MEMO FOR(SANITIZED)FROM FISHER HOWE

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CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5
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RIPPUB
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K
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23
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December 21, 2016
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May 27, 2005
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14
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August 7, 1974
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MF
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Appr or Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 TvC. c F ISS1ON ON THE ORGAN17_AT40N OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE CONDI.ICT OF FOREIGN POLICY 2025 M STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20506 August 7, 1974 MEMORANDUM FOR: Intelligence Community Staff Central Intelligence Agency As you requested, I am providing information on our major research projects in progress, since some investiga- tors working on these Studies may need to interview individuals in the Intelligence Community. You understand that these Studies, and therefore the interviews, are not related in any way to the Study Plan for the Intelligence Community about which we are separately in touch. The projects are outlined in the State Department memoranda signed by. William Galloway. The names included in the four memoranda have had a "name check" and have been granted a temporary SECRET clearance, unless they already hold a permanent clearance as indicated. The draft memorandum on the project on The Interaction of the United States and Foreign Economies will be sent by Galloway as soon as all. name checks are completed. However, all those listed, except Edward Hamilton, Edward Skloot and Linda S. Graebner, have already been cleared. Finally, a copy of the proposal for Alexander George's Study on Minimizing "Irrationality" in Foreign Policy-making is included for your use. As I mentioned to you, Professor George has a current clearance through SECRET. Thank you very much for your help. Fisher Here Deputy Executive Director Enclosures P.S. William Bacchus is overseeing this project and he or I would want to assist further in any way we can in absence. Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/0912`7' 1M, RE)PV9=00957A000100090014-5 WASHINGTON 2O:.-1 5 July 17, 1974 MEMORANDUM To: M/DG - Ambassador Davis S/P - Mr. Lord INR - Mr. Hyland EB Mr. Enders S/S - Mr. Springsteen Subject: Study on "The Effectiveness of Organizational Change" undertaken for the Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy Introduction and General Background The National Academy for. Public Administration, a non-profit organization of scholars and practitioners, Roy W. Crawley, Executive Director, is urnuertakiiig a maior stu.3y under contract from, the Commission on the Organization of the "Govei;,;~,ent for the Conduct of Foreign Policy. The study-will examine a number of attempts to reorganize various parts of the foreign affairs community in the past two decades, with the goal of better under- standing the actual effects of such changes and the fac- tors which account for those effects, anticipated and unexpected. This knowledge should help make it possible for the Commission to develop recommendations which are both informed by past experience and a7iiich can stand the test of practicality. This study is one of a number being conducted for the Commission, all of which= will be used as background for its report. Timing 'and Format: This topic will be pursued through a number of case studies, under the general direction of a panel of ex- perts which includes Adnh. Edmund Gullion, Harold Seid.-zan, Frederick C. Mosher, Warren Bennis, James W. Fesler, Wayne K. Thompson, and I. M. Destler. The cases and the investigators selected to date are: Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Manlio ne Angelis, "The .Transition from ICA Lo All)" Leland Parrows, "The Peterson/Ha-inch AID Reform Proposals" Chester A. Crocker, "Changes in the N.S.C. System - 1961 and 1969" William T. McDonald, "The Wristoniza ior_ Program" William T. McDonald, "The Herter Committee Report and its Consequences" Erasmus K1o;nan, "The .Evolving Role of the U.S. A m:bassador" Dominick Del Guidice, "The Creation of the Council on Foreign Economic Policy (C.I.E.P. )" Michael Harmon, "The Creation of the c_--ms Contiul and Disarmament Agency (A.C.D.A.)" Melbourne Specter, "Policy Planning - Improvement Attempts" A number of these projects will require consultation with officers of the Department who will be contacted between now and mid-September. It is anticipated that it will be possible for the investigators to obtain all the information they require on an unclassified basis, and the Commission intends that the report they prepare will be unclassified. Contacts The panel secretary and National Academy coordinator for the project is Melbourne Spector, telephone 659-9165. The Executive Director, Rov Crawley, may be reached at the same number. The Com-mission's project officer for the study is Dr. illiam I. Bacchus, telephone 254-9550. liam J_ Galloway 1:xecut ive Ass i sta:nt Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Reieas.e.2006/09127 : CIA-RD,R,79-Q$ 9&7AOpf1100090014-5 FOR M.ANAG`ME:NT WASHINGTON . July 18, 1974 MEMORANDUM To: NEA INR S/P S/S - Mr. - Mr. -.Mr. - Mr. Atherton Hyland Lord Springsteen Subject: Study on "The Coordination of Complexity in South Asia," undertaken for the Commission on the organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy Introduction and General Descr:iz)tion The Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Pol:_cy has contracted with Professors I.-loyd T. and Susanne Hoebcr of the University of Chicago, to lead a major study on the con- duct of U.S. policy toward the Indian subcontinent from 1965 to the present. The emphasis will be on the capacity of the U.S. to maintain coordination among a large =Lber of policies which impinge upon a single region. South Asia has been selected both because of the rich variety of issues which have arisen in the period under study, and the substantial presence of a number of U.S..agencies and activities there. The goal of the study is to pro- duce answers to the question, "How adequate are current U.S. governmental organizational forms to insure adequate coordination in complex settings, i.e., in those in ihich many activities of high importance are conducted simul- taneously?" Ultimately, the results of this research project: will be used, along with those of a number of other studies, to provide background for the Commission's recommendations. Timing and Format The topic will be pursued %through a number of indi- vidual case studies conducted by associates of the Rudolphs (see attached list for names and topics), and many officers Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 in the Depar-r:meat who have responsibilities which include South Asia w. 1.1 be contaci,~-d by one or more of these re- --carcners hi $?.?leen now and the end o` September. hi Office of Security has granted name check clear- ances to these researchers on a "need to know" basis for access to Classified material and inr"ormation up through the category of S1CR7-T. These clearances have been given on the explicit understanding between the Co,l-nission and the Depar_ tment that the use of such information will rot include the citation of m=aterials or individuals. The researchers under-stan_d that they are to read classified materials in the Department and not ask to take them away. Professor Glynn Wood of. the Graduate School of Public Administration, American University, telephone 686-2343, will bn actinc as 1.oc:1_ coordinator for the project, and will make every offor:. to'provide necessary additional information and to red_,ce the inconvenience to those indi- viduals the researchers desire to interview. The Commission's project officer for this study is Dr. William I. Bacchus, Associate research Director. tele- phone 254-9850. William J. Galloway Executive Assistant Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 Topics and Persons Di lomatic and Strate -ic Philip Oldenburg, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Illinois (Urbana), "The Break-Up of Pakistan and Recognition of Bangladesh." Roger Sack, Ph.D. student, Department of Political Science, University of Chicago, "U.S. Military Assistance and the Ayub Regime." Gerald Heeger, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Virginia, "U.S. Policy Toward the Bhutto Regime." Stephen P. Cohen, Associate Professor of Political Science,?University of Illinois (Urbana), "Strategic and Military Dimensions of U.S. Relations with Asia." Economic Haripder Shourie, M.A. student, Co,,ll-Lton interna- tional. Relations, University of Chicago, "The States, the World Bank and South Asia." Anthony Moulton, Ph.D. student, Department of Political Science, University of Chicago, "The United States, IDA and South Asia." Susan G. Hadden, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, "Assessment of a Bi-Lateral Economic Policy; AID's Program in Sup- port of the Rural Electrification Corporation.`" Stanley Kochanek, Professor of Political Science, Penn- sylvania State University, "U.S. Commercial Policy Toward South Asia." James Bjorkman, Research Staff Scientist, Health Policy Project and Ph.D. student, Department of Political Science, Yale University, "PL 430 Program AID in U.S.- South Asian Relations." Cultural and Humanitarian Charles Lenth, Ph.D. student, Department of Political Science, University of Chicago, "The Peace Corps in U.S.-South-Asian Relations." Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09127-;:,CJAa 7A-P0957A000100090014-5 WASHINGTON PO11'. July 22,. 1974 MEMORANDUM To: T - Mr. Maw C -- Mr. Sonnenfeldt S/P - Mr. Lord INR -.Mr. Hyland S/AJ - Ambassador Johnson PM - Mr. Vest S/S - Mr. Springsteen Subject: Study on "The Adequacy of Current Organization for Security Policy (Defense and Arms Control)" for The Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Forei n Policy Introduction and General Background Under cc:~trac; from the ?Coi mtiission on the Or i ; - r of the Government.for the. Conduct of Foreign Policy,2~zat~.,.i Professor Graham T. Allison, of Harvard University, is leading a major study on the adequacy of current organi- zation for the conduct of policy in the Defense acid 'Arms Control Area. He will be assisted by a number of other scholars, listed below. The objectives of the project also include assessing performance, and developing spe- cific changes in the current organizational arrangements that would provide a more effec:tive..system for the formu- lation and implementation of foreign policy with respect .to defense aildarms control matters. The zesults of this study, together with a number of others also being under- taken for the Commission, will be used to provide back- ground for the Commission's recommendations. Timing and Format This topic will be pursued through a number of indi- vidual case studies of specific decisions and projects,- conducted by associates of Professor Allison. While a complete list of individuals and topics has not been set, it will include the following, with additional researchers and topics to be added later: Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 A. "The if -: g se Bi.cget_,r_" Professor John others possibly to be added. heapo'zs Acquisition. "The Size and mix of Li. S. Strategic Forces i.t4 the 1960's.11 Professor nl lisoa (has full clearance from DOD to TS), and Frederic A. Morris. "~'IRV," Allison, and possibly one other to be added. Morris, and possibly one other. 4- "Trident." John Steinbruner (has full clearance from DOD to TS). Note: Cases in this category seem least likely to require Srate Department consultation, but some may be desirable. One or two :additional cases may also be added. C. Formulating Stratc g ic Doctrine: "Nuclear Op- tions." Professor Henry S. Bowen, Stanford Business School (has full clearance from DOD through TS). D. Managing Alliances 1. "Tr_ooos and Costs: Offset Agreements, 1966, 1967, 1969." Gregory F. Treverton. 2. "The Production of Weapons Jointly (Sk bolt Richard Neustadt (has full clearance through 1'S 11 from DOD), jay' Philip Urtritz. 3. "The Production of Weapons Jointly (,'L%ZF) Neustadt and Steinbruner. 4. "Base Agreements: Okinawa, 1967, 1969. Investigator to be added. 5. "Sty.c uri ty Assistance (Aid and Sales) : Taiwan. " j=gin=jr D. Miller Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 6. "Commitments and Expectations." Thailand 1961, 1970." Earnest May (has full clear- ance from DOD through TS). E. "Establishing Arms Control Positions: SALT." 1. "SALT: 1968, 1969-72, 1972-74." Burton E. Rosenthal. 2. "CBWT: 1967, 1.9G!)." Investigator to be added. F. Others. 1. "Reorganizing Decision Making: Strengthen- ing Unified Commands." Investigator to be added. 2. Several other cases to be added later. While this project will focus most intensively on units of the government other. than the Department of State, it is ;evcrtheless likely that a number of the investigators will desire to conduct interviews with officers of the Department. A name check has been com- pleted by the office of Security for researchers listed on the basis of which they may consult documents within the State Department and discuss matters through SECRET, on a not for. attribution or citation basis. Certain re- searchers already possessing full clearances through TOP SECRET are so indicated. Contacts General information on the project and the Commission, can be obtained from Peter L. Szanton, Research Director, or William I. Bacchus, Associate Research Director, both at 254-9850. John Treat of the Commission Staff is acting as local coordinator for the research project and will-be largely responsible for making necessary arrangements. He can also be reached at 254-9850. William J. Galloway _ ExEecutive Assistant Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE FOR MANAGEMENT WASHINGTON July 25, 1974 To: ARA-LA - Mr. Kubisch S/P - Per. Lord INR - Mr. Hyland EB - Mr. Enders S/FF?i-COA S/S -- Mr. Springsteen Subject: Study for the Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy on "The Making of U.S. Policies Toward Latin America: The Variables Affecting "Routine' Relations" Introduction and General Background Dr. Abraham F. Lowenthal, of the Center for International Studies of Princeton University and the Council on Foreign Relations, is undertaking, in asso- ciation with several colleagues, a major study for the Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy. This study, which employs Latin America as a geographic focus, is intended to assess the relevance and utility of those "routine" activities which form the bulk of U.S. relations with most countries and of the means by which they are con- ducted. The results of this study, together with those of a number of others also being undertaken for the Com- mission, will be used to provide background for the Com- mission's recommendations. Timing -Ind Format This topic will be pursued through a number of indi- vidual case studies of specific decisions and projects, conducted by associates of Dr. Lowenthal. The individuals and their projects include the follo:?wing, with the possi- bility that one or two additional case studies will be added at a later date: Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 Dr. Edward Gonzalez, UCLA, "The 200-Nile Fishing Rights ,"on -rove rsy. Mr. Gregory F. Treverton, Harvard, "The International Po troleum Company (IPC) Case." Mr. Harry Weiner, Harvard, "The Role of Non-Governmental .fn_erest Groups in U.S. Policy toward Latin America: Brazil's '_fth Institutional Act'." Mr. Harry Weiner, Harvard, "Personnel Skills and Require- :,(.nts in the Middle-Range u r. eaucracy . " Mr. Robert Pastor, Harvard University, "Sugar Politics: Domestic Causes and International Consequences." It is likely that all of these researchers will desire to consult with officers in the Department who are knowledge- able about one or more of the topics in question, at some time between now and November. The Office of Security has granted name check clearances to these researchers on a "need to know" basis for access to classified material and information up through the category of SECRET. These clear- ances have been given on the explicit understanding between the Commission and the Department that the use of such in- formation will not include the citation of materials or individuals. The researchers understand that they Bare to read classified materials in the Department and not ask to take them away. Contacts Gtr--al information on the project and the Commission can be o:_--L:ainec: iron:, Peter L. Szanton, Research Director, or William I. Bacchus, Associate Research Director, both at 254-9850. :?:r. Robert Pastor, one of the researchers on the ,ro;ect, is acting as local coordinator for the study, and trill be largely responsible for making necessary arrange- zhients. He can also be reached at 254-9850. William J. Gallcway~ Executive Assistant Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 MEMORANDUM TO FROM SUBJECT: Study on "The Adequacy of Current Organization: Interaction of U.S. and Foreign Economies," undertaken for the Commission on the-Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy Introduction and General Description The Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policyhap contracted with Mr..Edward K. Hamilton, President, Griffenhagen-Kroeger, Inc., public management Consultants, to lead a-major study on the auequacy of current organization for th e conduct of policy in the Economic a ,a. P?Ti'. Hamillton will be assisted by number of consultants, all employees of Griffenhagen-Kroeger, as listed below. The objectives of the project also include assessing performance, and developing specific changes in the current organizational arrangements that would provide a more effective system for the formulation and implementation of foreign policy with respect to economic matters. The results of this study, together with a number of others also being undertaken for the Commission,, will be used to provide background for the Commission's recommendations. Timing and Format This topic will be pursued through a number of individual case studies of specific decisions and projects, conducted by Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 Li. ueAppr ddior npleap;~:4,006( 7: q, - QP7r9r{~t t57AIQ~0 100 9Cc014-5 and researchers is as 4,011011s: 1. The decision to terminate AID development lending India (1971),Joan Hochman. 2. The suspension of AID's "additionality" rule (1969), William Seelbach. 3. The dollar devaluations of 1971 and 1973, Elizabeth Stabler. 4. One decision dealing with the effort to enter into trade with the Soviet Union, possibly the 1967 proposal for an East-West trade bill, Edward Skloot. 5. The imposition of import quotas on Canadian oil, .(1970), Katheryn Voight. 6. The suspension of all import quotas on oil (1973), Katheryn Voight and Linda S. Graebner. 7. Two key decisions dealing with international monetary reform: (a) the decision to favor the creation of a man-made reserve assist (1965); and (b) the announcement of post SDR-U.S. objectives (1972). 8. The development of the U.S. position during the textile dispute with japan (1970-'71), Peter Henschel. Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CJA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 9. The evolving role of the President's Special Trade Representative. Anne Rightor-Thornton. 10. Two domestic tax decisions with substantial implications for foreign economic policy; (a) President Johnson's decision not to propose a tax increase in 1966; and (b} President Nixon's decision to announce "new economic policy" in 1971. While this project will focus most intensively on units of the government other than the Department of State, it is nevertheless likely that a number of investigators will desire to conduct interviews with officers of the Department. A name check has been completed by the Office of Secretary for the researchers listed, on the basis of which they may consult documents within the State Depart- ment and discuss matters through SECRET, on a not'for attribution or citation basis. Contacts: General information on 'ehe project and the Commission can be obtained from-Peter L. Szanton, Research Director, or William I. Bacchus, Associate Research Director, both at 254-9850. Elizabeth Stabler of this project's staff, is acting as. local coordinator for the research project and can be reached at 232-3236. Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A0001'00090 JL4 523, 1974 Title of Proposed Study: P inirnizinq "Irrational_itvrr in Foreign i~olicy-mai;i rr Introduction Alexander L. George proposes to undertake for the Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy a.study on minimizing "irrationality" in foreign policy making. I. Object i.ves The proposed study will follow closely the general purpose and scope of Study II.C, 'li?jinimizing Irrationality," which was briefly described on pane 1.3 of "The Commission's Studies Program (3/21/74). To this End four interrelated objectives are set forth for the proposed study, as follows: A: Identify and Differentiate Sources of "Irrationalit~,~ri ' rrationa?I ir.:yr" -i s .. ~ .:term l ccsely' akpl:i.od to a variety of quit- ?ifferent behavioral phenomena. The proposed study will avoid a narrow psychiatric approach to this problem. Instead, it will draw more broadly upon relevant work in political, behavioral, and psychological sciences in order to identify the variety of situational factors and behavioral patterns that can interfere with optimal procedures of search, evaluation, and choice in policy-making. Impediments to "nationality" in policy-making can emerge (a) from certain dynamics of individual behavior; (b) from dynamics of small group behavior that affect the performance of"policy-making tasks by advisers and staff personnel; and (c) from organJzational and bureaucratic behavior in complex organizations such as the Executive Branch. Impediments to rationality often arise from these three sources during the course of efforts to cope with stressful experiences encoun- tered in decision -making and policy implementation. The study will draw toreth=er in a detailed, systematic way available knowledge regarding the variety of maladaptive ways with which individuals, small groups, and organizations often attempt to cope with different kinds of stress. The following sources o maladapt~v? ad ustm nts to stress will xamined . be examined-.- Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 (1) I?falada ) .iv,-- rC;r)onses co "cognitive stress" and "vi,l,ae str??ss'l by the :ft e) lectual Jiff i - C illy of ci,-~i11 in,; with the t.'?1_i-kn 1'ainits on the, f -' )al:i ty to ev.1.1.uu-te the exnecteci consequence's of p ,ljcy alternai:J.Ve s in order to decide which course of [ic c1on 1.s "nest:"; (2) I'idladaptive ways of coping with stress generated in internatiorjal crises and when making fundamental foreictn policy choices in non-crisis situations by the perception of major threats to important national (and personal ) values; (3) I'aladaptive ad-i ustmants to stress generated by organi- z. t.ional and role con licts experienced by individuals occupying key points in the policy-mwring system; (4) faladaptive ways of coping with the psychological and physiological effects of fatiq-ue; (5) Maladaptive responses to "secrecy" on the part of those who do and do not have access to highly classi- fied information (including the related o,lestiol of ties uti~'~iSE? ] ei^. -n i UD1.11erential aocnss ' p nn the working n, n those participating in the policy-making system)- B. Impact on Polic,.l-rna'.kina Tasks While knowledge of the sources of possible impediments to rational policv-makin g is of some value, it cannot easily be utilized to prevent the occurrence of potentially disruptive individual, =small aroua, or organizational dyna tics . Rather, the emphasis must be on neutral_ izincr, or compensating for, the adverse impact various sources of "irrationality" can have upon policy- making. Accordingly, the proposed study will attempt to indicate in some detail how different kinds or impediments to "rationality" manifest themselves at teat :points in the search for effective policies and their im5lernentazion. The study will dr'ciw together available knowledge of this kind with the expectation (1) that it will serve to sens:!.tize{ parti- r_ipzn'ts in ooL:.cy-ma'k:_ocz to the nrobler:1, thereby improving their ability to recorrnize in a timely fashion the intrusion of disrup- tive factors on oolicv-makina tasks. and (2) that it Will help those who specialize in developing and managing policy-rr:aking Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957AO00100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 -3-- systems to devise strategies for tixrely and appropriate "interventions" to prevent such factors from having a damaging effect on the search for effective policies and decisions. C. lmpiications for `nitoring and rlanaginq the Policy making Process Having identified the types of "malfunctions" apolicy-r ?zirg system can suffer via intrusion of different kinds of "irrationalities" the study will indicate ways in v'hich the tendencies toward such intrusions might be count-ered. Such recoi mendations will a-r hhasize moans of monitoring the policy-r.,n :ing process in order to obtain timely identification of emergent malfunctions and to candor .:tie appropriate corrective or countervailing actions. These critical role tasks must be infused into the definition of roles to by per- formed by certain participants in the policy -i-raking system. Thus the study will focus most closely on minimization of "irrationality" throuJh CIOSC monitoring and effective n ane'cment of the day-today t?;orkings of the policy-making syste,-a. This is in sharp contrast to the traditional practice of relying upon :OM_ iodical structural reorganization of the policy-making system whenever sufficient dissatisfaction with its performance has accL ulate:I. T:i`C ,. i.ecorm-iiicadation o'. certain 5inuctural cha.rues is not precluded, however. D. Variation in Executive Operating Styles The study will take' in.Lo account that each executive is likely to have a somewhat different notion as to the kind of policy-making system and procedures he wishes to create around himself, feels comfortable with, and can utilize. This' observation has becc ;.e part of the conventional wisdom in recent years, hut its full in; plica.tions for the design and management of policy- atzing systems remains to be determined. This objective is of importance not. only for Study II.C but possibly in other studies undertaken by the Corrnission as well. It is questionable wisdom to try (as specialists in orcani- zation and public administration have advocated in the past) to impose a single standardized model of policy-making on each e:?:ecu- tive. The proposed study, it will be noted, is entirely consistent in this respect with the observation on page 4 of the Ccnzaiussion` s Studies Program to the effect that organizations "should be d--- signed to fit the operating styles of their key individuals, and not vice versa." Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP79-00957A000100090014-5 Ti^cordin-;ly, tl-! s{:.s-,l rill move in the direction of developin,i SO:C.?what c' iff t-rent models of policy -;:;ak ng that ar.!: anpropri.ite to the distinctive manager-.ent "styles" of different ex+3cutive:;. II. i;ethodo Apnroach A large body of relevant empirical and theoretical work in political, behavioral, and ins, yc}l_,logical sciences will be screened and eval11a1'e.-?i fr` ! the S, ,Fndpoirit of the objectives Of the study. Several detailed ae_?rais al.s of this kind have been made -in recent yea"s by the principal investigator and other schnlars. The Dro osFd st:u y will draw upon them and supplement with additional library re.,--",ch and consultaticn c'.'ith snecialists in chose .':2vera ' f ae)ri' in order to exDooite the search for relev,