over-reactive tendencies.
"Part V - ECONOMIC CONbERVATISM: High scores indicate conservative economic
attitudes. Low scores reveal a tendency toward liberal or radical points of
view on current economic and industrial problems.
"It is to be noted that excessively high scores may have clinical significance
from the adjustment standpoint, depending upon other case data. Thus a very
high score on Part I may represent naivete and uncritical acceptance of society
as the best of all possible worlds. A very high score on Part II may represent
excessive oversocialization or extreme "extroversicn." A very high score on
Part III may represent unrecognized overdependence on the family at an age
when some independence might be expected. A very high score on Part IV may
represent manic or hyperactive tendencies. A very high score on Part V
may represent reactionary viewpoints which exclude the absorption of new
material in some social sciences."
1. THE PERSONALITY INVENTORY - BE;RNREUTER (4)
"Bl-N. A measure of neurotic tendency. Persons scoring high on this scale
tend to be emotionally unstable. Those scoring above the 98 percentile would
probably benefit from psychiatric or medical advice. Those scoring low tend
to be very well balanced emotionally.
11B2-S. A measure of self-sufficiency. Persons scoring high on this scale
prefer to be alone, rarely ask for sympathy or encouragement, and tend to
ignore the advice of others. Those scoring low dislike solitude and often
seek advice and encouragement.
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"B3-I. A measure of introversion-extroversion. Persons scoring high on
this scale tend to be introverted; that is, they are imaginative and tend to
live within themselves. Scores above the 98 percentile bear the same signifi-
cance as do similar scores on the Bi-N scale. Those scoring low are extro-
verted; that is, they rarely worry, seldom suffer emotional upsets, and rarely
substitute daydreaming for action.
"B1 D. A measure of dominance-submission. Persons scoring high on this
scale tend to dominate others in face-to-face situations. Those scoring low
tend to be submissive.
"Fl-C. A measure of confidence in oneself. Persons scoring high on this
scale tend t/hamperingly self-conscious and to have feelings of inferiority; those
scoring above the 98 percentile would probably benefit from psychiatric or
medical advice. Those scoring low tend to be wholesomely self-confident and
to be very well adjusted to their environment.
"F2-S. A measure of sociability. Persons scoring high on this scale tend to
be nonsocial, solitary, or independent. Those scoring low tend to be sociable
and gregarious."
In all of these groups scores above the 85th percentile were considered
abnormal except in class B4 -D where scores below 20 were considered an indi-
cation of further study.
5. Draw-a-Person Test.
There are many varieties of Draw-a-Person Tests. That used in this
study is that described by Machover (5 ). This test is performed by requesting
the person being examined to "draw the picture of-a person." When the drawing
is completed the individual is then asked to draw the picture of a person of
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the opposite sex. No questions should be answered except that if the subject
asks whether he should draw the full figure of a person it is answered in the
affirmative. This test is not fully standardized as yet but its use was
suggested by Machover's statement (p.1Ql)that in her series all those individuals
who drew a picture of a person of the opposite sex first showed evidence of
(6)
at least latent homosexuality. This is denied by Levine and by my own experience,
but the test is nevertheless valuable in detecting sexual disturbances of many
varieties. Levine states that if eyelashes are drawn on the male figure that
it is pathognomonic of homosexuality. This has not much proven validity but
is worthy of more study. Besides disturbed sexuality this test reveals many
other personality deviations which space does not permit me to discuss at this
time but which will be indicated during discussion of the results.
For purposes of screening, the following deviations in the test were
considered sufficiently significant to warrant further examination: (1) Opposite
sex was drawn first.(2) Both figures drawn nude, unless the subject had studied
art, medicine or anatomy. (3) Male genitalia drawn on a nude figure. (4) Cloth-
ing transparent with the figure showing through. (5) Eyelashes on the male figure.
(6) Figures drawn with broken lines. (7) Small figure (less than two inches)
drawn in any corner of the page. (8) Either figure more than nine inches in
height. (9) Facial features omitted. (10) Drawings were refused. (11) Stick
figures. (12) Wavy line figures. ( See Figures I to VIII for examples.)
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RESULT S:
The results of the examinations are shown in charts I to VIII. In
these charts the individual evaluations are based on a grading of from +
(low) to ++++. Those numbers in red are considered to be readings which are
too high. Those in blue are the lower than average readings. The symbol (A,)
indicates a drawing which was considered abnormal in some respect and the sym-
bol (*) is used to indicate those drawings in which the figure of the opposite
sex was drawn first. The psychiatric classification of (0) indicates those
individuals considered unfit for employment in any capacity. One plus (+)
was used to designate individuals considered fit only for duty in clerical
positions within the continental limits of the United States. Two plus (++)
designates those individuals considered psychiatrically qualified for duty
both at home and overseas but not in positions involving much stress. Three
plus (+++) and four plus (++++) designations were given to those individuals
considered fit for all duty. T1 a were no four plus designations given in
this series.
C rt I gives the test results in those individuals given a psychiatric
classification of one plus (+). There were 19 applicants given this classifi-
cation (19 % of series). They showed no consistent deviations in any of the
psychological tests and there was no case in which all tests showed deviations
in the same direction. In the 19 cases there were 20 high scores ~x %) and
8 low scores (38 %) on the Heston, 5 high (/6 %) and 11 low (5o%) on the Minne-
sota, 7 high (AA%) and 2 low (/0 %) on the Bernreuter, no abnormalities except
one score of 12 on the Cornell Index. The most frequent deviations shown were
in the Draw-a-Person Test, there being 9 abnormal drawings (Y9%) in this series.
The details of these drawings are shown in charts VIland VIII.
Chart j gives the results in those patients who were given a psychia-
tric classification of two plus (++). There were thirty-three (33) individ-
ual sAtbWa P Re l 20O@/0 IN CtAliRDF 9tOO4l34AOOO3OOO&OOO8 4high
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SUMMI RY OF CHARTS I - M
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responses (46%) anc~ 9 low responses (43%), on the Minnesota there were 18 hi 'i re-
sr,onees (20 ) and 8 low (41%) responses. The :Bernreutcr gave 20 :nigh (20%) and 4
low (19 ) responses. Ten (31)) drawings in this series gave abnormal res-,oonses,
the details of which are shown in Charts VII and VIII.
Cn.art III gives the test results in those cases given a psychiatric'.
evaluation of three plus There were six a-plicant s in this =;roup
There were no low scores, but as in the other groups there were 7 high res-oonses.
There were no abnor:na l drawings.
Chart IV gives tine results in those individuEa.ls who wore not considered
~sycniatrically qualified for em-aloyment. In this group the only high scores were
on the Heston, being 6 in nw;iber. The low scores were on the Heston (4), on the
icsinnesota (4), and on the Bernreuter (2). There were three abnormal pictures
in this group (435%).
Chart V is su,i. iary of chart I through chart IV. It should be noted
that hig=h readings on the ".Ell score on the Heston are not confirmed by a rela-
tively low total score for the same trait (10) on the Minnesota scale. There
wore 22 abnormal drawings (34%) for this series.
Chart VI shows the results in those cases in which no psyc_i..tric
evaluation was r: mau.e. It is presented Primarily to show the test results as
con-oared to the results of the Draw-a.Person Test. There were 38 persons in this
sories with 16 (442`%) abnormal awings.
C-dart VII' snows a coiner rison of the test results in those cases in
which the individual drew an abnormal picture. Chart VII does not include
those who anew P. picture of the oo:7posite sex first (Chart VIII). The only
finding worthy of note here is the high "E" score on the Heston (10). There
:>, ,re 22 applicants wtio were in this series, of these 10 were in the unclassified
,group, 6 were in the one -plus (+) group, 5 'were in the two plus (++) group. The
Heston, as usual, showed consistently hi ,per scores than the other tests. Only
one case (18) in this
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series showed a low attitude-interest percentile il.~17p) In this case there
was suggestive evidence of sexual deviation.
Chart VIII is similar to Chart VII except that it compares the test
results in those cases in which the pictures of the opposite sex was drawn first.
It should be noted that in those cases in which an attitude-interest test was
performed only 4 cases gave any suggestion of homosexuality. These cases prob-
ably should have further study. ( Cases 16, 34, 46, and 71).
Chart __I shows the results of the Attitude-Interest Test as compared to
e of pictures and psychiatric classification. Four of the five cases
the t3s9
giving a reading low enough to suggest sexual deviation drew the picture of a
person of the opposite sex on the Draw -a-Person Test and the fifth drew nude
in this case
figures and the psychiatric examinationAsuggested the presence of latent homo-
sexuality. This test was performed only on those cases drawing nude figures
or persons of the opposite sex on the Draw-a-Person Test.
Discu,,gsion:
Unfortunately there seems to be very little correlation between the psy-
chiatric evaluation and the psychological tests. This is believed to be due
primarily to the natural tendency of an individual to present himself in the
best possible light. During the psychiatric interview, this same tendency is,
of course, present but in a face to face interview, a psychiatrist is in a better
position to penetrate the individual's defenses. The applicant is naturally
anxious to make a good impression and if he has the knowledge because of pre-
vious training he is likely to either consciously or unconsciously check the
more normal response on a written psychological test whether it really applies
very
to him or not. For this reason fr high scores are quite as likely to be patho-
logical as very low scores.
The test which showed the highest degree of correlation with the psy-
chi ,prde@ ~8~?10fiA"I'3P7~1~3?(~00(~w in
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all the charts. Due to lack of standardization of this test one would hesitate to
)ut too much sign:i.ficance on these results, esuecially where they are not in accord
with the osyciiiatric exaamination. It seems quite safe to say that there the wicture
of a erson of the opposite sex is drawn first that this is definite evidence of
disturbed sexuality. This disturbance ::iay not infrequently be due to some type
of sexual deviat .on. As -previously noted there is enough evidence already accu-
mulated to warrant further and more int ;nsive examination when certain types of
ar wings are produced.
As a result of these preliminary tests we can conclude:
1. There v~Tore no consistent relationships between the psycnAolo ,iCa l tests.
2. `There was no consistent relationship between the psychological tests and
the nsychiatric evalL~at -~.on.
3. The Draw-a-Person Test proved most vr.lu..irble in screening but lilcely
to snow n