THE FIRST SESSION OF THE WORKING GROUP VIII ON THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON CLIMATE 10- 21JUNE 1974 LENINGRAD

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00798A001000070014-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 40
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 18, 2000
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: June 10, 1974
• Content Type: REPORT

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THE FIRST SESSION OF THE WORKING GROUP VIII
ON THE INFLUENCE OF E1VIROZWENTAL CHANGES
ON CLIMATE
10 - 21 June 1974
Leningrad
*DOC Exemption Letter In ERU File*
Leningrad
1974
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REPORT OF THE FIRST MEETING OF WORKING GROUP VIII
(INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT CHANGE ON CLIMATE) -
FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET
SOCIXLIST REPUBLICS ON COOPERATION IN THE PROTECTION
OF THE ENVIRONMENT
1.1 The first meeting of Working Group VIII was,held in Le-
ningrad on June 10-21, 1974, as agreed to at the November 16,
1973 meeting of the Joint Committee. The participants in this
meeting from both the U.S. and the USSR are listed in Appendix A.
Plenary sessions were held on June 10-12 and June 19-21. Details
of the agenda, including subjects and authors of formal presen-
tations, are given in Appendix B.
During the period June 13-18, members of the American dole-
gation visited Soviet institutions and observatories in 1.Moscow,
Novosibirsk, Kiev, Crimea and the northern Caucasus. There were
also visits to a number of institutions in Leningrad during.the
first period of the meeting. The institutions visited by the
American delegation are listed in Appendix B.
1.2. Working Group VIII, by decision of the Joint Committee,
is divided into three projects. To facilitate discussion, the
projects have been organized into six subgroups as follows.
Project 1. Joint studies of the effects of changes in the heat
balance of the atmosphere on climate.
a. Subgroup 1 - The in luence of changes of solar
activity on the climate.
b. Subgroup 2 - Modelling of the climate.
c. Subgroup 3 - Assessment of past climates on the
basis of the analysis of natural objects and
data.
Project 2. Joint studies of the effects of pollution of
the atmosphere on climate.
a. Subgroup 4 - Monitoring atmospheric constituents
and assessment of their effects on climate.
.b. Subgroup 5 - The effect of pollution of the upper
levels of the atmosphere on climate.
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Project 3 (also Subgroup 6). Joint studies of the meteorology and
air-sea interaction Of polar regions in both hemispheres
as they affect the climate-of the planet.
There were discussions concerning the need to recommend the
reorganization of this Working Group to the Joint Commission. Im-
portant considerations'for the organization of the Working Group
are achieving sufficient disciplinary homogeneity within each pro-
ject to permit' successful collaboration and the recognition of
the relationship of this Working Group to other groups established
under this and other bilateral and international agreements.
For the latter reason,, the work of the Subgroup,on polar stu-
dies is specifically concerned with problems of climate and not
with the broad spectrum of all polar investigations. On the other
hand there are aspects of air-sea investigations without which
full understanding of the environmental influences on climate
cannot be adequately treated,
At the same time, the studies of solar activity on climatic
variations use different types of data and analysis and are
broader in scope than the work of the other subgroups of Project 1.
For these reasons a recommendation is made to the Joint Commit-
tee for reorganizing Working Group VIII. It is realized that this
recommendation impacts the interface between 'the efforts under
this bilateral agreement and that on the Study of the World
Oceans. It is therefore anticipated that action on this recommen-
dation would require communication between the Joint Committees
under the two Agreements.
The following revised structure of Working Group VIII is
recommended:
Section 1. Joint studies of the effects of changes of the heat
balance of the atmosphere on climate.
a. Subgroup 1 -Modelling of climate.
b. Subgroup 2 -.Assessment of past changes of the cli-
mate on the basis of analysis of natural objects
and data,
c. Subgroup 3 - Interactions of the atmosphere with
polar regions and the oceans as they effect
climate.
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Section 2. Joint studies of the effects of pollution of the
atmosphere on climate.
Section 3. Subgroup 6 - The influence of changes of solar
activity on the climate.
This section of the report will list all the proposals
for cooperative scientific experiments that have been developed
during the meeting.,Not all of these can, or should be initia-
ted now. Section 3 will list those projects which we will try
to start in 1975.
PROJECT 1. JOINT STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN THE HEAT
BALANCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE ON CLIMATE
2.1 Subgroup 1. The influence of changes of solar
activity on the climate
2.1.1. Scientific cooperation
Joint experiments should be conducted to test the vali-
dity of possible mechanisms of solar activity influences on
atmospheric. circulation and climatic changes. The following
are recommended:
a) Highly accurate determinations (at least 0.1,0 of
the mean) of variations in the integral solar ra-
diation flux at different levels of solar activi-
ty, both over the whole range of wave length and
in separate bands (including infrared, visible
and ultraviolet ranges). Provision should be :ade
in the future for scanning of the soles _ Disc:
b) Synoptic observations of particles enter?n into
the upper atmosphere for energies from 10` -
109 eV.
c) Synoptic global observations of infra-red radia-
tion from the upper atmosphere, especially for
the intervals of enhanced magnetospheric activib.i.
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d) Anal,sis of observations of concentrations and dis-
tributions of ozone, CO2 and H2O in relation to
the various measures of solar activity. More exten-
sive,ouservations of these parameters, especially
at high levels, are required.
e) Experimental study of global interaction between
the magnetosphere, ionosphere, stratosphere and
troposphere for different levels of solar, inter-
planetary and geomagnetic activity*
f) The study ?of possible changes in the velocity of
the Earth's rotation as influenced by solar flares
(Danjon's effect).
g) Further analysis of changes of atmospheric circu-
lation as have been suggested to be related to
solar activity.
h)The analysis of the variations of temperature and
pressure fields in the upper and lower atmosphere
during solar disturbances.
i) Complex global investigations of the nature of
sharp breakings of the atmospheric circulations
in connection with solar activity for the purpose
of studying the reasons for climatic changes.
j) The study of global conditions of formation of
droughts in different parts of the world in con-
nection with solar activity.
Initial experiments on measurements of the solar cons-
tant, particle flux and infrared radiation will be carried out
in the US and USSR. At a later date, when cooperative experi-
ments whould be undertaken, Working Group 8 will refer such
proposals through the Joint Commission on the Environment to
the appropriate US - USSR organization to handle space experi-
ments.
2.1.2 Data exchange
Data on solar, interplanetary, raagnetospiieric, ionosphe-
ric and meteorological observations should be exchanged on
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a regular basis. Specially prepa ?ed lists of times of occurrence
of particular features such as solar structures, sector bounda-
ries, large geo.aagnetic activity and ionospheric activity should
also be exchanged. E;:.changes should use existing channels, name-
ly the World Data Centers (A in Boulder, USA; B in Moscow,USSR),
which should be encouraged to compile special catalogs of data
useful in solar-climate studies.
The lists of solar-geophysical data for collaborative in-
vestigations should be prepared in the nearest future and should
be approved by both sides.
2.1.3 Actions proposed
a) The exchange of visits between USA and USSR.? The
duration of the exchange visits-should be from
several days or several months to one year. Longer
visits are considered most important and should
include both established scientists, and young
scientists. At important meetings on the subject
of solar-atmospheric relations in one country it
is deemed desirable to invite representatives
from the other side.
b) The compilation world-wide mailing list of active
workers in the field. The mailing list would re-
ceive a newsletter and photocopies of any material
submitted. This activity should be coordinated
with the 1CSU/SCOSTEP Panel on this subject.
c) The determination of the indices of solar and geo-
physical activities which are to be the most ade-
quate ones when analysing and forecasting solar-
atmospheric effects.
ci) The working Group strongly recommends the develop-
ment of short and lone-tern solar activity-
for--casting methods.
2.2. Subgroup 2. 1',:odelling of the Climate
2.2.1 Scientific cooperation
At present a nuiaber of cliLulte tiieor;r models are availab-
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le which can be used to study climate variability. Using then
models, the first preliminary results have been obtained in the
assessment of the role of individual physical processes in cli-
Liate formation and its possible natural changes and variations
due to anthropogenic factors.
Some of these results indicate high sensitivity of the
current climate to small variations of climate-forming factors.
It suggests the possibility of large-scale anthropogenic varia
tions which requires the rapid development of more precise and
more reliable methods to assess the mechanisms of climate
changes.
In connection with existing and planned activity relate
to climatic modelling in the USA and USSR, the following gene-
ral areas for collaboration may be considered:
a) The intercomparison of existing US and'USSR clima-
tic models is needed to assess their simulation
.properties,
b) The construction of new numerical models of the
interactive atmosphere-.hydrosphere-cryosphere
system (including the stratosphere) are required.
In developing numerical models of a climate theory,
special attention should be paid to parameteriza-
tion of the physical processes which may critical-
ly influence climate changes, including the most
important feedbacks between the elements of the
meteorological regime (for example, the non-con-
servative physical, chemical and biological chan-
ges of atmospheric constituents such as CO 2, 03
and aerosols).
c) In. order to provide consistency in interpretation
of results obtained with different climatic models
analysis techniques should be agreed upon. The spe-
cific proposals should be considered at the next
group meeting.
d) It is of importance to develop and use agreed upon
distribution models for aerosol concentration, moi
ture,. CO 20 ozone and other constituents.
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e) The properties of the climatic models and the li-
mits of their applicability may differ depending
on the methods used for parameterization of physical
processes in the atmosphere and the number of the
feedbacks incorporated. It is necessary, therefore,
to formulate the models compatibly to the require-
ments and to evaluate the limits of model appli-
cability with respect to concrete problems,
f) Consideration should be given to the possible de-
sign, performance, analysis.and interpretation
of numerical experiments requested by other sub-
groups in order to assess the role of specific
external (man-made) factors effecting the climate.
2.2.2. Data Exchange
Bearing in mind that all the current theories of cli-
mate are approximate, it is necessar;; to check these theories
against empirical material before applying the models to cal- 0
culations of future climatic conditions. For this purpose,
short-term seasonal or interannual observations of meteorolo-
gical elements are needed as well as the data on contemporary
climate variations and on climate change in the geolo;:ical
past. The specification of new observational requirc.,!mnts arc
also needed.
2.2.3 Actions Proposed
A joint s;;mposium on climatic modelling may be convened
in Uzbekistan, USSR in 1976.
The United States delegation would like to issue invi-
tations to Soviet scientists to visit the following U.S. insl~i-
tutions for periods of 6 to 12 months. The invitation is of-
fered to the indicated scientist or a collea;;uc to be agreed
on by both countries,
a) To come to the Geophysical -Fluid D;:na::,ics Labora-
tory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion, Environnn ntal Research Laboratories in
ceton, N.J. (one or two of the visits to take
place in 1975).
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i'roi'essor L.I.Budyko - Climate sensitivity and stability-
Pio cssor K.Ya.Kondratiev -'Radiation effects of aerosols
Academician G.I.Marchuk - Numerical integration methods
Professor S.S.Zilitinkevich - Coupled ocean-atmosphere models
b) To come to the National Center for Atmospheric
Research Boulder, Colorado.
Dr. A.F.Treshnikov - Effects of sea-ice
Academician G.I.Marchuk - adjoint methods applied to
climatic variations
c) To come to the University of Washington
(Seattle, Washington) _
Dr. A.F.Treshnikov - Modelling of ice dynamics
d) To come to Stanford University, California
Academician Mustel - Problems of solar activity and climate
2.3 Subgroup 3. Assessment of past climates on the basis
of the analysis of natural objects and data
2.3.1. Scientific Cooperation
A. Century program (Q - 100 years before present)
This will focus on climatic changes in the period of mo-
dern instrumental data, including aerological data for the past
20 or 30 years, and will attempt to document the most recent
trends of climate together with environmental changes which may
have causal connections with such trends.
a) Exchange of data, as raw (unsmoothed) time series:
(i)
Indices of atmospheric circulation intensity
and patterns in the Northern Hemisphere.
- Update of Dzerdzeevskii circulation-type
epoch data by the Institute of Geography,
Moscow; (Ya. L. Rauner, suggested coopera-
ting scientist).
- Updated series of coefficients of empiri-
cal orthogonal functions of monthly mean
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sea-level pressure (by NOAA Environmental
Data Service,. Washington, D.C.; J.M.Mitchell,
jr., suggested cooperating scientist)'.
(ii) Regional and hemispheric-scale average values
of moithly average climatic parameters in Nor-
thern Hemisphere.
- Climatological surface air temperature in
the form of digitized grid-point values on
I IBM-compatible magnetic tape for the period
1881 to at least 1960 together with related
publications (by Main Geophysical Observato-
ry, Leningrad; Ye,P.Borisenkov, suggested
cooperating scientist)
Updated series (since 1958) of hemispheric.
circulation statistics, including zonal and
meridional wind indices, free-air tempera-
ture, geopotential height, specific humidi-
ty, kinetic energy, fluxes of heat and mo-
mentum (by NOAA/CFDL, Princeton,N.J.;
A.Oort, suggested cooperating scientist).
- Complete digitized "World Weather Records"
temperature, precipitation and pressure da-
ta, by stations, on magnetic tape for the
period from beginning of record at each
station to at least 1960 together with re-
lated publications (by NOAA Environmental
Data Service, Washington D.C.;.J.M.Mitchell,
jr. suggested cooperating scientist).
(iii) Exchange climatological data concerning the
energy balance of the earth-atmosphere sys-
tem and its geographical distribution.
The USSR side would contribute surface-based
data on the components of heat balance. The
US side would contribute satellite-based data
on the planetary heat balance, including
cloudiness.
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(iv) Oceanolugic indices of seasonal and year-to-
year variations of conditions in the North
Atlantic Ocean.
Measures of geo;raohical distribution of
ocean-surface temperature and heat content
of mixed-layer of ocean (by Institute of
Oceanology, Moscow; V.G.Kort, suggested
cooperating scientist).
= Data on oceanic conditions, including month-
ly average surface temperatures and their
variations over a period of many years, for
all available locations in the. ocean (by
ITOAA Environmental Data Service, Washington,
D.C.; J.M.Mitchell, Jr., suggested coopera-
- ink scieiztist) .
b) Millenian Program (0 - 1,000 years before present)
This will document in greater detail the course of
global climate change in earlier centuries, thus
lending I)erspective to the course of climate in the
20th century in the context of historical events
including the "Little Ice Age"
c) Ice-age History Program (0-30,000 years before
present, and older)
This will help improve the understanding of the
extremes of climate, and of the nature of the tran-
sitions of climate, both within and following a ma-
jor glacial event on earth; and to clarify the geo-
graphical pattern of conditions and events during
each phase of the glaciation and doglaciation, as.
needed to evaluate the accuracy of climate simulation
models.
2.3.2 Lcchange of.Data
a) Tree-ring widths
- un-normalized ring-width series from replicated
trees in each of 11 or 12 subpolar sites in USSR,
from the Finland border eastward to the Kamchatka
Peninsula (by the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences,
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Kaunas, Dr. Bitvinskas, suggested cooperating sci-
entist; and by the Botanical Institute, Leningrad,
Dr. Lovelius, suggested cooperating scientist).
Ring-width series and detailed information concer-
ning transfer functions relating ring-width series
to climate, for any or all of the more than 49
available sites in North America as desired (by
University of Arizona, Tucson; H.C.Fritts, sugges-
ted cooperating scientist).
b) Exchange paleoclimatographic data acquired according
to the plans approved at the Paleoclimatographic Con-
ference described in 2.3.3.
2.3.3 Action Proposed.
a) Conference on paleocliruatography: a technical confe-
rence to be held approximately June, 1975; to be or-
ganized to accomplish the specific objectives listed
below, and to include as many of the cooperating sci-
entists listed below as possible, in addition to
other scientists.
Country Institution
USSR Institute of Geography,
Moscow
USSR Institute of Geol.agy,
Moscow
Suggested Participants
'M.I.Neustadt,N.S.Chebotareva,
I;1.G.Grossvald, V.P.Gruchuk,
A.A.Velichko, N.A.Khotinsky
K.N.Nikiforova, N.V.Kind,
R.E.Giterman, E.Korenova,
M.A.Pavzner
USSR All-Union Geological
Institute (VSEGEI)
Leningrad
USSR Institute of Geology,
Novosibirsk
USSR Institute of Geology,
Murmansk
US Lamont-Doherty Geologi-
cal Observatory,
New-York
V.N.Saks
S.A.Strelkov
'V.S.Broecker, N.Opdyke
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University of Wisconsin
US
Brown University,
Providence, Rhode Island
T.Webb, J.Imbrie
US
University of Minnesota
H. Wright
US
Yale University,
M.Davis
New Haven, Qonnecticut
US
US Geological Survey
D.Adam, E.Leopold
US
University of Maine
G.Denton
US
Ohio State University
T.Hughes
US
University of Washington
S.Porter?
The objectives of the Conference are as follows:
To plan for the exchange of data on 0-14 dated ice-
sheet moraines from as many locations as possible in
the U.S. and USSR (especially Siberia).
- To plan for the exchange of historical palynological
data (samples, pollen counts, C-14 dates, and pollen
diagrams) from C-14 dated stratigraphic sections
located as widely as possible in the U.S. and USSR
including areas well south of areas covered by gla-
cial ice during the Quaternary.
- To plan for the exchange of modern pollen data (samp-
les, pollen counts, geographic locations) from sites
distributed as widely as possible in the U.S. and USS
- To exchange statistical transfer-function techniques
designed to extract rainfall and seasonal temperature
estimates from fossil pollen data.
- To assess the C-14 dating facilities needed to accom-
plish the first and second objectives in the U.S. and
USSR, and to make appropriate recommendations to in-
sure the needed support.
To formulate a research plan for acquiring continuous
stratigraphic sections (both pollen diagrams from lak
cores and soil sequences) covering all or significant
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portions of the Brunhes Iuiagnetic Epoch (the past
690.000 years) in the U.S. and USSR at a number of
widely-distributed sitese
b) Conference on paleoclimatic modelling: a technical
conference to be held in the U.S. in June 1976 or
thereabouts, designed to.ekehange results of expe-
riments simulating selected past climates.
(i) U.S. scientists will present results of nume-
rical experiments aimed at simulating ice-age
climates at the last glacial maximum using ge-
neral circulation models (NCAR, Boulder, Colo-
rado; J.Williams, W.Washi.ngton, and R.G.Barry,
suggested cooperating scientists. National
Science Foundation's IDOE/CLTIV.P Project Scien-
tists and other institutions as appropriate)
(ii) USSR scientists will present results of clima-
te-modelling; experiments carried on b;y the In-
stitute of Geography, Moscow (I.P.Gerasimov,
suggested cooperating scientist) and by the
Main Geophysical Observatory, Leningrad (L`.I.
Budyko, suggested cooperating scientist).In ad-
dition, information on ice-age climate in the
oceans will be presented by the scientific
staff of the Institute of Oceanology, Moscow
(A.Lysitsin, suggested cooperating scientist)
and other institutions as appropriate,
c) Exchange of scientific personnel.
Each country shall have the right to arrange for
working visits of up to a total of 6 man-months
duration per year by up to 3 scientists. Soviet
institutions open to visitation shall include the
Institutes of Geography, Geology, and Oceanology
in Moscow, the All-Union Geological Research Insti-
tute in Leningrad and in Novosibirsk, and the Sibe-
rian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in No-
vosibirsk. U.S. institutions open to visitation
shall include those listed under 2.3.3. above.
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PROJECT 2. JOINT STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE ON CLIMATE
2.4. Subgroup 4.Yonitorina atmospheric constituents
and assessment of their effects on
climate
2,4.1. Scientific cooperation
a) At present, the USA has 4 baseline stations and
10 regional stations with 2 additional baseline
stations planned for the future. The USSR has 1
baseline station and 5 regional stations. It is
desirable to enlarge the network of stations and
to expand their geographical location. The respec-
tive networks should be expanded as soon as fea-
sible and largely completed by 1980,
b.) Both countries will provide for the accompli-
shment of measurements within the WMO program
(aerosol chemistry based on the study of the
atmospheric turbidity, rain chemistry and C02).
Additional measurements beyond these minimum
requirements are also being made others are
planned*
c) Both countries should develop methods of mea6
surement and systems of calibration for carbon
dioxide, ozone, and atmospheric turbidity (and
other optical properties) at the baseline sta-
tions and exchange the experience gained and
the data from such work.
(i) The US would provide a surface ozone measu-
ring system for operation at a USSR remote
Observatory. The exchange would be phased
as follows:
1974 - one electrochemical concentration
cell system
1975-76 - one ahemiluminescence (ethylene
reaction) system.
One precision ozone generator.
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(ii) The USSR would provide one system for the
measurement of total ozone (perhaps of
the N81 type) in 1974 or 1975 to becpera-
ted in parallel with a Dobson spectropho-
tometer at a US stations
(iii) Each instrument will be. supplied with its
maintenance and operating instructions
(iv) A scientist knowledgeable in the system
operation will accompany the system to the
proposed operational location and provide
instructions and training in its operation,
d) Joint mathematical modelling of the life-cycles
and of the effects of carbon dioxide, ozone,aero-
sole and other important pollution on atmosphe-
ric radiation for their incorporation in global
climate models. Exchange of model results to
enable mutual improvement.
e) Bearing in mind, that atmospheric aerosols is one
of the possible factors that may affect climate,
it is advisable to carry out an agreed program
of investigation of the spatial concentration
field, microstructure, chemical composition and
optical properties of the aerosol. The first
projects in this area will be:
(i) The development and design of a field
experiment to be conducted in a non-urban
location of-the USSR. The experiment would
incorporate an angular integrating nephelo-
meter to measure the scattering properties
at the ground. Other instruments to measure
aerosol optical properties at this site may
be provided by the US and the USSR to aid
in the determination of the radiative and
other properties of particles. The chief
focus is the massive particle production
by industrial Europe after it has had the
opportunity for chemical and physical changes.
Prof.Charlson (USA) and Prof.Rosenberg (USSR)
should coordinate the planning of this experi-
ment.
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(ii) To develop. proposals on conducting surface
measurements of aerosols using lidars (to-
gether with supporting measurements, air-
craft and balloons) by the next meeting
of the Working Group.
2.4.2. Data Exchange
Site documentation and data exchange should be
organized to permit the cooperating scientists to better anal
global pollution. Data should also be exchanged from each basel
ne station. (The requirements for these exchanges were furnish
to US and USSR Working Group members in June 1974).?
2.4.3. Actions Proposed
a) To ask the Working Group on Space Metebrology(Co
chairmen are Dr.Johnson and Dr.Alexandrov) to de s-
lop suggestions on space remote sensing of the
minor gaseous and aerosol components of the at-
mosphere, measurements of the spectral solar con
stants,and investigations of the radiative proper-
ties of the earth-atmosphere system, with the da a
obtained to be presented to Working Group 8 for pro-
jecting the climate changes,
b) A meeting of specialists on atmospheric optics
and aerosols should be held. This group would study the role o
relative and absolute humidity and the molecular chemical com-
position of the processes which influence the variability of
the physical andcptical properties of sub micrometer pdrticles
in the air. Prof.Charlson (USA) and Prof.K.Kondratiev, Prof.
Rosenberg (USSR) should prepare plans for this meeting. It is
desirable for this meeting to be held in connection with the
IUGG meeting in Grenoble, France, in August,1975.
c) A US scientist will be invited to come to the
Main Geophysical Observatory of the Hydrometeorological Service
in Leningrad to work on problems of measuring minor constituents
in the atmosphere.
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d) in order to improve our understanding of techni-
~.ques for measuring minor constituents in the atmosphere in very
clean air, the US would like to invite a Soviet scientist to
work at the Mauna Loa Baseline Station for a period of 1-3 months.
The Soviet scientist would bring with him USSR instruments to
measure ozone and atmospheric aerosols and turbidity. These instru-
ments would be used alongside US instruments for a comparative
study of theme measurements and other measurements made regular-
ly at Mauna Loa. Arrangements for this meeting would be made by
Mr.Pack.
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2.5 Subrroup 5. The effect of pollution of the upper
levels of the atmosphere
2.5.1 Scientific Cooperation
a) Collaboration is proposed between the University
of Leningrad and the University of Wyoming in
joint balloon experiments for the in situ measure-
ment of stratospheric aerosols, 03, H2O and ions.
A detailed description is given in Appendix C.
b) It is proposed that measurements of stratospheric
constituents, such as NO, OH, H2O (vapor) con-
tent, UV radiation and aerosols be conducted using
USSR and U.S. instruments on board the TU-144
and other aircraft.
A detailed description of the U.S. proposal is
given in Appendix D.
2.5.2 Data 1xchange
There should be an exchange of i?esults of investigations
of the quantitative assessment of possible environmental effect
of SST exhaust, and especially the effects on climate. There
should be an exchange of proposals on methods and means of de-
tecting these effects and of possibilities for minimizing them.
2.5.3 Actions Proposed
a) Investigations should be conducted on the best
available methods and instruments in U.S. and
USSR for ground-based measurements of UV fluxes
at the network of stations in both countries.
b) The visit of USSR sCientis(s who can report
progress on these experiments and data exchanges
is invited to Boston, lgiassachusetts and Washing-
ton, D.C. in the period 4 to 12 February 1975,
including; attendance at the Fourth CIAP Confe-
ren.ce (Boston, Massachusetts) during 4 to 7 Feb-
ruary 1975?
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c) A joint symposium on ecosystem response to clima-
tic changes should be held in Leningrad in 1976
d) Arrangements should be made to exchange data on
anLLcipated production of the TU-144 and other
USSR civilian stratospheric vehicles in the future
and comparable US data (fleet size as a function
of time).
e) Arrangements should be made to exchange data and
models of crop and ecos=ystem productivity depen-
dence on temperature, precipitation, sunli;3ht and
solar UV-B flux, including; agroclimatology of
corn, wheat, rice, cotton, soybeans, sorghum and
table vegetables, as well as sensitivity of crop
and ecosystem yield to change in climatic variab-
les.
f) Arrangements should be made to e: