NATIONAL BASIC INTELLIGENCE FACTBOOK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01051A000800010006-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 252
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 28, 2004
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: January 1, 1977
• Content Type: BOOK

DIA and DOS
review(s) completed.
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National Basic Intelligence
FACTBOOK
GC BIF 77-001 (U)
January 1977
 Approved For Release 2005/04/22 : CIA-RDP79-01051A000800010006-3
The National Basic Intelligence Factbook, a compilation
of basic data on political entities worldwide, is coordinated and
published semiannually by the Central Intelligence Agency. The
data are prepared by components of the Central Intelligence
Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the Department
of State. Comments and suggestions regarding the contents
should be addressed to the Office of Geographic and Carto-
graphic Research (Att: Factbook) Central Intelligence Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20505.
The publication is prepared for the use of U.S. Government
officials. The format, coverage and contents of the publication
are designed to meet the specific requirements of those users.
U.S. Government officials may obtain additional copies of this
document directly or through liaison channels from the Central
Intelligence Agency.
Non-U.S. Government users may obtain this along with
similar CIA publications on a subscription basis by addressing
inquiries to:
Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project
Exchange and Gifts Division
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
Non-U.S. Government users not interested in the DOCEX
Project subscription service may purchase reproductions of spe-
cific publications on an individual basis from:
Photoduplication Service
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
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National Basic Intelligence
FACT OOK
January 1977
Supersedes the July 1976 issuance of this
Factbook, copies of which should be destroyed.
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Entries In all capital letters refer to
basic data sheets included in this Factbook
Page
Abbreviations for International Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ix
United Nations (U.N.): Structure and Related Agencies . . . . . . . . . . xi
-A-
Abu Dhabi (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
AFGHANISTAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
'Ajman (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
ALBANIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ALGERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ANDORRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ANGOLA .............................. 5
Anguilla (see ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS)
ANTIGUA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ARGENTINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
AUSTRIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Azores (see PORTUGAL)
-B-
BAHAMAS, THE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
BAHRAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Balearic Islands (see SPAIN)
BANGLADESH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
BARBADOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
BELGIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
BELIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
BENIN ............................... 19
BERMUDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
BHUTAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
BOLIVIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
BOTSWANA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
BRAZIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
British Honduras (see BELIZE)
BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
BRUNEI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
BULGARIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
BURMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
BURUNDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Cabinda (see ANGOLA)
CAMBODIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CAMEROON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CANADA .............................. 33
Canary Islands (see SPAIN)
CAPE VERDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ceylon (see SRI LANKA)
CHAD ................................ 37
CHILE ................................ 38
CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
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-C- Page
CHINA, REPUBLIC OF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
COLOMBIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
COMOROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
CONGO (Brazzaville) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Congo (Kinshasa) (see ZAIRE)
COOK ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
COSTA RICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
CUBA ................................ 48
CYPRUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
CZECHOSLOVAKIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Dahomey (see BENIN)
DENMARK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
DOMINICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Dubai (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
ECUADOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
EGYPT ............................... 57
Ellice Islands (see TUVALU)
EL SALVADOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
EQUATORIAL GUINEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
ETHIOPIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
FAROE ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Fernando Po (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA)
FIJI ................................. 64
FINLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
FRANCE .............................. 66
FRENCH GUIANA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
FRENCH POLYNESIA . . . . . . . . 69
FRENCH TERRITORY OF THE AFARS AND ISSAS . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Fujairah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
-G-
GABON . 71
GAMBIA, THE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
GHANA ............................... 76
GIBRALTAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
GILBERT ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
GREECE .............................. 79
GREENLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
GRENADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
GUADELOUPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
GUATEMALA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
GUINEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
GUINEA-BISSAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Guinea, Portuguese (see GUINEA-BISSAU)
GUYANA .............................. 87
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-H- Page
HAITI ................................ 88
HONDURAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
HONG KONG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
HUNGARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
-I-
ICELAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
INDIA ................................ 94
INDONESIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
IRAN ................................ 97
IRAQ ................................ 99
IRELAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
ISRAEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
ITALY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
IVORY COAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
-J-
JAMAICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
JAPAN ............................... 107
JORDAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
-K-
KENYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
KOREA, NORTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
KOREA, SOUTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
KUWAIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
-L-
LAOS . 115
LEBANON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
LESOTHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
LIBERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
LIBYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
LIECHTENSTEIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
LUXEMBOURG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
-m-
MACAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
MADAGASCAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Madeira Islands (see PORTUGAL)
Malagasy Republic (see MADAGASCAR)
MALAWI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MALAYSIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
MALDIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
MALI ................................ 131
MALTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
MARTINIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
MAURITANIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
MAURITIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
MEXICO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
MONACO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
MONGOLIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
MOROCCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
MOZAMBIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
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-N- Page
Namibia (see SOUTH WEST AFRICA)
NAURU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
NEPAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
NEW CALEDONIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
NEW HEBRIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
NEW ZEALAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
NICARAGUA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
NIGER ............................... 152
NIGERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Northern Rhodesia (see ZAMBIA)
NORWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
-0-
OMAN 156
-P-
PAKISTAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
PANAMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
PAPUA NEW GUINEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
PARAGUAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Pemba (see TANZANIA)
PERU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
PHILIPPINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
POLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Portuguese Guinea (see GUINEA-BISSAU)
Portuguese Timor (see INDONESIA)
_Q_
QATAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
-R-
Ras al Khaimah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
REUNION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
RHODESIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Rio Muni (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA)
ROMANIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
RWANDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS-ANGUILLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
ST. LUCIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
ST. VINCENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
SAN MARINO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
SAO TOME and PRINCIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
SAUDI ARABIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
SENEGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
SEYCHELLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Sharjah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
SIERRA LEONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
SINGAPORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
SOMALIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
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-8-
SOUTH AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .
Southern Rhodesia (see RHODESIA)
SOUTH-WEST AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SPAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spanish Sahara (see WESTERN SAHARA)
SRI LANKA (formerly Ceylon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUDAN ...............................
SURINAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SWAZILAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SWEDEN ..............................
SWITZERLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SYRIA ................................
185
187
189
191
192
194
195
196
197
199
Tanganyika (see TANZANIA)
TANZANIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Tasmania (see AUSTRALIA)
THAILAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
TOGO ................................ 203
TONGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Transkei (see SOUTH AFRICA)
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
TUNISIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
TURKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
TUVALU (formerly Ellice Islands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
-U-
UGANDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Umm al Qalwain (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
U.S.S.R................................ 210
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah,
Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah, Umm al Qalwain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
United Arab Republic (see EGYPT)
UNITED KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
UPPER VOLTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
URUGUAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
-V-
VATICAN CITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
VENEZUELA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
VIETNAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
WALLIS and FUTUNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Walvis Bay (see SOUTH AFRICA)
WESTERN SAHARA (formerly SPANISH SAHARA) . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
WESTERN SAMOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
YEMEN (Aden) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
YEMEN (Sana) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
YUGOSLAVIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
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ZAIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
ZAMBIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Zanzibar (see TANZANIA)
Additional copies may be obtained from CIA Map Library
I CANADA
II MIDDLE AMERICA
III SOUTH AMERICA
IV EUROPE
V THE MIDDLE EAST
VI AFRICA
VII U.S.S.R. and ASIA
VIII OCEANIA
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ABBREVIATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
AAPSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization
ADB Asian Development Bank
AFDB African Development Bank
ANZUS ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand,
and the United States
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council
BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
CACM Central American Common Market
CARICOM Caribbean Common Market
CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association
CEAO West African Economic Community
CEMA Council for Economic Mutual Assistance
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
. Colombo Plan
. Council of Europe
DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
EAMA African States associated with the EEC
EC European Communities (EEC, ECSC, EURATOM)
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EEC European Economic Community (Common Market)
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIB European Investment Bank
ELDO European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization
EMA European Monetary Agreement
ENTENTE Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey,
Niger, Upper Volta, and Togo
ESRO European Space Research Organization
EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community
IADB Inter-American Defense Board
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency (Associated with OECD)
IHO International Hydrographic Organization
IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRC International Red Cross
LAFTA Latin American Free Trade Association
LICROSS League of Red Cross Societies
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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ABBREVIATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (Cont.)
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
OCAM Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
ODECA Organization of Central American States
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
SELA Latin American Economic System
UDEAC Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
UEAC Union of Central African States
WEU Western European Union
WCL World Confederation of Labor
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
WPC World Peace Council
COMMODITY ORGANIZATIONS
AIOEC Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries
ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producting Countries
APC African Peanut (Groundnut) Council
ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association
CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers
IBA International Bauxite Association
ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee
ICCO International Cocoa Council
ICO International Coffee Organization
? ? ? ? International Lead and Zinc Study Group
IOOC International Olive Oil Council
ISO International Sugar Organization
ITC International Tin Council
IWC International Whaling Commission
IWC International Wheat Council
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
UPEB Union of Banana Exporting Countries
WSG International Wool Study Group
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UNITED NATIONS (U.N.): STRUCTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES
Principal Organs:
SC
GA
ECOSOC
TC
ICJ
Operating Bodies:
UNCTAD
TDB
UNDP
UNICEF
UNIDO
Security Council
General Assembly
Economic and Social Council
Trusteeship Council
International Court of Justice
Secretariat
U.N. Conference on Trade and Development
Trade and Development Board
U.N. Development Program
U.N. Children's Fund
U.N. Industrial Development Organization
Regional Economic Commissions:
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America
ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Intergovernmental Agencies Related to the U.N.:
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank)
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IDA International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
ILO International Labor Organization
IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization
IMF (FUND) International Monetary Fund
ITU International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization
UPU Universal Postal Union
WFC World Food Council
WHO World Health Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
Autonomous Organization Under the U.N.:
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
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Political, sociological, and economic data, including monetary conversion
rates, generally reflect information through mid-October 1976, except for
population estimates, which have been projected to 1 January 1977. Military
manpower estimates are as of 1 July 1976 except for average number of
males reaching military age, which are projected averages for the 5-year
period 1976-80. Military and communications data are as of 31 October 1976
unless otherwise indicated.
Most of the land utilization estimates are rough approximations, and most
of the statistical data are rounded (thousands and millions). Figures for
"arable" may reflect only the area actually under crops rather than the potential
cultivable. Fishing limits are Included only when they differ from the territorial
limits.
For some countries GDP, rather than GNP, is shown. The difference
between the two is In the addition or subtraction of the value of return on
foreign investment. GDP equals GNP plus income earned in the country but
sent abroad, minus Income earned abroad but sent into the country. GDP thus
tends to exceed GNP in debtor countries, and the reverse is true in creditor
countries.
Major ports are the largest maritime ports of the country, relative to other
ports of the same country, on the basis of estimated port capacity, alongside
berthing accommodations, and commercial or naval Importance. Minor ports
are the remaining ports of a country which have, relative to the major ports,
significantly lower estimated port capacity, fewer alongside berthing
accommodations, are of less commercial or naval importance. Major transport
aircraft are those weighing over 20,000 pounds. Military budgets are in U.S.
dollar equivalents. The dollar sign refers to U.S. dollars unless otherwise
stated. The abbreviation FY stands for U.S. fiscal year; all years are calendar
years unless otherwise indicated.
Symbol
When You Know
Multiply by To Find
Symbol
Symbol
When You Know
Multiply by To Find
Symbol
LENGTH
LENGTH
mm
millimeters
0.04
inches
in
inches
2.5
centimeters
cm
cm
centimeters
0.4
inches
in
ft
feet
30
centimeters
cm
meters
3.3
feet
ft
yd
yards
0.9
meters
m
m
meters
1.1
yards
yd
mi
miles
1.6
kilometers
km
km
kilometers
0.6
miles
mi
cm'
'
square centimeters
0.16
square inches
i d
fH
square feet
0.09
square meters
m'
m
'
square meters
1.2
square yards
yd'
yd'
square yards
0.8
square meters
m'
km
square kilometers
'
0.4
square miles
mi'
mi'
square miles
2.6
square kilometers
km'
ha
hectares (10,000 m
)
2.5
acres
acres
0.4
hectares
ha
grams
0.035
ounces
at
oz
ounces
28
grams
kilograms
2.2
pounds
lb
lb
pounds
0.45
kilograms
tonnes (1000 kg)
1.1
short tons
short tons
0.9
tonnes
(2000lb)
ml
milliliters
0.03
fluid ounces
fl oz
VOLUME
I
liters
2.1
pints
pt
tsp teaspoons
5
milliliters
ml
I
liters
1.06
quarts
qt
Tbsp tablespoons
15
milliliters
ml
I
liters
0.26
gallons
gal
fl oz fluid ounces
30
milliliters
ml
cubic meters
35
cubic feet
ft'
c cups
0.24
liters
m
cubic meters
1.3
cubic yards
yd'
pt pints
0.47
liters
qt quarts
0.95
liters
gal gallons
3.8
liters
ft' cubic feet
0.03
cubic meters
yd' cubic yards
0.76
cubic meters
m
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AFGHANISTAN
LAND
647,500 km2; 22% arable (12% cultivated, 10%
pasture), 75% desert, waste or urban, 3% forested
Land boundaries: 5,510 km
PEOPLE
Population: 19,811,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (7-72 to 7-73)
Nationality: noun-Afghan(s); adjective-Afghan
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pushtuns, 25% Tajiks, 9%
Uzbeks, 9% Hazaras; minor ethnic groups include
Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Kizelbashes, and others
Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shia Muslim,
1 % other
Language: 50% Pushtu, 35% Afghan Persian
(Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and
Turkmen), 10% 30 minor languages (primarily
Baluchi and Pashai); much bilingualism
Literacy: under 10%
Labor force: about 4.3 million (1966 official est.);
75%-80% agriculture and animal husbandry, 20%-
25% commerce, small industry, services; massive
shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Afghanistan
Type: republic
Capital: Kabul
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces with centrally
appointed governors
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitution
nullified July 1973; independent judiciary also
abolished and powers transferred to the Council of
Justice, chaired by Minister of justice; legal education
at University of Kabul; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Parliament abolished July 1973; all
powers of the parliament and the monarchy
transferred to the President
Government leaders: President Mohammad
Daoud who also serves as Prime Minister, Foreign
Minister, and Defense Minister; Mohammad Naim,
Daoud's brother and personal adviser
Suffrage: universal from age 20
Elections: promised but no date set
Political parties and leaders: no political parties
permitted
Communists: there are two pro-Moscow Com-
munist groups, Parcham and Khalq, believed to have
several hundred active members, and a smaller pro-
Peking group, Sholaye-Jaweid
Other political or pressure groups: most military
officers support the government; no known organized
opposition
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.2 billion (FY75, at 1972 prices), $60 per
capita; real growth rate about 2.4% (1973-75)
Agriculture: agriculture and animal husbandry
account for over 50% of GNP and occupy nearly 85%
of the labor force; main crops-wheat and other
grains, cotton, fruits, nuts; largely self-sufficient;
food shortages-wheat, sugar, tea
Major industries: cottage industries, food
processing, textiles, cement, coal mining
Electric power: 320,000 kW capacity (1975); 560
million kWh produced (1975), 29 kWh per capita
Exports: $229 million (f.o.b., FY76); fresh and
dried fruits, natural gas, karakul skins, carpets, hides,
and wool
Imports: $260 million (c.i.f., FY76); non-metallic
minerals, sugar, tires and tubes, textiles, tea, used
clothing, tobacco, transportation
Major trade partners: export-U.S.S.R., India,
U.K., Pakistan, West Germany, Switzerland, U.S.;
imports-Japan, U.S.S.R., India, West Germany,
U. K., U.S.
Aid: economic-U.S.S.R (1954-75), $1,275 million
extended, $638 million drawn; Eastern Europe (1954-
75), $39 million extended, $11 million drawn; China
(1965-75), $74 million extended, $28 million drawn;
U.S. (FY49-75), $514 million committed; interna-
tional organizations (1946-75), $152 million;
military-U.S.S.R. (1956-75), $617 million extended,
$449 million drawn; Eastern Europe (1955-75), $31
million extended, $23 million drawn; U.S. (FY53-75),
$5 million committed
Budget: current expenditures $158 million, capital
expenditures $163 million for FY76
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Monetary conversion rate: 45 Afghanis=US$1
(official); 55 Afghanis=US$1 (March 1976)
Fiscal year. 21 March - 20 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 0.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gage,
government-owned spur of Soviet line
Highways: 20,885 km (1975); 2,460 km paved,
3,910 km gravel, 8,735 km improved earth, and 5,780
km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200 km;
steamers use Amu Darya
Ports: only minor river ports
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 38 total, 36 usable; 9 with permanent-
surface runways; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone, tele-
graph, and radiobroadcast services; television to be
introduced by 1978; 26,000 telephones; 112,000 radio
receivers; no TV receivers; 2 AM, no FM, no TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 4.9
million; 2.6 million fit for military service; about
177,000 reach military age (22) annually
Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost
exclusively the U.S.S.R.
ALBANIA
LAND
28,749 km2; 19% arable, 24% other agricultural,
43% forested, 14% other
Land boundaries: 716 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm
Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island)
PEOPLE
Population: 2,499,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun-Albanian(s); adjective-
Albanian
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian, remaining 4% are
Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgarians
Religion: 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox,
10% Roman Catholic (observances prohibited;
Albania claims to be the world's first atheist state)
Language: Albanian, Greek
Literacy: about 70%; no reliable current statistics
available, but probably greatly improved
Labor force: 911,000 (1969); 60.5% agriculture,
17.9% industry, 21.6% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Peoples Republic of Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tirane
Political subdivisons: 27 rethet (districts),
including capital, 200 localities, 2,600 villages
Legal system: based on Soviet law; constitution
adopted 1950; judicial review of legislative acts only
in the Presidium of the People's Assembly, which is
not a true court; legal education at State University of
Tirane; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: People's Assembly, Council of Ministers,
judiciary
Government leaders: Chairman of Council of
Ministers, Mehmet Shehu; President, Presidium of the
People's Assembly, Haxhi Lleshi
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: national elections theoretically held
every 4 years; last elections 6 October 1974; 99.9% of
electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers
Party only; First Secretary, Enver Hoxha
Communists: 87,000 party members (1971)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, IPU, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO; has not
participated in CEMA since rift with U.S.S.R. in
1961; officially withdrew from Warsaw Pact 13
September 1968
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.2 billion in 1972 (at 1972 prices), $520 per
capita
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops-corn,
wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, cotton; food shortages-
wheat; caloric intake, 2,100 calories per day per capita
(1961/62)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles
and clothing, lumber, and extractive industries
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and equipment,
wheat
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Electric power: 500,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.8
billion kWh produced (1975), 740 kWh per capita
Exports: $91 million (1970 est.); 1964 trade-55%
minerals, metals, fuels; 23% foodstuffs (including
cigarettes); 17% agricultural materials (except foods);
5% consumer goods
Imports: $159 million (1970 est.); 1964 trade-
50% machinery, equipment, and spare parts; 16%
minerals, metals, fuels, construction materials; 16%
foodstuffs; 7% consumer goods; 7% fertilizers, other
chemicals, rubber; 4% agricultural materials (except
foodstuffs)
Monetary conversion rate: 5 leks = US$1 (commer-
cial); 12.5 leks = U S$1 (noncommercial)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
reported for calendar years except for caloric intake,
which is reported for consumption year 1 July - 30
June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 277 km standard gage (1.435 m), single
track, government-owned (1975)
Highways: 4,989 km; 1,287 km paved, 1,609 km
crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093 km improved or
unimproved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of
Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1976)
Freight carried: rail-2.8 million metric tons, 180
million metric ton/km (1971); highways-39 million
metric tons, 900 million metric ton/km (1971)
Ports: 2 major (Durres, Vlore), 2 minor (1976)
Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; natural gas, 64 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft (1976)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1976, 783 million leks; about 9%
of total budget
ALGERIA
LAND
2,460,500 km2; 3% cultivated, 16% pasture and
meadows, 1% forested, 80% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 6,260 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,183 km
PEOPLE
Population: 17,558,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.1% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Algerian(s); adjective-
Algerian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berbers, less than 1%
Europeans
Religion: 99% Muslim, 1% Christian and Hebrew
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Literacy: 25% (5% Arabic, 9% French, 11% both)
Labor force: 2.8 million; 47% agriculture, 8%
industry, 24% other (military, police, civil service,
transportation workers, teachers, merchants,
construction workers); 40% of urban labor unem-
ployed
Organized labor: 17% of labor force claimed;
General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is the
only labor organization and is subordinate to the
National Liberation Front
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic and Popular Republic of
Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Political subdivisions: 31 Wilayas (departments or
provinces)
Legal system: based on French and Islamic law,
with socialist principles; new constitution adopted by
referendum November 1976; judicial review of
legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council
composed of various public officials, including several
Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court divided into 4
chambers; legal education at Universities of Algiers,
Oran and Constantine; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral
legislature will be reconvened in February 1976;
judiciary
Government leader: Houari Boumediene, Presi-
dent of State and President of Council of the
Revolution, overthrew elected President Ahmed Ben
Bella 19 June 1965
Suffrage: universal over age 19
Elections (latest): presidential December 10, 1976;
departmental assemblies 2 June 1974; local assemblies
30 March 1975; legislative elections scheduled for
February 4, 1977
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Political parties and leaders: National Liberation
Front (FLN)
Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party illegal
(banned 1962)
Member of: AFDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
ASSIMER, FAO, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU, OAPEC, OAU,
OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $12.5 billion (1975 provisional), $730 per
capita, average annual increase since 1971 (current
prices), 26%; in real terms, 8% growth in 1974
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, barley, grapes,
citrus fruits
Major industries: petroleum, light industries,
natural gas, mining, petrochemical, electrical, and
automotive plants under construction
Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity (1975); 3.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 205 kWh per capita
Exports: $4,440 million (f.o.b., 1975); crude
petroleum 87%, other items-natural gas, wine, citrus
fruit, iron ore, vegetables; to France 24%, West
Germany 24%, Benelux 9%, Italy 8%, U.S.S.R. 7%
(1973)
Imports: $5,860 million (c.i.f., 1975); major
items-capital goods 35%, semi-finished goods 28%,
foodstuffs 23%; from France 38%, West Germany 9%,
Italy 9%, U.S. 8% (1973)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.95 dinars-US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,130 km; 3,951 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 1,033 km 1.055-meter gage, 146 km meter
gage (1.00 m); 302 km electrified; 193 km double
track
Highways: 78,367 km; 45,043 km concrete or
bituminous, 33,324 km gravel, crushed stone or
improved earth
Ports: 9 major, 8 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,983 km; refined products,
298 km; natural gas, 2,969 km
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 186 total, 184 usable; 55 with
permanent-surface runways; 22 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m; 103 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 3 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and
international facilities in the north, primarily radio
communications in the desert; satellite ground
stations; 229,700 telephones; 1,150,000 radio
receivers; 500,000 TV receivers; 15 AM and 39 TV
stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,111,000;
2,427,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (19) annually 163,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $309,392,000; 5.5% of national
budget
LAND
466 km2
Land boundaries: 105 km
PEOPLE
Population: 27,000 (official estimate for 1 July
1975)
Nationality: noun-Andorran(s); adjective-
Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 30% Andorrans,
61% Spanish, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan, many also speak some French
and Castilian
Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds and
farmers
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: The Valleys of Andorra
Type: unique coprincipality under formal
sovereignty of President of France and Spanish Bishop
of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by
officials called veguers
Capital: Andorra
Political subdivisions: 6 districts-Andorra la
Vella, Sant Julia de Loria, Encamp, Canillo, La
Massana, and Ordino
Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil
codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866 serves as
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constitution; no judicial review of legislative acts; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislature (General Council) of 24
members with one-half elected every 2 years for 4-year
term; executive-syndic and a deputy sub-syndic
chosen by General Council for 3-year terms; judiciary
chosen by coprinces who appoint 2 civil judges, a
judge of appeals, and 2 Batles (court prosecutors)
Suffrage: males of 21 or over who are third
generation Andorrans vote for General Council
members; same right granted to women in April 1970
Elections: half of General Council chosen every 2
years, last election December 1975
Political parties and leaders: no political parties
but only partisans for particular independent
candidates for the General Council, on the basis of
competence, personality and orientation toward Spain
or France; various small pressure groups developed in
1972
Communists: negligible
ECONOMY
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of
tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetables
(less than 4% of land is arable)
Major industries: tourism ($1 million annually),
one cigarette factory (annual output $1 million),
handicrafts, smuggling (tobacco to France; manufac-
tured items, including automobiles and cameras, to
Spain)
Shortages: food
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1975); 100
million kWh produced (1975), 308 kWh per capita;
power is mainly exported to Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 96 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international circuits to
Spain and France; 2 AM stations, 1 FM, 1 TV station;
about 3,700 telephones; 8,000 radio receivers, 3,000
TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES
Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and France
are responsible for protection as needed
ANGOLA
LAND
1,245,790 km2; 1% cultivated, 44% forested, 22%
meadows and pastures, 33% other (including fallow)
Land boundaries: 5,070 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,000 mi.
PEOPLE
Population: Angola, 6,148,000, does not take into
account recent emigration from Angola (January
1977); average annual growth rate 1.6% (12-60 to
12-70); Cabinda, 98,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.3% (12-60 to 12-70)
Nationality: noun-Angolan(s); adjective-
Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 93% African, 5% Europeans, 1%
mestizos
Religion: about 84% animist, 12% Roman
Catholic, 4% Protestant
Language: Portuguese (official), many native
dialects
Literacy: 10%-15%
Labor force: 2.6 million economically active
(1964); 531,000 wage workers (1967)
Organized labor: approx. 65,000 (1967)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Peoples Republic of Angola
Type: republic; achieved independence from
Portugal in November 1975; constitution promul-
gated 1975; government formed after civil war which
ended in early 1976
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 16 administrative districts
including the coastal enclave of Cabinda
Legal system: to be determined
Branches: the official party is the supreme political
institution
Government leaders: Agostinho Neto, president
Suffrage: to be determined
Elections: none held to date
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Political partiesand leaders: Popular Movement
for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by
Agostinho Neto, only legal party; National Front for
the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and National Union
for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
defeated in civil war carrying out limited insurgencies
Member of: UN
ECONOMY
GDP: $3.0 billion (1974 est. ), $500 per capita, 6.1 %
real growth (1970-72); growth probably negative in
1975-76 because of civil war
Agriculture: cash crops-coffee, sisal, corn, cotton,
sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food crops-cassava,
corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas, and other local
foodstuffs; largely self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 469,700 metric tons (1974); exports
$52.9 million; imports $5.5 million (1973)
Major industries: mining (oil, iron, diamonds), fish
processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar processing,
textiles, cement, food processing plants, building
construction
Electric power: 510,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.0
billion kWh produced (1975), 165 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1974); oil, coffee,
diamonds, sisal, fish and fish products, iron ore,
timber, corn, and cotton (exports down sharply in
1975 and 1976)
Imports: $614 million (c.i.f., 1974); capital
equipment (machinery and electrical equipment),
wines, bulk iron and ironwork, steel and metals,
vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing,
medicines; military deliveries partially offset drop in
imports in 1975
Major trade partners: main partner Portugal,
followed by West Germany, U.S., U.K., Japan; trade
with U.S.S.R. and Cuba increasing since independ-
ence
Aid: military aid from U.S.S.R. and Cuba in 1975
Budget: (1975) balanced at about $740 million by
former Portuguese administration; budget not yet
published by new government
Monetary conversion rate: (still using Portuguese
currency) 31.39 escudos= US$1 as of July 1976
(floating since February 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,069 km; 2,758 km 1.067-meter gage,
310 km 0.600-meter gage
Highways: 73,828 km; 8,577 km bituminous-
surface treatment, 28,723 km crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,220 km navigable
Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Mocamedes), 15
minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 575 total, 498 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
3,660 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 78 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: network of open-wire and
radio-relay facilities; satellite ground station; 37,500
telephones; 116,000 radio receivers; 24 AM, 11 FM,
and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: data not available
ANTIGUA
DOMINICAN Atlantic
PUBLIC Ocean
PUERTO RICO
ANTIGUA
Caribbeax Sea
LAND
280 km2; 54% arable, 5% pasture, 14% forested, 9%
unused but potentially productive, 18% wasteland
and built on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 153 km
PEOPLE
Population: 71,000 (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 1.2% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Antiguan(s); adjective-
Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African Negro
Religion: Church of England (predominant), other
Protestant sects and some Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 80%
Organized labor: 18,000, 20% unemployment
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Antigua
Type: dependent territory with full internal
autonomy as a British "Associated State"
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Capital: St. John's
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 dependencies
(Barbuda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English law; British
Caribbean Court of Appeal has exclusive original
jurisdiction and an appellate jurisdiction, consists of
Chief justice and 5 justices
Branches: legislative, 21-member popularly elected
House of Representatives; executive, Prime Minister
and Cabinet
Government leaders: Premier Vere C. Bird, Sr.;
Deputy Premier Lester Bird; Governor Sir Wilfred
Ebenezer Jacobs
Suffrage: universal suffrage age 18 and over
Elections: every 5 years; last general election 11
February 1976
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party
(ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird; Progressive
Labor Movement (PLM), George Herbert Walter;
Antigua People's Party (APP), J. Rowan Henry
Voting strength: 1976 election-House of
Representative seats-ALP 10, PLM 5, independent
1, tie 1
Communists: negligible
Other political' or pressure groups: Afro-
Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), a small
black nationalist group led by Timothy Hector;
Antigua Freedom Fighters (AFF), a small black
radical group, leaders unknown
Member of: CARICOM, ISO
ECONOMY
GDP: $51 million (1974 est. ), $650 per capita; 2.7%
real growth
Agriculture: main crop, cotton
Major industries: oil refining, tourism
Shortages: electric power
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1975); 36
million kWh produced (1975), 450 kWh per capita
Exports: $29 million (f.o.b., 1973); petroleum
products, cotton
Imports: $47 million (c.i,f., 1973); crude oil, food,
clothing
Major trade partners: 30% U.K., 25% U.S., 18%
Commonwealth Caribbean countries
Aid: economic-U.S. authorizations (FY46-75),
$1.5 million in loans
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean
dollars=US$1 (July 1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 78 km narrow gage (0.760 m), employed
almost exclusively for handling cane
Highways: 380 km; 240 km main, 140 km
secondary
Ports: 1 major (St. John's), 1 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with asphalt runway
2,745 m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: automatic telephone sys-
tem; 3,350 telephones; tropospheric scatter. links with
Tortola and St. Lucia; 22,000 radio receivers, 12,300
TV sets; 2 AM stations, 1 FM and 1 TV station; 1
coaxial submarine cable
ARGENTINA
LAND
2,771,300 km2; 57% agricultural (11% crops,
improved pasture and fallow, 46% natural grazing
land), 25% forested, 18% mountain, urban, or waste
Land boundaries: 9,414 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
(continental shelf, including sovereignty over
superjacent waters)
Coastline: 4,989 km
PEOPLE
Population: 25,887,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.3% (current)
Nationality: noun-Argentine(s); adjective-
Argentine
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white, 15%
mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less
than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6%
other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 85% (90% in Buenos Aires)
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Labor force: 10 million; 19% agriculture, 25%
manufacturing, 20% services, 11% commerce, 6%
transport and communications, 19% other
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Buenos Aires
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district
(Federal Capital), and 1 territory
Legal system: based on Spanish and French civil
codes; constitution adopted 1853 partially superseded
in 1966 by the Statute of the Revolution which takes
precedence over the constitution when the two are in
conflict, further changes may be made by new
government; judicial review of legislative acts; legal
education at University of Buenos Aires and other
public and private universities; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Presidency; legislature; national
judiciary
Government leader: President, Lt. General Jorge
Rafael Videla, Commander in Chief of the Army,
chosen by the three-man junta that took power on
March 24, 1976
Government structure: the junta, composed of the
chiefs of the three armed services, retains supreme
authority; active duty or retired officers fill all'but two
cabinet posts and administer all provincial and many
local governments; in addition, the military now
oversee the nation's principal labor confederation and
unions, as well as other civilian pressure groups;
Congress has been disbanded and all political activity
suspended; a nine-man Legislative Council,
composed of senior officers, advises the junta on
lawmaking
Political parties: a number of civilian political
groupings remain potentially influential, despite the
suspension of all partisan activity; these include
Justicialist Party (Peronist coalition that formerly
governed) and the Radical Civic Union, center-left
party providing the chief civilian opposition to the
Peronists; the Moscow-oriented Communist Party
remains legal, but extreme leftist splinter groups have
been outlawed
Communists: some 70,000 members in various
party organizations, including a small nucleus of
activists
Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-
dominated labor movement, General Economic
Confederation (Peronist-leaning association of small
businessmen), Argentine Industrial Union (manufac-
turer's association), Argentine Rural Society (large
landowner's association), business organizations,
students, and the Catholic Church
Member of: FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC-International
Whaling Commission, IWC-International Wheat
Council, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, Non-
Aligned Nations Group
ECONOMY
GNP: $37.8 billion (at average theoretical parity
exchange rate, 1974), $1,510 per capita; 18%
government consumption, 62% private consumption,
22% investment, -2% net foreign demand (1975);
real GDP growth rate 1975, -1.4%
Agriculture: main products-cereals, oilseeds,
livestock products; Argentina is a major world
exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 301,300 metric tons (1974), $44.6
million (1972); exports $25 million (1973), imports
$1.8 million (1973)
Major industries: food processing (especially
meatpacking), motor vehicles, consumer durables,
textiles, chemicals, printing, and metallurgy
Crude steel: 2.2 million metric tons produced
(1975), 90 kg per capita
Electric power: 9 million kW capacity (1975); 25
billion kWh produced (1975), 1,100 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.96 billion (f.o.b., 1975); meat, corn,
wheat, wool, hides, oilseeds
Imports: $3.95 billion (c.i.f., 1975); machinery,
fuel and lubricating oils, iron and steel, intermediate
Industrial products
Major trade partners (1975): exports-10% Italy,
10% U.S.S.R., 8% Netherlands, 7% Brazil, 6% U.S.;
imports-16% U.S., 13% Japan, 11% FRG, 9% Brazil
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$990 million in loans, $17.9 million in grants; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $1.4 billion;
from other Western countries (1960-66), $315.5
million; from Communist countries (1954-75), $513
million ($56 million drawn); military-assistance
from U.S. (FY46-75), $230 million
Monetary conversion rate: official, 140 pesos=
US$1; free market 245 pesos=US$1, effective rate
approximately 159 pesos=US$1 for imports, 215
pesos= US$1 for exports (September 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 38,971 km; 3,200 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 22,000 km broad gage (1.676 m), 13,443
km meter gage (1.00 m), 120 km 0.75-meter gage, 208
km 0.600-meter gage; about 1,656 km double and
multiple track; 122 km electrified
Highways: 290,200 km, of which 39,500 km paved,
74,900 km gravel, 175,800 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable
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Ports: 7 major, 21 minor
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km refined
products; 8,120 km natural gas
Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft, includes 1
leased from a foreign country
Airfields: 2,345 total, 2,146 usable; 89 with
permanent-surface runways; 20 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 304 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 6 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: extensive modern system;
telephone network has 2,647,000 sets, radio relay
widely used, 2 (COMSAT) ground stations; estimated
12 million radio receivers and 4 million TV sets; 145
AM, 12 FM, and 64 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,464,000;
5,210,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (20) annually about 217,000
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $822.7 million; about 9.5% of total
central government budget
AUSTRALIA
PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
LAND
7,692,300 km2; 6% arable, 58% pasture, 2%
forested, 34% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm; prawn and crayfish on continental
shelf)
Coastline: about 25,760 km
PEOPLE
Population: 13,808,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.7% (1-66 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Australian(s); adjective-
Australian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian and
aborigine
Religion: 98% Christian
Language: English
Literacy: 98.5%
Labor force: 4.76 million; 14% agriculture, 32%
industry, 37% services, 15% commerce, 2% other
Organized labor: 44% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Commonwealth of Australia
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II as
sovereign or head of state
Capital: Canberra
Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territories
(Australian Capital Territory (Canberra) and
Northern Territory)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution adopted 1900; High Court has
jurisdiction over cases involving interpretation of the
constitution; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Branches: Parliament (House of Representatives
and Senate); Prime Minister and Cabinet responsible
to House; independent judiciary
Government leaders: Governor General Sir John
Kerr; Prime Minister John Malcolm Fraser
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held at 3-year intervals, or sooner if
Parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister; last
election December 1975
Political parties and leaders: Government-
Liberal Party (Malcolm Fraser) and National Country
Party (Douglas Anthony); opposition-Labour Party
(Gough Whitlam)
Voting strength (1975 Parliamentary election):
lower house: Liberal-Country Coalition, 92 seats;
Labour Party, 35 seats; Senate: Liberal Country
Coalition, 35 seats; Labour, 27 seats; Independents, 2
seats
Communists: 3,900 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Democratic
Labour Party (anti-Communist Labour Party splinter
group)
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CIPEC
(associate), Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, DAC,
ELDO, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO,
IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-
International Whaling Commission, IWC-Inter-
national Wheat Council, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $83.0 billion (1975), $6,050 per capita; 60%
private consumption, 16% government current
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expenditure, 24% investment (1975); real average
annual growth (1970-75),3%
Agriculture: large areas devoted to livestock
grazing; 60% of area used for crops is planted in
wheat; major products-wool, livestock, wheat, fruits,
sugarcane self-sufficient in food; caloric intake, 3,300
calories per day per capita
Fishing: catch 123,500 metric tons (1974); exports
$94.5 million (FY75), imports $86.2 million (FY75)
Major industries: mining, bauxite, industrial and
transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals
Crude steel: 7.9 million metric tons produced
(1975), 580 kg per capita
Electric power: 20,600,000 kW capacity (1975);
74.1 billion kWh produced (1975), 5,410 kWh per
capita
Exports: $11.9 billion (f.o.b., 1975); principal
products (1975)-44% agricultural products, 14%
metalliferous ores, 8% wool, 8% coal
Imports: $11.1 billion (f.o.b., 1975)
Major trade partners: (1975) exports-29% Japan,
10% U.S., 5% New Zealand, 5% U.K.; imports-20%
U.S., 15% U.K., 18% Japan
Aid: economic-Australian aid abroad $2.3 billion
(FY65-75); $430 million (FY75), 55% for Papua New
Guinea
Budget: expenditures, A$21.9 billion; receipts
A$19.1 billion (FY76)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.81 Australian
dollar=US$1 (A$1=US$1,24), July 1976
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 40,636 km; 9,197 km 1.60-meter gage,
13,394 km standard gage (1.435 m), 18,045 km 1.067-
meter gage; 800 km electrified (June 1962);
government-owned (except for few hundred kilo-
meters of privately owned track)
Highways: 863,767 km (1974); 208,227 km paved,
209,885 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil
surface, 445,655 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by small,
shallow-draft craft
Freight carried: rail-154.4 million metric tons
Ports: 12 major, numerous minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 740 km; refined products, 340
km; natural gas, 6,947 km
Civil air: 122 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,735 total, 1,644 usable; 195 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways over
3,660 m; 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 649 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: very good international and
domestic service; 5 million telephones; 14 million
radio receivers; 3.7 million TV receivers; 96 AM
stations, no FM station, 120 TV stations and 66
repeaters; 3 earth satellite stations; submarine cables
to New Zealand, New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia,
Hong Kong, and Guam
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,281,000;
2,895,000 fit for military service; 124,000 reach
military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1977, $2.7 billion; about 9% of total central
government budget
LAND
83,916 km2; 20% cultivated, 26% meadows and
pastures, 15% waste or urban, 38% forested, 1%
inland water
Land boundaries: 2,582 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,524,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.1% (1-73 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Austrian(s); adjective-
Austrian
Ethnic divisions: 98.1% German, 0.7% Croatian,
0.3% Slovene, 0.9% other
Religion: 85% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 8%
none or other
Language: German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2,656,922 (1974); 18% agriculture
and forestry, 49% industry and crafts, 18% trade and
communications, 7% professions, 6% public service,
2% other; 2.4% registered unemployed; an estimated
200,000 Austrians are employed in other European
countries; foreign laborers in Austria number more
than 200,000 (1972); unemployment 2.0% (August
1975)
Organized labor: about two-thirds of wage and
salary workers (1971)
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GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Political subdivisions: 9 states (Laender) including
the capital
Legal system: civil law system with Roman law
origin; constitution adopted 1920, repromulgated in
1945; judicial review of legislative acts by a
Constitutional Court; separate administrative and
civil/penal supreme courts; legal education at
Universities of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg,
and Linz; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral parliament, directly elected
President whose functions are largely representational,
independent federal judiciary
Government leaders: President Rudolf Kirch-
schlaeger, Chancellor Bruno Kreisky leads a one-party
Socialist government
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory for
presidential elections
Elections: presidential, every 6 years (next 1980);
parliamentary, every 4 years (next 1979)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of
Austria (SPOe), Bruno Kreisky, Chairman; Austrian
People's Party (OeVP), Josef Taus, Chairman; Liberal
Party (FPOe), Friedrich Peter, Chairman; Communist
Party, Franz Muhri, Chairman
Voting strength (1975 election): 50.6% SPOe,
42.7% OeVP, 5.3% FPOe, 1.2% Communist
Communists: membership 25,000 est. ; activists
7,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Federal
Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade
Union Federation (primarily socialist); three
composite leagues of the Austrian Peoples Party
(OeVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; the
OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists;
Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay
organization, Catholic Action
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, ECE,
EFTA, EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, ITC,
ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, OECD,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $37.7 billion (1975), $5,000 per capita;
53.5% consumption, 27.8% investment, 15.2%
government, 3.5% net errors and omissions (1974);
1975 growth rate -2.5%, constant prices
Agriculture: livestock, cereals, potatoes, sugar
beets; 84% self-sufficient; caloric intake 3,230 calories
per day per capita (1969-70)
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, machinery,
textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and pulp
Crude steel: 4,7 million metric tons produced
(1974), 630 kg per capita (1974)
Electric power: 9,840,000 kW capacity (1975);
35.2 billion kWh produced (1975), 4,600 kWh per
capita
Exports: $7.5 billion (f.o.b., 1975); iron and steel
products, machinery and equipment, lumber, textiles
and clothing, paper products, chemicals
Imports: $9.4 billion (c.i.f., 1975); machinery and
equipment, chemicals, textiles, coal, petroleum,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: (1975) 40% West Germany,
8.1% Italy, 6.7% Switzerland, 4.1% France, 2.9%
U.S., 54% EC; 14% EFTA; 13% Communist countries
Aid: economic-authorized-U.S. $1,218 million
through FY73; IBRD $105 million through FY73,
none since FY62; military-U.S., $116 million (FY52-
73); net official economic aid delivered to less
developed areas and multilateral agencies-$205
million (FY62-72), $40.2 million (1973) and $59.3
million (1974)
Budget: expenditures, $11,292 million; receipts,
$9,158 million; deficit $2,133 million (1975)
Monetary conversion rate: 17.42 shillings=US$I,
average 1975 (floating rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 6,517 km; 5,877 km government-
owned; 5,397 km standard gage (1.435 m) of which
2,384 km electrified and 1,333 km double tracked;
480 km narrow gage (0.760 m) of which 91 km
electrified; 640 km privately owned (1.435- and 1.00-
meter gage)
Highways: approximately 33,600 km total national
classified network, including 10,400 km federal and
23,200 km provincial roads; about 20,800 km paved
(bituminous, concrete, stone block) and 12,800 km
unpaved (gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil);
additional 60,800 km communal roads (mostly gravel,
crushed stone, earth)
Inland waterways: 427 km
Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km natural gas;
171 km refined products
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft, including 1
registered but leased from a foreign country
Airfields: 54 total, 50 usable; 13 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed and
efficient; extensive TV and radiobroadcast systems
with 88 AM, 94 FM, and 289 TV stations; 2.21
million telephones; 2.69 million radio receivers; 2.05
million television receivers; COMSAT station is
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DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,717,000;
1,380,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (19) annually about 57,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $447 million; about 3.8% of the
federal budget
THE BAHAMAS
LAND
11,396 km2; I% cultivated, 29% forested, 70% built
on, wasteland, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence Is. 76 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 213,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (7-73 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Bahamian (sing., pl. ); ad-
jective-Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 80% Negro, 10% white, 10%
mixed
Religion: Baptists 29%, Church of England 23%,
Roman Catholic 23%, smaller groups of other
Protestant, Greek Orthodox, and Jews
Language: English
Labor force: 84,228 (1976); 25% organized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: The Commonwealth of The Bahamas
Type: independent commonwealth since July 1973,
recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: bicameral legislature (appointed Senate,
elected House); executive (Prime Minister and
cabinet); judiciary
Government leaders: Prime Minister Lynden O.
Pindling
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registered voters
(April 1976) 55,452
Elections: House of Assembly (9 September 1972);
next election due constitutionally by late 1977, but
may be called in 1976
Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal
Party (PLP), predominantly black, Lynden O.
Pindling; Free National Movement (FNM) formed by
a merger of United Bahamian Party (UBP),
predominantly white, and Free Progressive Liberal
Party (Free PLP), Cecil Wallace-Whitfield
Voting strength (1972 election): PLP 29 seats,
FNM 6 seats, Independents 3 seats; in early 1976 one
PLP member switched to independent, and one
Independent switched to FNM
Communists: none known
Member of: ILO, IMCO, IMF, U.N., WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $496 million (at market prices, 1973), $2,490
per capita
Agriculture: food importer, main crops-fish,
fruits, vegetables
Major industries: tourism, cement, oil refining,
lumber, salt production
Electric power: 250,000 kW capacity (1975); 680
million kWh produced (1975), 3,600 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1975 est.); fuel oil,
pharmaceuticals, cement, rum
Imports: $2.6 billion (c.i.f., 1975 est.); crude oil,
foodstuffs, manufactured goods
Major trade partners: exports-U.S. 86%, U.K.
2%, Canada 2%; imports-U.S. 24%, Libya 20%,
Nigeria 16% (1973)
Aid: economic-authorizations from U.S. (FY56-
75), $51.2 million in loans, $0.3 million in grants;
from international organizations (FY71-75), $2.0
million, $24.8 million in loans, $0.3 million in grants
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian dollar
(B$1)-US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,100 km total; 850 km paved, 1,250
km gravel
Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 54 total, 50 usable; 8 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 4 seaplane stations
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Telecommunications: telecom facilities highly
developed, including 59,300 telephones in totally
automatic system; tropospheric scatter link with
Florida; 85,000 radio receivers and 30,000 TV sets, 3
AM and 2 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
BAHRAIN
LAND
596 km2 plus group of 32 smaller islands; 5%
cultivated, negligible forested area, remainder desert,
waste, or urban
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km
PEOPLE
Population: 269,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.3% (2-65 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Bahraini(s); adjective-
Bahraini
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 7% Iranian, Pakistani,
and Indian, 3% other; native Bahrainis are a minority
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic, English also widely spoken
Literacy: about 40% (1970)
Labor force: 78,507 (1976)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Bahrain
Type: traditional monarchy; independence
declared in 1971
Capital: Al Manama
Legal system: based on Islamic law and English
common law; constitution went into effect December
1973
Branches: Emir rules with help of a cabinet led by
Prime Minister; a National Assembly, made up of
cabinet and 30 directly elected members, was formed
in early 1974; Emir dissolved assembly in August 1975
and suspended the constitutional provision for
election of the assembly
Government leader: Emir ' Isa ibn Salman Al-
Khalifah
Political parties and pressure groups: political
parties prohibited; no significant pressure groups
although numerous small clandestine groups are
active
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IMF, OAPEC, U.N., UNESCO, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $400 million (1974), $1,690 per capita,
dominated by oil industry; 1975 average daily crude
oil production, 60,000 bbls (oil expected to last 15
years if no new discoveries are made); 1975 non
associated natural gas production, 102 billion ft';
government oil revenues for 1976 are estimated at
$383.6 million
Agriculture: produces dates, alfalfa, vegetables;
dairy and poultry farming; fishing; not self-sufficient
in food
Major industries: petroleum refining, aluminum
smelting, boatbuilding, shrimp fishing, pearls and
sailmakirig on a small scale; major development
projects include flourmill, and ISA town; OAPEC dry
dock to be built by 1977
Electric power: 500,000 kW capacity (1975); 900
million kWh produced (1975), 3,700 kWh per capita
Exports: exports and reexports, $164 million (1975);
non-oil exports (Including reexports), $497.7 million
(1976 projected); oil exports, $457.9 million (1976 est.)
Imports: $1,337.7 million (1976 est.)
Major trade partners: U.K., U.S., Japan, EC
Aid: received $110 million in bilateral commit-
ments and committed itself $8.5 million to
multilateral agencies in CY74
Budget: (1976) $483 million, 72% of revenues from
oil
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahrain dinar=
US$2.52 (since January 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 193 km bituminous surfaced; un-
determined mileage of natural surface tracks
Ports: 1 major (Bahrain)
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined products, 16
km; natural gas, 32 km
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft (all registered
in Oman)
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runway; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 1
seaplane station
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Telecommunications: excellent international
telecommunications; limited domestic services;
22,000 telephones; 85,000 radio receivers; 30,000 TV
sets; 1 AM radiobroadcast station; satellite earth
station; tropospheric scatter Bahrain to Qatar and
United Arab Emirates
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 63,000; fit for
military service 36,000
Supply: mostly from U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976; $20.22 million, 4.2% of total budget
BANGLADESH
LAND
142,500 km2; 66% arable (including cultivated and
fallow), 18% not available for cultivation, 16%
forested
Land boundaries: 2,535 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm;
fishing, 200 nm
Coastline: 580 km
PEOPLE
Population: 76,565,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (current)
Nationality: noun-Bangladeshi(s); adjective-
Bangladesh
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Bengali; fewer
than 1 million "Biharis" and fewer than 1 million
tribals
Religion: about 83% Muslim, 16% Hindu; less
than 1% Buddhist and other
Language: Bengali
Literacy: about 25%
Labor force: over 26 million; extensive un-
deremployment; over 80% of labor force is in
agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Peoples Republic of Bangladesh
Type: independent republic since December 1971;
Government of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
overthrown in August 1975; two other coups followed;
country currently governed by military-backed
martial law administration with civilian figurehead
president and three military service chiefs as deputy
martial law administrators
Capital: Dacca
Political subdivisions: 19 districts, 413 thanas
(counties), 4,053 unions (village groupings)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution adopted December 1972; amended
January 1975 to more authoritarian presidential
system
Branches: constitution provides for unicameral
legislature, strong president; controlled judiciary;
parliament dissolved by current regime
Government leader: President A, M. Sayem; real
power exercised by Deputy Martial Law Administra-
tor General Zia ur-Rahman
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: First Parliament (House of the Nation)
elected in March 1973; elections every 5 years;
Government has lifted previous ban on political
activity and announced its intention to hold elections
in 1977
Communists: 2,500 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: 15 political
parties legalized by government as of October 1976,
student groups, bands of former guerrillas
Member of: ADB, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity
Organization, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
ESCAP, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IMF,
ILO, U.N., UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $6.05 billion est. (FY76 current prices), $75
per capita; real annual per capita growth (FY76),
8.7%
Agriculture: large subsistence farming, heavily
dependent on monsoon rainfall; main crops are jute
and rice; shortages-grain, cotton, and oilseeds
Fishing: catch 247,000 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: jute manufactures, food
processing and cotton textiles
Electric power: 810,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.4
billion kWh produced (1975), 18 kWh per capita
Exports: $356 million (FY76); raw and manu-
factured jute, leather, tea
Imports: $1,290 million (FY76); foodgrains, fuels,
raw cotton, fertilizer, manufactured products
Major trade partners: exports-U. S. 15%, U.S.S.R.
7.4%, U.K. 7.3%; imports-U. S. 25.4%, Canada 7.3%
(FY75)
Aid: economic-FY75 disbursements, $1,015
million of which U.S. provided 25%
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Budget: (FY75) revenue, $855 million; expendi-
tures, $1,061 million
Monetary conversion rate: 14.9 taka=US$1 (July
1976)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,470 km; 2,483 km meter gage (1.00
m), 953 km broad gage (1.676 m), 35 km narrow gage
(0.762 m), 290 km double track; government-owned
Highways: 44,930 km; 4,044 km paved, 2,022 km
gravel, 38,864 km earth
Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers
navigate main waterways
Ports: 1 major; 5 minor
Pipelines: 150 km natural gas
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 24 total, 17 usable; 18 with permanent
surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 8
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: inadequate international
radiocommunications and landline service; fair
domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast
service; 70,000 (est.) telephones; 500,000 radio sets;
20,000 (est.) TV sets; 10 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV stations,
and 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 18,138,000;
8,565,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1977, $103.4 million; about 3.5% of the central
government budget
BARBADOS
LAND
430 km2; 60% cropped, 10% permanent meadows,
30% built on, waste, other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 97 km
PEOPLE
Population: 239,000 (official estimate for 1 July
1973)
Nationality: noun-Barbadian(s); adjective-
Barbadian
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 17% mixed, 4%
European
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist,
and Moravian
Language: English
Literacy: over 90%
Labor force: 97,000 (1973 est.) wage and salary
earners; unemployment 20-25% (1976)
Organized labor: 32%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Barbados
Type: independent sovereign state within the
Commonwealth since November 1966, recognizing
Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Bridgetown
Political subdivisions: 11 parishes
Legal system: English common law; constitution
came into effect upon independence in 1966; no
judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislature consisting of a 21-member
appointed Senate and a 24-member elected House of
Assembly; cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leader: Prime Minister J. M. G.
"Tom" Adams
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members have terms
no longer than 5 years; last general election held 2
September 1976
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Labor
Party (DLP), Errol Barrow; Barbados Labor Party
(BLP), J. M. G. "Tom" Adams
Voting strength (1976 election): Barbados Labor
Party (BLP), 53% Democratic Labor Party, 46%;
Independent, negligible; House of Assembly seats-
BLP 17, DLP 7
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: People's
Progressive Movement (PPM), a small black-
nationalist group led by Calvin Alleyne
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO,
GATT, IADB, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO,
ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, OAS,
SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $264 million (1974), $1,100 per capita; real
growth rate 1974, -11%
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Agriculture: main products-sugar, subsistence
foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling, manufac-
turing
Electric power: 86,000 kW capacity (1975); 204
million kWh produced (1975), 950 kWh per capita
Exports: $107 million (f.o.b., 1975); sugar and
sugarcane byproducts, clothing
Imports: $217 million (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs,
machinery, manufactured goods
Major trade partners: exports-28% U.K., 14%
U.S., 28% CARIFTA, 30% other; imports-25%
U.K., 21% U.S., 11% Canada, 13% CARIFTA, 30%
other (1973)
Aid: economic-authorization from U.S. (FY67-
75), $3.6 million; from international organizations
(FY63-75), $15.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Barbados dol-
lars=US$1 (June 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,370 km; 1,290 km paved, and 80 km
gravel, and earth
Ports: 1 major (Bridgetown), 2 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-
3,659 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic
telephone system with 43,000 telephones; tropo-
spheric scatter link to Trinidad; UHF/VHF links to
St. Vincent and St. Lucia; 130,000 radio and 40,000
TV sets, 2 AM stations, 1 FM, 1 TV station; 2
telegraph submarine cables; COMSAT ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 51,000; 37,000
fit for military service; average number reaching
military age, (18) annually, 3,000; no conscription
BELGIUM
LAND
30,562 km2; 28% cultivated, 24% meadow and
pasture, 28% waste, urban, or other; 20% forested
Land boundaries: 1,377 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 64 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,826,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.1% (current)
Nationality: noun-Belgian(s); adjective-Belgian
Ethnic divisions: 55% Flemings, 33% Walloons,
12% mixed or other
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% none or other
Language: French, Flemish (Dutch), German, in
small area of eastern Belgium; divided along ethnic
lines
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 4.0 million; approximately 95% is
found in the following sectors: 32% manufacturing,
24% services, 16% commerce, banking, and insurance,
8% construction, 7.5% transportation and communi-
cation, 4% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 1.2%
mining, 0.8% public utilities and sanitary services
(1972); 7.0% unemployed, September 1975
Organized labor: 48% of labor force (1969)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
English constitutional theory; constitution adopted
1831, since amended; judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at 4 law schools; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive branch consists of King and
cabinet; cabinet responsible to bicameral parliament;
independent judiciary; coalition governments are
usual
Government leader: Head of State, King
Baudouin; Prime Minister Leo Tindemans
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: held 10 March 1974 (held at least once
every 4 years)
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian,
Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb and Wilfred Martens,
co-presidents; Socialist, Andre Cools and Willy Claes,
co-presidents; Liberty and Progress, Senator P.
Deschamps, national president; Liberal Democratic
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and Pluralist Party, Rolland Gillet, party president;
Francophone Democratic Front-Walloon Rally
(Walloon nationalist), Leo Defosset, national
president; Volksunie (Flemish Nationalist), Hugo
Schlitz, party president; Communist, Louis Van Gent,
president of political bureau
Voting strength (1974 election): 72 seats Social
Christian, 59 seats Socialist, 30 seats Liberty and
Progress, 22 seats _ Volksunie, 22 seats Francophone
Democratic Front-Walloon Rally, 4 seats Communist,
3 seats Democratic and Pluralist
Communists: 10,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Christian and
Socialist Trade Unions; the Federation of Belgium
Industries; numerous other associations representing
bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the
legal and medical professions; two major organiza-
tions represent the cultural interests of Flanders and
Wallonia
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Council of
Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC, ECSC, EEC,
EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OAS
(observer), OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WEU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $591 billion (1975, in 1975 prices), $6,040
per capita; 1974-58% consumption, 25% invest-
ment, 15% government, 2% net foreign balance;
1975 real GNP growth rate-1.4%
Agriculture: livestock production predominates;
main crops-grains, beets, potatoes; 80% self-
sufficient in food; caloric intake, 3,230 calories per
day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: exports $34 million (1975), imports $157
million (1975)
Major industries: engineering and metal products,
processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic
metals, textiles, and petroleum
Shortages: iron ore, nonferrous minerals, petroleum
Crude steel: capacity 14.8 million metric tons;
11.58 million metric tons produced; 1,180 kg per
capita (1975)
Electric power: 10,826,000 kW capacity (1975);
41.1 billion kWh produced (1975), 3,700 kWh per
capita
Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union)
$29.02 billion (f.o.b., 1975); ferrous metals, finished or
semifinished precious stones, textile products
Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union)
$30.5 billion (c.i.f., 1975); nonelectrical machinery,
motor vehicles, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: (Belgium-Luxembourg
Economic Union, 1975) EC-nine 70.5% (West
Germany 22%, France 19%, Netherlands 17%, U.K.
6.5%, Italy 4%); U.S. 4%; Communist countries
(U.S.S.R., East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria) 4%
Aid: economic-received, U.S., $829 million
authorized (FY46-75), $36.3 million in FY74; IBRD,
$57.8 million (1949-75); military-received, $1,275
million authorized (FY46-75); net official economic
aid to less developed areas and multilateral agencies,
$1,365 million (FY60-70), $263.4 million in 1974
Ordinary budget, 1976 (projected): revenue,
$27.4 million, expenditures, $29.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: (1975 average) 1
franc- US$0.0272
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,394 km; 4,117 km standard gage
(1.435 m) and government-owned, 2,536 km double
track, 1,224 km electrified; 277 km privately owned,
electrified meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: approximately 104,000 km, including
1,040 km limited access divided "Autoroute"
Inland waterways: 2,043 km, of which 1,528 km
are in regular use by commercial transport
Ports: 5 major, 1 minor
Pipelines: refined products, 965 km; crude, 161
km; natural gas, 3,218 km
Civil air: 54 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 44 total, 43 usable; 23 with permanent-
surface runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and
international telephone and telegraph facilities; 2.92
million telephones; 3.86 million radio receivers; 2.55
million TV receivers; 7 AM, 12 FM, and 20 TV
stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 1 communica-
tions satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,239,000;
1,796,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (19) annually 75,000
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $2,033 million; about 9.6% of
proposed central government budget
BELIZE
(formerly British Honduras)
LAND
22,973 km2; 38% agricultural (5% cultivated), 46%
exploitable forest, 16% urban, waste, water, offshore
islands or other
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 386 km
PEOPLE
Population: 145,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun-Belizean(s); adjective-
Belizean
Ethnic divisions: 51% Negro, 22% mestizo, 19%
Amerindian, 8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Seventh-day Adventist, Methodist, Baptist, Jehovah's
Witnesses, Mennonite
Language: English, Spanish, Maya, and Carib
Literacy: 70%-80%
Labor force: 34,500; 39% agriculture, 14%
manufacturing, 8% commerce, 12% construction and
transport, 20% services, 7% other; shortage of skilled
labor and all types of technical personnel; over 15%
are unemployed
Organized labor: 8% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Belize
Type: internal self-governing British colony
Capital: Belmopan
Legal system: English law; constitution came into
force in 1964, although country remains a British
colony
Branches: 18-member elected National Assembly
and 8-member Senate (either house may choose its
speaker or president, respectively, from outside its
elected membership); cabinet; judiciary
Government leader: Premier George Price
Suffrage: universal adult (probably 21)
Elections: must be held within 5 years of last
elections held in October 1974
Political parties and leaders: People's United
Party (PUP), George Price; United Democratic Party
(UDP), a coalition comprised of the National
Independence Party (NIP) led by Philip Goldson, the
People's Democratic Union (PDM) led by Dean
Lindo, and the Liberal Party (LP) led by Harry
Lawrence; Corozal United Front (CUF), Santiago
Ricalde; United Black Association for Development
(UBAD), Evan X. Hyde
Voting strength (National Assembly): PUP 12
seats, UDP 6 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Christian
Workers' Union (CWU) which is connected with PUP
Member of: CARICOM, ISO, WCL
ECONOMY
GDP: $87 million (1974), $680 per capita; 78%
private consumption, 17% public consumption, 36%
domestic investment, -31% net foreign balance
(1968); 3.5% real growth rate 1971
Agriculture: main products-sugar, citrus fruits,
corn, molasses, rice, beans, bananas, livestock
products; net importer of food; caloric intake, 2,500
calories per day per capita
Major industries: timber and forest products, food
processing, furniture, rum, soap
Electric power: 14,870 kW capacity (1975); 30
million kWh produced (1975), 220 kWh per capita
Exports: $71.3 million (f.o.b., 1975 est.); sugar,
molasses, clothing, lumber, citrus fruits, fish
Imports: $102 million (c.i,f., 1975 est.); vehicles,
building materials, petroleum, food, textiles,
machinery
Major trade partners: exports-U.S. 30%, U.K.
24%, Mexico 22%, Canada 13%; imports-U. S. 34%,
U.K. 25%, Jamaica 7% (1970)
Aid: economic-U.S. authorizations (FY46-75),
$7.2 million in grants and $0.3 million in loans; from
international organizations (1946-75), $2.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize dollars-US$1
(April 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,240 km; 280 km paved, 795 km
gravel, 900 km improved earth and 265 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km river network used by
shallow-draft craft
Ports: 1 major (Belize), 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 36 total, 36 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m; 1
seaplane station
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Telecommunications: 5,700 telephones in auto-
matic and manual network; radio-relay system;
68,000 radio receivers; 3 AM stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 31,000; 19,000
fit for military service; 1,500 reach military age (18)
annually
BENIN
(formerly Dahomey)
LAND
115,773 km2; southern third of country is most
fertile; arable land 80% (actually cultivated 11%),
forests and game preserves 19%, non-arable 1%
Land boundaries: 1,963 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (100
nm mineral exploitation limit)
Coastline: 121 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,235,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (8-72 to 8-74)
Nationality: noun-Beninese (sing. & pl.);
adjective-Beninese
Ethnic divisions: 99% Africans (42 ethnic groups,
most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba),
5,500 Europeans
Religion: 12% Muslim, 8% Christian, 80% animist
Language: French official; Fon and Yoruba most
common vernaculars in south, at least 6 major tribal
languages in north
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: 85% of labor force engaged in
agriculture; 15% civil service, artisans, and industry
Organized labor: approximately 75% of wage
earners, divided among two major and several minor
unions
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Peoples Republic of Benin
Type: party state, under military rule since 26
October 1972
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de facto)
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 46 districts
Legal system: based on French civil law and
customary law; legal education generally obtained in
France; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: National Revolutionary Council,
Council of Ministers, Central Committee of Party
Government leader: Lt. Col, Mathieu Kerekou,
President and chief of government, charged with
national defense, planning, coordination of external
aid, information, and national orientation
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: current government has held no
elections and none are scheduled
Political parties: People's Revolutionary Party of
Benin established in 1975
Communists: sole party espouses Marxism-
Leninism
Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
ILO, IMF, ITU, Niger River Commission, OAU,
OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $372 million (1975), $120 per capita; no real
growth during 1970-1974
Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms; peanuts,
cotton, coffee, sheanuts, and tobacco also produced
commercially; main food crops-corn, cassava, yams,
sorghum and millet; livestock, fish
Fishing: catch 32,900 metric tons (1974); exports
600 metric tons, imports 4,300 metric tons (1971)
Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel oil
processing
Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity (1975); 55
million kWh produced (1975), 17 kWh per capita
Exports: $94 million (f.o.b., 1974); palm products
(34%); other agricultural products
Imports: $131 million (c.i.f., 1974); clothing and
other consumer goods, cement, lumber, fuels,
foodstuffs, machinery, and transport equipment
Major trade partners: France, EC, franc zone;
preferential tariffs to EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic (through FY75)-EC, $67.1 million;
U.N., $12.5 million; other international organiza-
tions, $36.2 million; Taiwan, $1 million; U.S. (FY59-
75), $17.1 million; China, $44 million extended
(1972)
Budget: 1975 est.-receipts $73 million, expendi-
tures $77 million
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Monetary conversion rate: 248.22 Communaute
Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs =US$1 as of August
1976
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 579 km, all meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: 6,938 km; 844 km paved, 1,872
km gravel and/or improved earth, remainder
unimproved
Inland waterways: 645 km navigable
Ports: 1 major (Cotonou), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 10 usable; 1 with permament-
surface runway; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system of open wire and
radio relay; 9,625 telephones; 54,000 radio receivers; 2
AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 735,000; 369,000
fit for military service; about 32,000 males and 31,000
females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes
liable for military service
Supply: dependent on France and Guinea; aid
from North Korea and PRC is pending
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $7.4 million; about 11% of central
government budget
BERMUDA
LAND
54.4 km2; 8% arable, 60% forested, 21% built on,
wasteland, and other, 11% leased for air and naval
bases
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 103 km
PEOPLE
Population: 57,000 (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 1.5% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Bermudan(s); adjective-
Bermudan
Ethnic divisions: approximately 63% African, 37%
white
Religion: 47.5% Church of England, 38.2% other
Protestant, 10.2% Catholic, 4.1% other
Language: English
Literacy: virtually 100%
Labor force: 25,200 (1975)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Colony of Bermuda
Type: British colony
Capital: Hamilton
Political subdivisions: 9 parishes
Legal system: English law
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) appointed
by governor, led by government leader; bicameral
legislature with an appointed Legislative Council,
and a 40-member directly elected House of Assembly
Government leaders: Governor Sir Edwin Leather;
Government Leader (equivalent to Premier) Sir
Edward Richards
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: at least once every 5 years; last general
election, June 1972
Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda
Party (UBP), John Henry Sharpe; Progressive Labor
Party (PLP), Walter N.H. Robinson
Voting strength (1972 elections): UBP 61.2%, PLP
38.8%; House of Assembly seats-UBP 30, PLP 10
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda
Industrial Union (BIU)
ECONOMY
GNP: $300-$350 million (at market prices, 1974),
$5,000-$6,000 per capita
Agriculture: main products-bananas, vegetables,
Easter lilies, dairy products, citrus fruits
Major industries: tourism, finance
Electric power: 86,200 kW capacity (1975); 300
million kWh produced (1975), 5,330 kWh per capita
Exports: $0.7 million (f.o.b., 1974); mostly
reexports of drugs and bunker fuel
Imports: $154.6 million (f.o.b., 1974); fuel,
foodstuffs, machinery
Major trade partners: 45% U.S., 22% U.K., 9%
Canada (1974)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda dol-
lar= US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
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COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 190 km, all paved
Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George Freeport,
Ireland Island)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with concrete runway 2,960 m; 1
seaplane station
Telecommunications: modern telecom system,
includes fully automatic telephone system with 38,100
sets; 50,000 radio and 22,000 TV receivers, 2 AM, 2
FM, and 2 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
BHUTAN
LAND
46,600 km2; mi.; 15% agricultural, 15% desert,
waste, urban, 70% forested
Land boundaries: about 870 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,217,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.5% (current)
Nationality: noun-Bhutanese (sing., pl.);
adjective-Bhutanese
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhotias, 25% ethnic
Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Bud-
dhist-influenced Hinduism
Language: Bhotias speak various Tibetan dialects,
most widely spoken dialect is Dzongkha, the official
language; Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
Literacy: insignificant
Labor force: 300,000; 99% agriculture, 1%
industry; massive lack of skilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with
India
Capital: Thimphu
Political subdivisions: 4 regions (east, central,
west, south), further divided into 15-18 subdivisions
Legal -system: based on Indian law and English
common law; in 1964 the monarch assumed full
power-no constitution existed beforehand; a
Supreme Court hears appeals from district ad-
ministrators; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: appointed Minister and indirectly
elected Assembly consisting of village elders, monastic
representatives, and all district and senior government
administrators
Government leader: King Jigme Singhi Wangchuk
Suffrage: each family has one vote
Elections: popular elections on village level held
every 3 years
Political parties: all parties illegal
Communists: no overt Communist presence
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist
clergy
Member of: Colombo Plan, UPU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GNP: under $100 per capita
Agriculture: rice, barley, wheat, potatoes, fruit
Major industries: handicrafts (particularly textiles)
Electric power: 2,000 kW capacity (1975); 6
million kWh produced (1975), 5 kWh per capita
Exports: about $1 million annually; rice, dolomite,
and handicrafts
Imports: about $1.4 million annually
Major trading partner: India
Aid: economic-India (FY61-72), $180 million
Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums and
Indian rupees are legal tender; 8.77 ngultrums=8.77
Indian rupees=US$l as of October 1975
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 1,304 km; 418 km surfaced, 515 km
improved, 371 km unimproved earth
Freight carried: not available, very light traffic
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 1 asphalt runway 1,372 m, and 1
with concrete runway 899 m
Telecommunications: facilities inadequate; 600
telephones; 6,000 est. radio sets; no TV sets; 1 AM and
no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49,287,000; 153,000
fit for military service; about 9,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Supply: dependent on India
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BOLIVIA
LAND
1,098,160 km2; 2% cultivated and fallow, 11%
pasture and meadow, 45% urban, desert, waste, or
other, 40% forest, 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 6,083 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,624,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.6% (current)
Nationality: noun-Bolivian(s); adjective-
Bolivian
Ethnic divisions: 50%-75% Indian, 20%-35%
mestizo, 5%-15% white
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; active
protestant minority, especially Methodist
Language: Spanish, Aymara, Quechua
Literacy: 35%-40%
Labor force: 2.5 million (1972); 69.1% agriculture,
3.3% mining, 9.6% services and utilities, 8%
manufacturing, 10% other
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concentrated in
mining, industry, construction, and transportation
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic; de facto military dictatorship
government
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre
(judicial capital)
Political subdivisions: 9 departments with limited
autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code
Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967; constitution in
force except where contrary to dispositions dictated by
governments since 1969; legal education at University
of San Andres and several others; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; congress of two chambers
(Senate and Chamber of Deputies), congress
disbanded after 26 September 1969 ouster of President
Siles; judiciary
Government leaders: President Hugo Banzer
Suarez
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 if
married, 21 if single
Elections: postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: political activities are
proscribed indefinitely; most party leaders are in exile
Voting strength (1986 elections): Frente de la
Revolucion Boliviana (a coalition composed of the
MPC, PIR, PRA, PSD, and two interest groups, the
campesinos and Chaco War Veterans) 61%, FSB 12%,
MNR 10%, other 17%
Communists: three parties (all proscribed);
PCB/Soviet led by Jorge Kolle Cueto, about 300
members; PCB/Chinese led by Oscar Zamora, 150
(including 100 in exile); POR (Trotskyist), about 50
members divided between three factions led by Hugo
Gonzalez Moscoso, Guillermo Lora Escobar, and
Amadeo Arze
Member of: FAO, IAEA, IADB, IATP, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITC, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, LAFTA and
Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969
within LAFTA), OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, WCL,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.15 billion (1975, in 1975 dollars), $410 per
capita; 69% private consumption, 11% public
consumption, 16% gross domestic investment, +4%
net foreign balance (1974); real growth rate (1971-75)
average 6.1%; 1975 growth, 6.8%
Agriculture: main crops-potatoes, corn, rice,
sugarcane, yucca, bananas; imports significant
quantities of wheat; caloric intake, 70% of
requirements (1976)
Major industries: mining, smelting, petroleum
refining, food processing, textiles, and clothing
Electric power: 310,000 kW capacity (1975); 980
million kWh produced (1975), 195 kWh per capita
Exports: $460 million (f.o.b., 1975 est); tin,
petroleum, lead, zinc, silver, tungsten, antimony,
bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cotton, natural gas
Imports: $515 million (f.o,b., 1975 est.); foodstuffs,
chemicals, capital goods, pharmaceuticals, transpor-
tation
Major trade partners: exports-Western Europe,
20% (of which UK is largest market); Latin America,
40%; U.S., 30%; Eastern Europe, 4.6%; Japan, 4.3%;
imports-U.S., 25%; Western Europe, 19% (of which
West Germany is largest supplier); Japan, 10%; Latin
America, 39.6%; Eastern Europe, 4.5%; Canada,
1.3% (1974)
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Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$240.4 million in loans, $256.7 million in grants; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $372 million;
from other Western countries (1960-75), $53.8
million; Communist countries (1970-74), $60.2
military-assistance from U.S. (FY52-73), $36 million
Budget: $272 million revenues, $304 million
expenditures (1975)
Monetary conversion rate: 20.3 pesos=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,572 km single track; 3,540 km meter
gage (1.00 m), 32 km 0.760-meter gage; 96 km meter
gage (1.00 m) privately owned
Highways: 37,300 km; 1,150 km paved, 6,550 km
gravel, 5,950 km improved earth, 23,650 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to be
10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined products
1,495 km; natural gas 560 km
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through Arica
and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani, Peru)
Civil air: 49 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 572 total, 533 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 5 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 125 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: radio-relay system from La
Paz to Santa Cruz; improved international services;
55,000 telephones; est. 2.5 million radio and 45,000
TV receivers; 84 AM, 18 FM, and 3 TV stations;
COMSAT station planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49 1,289,000;
816,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (19) annually about 59,000
BOTSWANA
LAND
569,800 km2; about 6% arable, less than 1% under
cultivation, mostly desert
Land boundaries: 3,774 km
PEOPLE
Population: 720,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.6% (current)
Nationality: noun-Batswana (sing., pl.); ad-
jective-Botswana
Ethnic divisions: 94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1%
European
Religion: 85% animist, 15% Christian
Language: Africans speak Tswana vernacular
Literacy: about 22% in English; about 32% in
Tswana; less than 1% secondary school graduates
Labor force: 385,000; most are engaged in cattle
raising and subsistence agriculture; about 51,000 in
internal cash economy, another 60,000 spend at least
6 to 9 months per year as wage earners in South Africa
(1971)
Organized labor: eight trade unions organized with
a total membership of approximately 9,000 (1972 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic; independent
member of Commonwealth since 1966
Capital: Gaborone
Political subdivisions: 12 administrative districts
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and
local customary law; constitution came into effect
1966; judicial review limited to matters of
interpretation; legal education at University of
Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (21h years) and
University of Edinburgh (2 years); has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive-President appoints and
presides over the cabinet which is responsible to
Legislative Assembly; legislative-Legislative Assem-
bly with 32 popularly elected members and 4
members elected by the 32 representatives, House of
Chiefs with deliberative powers only; judicial-local
courts administer customary law, High Court and
subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all
residents, Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: President Seretse Khama
Suffrage: universal, age 21 and over
Elections: general elections held 26 October 1974
Political parties and leaders: Botswana Demo-
cratic Party (BDP), Seretse Khama; Bechuanaland
People's Party (BPP), Philip Matante; Botswana
Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho;
Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth Koma
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BOTSWANA/BRAZIL
Voting strength: (October 1974 election) BDP (27
seats); BPP (2 seats); BNF (2 seats); BIP (1 seat)
Communists: no known Communist organization;
Koma of BNF has long history of Communist contacts
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, IDA, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UPU,
WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $200 million (1975 est.), about $300 per
capita; growth in current prices about 15% annually
Agriculture: principal crops are corn and sorghum;
livestock raised and exported
Major industries: livestock processing, mining of
diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, asbestos, and
manganese
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1975); 85
million kWh produced (1975), 270 kWh per capita
Exports: $106 million (1975 est.); cattle, animal
products, minerals
Imports: $176 million (1975); foodstuffs, vehicles,
textiles
Major trade partners: South Africa and U.K.
Budget: (1977) revenue $107 million ($78 million
from domestic taxes and $29 million from borrowing
and foreign aid), current expenditures $70 million,
investment expenditures $44 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand =US$1,15 as
of September 1975 (Botswana uses the South African
Rand)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 640 km 1.065-meter gage
Highways: 21,000 km; 300 km paved; 1,350 km
crushed stone or gravel; remainder improved earth
and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: native craft only; of local
importance
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 82 total, 74 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is a minimal
combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and
a few radiocommunication stations; Gaborone is the
center; 6,700 telephones; 57,000 radio receivers; 1
AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 164,000; 83,000
fit for military service; 8,000 reach military age (18)
annually
LAND
8,521,100 km2; 4% cultivated, 13% pastures, 23%
built-on area, waste, and other, 60% forested
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 7,491 km
PEOPLE
Population: 111,666,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (current)
Nationality: noun-Brazilian(s); adjective-
Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: 60% white, 30% mixed, 8%
Negro, and 2% Indian (1960 est.)
Religion: 93% Roman Catholic (nominal)
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 67% of the population 15 years or older
(1970)
Labor force: about 30 million in 1970 (est.); 44.2%
agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing, 17.8%
industry, 15.3% services, transportation, and
communication, 8.9% commerce, 4.8% social
activities, 3.9% public administration, 5.1% other
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force; only
about 1.5 million pay dues
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Federative Republic of Brazil
Type: federal republic; military-backed presiden-
tial regime since April 1964
Capital: Brasilia
Political subdivisions: 21 states, 4 territories,
federal district (Brasilia)
Legal-system: based on Latin codes; dual system of
courts, state and federal; constitution adopted 1967
and extensively amended in 1969; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: strong executive with very broad powers;
bicameral legislature (powers of the two bodies have
been sharply reduced); 11-man Supreme Court
Government leader: President Ernesto Geisel
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BRAZIL/BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS
Suffrage: compulsory over age 18, except illiterates
and those stripped of their political rights;
approximately 30 million registered voters in October
1970
Elections: President Medici's successor was chosen
by a 505-member electoral college, composed of the
members of Congress and delegates selected from the
state legislatures, on 15 January 1974 and took office
on 15 March 1974; Geisel was the choice of Medici
and top military chiefs
Voting strength: (November 1974 congressional
elections) 33.6% ARENA, 31.9% MDB, 35.5% blank
and void
Political parties and leaders: National Renewal
Alliance (ARENA), pro-government Francelino
Pereira, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement
(MDB), opposition, Ulisses Guimaraes, president
Communists: 6,000, 1,000 militants
Other political or pressure groups: excepting the
military, the Catholic Church is the only active
nationwide pressure group, however, divisions within
the Church often prevent it from speaking with one
voice; labor and student groups have almost no
influence on the government
Member of: FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC-International Wheat
Council, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $90.0 billion (1975, in 1974 prices), $830 per
capita; 28% gross investment, 79% consumption,
-7% net foreign balance (1975); real growth rate
1975,4.2%
Agriculture: main products-coffee, rice, beef,
corn, milk, sugarcane, soybeans; nearly self-sufficient;
caloric intake, 2,900 calories per day per capita (1962)
Fishing: catch 604,700 metric tons (1974); exports,
$33.1 million (f.o.b. 1973), imports, $54.3 million
(f.o.b. 1973)
Major industries: textiles and other consumer
goods, chemicals, cement, lumber, steel, motor
vehicles, other metalworking industries
Crude steel: 9.5 million metric tons capacity (1975
est.); 8,3 million metric tons produced (1975); 80 kg
per capita
Electric power: 20,120,000 kW capacity (1975);
78.3 billion kWh produced (1975), 780 kWh per
capita
Exports: $8,655 million (f.o.b., 1975); coffee,
manufactures, iron ore, cotton, soybeans, sugar, wood,
cocoa, beef, shoes
Imports: $13,657 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, wheat
Major trade partners: exports-15% -U.S., 8%
Japan, 8% West Germany, 6% Netherlands, 4% Italy,
4% U.K.; imports-25% U.S., 11% West Germany,
9% Japan, 4% Italy, 3% U.K. (1975)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
loans $4.2 billion, grants $685 million; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $4.1 billion;
from other Western countries (1960-71), $617.0
million; from Communist countries (1959-75), $399
million; drawings (1959-75), $139 million
Budget: (1975) revenues $10.5 billion, expenditures
$10.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 11.62 cruzeiros=US$l
(October 1976, changes frequently)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 31,896 km; 28,137 km meter gage (1.00
m), 3,336 km 1.60-meter gage, 194 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 229 km narrow gages; 2,593 km electrified
Highways: 1,312,700 km; 77,700 km paved,
1,235,000 km gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable
Ports: 6 major, 25 significant minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,365 km; refined products,
465 km; natural gas, 257 km
Civil air: 182 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4,230 total, 4,175 usable; 152 with
permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 403 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 18
seaplane stations
Telecommunications: moderately good telecom
system; radio relay widely used; 5 communications
satellite ground stations; 3.34 million telephones; est.
32 million radio and 10.68 million TV receivers; 1,010
AM, 150 FM, and 167 TV stations; 6 submarine
cables, including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 24,844,000;
16,220,000 fit for military service; 1,250,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $1,957 million; 9.5% of federal
budget
BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS
LAND
About 29,785 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 5,313 km
PEOPLE
Population: 203,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.4% (2-70 to 2-76)
Nationality: noun-British Solomon Islander(s);
adjective-British Solomon Islander
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BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS/BRUNEI
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesians, 4.0%
Polynesians, 1.5% Micronesians, 0.3% Chinese, 0.8%
Europeans, 0.4% others
Religion: almost all at least nominally Christian;
Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Methodist churches
dominant
Literacy: 60%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: British Solomon Islands Protectorate
Type: British protectorate administered as crown
colony, became self-governing January 1976
Capital: Honiara
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: a High Court plus Magistrates
Courts, also a system of native courts throughout the
islands
Branches: executive authority in High Commis-
sioner; a legislative assembly of 24 elected members, a
few appointed members
Government leaders: Governor D.C.C. Ludding-
ton and Chief Minister Kenilorea
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: every 4 years, latest June 1976
Political parties and leaders: United Solomon
Islands Party
Member of: ADB
ECONOMY
GDP: $40 million (1973)
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
production with subsistence crops of yams, taro,
bananas; self-sufficient in rice
Electric power: 6,000 kW capacity (1975); 13
million kWh produced (1975), 67 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.5 million (1975); 39% copra, 27%
timber, 23% fish
Imports: $29.2 million (1975)
Major trade partners: exports-EEC excluding
U.K. 42%, Japan 29%; imports-Australia 34%, U.K.
14%, Japan 13% (1975)
Budget: (1971) revenues $9.8 million, expenditures
$9.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dol-
lar=US$1.24 (July 1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroad: none
Highways: 834 km; 241 km sealed or all-weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 23 total, 22 usable; 1 with permanent
surface runway; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1
seaplane station
Telecommunications: 3 AM broadcast, no FM,
and no TV stations; 10,000 radio receivers, 1,544
telephones, no TV sets; international connections with
London, England, via cable broadcasts
BRUNEI
LAND
5,776 km2; 3% cultivated; 22% industry, waste,
urban or other; 75% forested
Land boundaries: 381 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km
PEOPLE
Population: 163,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.4% (8-71 to 7-74)
Nationality: noun-Bruneian(s); adjective-
Bruneian
Ethnic divisions: 52% Malays, 28% Chinese, 15%
indigenous tribes, 5% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (Islam official religion); 8%
Christian; 32% other (Buddhist and animist)
Language: Malay and English official, Chinese
Literacy: 45%
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Labor force: 32,155; 30.5% agriculture; 32.8%
industry, manufacturing, and construction; 33.8%
trade, transport, services; 2.9% other
Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Brunei
Type: British protectorate; constitutional sultanate
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitution
promulgated by the Sultan in 1959
Branches: Chief of State is Sultan (advised by
appointed Privy Council) who appoints Executive
Council and Legislative Council
Government leader: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over; 3-tiered system
of indirect elections; popular vote cast for lowest level
(district councilors)
Elections: last elections-March 1965; further
elections postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: antigovernment,
exiled Brunei People's Party, Chairman A. M. N.
Azahari
Communists: information not available
ECONOMY
GNP: $460 million (1975 est.), $2,970 per capita
Agriculture: main crops-ruber, rice, pepper, must
import most food
Major industry: crude petroleum, liquefied natural
gas
Electric power: 84,000 kW capacity (1975); 220
million kWh produced (1975), 1,400 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,000 million (f.o.b., 1975); 95% crude
petroleum and liquefied natural gas
Imports: $200 million (c.i.f., 1975); 25% machinery
and transport equipment, 46% manufactured goods,
16% food
Major trade partners: exports of crude petroleum
and liquefied natural gas to Japan; imports from
Japan 30%, U.S. 24%, U.K. 15%, Singapore 9%
Budget: (1976) revenues $640 million, expenditures
$250 million, surplus $390 million; 20% defense
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 Brunei dollars =
US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 9.6 km narrow gage (0.610 m)
Highways: 1,207 km; 376 km paved (bituminous
treated), 402 km gravel or stone, 428 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft
drawing less than 1.2 meters
Ports: 2 minor (Bandar Seri Begawan, formerly
Brunei, and Kuala Belait)
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined products, 56
km; natural gas, 56 km; crude oil and natural gas, 241
km under construction
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runway; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 2 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service throughout country
is adequate for present needs; international service
good to adjacent Sabah and Sarawak; radiobroadcast
coverage good; 8,612 telephones; 20,500 radio and
12,000 est. TV sets; Radio Brunei broadcasts from 3
AM stations, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 38,000; 22,000
fit for military service; about 1,000 reach military age
(18) annually
BULGARIA
LAND
111,852 km2; 41% arable, 11% other agricultural,
33% forested, 15% other
Land boundaries: 1,883 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 354 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,795,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.7% (current)
Nationality: noun-Bulgarian(s); adjective-
Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarians, 8.5% Turks,
2.6% Gypsies, 2.5% Macedonians, 0.3% Armenians,
0.2% Russians, 0.6% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; religious
background of population is 85% Bulgarian
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Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman
Catholic, 0.5% Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian and
other
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely
correspond to ethnic breakdown
Literacy: 95% (est.)
Labor force: 5.0 million (1974); 32% agriculture,
33% industry, 35% other
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Peoples Republic of Bulgaria
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofiya
Political subdivisions: 28 okrugs (districts),
including capital city of Sofia
Legal system: based on civil law system, with
Soviet law influence; new constitution adopted in
1971; judicial review of legislative acts in the State
Council; legal education at University of Sofiya; has
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative, National Assembly; judici-
ary, Council of Ministers
Government leaders: Todor Zhivkov, Chairman,
State Council (President and chief of state); Stanko
Todorov, Chairman, Council of Ministers (premier)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: theoretically held every 5 years for
National Assembly; last elections held on 20 May
1976; 99.85% of the electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian Com-
munist Party, Todor Zhivkov, First Secretary;
Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, a puppet party,
Petur Tanchev, secretary
Communists: 788,211 party members (December
1975)
Mass organizations and front groups: Fatherland
Front, Dimitrov Communist Youth League, Central
Council of Trade Unions, National Committee for
Defense of Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism
and Capitalism, Committee of Bulgarian Women,
All-National Committee for Bulgarian-Soviet
Friendship
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO,
IPU, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
Warsaw Pact, International Organization of
Journalists, International Medical Association,
International Radio and Television Organization
ECONOMY
GNP: $23.1 billion, 1975 (at 1975 prices), $2,640
per capita; 1970-75 realgrowth rate, 8.9%
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main crops-
grain, vegetables; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per
day per capita (1969/70)
Fishing: catch 115,000 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: agricultural processing, machin-
ery, textiles and clothing, mining, ore processing,
timber
Shortages: some raw materials, metal products,
meat and dairy products; fodder
Crude steel: 2.2 million metric tons produced
(1975), 250 kg per capita
Electric power: 7 million kW capacity (1975); 25.2
billion kWh produced (1975), 2,860 kWh per capita
Exports: $4,682 million (f.o.b., 1975); 41%
machinery, equipment, and transportation equip-
ment; 15% fuels, minerals, raw materials, metals, and
other industrial material; 2% agricultural raw
materials; 32% foodstuffs, raw materials for food
industry, and animals; 10% industrial consumer goods
(1975)
Imports: $5,398 million (f.o.b., 1975); 42%
machinery, equipment, and transportation equip-
ment; 40% fuels, minerals, raw materials, metals,
other materials; 7% agricultural raw materials; 6%
foodstuffs and animals; 5% industrial consumer goods
Major trade partners: $10,080 million in 1975;
20% with non-Communist countries, 80% with
Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: .97 leva= US$1
(September 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year; economic data reported
for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is
reported for consumption year 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,314 km; about 4,069 km standard
gage (1.435 m), 245 km narrow gage; 260 km double
track; 1,256 km electrified; government-owned (1975)
Highways: 32,000 km; 13,190 km paved, 7,552 km
crushed stone and gravel, 11,325 km earth (1974)
Inland waterways: 480 km (1976)
Freight carried: rail-78.8 million metric tons,
17.3 billion metric ton/km (1975); highway-223
million metric tons, 6.3 billion metric ton/km (1975);
waterway-4.3 million metric tons, 2.0 billion metric
ton/km (excl. intl. transit traffic) (1974)
Ports: 2 major (Varna, Burgas), 5 minor (1976)
Civil air: 33 major transport aircraft (1976)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, est. 507 million leva; about 6% of
total budget
LAND
678,600 km2; 28% arable, of which 12% is
cultivated, 62% forest, 10% urban and other (1969)
Land boundaries: 5,850 km
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 3,060 km
PEOPLE
Population: 31,501,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (7-70 to 7-73)
Nationality: noun-Burman(s); adjective-Bur-
mese
Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen, 6%
Shan, 2% Kachin, 2% Chin, 2% Chinese, 3% Indian,
6% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% animist and other
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have
their own languages
Literacy: 70% (official claim)
Labor force: 11.9 million (1975); 67% agriculture,
13% industry, 20% services, commerce, and
transportation
Organized labor: no figure available; old labor
organizations have been disbanded, and government
is forming one central labor organization
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Socialist Republic of the Union of
Burma
Type: republic under 1974 constitution
Capital: Rangoon
Political subdivisions: seven divisions and seven
constituent states; subdivided into townships, villages,
and wards
Legal system: People's justice system and People's
Courts instituted under 1974 constitution; legal
education at Universities of Rangoon and Mandalay;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: State Council rules through a Council of
Ministers; People's Assembly has legislative power
Government leader: Chairman of State Council
and President, Gen. U. Ne Win
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: People's Assembly and local People's
Councils elected in 1974
Political parties and leaders: government-
sponsored Burma Socialist Program Party only legal
party
Communists: estimated 5,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: People's
Patriotic Party; Kachin Independence Army; Karen
Nationalist Union, several Shan factions
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $3.2 billion (FY75, in current prices), $110
per capita; real growth rate 2.8% (FY75)
Agriculture: accounts for nearly 70% of total
employment and about 27% of GDP; main crops-
paddy, sugarcane, corn, peanuts; almost 100% self-
sufficient; most rice grown in deltaic land
Fishing: catch 485,000 metric tons (1975)
Major industries: agricultural processing; textiles
and footwear; wood and wood products; petroleum
refining
Electric power: 450,000 kW capacity (1975); 760
million kWh produced (1975), 24 kWh per capita
Exports: $176 million (f.o.b., 1975); rice, teak
Imports: $262 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery and
transportation equipment, textiles, other manufac-
tured goods
Major trade partners: exports-India, Western
Europe, China, U.K., Japan; imports-Japan,
Western Europe, India, U.K.
Budget: (FY76) $278 million revenues; $436
million expenditures; $158 million deficit; 30%
military, 70% civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 6.542 kyat=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,285 km; 3,172 km meter gage (1.00
m), 113 km narrow-gage industrial lines; 328 km
double track; government-owned
Highways: 27,000 km; 3,200 km bituminous,
17,700 km improved earth, gravel, 6,100 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable
by large commercial vessels
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 79 usable; 23 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 38
with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: provide minimum require-
ments for local intercity service; international service
is fair; radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the more
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populous areas; 29,411 telephones; 627,000 radio, and
no TV sets; 1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget: (announced) for fiscal year
ending 31 March 1977; $144.5 million, comprising
5.5% of central government budget
BURUNDI
LAND
28,490 km2; about 37% arable (about 66%
cultivated), 23% pasture, 10% scrub and forest, 30%
other
Land boundaries: 974 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,897,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.4% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Burundian(s); adjective-
Burundian
Ethnic divisions: Africans-85% Hutu (Bantu),
14% Tutsi (Hamitic), I% Twa (Pigmy); other Africans
include perhaps 50,000 Zairians and 40,000
Rwandans; non-Africans include about 3,000
Europeansand 1,000 South Asians
Religion: about 60% Christian (53% Catholic, 7%
Protestant); rest mostly animist plus perhaps 2%
Muslims
Language: Kirundi and French official plus
Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the
Bujumbura area)
Literacy: about 15% in Kirundi, 3% in French, no
serviceable estimate for Kiswahili
Labor force: about 2 million (1976 est.)
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of
Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, membership is
extended to all Burundi workers (informally); figures
denoting "active membership" have been unob-
tainable
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic; military government overthrown
by military coup, November 1976; constitution
abolished
Capital: Bujumbura
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces, subdivided into
18 arrondissements and 78 communes; Bujumbura
city (population est. 60,000) has status equal to a
province
Legal system: based on German and French civil
codes and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Supreme Revolutionary Council is
governing body
Government leader: Col. Jean Bagaza, Chairman
of Supreme Revolutionary Council, established
November 1976
Elections: last legislative election May 1965;
legislature dissolved in 1966
Political parties and leaders: National Party of
Unity and Progress (UPRONA), a predominantly
Tutsi party, declared sole legitimate party in 1966,
was abolished in November 1976
Communists: no Communist party; resumed
diplomatic relations with the Peoples Republic of
China in October 1971 following a six-year
suspension; U.S.S.R., North Korea, and Romania also
have diplomatic missions in Burundi
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, ECA, FAO, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: about $340 million (1975), $90 per capita;
2% real growth (1970-74)
Agriculture: major cash crops-coffee, cotton;
main food crops-manioc, yams, corn, sorghums,
bananas, haricot beans; marginally self-sufficient
Industries: lightconsumer goods such as beverages,
blankets, shoes, soap, assembly of imports
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1975); 25
million kWh produced (1975), 7 kWh per capita
Exports: $46.2 million (f.o.b., 1975); coffee (85%),
tea, cotton, hides, skins
Imports: $47.5 million (c.i.f., 1975); textiles,
foodstuffs, transport equipment, petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.S., EEC countries
Aid: $40 million all donors (1975 est.), major donors
EEC, IBRD/IDA, U.N.
Budget: FY75-revenue $39 million, current
expenditure $41 million
Monetary conversion rate: 90 Burundi francs =
US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,954 km; 544 km bituminous,
remainder crushed stone, gravel, laterite, and
improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika navigable for
lake steamers and barges, 1 minor lake port
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 12 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: telegraph is principal
service, limited telephones; 4,800 telephones, 100,000
radio receivers; 2 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 932,000; 484,000
fit for military service; 43,000 reach military age (16)
annually
Ships: 3 high speed boats
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1975, $8,556,000; about 23.4% of ordinary
budget
CAMBODIA
LAND
181,300 km2; 16% cultivated, 74% forested, 10%
built-on area, wasteland, and other
Land boundaries: 2,438 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: about 443 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,887,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.2% (7-68 to 7-69)
Nationality: noun-Cambodian(s) or Khmer
(sing., pl.); adjective-Cambodian or Khmer
Ethnic divisions: 89% Khmer (Cambodian), 5%
Chinese, 3% Vietnamese, 3% other minorities
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% various
other
Language: Cambodian
Literacy: 55% (est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Cambodia
Type: republic
Capital: Phnom Penh
Legal system: Tribunal Committee chosen by
People's Representative Assembly
Branches: State Presidium, composed of chairman
and two vice chairmen; nine-member cabinet, totally
Communist, announced on 14 April; 250-member
People's Representative Assembly elected 20 March
for 5-year term; ten-member Assembly Standing
Committee
Government leader: Presidium Chairman, Khieu
Samphan; Prime Minister, Pol Pot; Deputy Prime
Ministers, leng Sary, Vorn Vet, Son Sen; Assembly
Standing Committee Chairman, Nuon Chea; "high
counselor," Penn Nouth, is only remaining symbol of
non-Communist participation in government
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Political parties and leaders: political life
dominated by Khmer Communist Party and panoply
of mass front organizations
Communists: party strength about 10,000
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: U.N.
ECONOMY
GNP: less than $500 million (1971), probably less
than $75 per capita (1975)
Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for rubber
plantations; main crops-rice, rubber, corn; food
shortages-rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products,
sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and
wood products, textiles
Shortages: fossil fuels
Electric power: 122,000 kW capacity (1975); 250
million kWh produced (1975), 35 kWh per capita
Exports: probably less than $1 million est. (1975);
rubber
Imports: probably less than $25 million (1975);
food, fuel, machinery
Major trade partners: exports-Thailand, China;
imports-China, North Korea
Aid: economic-$906.1 million est. (FY53-75); U.S.
aid, $876.1 million; probably about $25 to $30 million
from China and North Korea; military-U.S.,
$2,228.6 million (FY46-75)
Budget: no budget data available since Com-
munists took over government
Monetary conversion rate: not announced yet by
new Khmer Rouge government
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Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 612 km meter gage (1.00 m);
government-owned
Highways: 13,036 km; 2,430 km bituminous, 7,033
km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth; and
3,573 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to
craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to craft
drawing 1.8 meters
Ports: 2 major, 5 minor
Airfields: 60 total, 25 usable; 7 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 in, 6
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,798,000;
998,000 fit for military service; 78,000 reach military
age (18) annually
Military budget: unknown
CAMEROON
LAND
295,154 km2; 4% cultivated, 18% grazing, 13%
fallow, 50% forest, 15% other
Land boundaries: 4,554 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 18 nm
Coastline: 402 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,588,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.1% (current)
Nationality: noun-Cameroonian(s); adjective-
Cameroonian
Ethnic divisions: about 200 tribes of widely
differing background; 31% Cameroon Highlanders,
19% Equatorial Bantu, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 10%
Fulani, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 11% Kirdi, 13% other
African, less than 1% non-African
Religion: about one-half animist, one-third
Christian; rest Muslim
Language: English and French official, 24 major
African language groups
Literacy: South 40%, North 10%
Labor force: most of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture and herding; 200,000 wage
earners (maximum) including 22,000 government
employees, 63,000 paid agricultural workers, 49,000 in
manufacturing
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Republic of Cameroon
Type: unitary republic; one-party presidential
regime
Capital: Yaounde
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces divided into 39
departments
Legal system: based on French civil law system,
with common law influence; new unitary constitution
adopted 1972; judicial review in Supreme Court,
when a question of constitutionality is referred to it by
the President of the Republic; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, legislative, and judicial
Government leader: President Ahmadou Ahidjo
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: presidential elections held 5 April 1975;
parliamentary elections last held 18 May 1973
Political parties and leaders: single party,
Cameroonian National Union (UNC), President
Ahmadou Ahidjo
Communists: no Communist Party or significant
number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Cameroon
Peoples Union (UPC), an illegal terrorist group now
reduced to scattered acts of banditry with its factional
leaders in exile
Member of: AFBD, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate),
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, Lake Chad Basin
Commission, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM,
UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,425 million (mid 1975), per capita about
$220; real growth rate about 2.2% per annum
Agriculture: commercial and food crops - cocoa,
coffee, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, peanuts,
palm oil and palm kernels; root starches, livestock,
millet, sorghum, and rice
Fishing: imports 7,024 metric tons, $2.2 million;
exports 909 metric tons (largely shrimp), $3.5 million
(1975)
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Major industries: small aluminum plant, food
processing and light consumer goods industries,
sawmills
Electric power: 358,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.1
billion kWh produced (1975), 170 kWh per capita
Exports: $449 million (f.o.b., 1975); cocoa and
coffee about 55%; other exports include timber,
aluminum, cotton, natural rubber, bananas, peanuts,
tobacco, and tea
Imports: $598 million (c.i.f? 1975); consumer
goods, machinery, transport equipment, alumina for
refining, petroleum products, food and beverages
Major trade partners: about 70% of total trade
with France and other EC countries; about 5% of
total trade with U.S.
Budget: FY76 budget est. balanced at $500 million
Monetary conversion rate: 248.22 Communaute
Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as of August 1976
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,003 km; 858 km meter gage (1.00 m),
145 km 0.600-meter gage
Highways: approximately 13,755 km; including
1,231 km bituminous, 12,522 km gravel and earth
Inland waterways: 2,090 km
Ports: 1 major (Douala), 3 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 60 usable; 7 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: good telephone service; fair
to good telegraph service; 21,900 telephones; 232,000
radio receivers; 4 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 1
submarine cable; radio-relay Yaounde to Fort
Foureau; satellite ground station at Yaounde
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,490,000;
741,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (18) annually about 64,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1977, $51,474,621; 9.5% of central government
budget
CANADA
LAND
9,971,500 km2; 4% cultivated, 2% meadows and
pastures, 44% forested, 42% waste or urban, 8%
inland water
Land boundaries: 9,010 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 90,908 km
PEOPLE
Population: 23,314,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.4% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Canadian(s); adjective-
Canadian
Ethnic divisions: 44% British Isles origin, 30%
French origin, 26% other
Religion: 48% Protestant, 47% Catholic, 5% other
Language: English and French official
Labor force: 10.0 million; 29% service, 22%
manufacturing, 16% trade, 8% transportation and
utilities, 6% agriculture, 6% construction, 8% other,
7,0% unemployed
Organized labor: 27% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Canada
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II as
sovereign
Capital: Ottawa
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 2
territories
Legal system: based on English common law,
except in Quebec, where civil law system based on
French law prevails; constitution is British North
America Act of 1867 and various amendments;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: federal executive power vested in cabinet
collectively responsible to House of Commons, and
headed by Prime Minister; federal legislative
authority resides in Parliament consisting of Queen
represented by Governor-General, Senate, and
Commons; judges appointed by Governor-General on
the advice of the government; Supreme Court is
highest tribunal
Government leader: Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legal limit of 5 years but in practice held
at least every 4 years, last election July 1974
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CANADA/CAPE VERDE
Political parties and leaders: Liberal, Pierre
Trudeau; Progressive-Conservatives, Joe Clark; New
Democratic, Edward Broadbent; Social Credit, Real
Caouette
Voting strength (1974 election): Liberal 43% (139
seats), Progressive Conservative 35% (96 seats), New
Democratic Party 16% (16 seats), Social Credit 5% (11
seats), other 1%, Independents hold 1 seat, 2 seats
unoccupied
Communists: 2,000 approx.
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, DAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICRC, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO,
ITU, IWC-International Whaling Commission,
IWC-International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS
(observer), OECD, U.N., UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $154.7 billion (1975, in 1975 prices), $6,790
per capita (1975); 59% consumption, 20% investment,
24% government (1975); growth rate 4.3% (1970-75);
constant prices
Agriculture: main products-livestock, grains
(principally wheat), dairy products; food shortages-
fresh fruits and vegetables; caloric intake, 3,180
calories per day per capita (1966-67)
Fishing: catch 7 million metric tons; exports 2
million metric tons (1975)
Major industries: mining, metals, food products,
wood and paper products, transportation equipment,
chemicals
Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, precision
instruments
Crude steel: 13.0 million metric tons produced
(1975)
Electric power: 59,576,000 million kW capacity
(1975); 272.6 billion kWh produced (1975), 10,000
kWh per capita
Exports: $33,104 million (f.o.b., 1975, Canadian
source); principal items-transportation equipment,
wood and wood products including paper, ferrous and
nonferrous ores, crude petroleum, wheat; Canada is a
major food exporter
Imports: $35,952 million (c.i.f., 1975, Canadian
source); principal items-transportation equipment,
machinery, crude petroleum, communication
equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated metals, office
machines, fruits and vegetables
Major trade partners: 67% U.S., 16% EC, 5%
Japan (1975)
Aid: economic-(received) U.S., $388 million
(FY46-75); gross official aid to less developed
countries and multilateral agencies, $3,688 million
(1960-73), $637 million (1973); military-U.S., $13.1
million (FY49-73), none since 1961
Budget: total revenues $30,784 million; current
expenditures $33,534 million; gross capital formation
$1,144 million; budget deficit $3,894 million
(1975) (National Accounts Basis)
Monetary conversion rate: there is no designated
par value for the Canadian dollar, which was allowed
to float freely on the exchanges beginning 1 June
1970; since then the Canadian dollar has moved
between US$0.98-1.04 in value, 1975 average
IC$ = US$0.9830
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 70,904 km; 69,555 km standard gage
(1.435 m) (43 km electrified); 1,170 km 1.067-meter
gage (in Newfoundland); 179 km 0.914-meter gage
Highways: 829,308 km; 640,838 km surfaced
(189,798 km paved), 188,470 km earth
Inland waterways: 3,000 km
Pipelines: oil, 21,983 km total crude and refined;
natural gas, 74,740 km
Ports: 19 major, 300 minor
Civil air: 596 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,783 total, 1,445 usable; 285 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over
3,660, 29 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 283 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 58 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: excellent service provided by
modern telecom media; 13.54 million telephones;
22.0 million radiobroadcast receivers; 9.39 million TV
receivers; countrywide AM, FM, and TV coverage
including 630 AM, 80 FM, and 500 TV stations; 8
coaxial submarine cables; 3 major COMSAT stations
and 70 domestic COMSAT stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,691,000;
4,899,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (17) annually 230,000
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
March 1976, $3.4 billion; about 8.8% of proposed
central government budget
CAPE VERDE
LAND
4,040 km2, divided among 10 islands and several
islets
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 100 nm
Coastline: 965 km
PEOPLE
Population: 299,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.0% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: adjective-Cape Verdian
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GUINEA"'-
BISSAU
Ethnic divisions: about 28% African; 70%
mulatto; 2% European
Religion: Catholicism, fused with local supersti-
tions
Language: Portuguese and crioula, a blend of
Portuguese and West African words
Literacy: 14%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Cape Verde
Type: republic; achieved independence from
Portugal in July 1975
Capital: Praia
Political subdivisions: 10 islands
Legal system: to be determined
Branches: National Assembly, 56 members; the
official party is the supreme political institution
Government leaders: President, Aristides Pereira;
Prime Minister, Pedro Pires; Minister of Foreign
Affairs, Abilio Duarte
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: to be determined
Political parties and leaders: Partido Africano da
Independencia da Guinee e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), led
by Aristide Pereira, only legal party
Communists: none known
Member of: OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GDP: $33.5 million (1973 est.); $110 per capita
income
Agriculture: main crops-corn, beans, manioc,
sweet potatoes; barely self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch, 4,400 metric tons (1974);
largely undeveloped but provides major source of
export earnings
Major industries: salt mining
Electric power: 6,000 kW capacity (1975); 7
million kWh produced (1975); 25 kWh per capita
Exports: $2 million (f.o.b., 1973); fish, bananas,
salt
Imports: $34 million (c.i.f., 1973); machinery,
textiles
Major trade partners: Portugal, African neighbors
Aid: Portugal, $20 million (1974), for civil service
salaries, food, medicines; U.S., $5 million (1975), for
food and employment of rural workers
Budget: (est. 1974) $32 million expenditures, $12
million revenues
Monetary conversion rate: 27 escudos=US$1
(September 1975)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Ports: 1 major (Mindelo), 3 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft (registered in
Portugal)
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 permanent surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: interisland radio-relay
system, HF radio to mainland Portugal, about 1,600
telephones; 1 FM, 3 AM stations; 30,000 radio
receivers, 4 submarine cables (2 coaxial)
CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE
LAND
626,780 km2; 10%-15% cultivated, 5% dense
forests, 80%-85% grazing, fallow, vacant arable land,
urban, waste
Land boundaries: 4,981 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,846,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.2% (7-67 to 7-71)
Nationality: noun-Central African(s); adjective-
Central African
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Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic groups,
the majority of which have related ethnic and
linguistic characteristics; Banda (32%) and Baya-
Mandjia (29%) are largest single groups; 6,500
Europeans, of whom 6,000 are French and majority of
the rest Portuguese
Religion: 40% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 27%
animist, 5% Muslim; animistic beliefs and practices
strongly influence the Christian majority
Language: French official; Sangho, the lingua
franca and unofficial national language
Literacy: estimated at 5%-10%
Labor force: about half the population economi-
cally active, 80% of whom are in agriculture;
approximately 64,000 salaried workers
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Central African Empire
Type: parliamentary monarchy-founded on a
single party
Capital: Bangui
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47 subpre-
fectures
Legal system: based on French, Islamic, and tribal
law; in 1966 the Chief of State assumed all power and
abrogated the existing constitution; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Marshall Bokassa heads government and
rules by decree; assisted by cabinet called Council of
Ministers; judiciary, including Supreme Court, court
of appeals, criminal court, and numerous lower courts
Government leader: Emperor Salah Ad-Din
Ahmad Bokassa I
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: none have been held under Bokassa
regime
Political parties and leaders: Movement for the
Social Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN), ruling
party under former regime, still in existence but plays
little role, led by Emperor Salah Ad-Din Ahmad
Bokassa
Communists: no Communist Party or significant
number of sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EAMA, ECA, FAO, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, OCAM,
UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $266 million (1974), $150 per capita
Agriculture: commercial-cotton, coffee, peanuts,
sesame, wood; main food crops-manioc, corn,
peanuts, rice, potatoes, beef; requires wheat, flour,
rice, beef, and sugar imports
Major industries: sawmills, cotton textile mills,
brewery, diamond mining and splitting
Electric power: 27,000 kW capacity (1975); 65
million kWh produced (1975), 38 kWh per capita
Exports: $73 million (f.o.b., 1975); cotton, coffee,
diamonds, timber
Imports: $98 million (c.i.f., 1975 est.); textiles,
petroleum products, machinery and electrical
equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, chemicals
and pharmaceuticals
Aid: economic (through 1975)-U.S., $10.3
million; EC, $73.8 million; U.N., $11.5 million; other
international organizations, $23.4 million; Com-
munist Countries (1964-75), $7.2 million
Major trade partners: France; preferential tariff
applied to EC countries and franc zone; Yugoslavia,
Japan, U.S.
Budget: 1974 budget estimates-receipt $65.4
million, current expenditure $71.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 248.22 Communaute
Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as of August 1976
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 20,400 km; 190 km bituminous, 4,120
km gravel and/or crushed stone, 4,090 km improved
earth, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,080 km; traditional trade
carried on by means of dugouts on the extensive
system of rivers and streams; the Oubangui River
between Bangui and Brazzaville is navigable for
about 8 months a year, and short sections of the
Sangha and the Lobaye Rivers are navigable
throughout year; during high-water period (July -
December) Oubangui navigable upstream from
Bangui as far as Ouango
Ports: Bangui, Ouango (river ports)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 54 total, 48 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 18
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are meager and
provide only barely sufficient services; network is
composed of low-capacity, low-powered radiocom-
munication stations and radio-relay links; single
center of Bangui has only international radio
connections; 5,100 telephones; 70,000 radio receivers;
1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 460,000; 237,000
fit for military service
Supply: mainly dependent on France, but has
received equipment from Israel, Italy, U.S.S.R.
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CHAD
LAND
1,284,640 km2; 17% arable, 35% pastureland, 2%
forest and scrub, 46% other uses and waste
Land boundaries: 5,987 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,155,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.1% (7-72 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Chadian(s); adjective-
Chadian
Ethnic divisions: over 240 tribes representing 12
major ethnic groups-Muslims (Arabs, Toubou,
Fulani, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou, Baguirmi,
Boulala, and Wadai) in the north and center and non-
Muslims (Sara, Mayo-Kebbi, and Chari) in the south;
some 150,000 nonindigenous, 5,000 of them French
Religion: about half Muslim, 5% Christian,
remainder animist
Language: French official; Chadian Arabic is
lingua franca in north, Sara and Sangho in south
Literacy: estimated 5%-10%
Labor force: only 55% of population in
economically active group, of which 90% are engaged
in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing;
47,000 wage earners in industry and civil service
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic; military regime in power since
April 1975
Capital: N'Djamena
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and Chadian customary law; constitution adopted
1962; constitution suspended and national assembly
dissolved April 1975; judicial review of legislative acts
in theory a power of the Supreme Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority exercised by
Supreme Military Council composed of 9 officers
Government leader: President of Supreme Military
Council, General Felix Malloum
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: all political activity banned
Political parties and leaders: political parties
banned
Communists: no front organizations or un-
derground party; probably a few Communists and
some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: lightly armed
Muslim rebel bands have been opposing the
government since October 1965 in east-central and
since August 1969 in northern Chad
Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EAMA, ECA, FAO, GATT,
ICAC, ICAO, IBRD, IDA, IMF, ITU, Lake Chad
Basin Commission, OAU, UEAC, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $375 million (est. 1974), $90 per capita;
estimated real annual growth rate nearly zero since
1971
Agriculture: commercial-cotton, gum arabic,
livestock, fish; food crops-peanuts, millet, sorghum,
rice, dates, manioc, wheat; imports food
Fishing: catch 115,000 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: agricultural and livestock
processing plants (cotton textile mill, slaughterhouses,
brewery), natron
Electric power: 22,000 kW capacity (1975); 60
million kWh produced (1975), 15 kWh per capita
Exports: $68 million (f.o.b., 1974); cotton 74%
Imports: $114 million (c.i.f., 1974); cement,
petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery, textiles, and motor
vehicles
Major trade partners: France (about 40% in 1973)
and UDEAC countries; preferential tariffs to EC and
franc zone countries
Aid: major source France, more than $10 million
(1971-73); EDF, more than $15 million (1971-73);
U.S. (FY62-74), $24.9 million; U.S.S.R., $5.0 million
(1968-75); China, $67.6 million (1971-75); military
aid (1954-68)-$5.4 million; from France, $4.1
million, remainder from West Germany and Israel;
more than $10 million annually (est.) in French
military aid (1969-71)
Budget: 1974 ordinary budget-$90 million
Monetary conversion rate: 248.22 Communaute
Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as of August 1976
(floating)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
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Highways: 27,505 km; 242 km bituminous, 4,385
km gravel and laterite, and remainder unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 2,090 km of
year-round navigability, increased to 4,830 km during
high-water period
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 67 total, 63 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 in, 25
with runways 1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: fair system of radiocom-
munication stations only for intercity links; principal
center N'Djamena, secondary center Sarh; 5,480
telephones; 70,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM, and
no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 985,000; 507,000
fit for military service; average number reaching
military age (20) annually about 40,000
Supply: dependent on France primarily
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $15.5 million; about 18% of total
budget
LAND
740,740 km2; 2% cultivated, 7% other arable, 15%
permanent pasture, grazing, 29% forest, 47% barren
mountains, deserts, and cities
Land boundaries: 6,325 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3
nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 6,435 km
PEOPLE
Population: 10,543,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.9% (current)
Nationality: noun-Chilean(s); adjective-
Chilean
Ethnic divisions: 95% European stock and mixed
European with some Indian admixture, 3% Indian,
2% other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: 3.3 million (1973); 19% agricultural,
28% industry and construction, 29% services, 14%
commerce, 5% mining, 5% other (1973)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1973)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Political subdivisions: reorganization of regional
structure in progress
Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived from
Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by
French and Austrian law; constitution adopted 1925,
amended since then, currently being revised; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of Chile, Catholic University,
and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: President and 4-man Military-Police
Junta; bicameral legislature currently dissolved;
independent judiciary
Government leader: President, Gen. Augusto
PINOCHET Ugarte; other junta members, Adm. Jose
Toribio MERINO Castro, Gen. Gustavo LEIGH
Guzman, Gen. Cesar MENDOZA Duran
Suffrage: universal (except enlisted military and
police) and compulsory at age 18
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: Christian Demo-
cratic Party (PDC), Patricio Aylwin and Eduardo
Frei; National Party (PN), Sergio Onofre Jarpa; PDC
and PN are officially in "recess"; Popular Unity
coalition parties (outlawed)-Communist Party
(PCCh), Luis Corvalan (in prison); Socialist Party
(PS), Clodomiro Almeyda and Carlos Altamirano
(both in exile); Radical Party (PR); Christian Left
(IC); United Popular Action Movement (MAPU);
Independent Popular Action (API)
Voting strength (1970 presidential election):
36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% conservative
independent, 28.1% Christian Democrat; (1973
Congressional election) 44% Popular Unity coalition,
56% Democratic Confederation (PDC and PN)
Communists: 200,000
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CHILE/CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Other political or pressure groups: organized
labor; business organizations; landowners' associa-
tions (SNA-Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura);
extreme leftist, Movement of Revolutionary Left
(MIR), outlawed; rightist, Patria y Libertad (PyL),
outlawed
Member of: AIOEC, CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO,
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS,
SELA, U.N,, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO,
WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $8.3 billion (1975), $780 per capita; 80.3%
private consumption, 13.4% government consump-
tion; 13.9% gross investment, -7.6% net imports and
factor payments abroad (1972 est.); real growth rate,
1970-75 average annual increase -0.47%
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, other cereals,
potatoes; about 65% self-sufficient; 2,650 calories per
day per capita (1971 est.)
Fishing: catch 1,127,000 metric tons (1974);
exports $49.1 million (1975)
Major industries: copper, nitrates, foodstuffs, fish
processing, textiles and apparel, iron and steel, pulp
and paper
Crude steel: 0.7 million metric tons capacity
(1967); 488,400 metric tons produced (1975), 50 kq
per capita
Electric power: 2,600,000 kW capacity (1975); 9.8
billion kWh produced (1975), 900 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1975); copper, iron ore,
paper products, nitrates, iodine, and fresh fruit
Imports: $1,8 billion (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs,
petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Major trade partners: exports-41 % 41 % EC, 11 %
Japan, 8% U.S., 29% LAFTA; imports-17% EC,
29% U.S., 27% LAFTA (1975)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-73),
$1,484.6 million loans, $224 million grants; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $720 million
(of which IBRD $266 million, IDB $409 million);
from other Western countries (1960-66), $170.6
million; from Communist countries (1967-75), $447.7
million; military (FY53-75)-from U.S., $62 million
in loans, $154 million in grants
Budget: $1.8 billion revenues, $2.3 billion
expenditures (1975)
Monetary conversion rate: 15 pesos=US$1
(October 1976), changes frequently
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 8,817 km; 3,337 km 1.676-meter gage,
246 km standard gage (1.435 m), 4,230 km meter gage
(1.00 m), 110 km narrow gage (0.760 m), 35 km 0.600-
meter gage, 857 km, specific gage not given; 318 km
double track; 1,137 km electrified
Highways: 63,750 km; 8,900 km paved, 31,800 km
gravel, 23,050 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 725 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined products, 785
km; natural gas, 320 krn
Ports: 10 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 353 total, 353 usable; 43 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 54 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 6 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: extensive radio relay
network; telephone network modern, 476,000
instruments; COMSAT ground station; 2.75 million
radio and 1 million TV receivers; 153 AM, 30 FM,
and 55 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,771,000;
2,088,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (19) annually about 98,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, US$394.9 million; about 21.2% of
central government budget
CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
LAND
9.6 million km2; 11% cultivated, sown area
extended by multicropping, 78% desert, waste, or
urban (32% of this area consists largely of denuded
wasteland, plains, rolling hills, and basins from which
about 3% could be reclaimed), 8% forested; 2%-3%
inland water
Land boundaries: 24,000 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 14,500 km
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PEOPLE
Population: 958,540,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.5% (current)
Nationality: noun-Chinese (sing., pl. ); adjec-
tive-Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 94% Han Chinese; 6% Chuang,
Uighur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol,
Pu-I, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities
Religion: most people, even before 1949, have been
pragmatic and eclectic, not seriously religious; most
important elements of religion are Confucianism,
Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2%-3%
Muslim, 1% Christian
Language: Chinese (Mandarin mainly; also
Cantonese, Wu, Fukienese, Amoy, Hsiang, Kan,
Hakka dialects), and minority languages (see ethnic
divisions above)
Literacy: at least 25%
Labor force: 335 million (mid-1966); 85%
agriculture, 15% other; shortage of skilled labor
(managerial, technical, mechanics, etc.); surplus of
unskilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Peoples Republic of China
Type: Communist state; real authority lies with
Communist party's political bureau; the National
People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of
government, in reality merely rubber stamps the
party's programs; the State Council is the actual
governing organism
Capital: Peking
Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 centrally
governed municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions
Legal system: before 1966, a complex amalgam of
custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible
development of uniform code of administrative and
civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's
Court although legal activity centered in parallel
network of Public Security organs; laws and legal
procedure clearly subordinated to priorities of party
policy; whole system largely suspended during
Cultural Revolution, but gradually being revived
Branches: prior to 1966 control was exercised by
Chinese Communist Party, through State Council,
which supervised more than 50 ministries, commis-
sions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the standing
committee of the National People's Congress; this
system broke down under "Cultural Revolution"
pressures but has been reconsolidated and streamlined
to 29 ministries
Government leader: Premier of State Council,
Hua Kuo-feng; government subordinate to central
committee of CCP, under Chairman Hua Kuo-feng
Suffrage: universal over age 18, though this is
academic
Elections: no meaningful elections
Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist
Party (CCP), headed by Hua Kuo-feng; Hua is
Chairman of Central Committee; a new central
committee was formed at the 10th Party Congress
held in August 1973
Voting strength: 100% Communist for practical
purposes; no political nonconformity permitted
Communists: about 30 million party members in
1973
Other political or pressure groups: army (PLA)
remains a major force, although many soldiers who
acquired a wide range of civil political-administrative
duties during the Cultural Revolution have been
removed; many veteran civilian officials, in eclipse
since the Cultural Revolution, have been reinstated;
mass organizations, such as the trade unions and the
youth league, have been rebuilt in the provinces;
plans are underway to rebuild the national
organizations
Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Red Cross, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, other
international bodies
ECONOMY
GNP: $299 billion (1975), $320 per capita
Agriculture: main crops-rice, wheat, miscellane-
ous grains, cotton; caloric intake, 2,000 calories per
day per capita (1975); agriculture mainly subsistence;
grain imports 3.3 metric million tons in 1975
Major industries: iron and steel, coal, machine
building, armaments, textiles
Shortages: complex machinery and equipment,
highly skilled scientists and technicians
Crude steel: 26,0 million metric tons produced, 28
kg per capita (1975)
Exports: $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1975); agricultural
products, minerals and metals, manufactured goods
Imports: $7.4 billion (c.i.f., 1975); grain, chemical
fertilizer, industrial raw materials, machinery and
equipment
Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong, West
Germany, Singapore/Malaysia, France, U.S.,
Canada, Australia, U.K., U.S.S.R. (1974)
Monetary conversion rate: about 2 yuan=US$1
(arbitrarily established)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: networks total about 43,500 route km
common-carrier lines; about 600 km meter gage (1.00
m); rest standard gage (1.435 m); all single track
except 8,700 km double track on standard gage lines;
Paochi to Chengtu line electrified; about 9,500 km
industrial lines (gages range from 0.59 to 1.435 m)
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CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF/CHINA, REPUBLIC OF
Highways: about 800,000 km all types roads;
almost half (350,000 km) unimproved natural earth
roads and tracks; about 190,000 km improved earth
roads about 2- to 5-meters wide and in poor to fair
condition; remainder (about 240,000 km) includes
majority of principal roads
Ports: 9 major, 180 minor
Airfields: 382 total; 243 with permanent-surface
runways; 7 with runways over 3,660 m, 78 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 212 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: urban and industrial areas
served by reasonably adequate facilities for domestic
and international communication needs; facilities
being expanded; effective broadcast coverage is
provided by radio, extensive wired-broadcast
networks, and an expanding TV network; estimated 5
million telephones, 45 million radio receivers, 140
million wired-speakers and 350,000 TV receivers; 250
AM, 1 FM, and 105 TV transmitter and rebroadcast
stations; 3 standard international communications
satellite ground stations; coaxial cable links Canton to
Hong Kong; submarine cable links Shanghai to
Japan; additional submarine cables planned
CHINA, REPUBLIC OF
LAND
32,260 km2 (Taiwan and Pescadores); 24%
cultivated, 6% pasture, 55% forested, 15% other
(urban, industrial, denuded, water area)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 990 km Taiwan, 459 km offshore islands
PEOPLE
Population: 16,453,000, excluding the population
of Quemoy and Matsu Islands and foreigners
(January 1977), average annual growth rate 1.9%
(1-75 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Chinese (sing., pl.); adjec-
tive-Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% mainland
Chinese, 2% aborigines
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhism, Confucian-
ism, and Taoism; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other
Language: Chinese Mandarin (official language),
also Taiwanese and Hakka dialect
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 4.9 million; 33% primary industry
(agriculture), 32.1% secondary industry (including
manufacturing, mining, construction), 34.9% tertiary
industry (including commerce and services) 1972; 5%
unemployment (1975 est.)
Organized labor: about 12% of 1972 labor force
(government controlled)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of China
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime
Capital: Taipei
Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 4 cities, 1
special municipality (Taipei)
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted 1947, amended 1960 to permit
Chiang Kai-shek to be reelected, and amended 1972
to permit President to restructure certain government
organs; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: 5 independent branches (executive,
legislative, judicial, plus traditional Chinese functions
of examination and control), dominated by executive
branch; President and Vice President elected by
National Assembly
Government leaders: President Yen Chia-kan;
Premier Chiang Ching-kuo
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: national level-legislative yuan every 3
years but no general election held since 1948 election
on mainland (partial elections for Taiwan province
representatives December 1969, December 1972, and
December 1975); local level-provincial assembly,
county and municipal executives every 4 years;
county and municipal assemblies every 4 years
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang, or
National Party, led by Chairman Chiang Ching-kuo,
has no real opposition; 2 insignificant parties are
Democratic Socialist Party, Young China Party
Voting strength (1972 provincial assembly
election): 58 seats Kuomintang, 13 seats in-
dependents
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: expelled from U.N. General Assembly
and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and
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withdrew on same date from other charter-designated
subsidiary organs; attempting to retain membership in
international financial institutions; ICAC, ISO, IWC-
International Wheat Council
ECONOMY
GNP: $14.7 billion (1975, in 1975 prices), $920 per
capita; real growth, 8.3% (1970-75 average)
Agriculture: most arable land intensely farmed-
60% cultivated land under irrigation; main crops-
rice, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples,
citrus fruits; food shortages-wheat, corn, soybeans
Fishing: catch 779,825 metric tons (1975)
Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemicals,
plywood, electronics, sugar milling, food processing,
cement, ship building
Electric power: 5,500,000 kW capacity (1975);
21.8 billion kWh produced (1975), 1,300 kWh per
capita
Exports: $5,309 million (f.o.b., 1975); 31% textiles,
14% electrical machinery, 6% plywood and wood
products, 7% machinery and metal products, 7%
plastics, 5-% sugar
Imports: $5,952 million (c.i.f., 1975); 18%
machinery, 9% electrical machinery, 9% basic metals,
10% crude oil, 10% chemical products
Major trade partners: exports-34% U.S., 13%
Japan; imports-30% Japan, 28% U.S. (1975)
Aid: economic-U.S. (FY46-75), $3.2 billion
committed; IBRD (1964-75), $311 million commit-
ted; Japan (1965-74), $247 million committed; ADB
(1968-75), $93 million committed; military-U.S.
(FY46-75), $4.2 billion committed
Budget: $2.9 billion (FY77)
Monetary conversion rate: NT$38 (New Tai-
wan)=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: about 1,000 km common-carrier and
3,500 km industrial lines, all on Taiwan; common-
carrier lines consist of West System: 825 km meter
gage (1.00 m) with 325 km double track; East Line:
175 km narrow gage (0.762 m); common-carrier lines
owned by government and operated by Railway
Administration (TRA) under Ministry of Communica-
tions; industrial lines owned and operated by
government enterprises
Highways: network totals 16,575 km plus 483 km
on Penghu and offshore islands; 7,564 km paved,
6,276 km gravel and crushed stone, 2,736 km earth
Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural
gas
Ports: 4 major, 5 minor
Airfields: 37 total, 35 usable; 26 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 in, 10
with runways 2,440-3,659 in, 10 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: good international and
domestic service; 1.08 million telephones; est. 3
million radio receivers; 2.5 million TV receivers; 111
AM, 6 FM broadcast stations; 3 TV systems; 2
international COMSAT ground stations; radio relay
links to Hong Kong and the Philippines; new inter-
island submarine cables; Manila submarine cable
planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,062,000;
3,178,000 fit for military service; average number
currently reaching military age (19) annually 192,000
COLOMBIA
LAND
1,139,600 km2; settled area 28% consisting of
cropland and fallow 5%, pastures 14%, woodland,
swamps, and water 6%, urban and other 3%;
unsettled area 72%-mostly forest and savannah
Land boundaries: 6,035 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 2,414 km
PEOPLE
Population: 24,541,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Colombian(s); adjective-
Colombian
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% caucasian,
14% mulatto, 4% Negro, 3% mixed Negro-Indian, 1%
Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 47% of population over 15 years old
Labor force: 5.6 million (1966); 47% agriculture,
13% manufacturing, 18% services, 9% commerce,
13% other (1964); 10%-13% unemployment (1975)
Organized labor: 13% of labor force (1968)
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GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch dominates
government structure
Capital: Bogota
Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 4 territorial
districts, 4 special districts, 1 federal district
Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious
courts regulate marriage and divorce; constitution
decreed in 1886, amendments codified in 1946 and
1968; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: President, bicameral legislature,
judiciary
Government leader: President Alfonso Lopez
Michelsen
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: every fourth year; last presidential and
congressional elections April 1974; municipal and
departmental elections, April 1976
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party,
President Alfonso Lopez Michelsen; Conservative
Party, Alvaro Gomez Hurtado
Voting strength: 1974 presidential election-
Alfonso Lopez Michelsen 55%, Alvaro Gomez
Hurtado 32%, Maria Eujenia Rojas de Moreno 9.5%;
1976 municipal election, 52% Liberal Party, 40%
Conservative Party, 7% combined far left parties; 70%
abstention of eligible voters
Communists: 10,000-12,000 members est.
Other political or pressure groups: Communist
Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White; PCC/ML,
Chinese Line Communist Party, led by Pedro Lupo
Leon Arboleda Roldan
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU,
LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in
May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, SELA, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $14.51 billion, est. (1975, in 1975 prices),
$650 per capita; 69% private consumption, 7% public
consumption, 25% gross investment, -1% net foreign
balance (1974); real growth rate (1975), 4.0%; average
real growth rate (1971-75), 5.8%
Agriculture: main crops-coffee, rice, corn,
sugarcane, plantains, bananas, cotton, tobacco;
caloric intake, 2,140 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 90,500 metric tons 1974; exports
$9.9 million (1972), imports $7.1 million (1972)
Major industries: textiles, food processing, clothing
and footwear, beverages, chemicals, and metal
products
Crude steel: 0.37 million metric tons production
(1972), 20 kg per capita
Electric power: 3,300,000 kW capacity (1975); 12
billion kWh produced (1975), 510 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1975 est.); coffee,
fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle and
hides
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1975 est.); transporta-
tion equipment, machinery, industrial metals and raw
materials, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, fuels,
fertilizers, paper and paper products, foodstuffs and
beverages
Major trade partners: exports-36% U.S., 16%
Germany, 7% Spain; imports-40% U.S., 10%
Germany, 8% Japan, 4% Spain (1973)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$1,279 million loans, $302 million grants; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $1.8 billion;
from other Western countries (1960-71), $77.6
million; from Communist countries (1968-75) $24.5
million ($2.7 million drawn); military-assistance
from U.S. (FY46-75), $155 million
Budget: (1974) revenues $1,23 billion; expenditures
$1.23 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 34.760 pesos=US$1
(June 1976, changes frequently)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,456 km, all 0.914-meter gage, single
track, 35 km electrified
Highways: 56,650 km; 7,150 km paved, 37,350 km
crushed stone or gravel, 8,150 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by
river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,220 km; refined products,
1,330 km; natural gas, 590 km; natural gas liquids,
125 km
Ports: 5 major, 5 minor
Civil air: 120 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 719 total, 683 usable; 42 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
3,660 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 85 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 11 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: nationwide radio-relay
system; COMSAT ground station; 1.28 million
telephones; 6.5 million radio and 1,4 million TV
receivers; 325 AM, 130 FM, and 56 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,164,000;
3,365,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (18) annually about 236,000
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $134.2 million; about 9% of central
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COMOROS
LAND
2,170 km2; 4 main islands; forests 16%, pasture 7%,
cultivable area 48%, non-cultivable area 29%
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm; 200
nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 340 km
PEOPLE
Population: 318,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.5% (current)
Nationality: noun-Comoran(s); adjective-
Comoran
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Malay, Negroid
Religion: predominantly Islamic
Language: French, Arabic, Swahili
Literacy: presumably low
Labor force: mainly agricultural
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of the Comoros
Type: three of the four islands comprise an
independent republic, following local government's
unilateral declaration of independence from France in
July 1975; other island disallowed declaration and its
status is undecided
Capital: Moroni
Political subdivisions: 3 prefectures, 3 district
councils
Legal system: French and Muslim law
Branches: supreme authority exercised by the
President and an 11-member National Executive
Council; Prime Minister heads nine-man cabinet
Government leader: Ali Soilih, President of
National Executive Council
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: at discretion of Council of Ministers, on
advice of President; must be held before expiration of
5-year electoral mandate
Political parties and leaders: Comoran Demo-
cratic Union, Mohammed Dahlani; Democratic
Assembly of Comoros People, Said Mohamed Jaffar;
Comoros Socialist Party; Umma, Prince Said Ibrahim;
Mahorais Movement, Marcel Henry
Voting strength: in elections for Chamber of
Deputies in 1972, independence coalition of CDU
and DACP won 34 seats, Mahorais Movement won 5
Communists: information not available
Member of: OAU
ECONOMY
GDP: about $45 million (1973), $160 per capita;
growth probably negligible through 1974
Agriculture: food crops-rice, manioc, potatoes,
fruits, vegetables; export crops-essential oils for
perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, copra, cloves
Exports: $13 million (1974); perfume oils, vanilla,
copra, cloves
Imports: $37 million (1974); foodstuffs, cement,
fuels, chemicals, textiles
Major trade partners: France, Malagasy Republic,
Italy, Kenya, Tanzania and U.S.
Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity (1975); 3
million kWh produced (1975); 10 kWh per capita
Aid: French aid in 1971 was about $2.7 million, or
about 50% of the island's entire budget; Arab League,
$10 million in 1976
Budget: 1974-revenues, $10.5 million, current
expenditures, $9.4 million, investment expenditures,
$1.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 216 Communaute
Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$1 as of
January 1975 (floating since February 1973)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 999 km; approximately 295 km
bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel
Ports: 1 minor (Moroni on Grande Comore)
Civil air: 7 major transports (registered in France)
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 5 with permanent
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal system of HF
radiocommunication stations for interisland, island
and external communications to Malagasy and
Reunion; Dzaoudzi center but of slight significance;
1,380 telephones; 36,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, 1 FM,
and no TV stations
CONGO
LAND
349,650 km2; 63% dense forest or woodland, 33%
cultivable or grazing (2% cultivated est.), 4% urban or
waste
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
Coastline: 169 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,400,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.6%? (current)
Nationality: noun-Congolese (sing., pl.); adjec-
tive-Congolese or Congo
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups divided
into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most important
ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in south, Teke (17%)
in center, M'Bochi (12%) and Sangha (20%) in north;
about 8,500 Europeans, mostly French
Religion: about half animist, half nominally
Christian, less than 1% Muslim
Language: French official, many African lan-
guages with Lingala and Kikongo most widely used
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: about 40% of population economi-
cally active, most engaged in subsistence agriculture;
79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 16% of total labor force (1965
est. )
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Peoples Republic of the Congo
Type: republic; military regime established
September 1968
Capital: Brazzaville
Political subdivisions: 9 regions divided into
districts
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and customary law; constitution adopted 1973
Branches: President, Prime Minister, Council of
State; National Assembly; judiciary; all policy made
by Congolese Workers Party Central Committee and
Politburo
Government leaders: President, Major Marien
Ngouabi; Prime Minister Louis Goma
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: last legislative elections June 1973
Political parties and leaders: Congolese Workers
Party (PCT) is only legal party; president, Marien
Ngouabi
Communists: unknown number of Communists
and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union of
Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade
Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of
Congolese Union (URFC), General Union of
Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)
Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate),
FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU,
OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UEAC, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: about $600 million (1974 est.), $580 per
capita; real growth rate about 5% per year (1971-74)
Agriculture: cash crops-sugarcane, wood, coffee,
cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts, tobacco; food crops-
root crops, rice, corn, bananas, manioc, fish
Fishing: catch 19,000 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: crude oil, sawmills, brewery,
cigarettes, sugar mill, soap
Electric power: 47,000 kW capacity (1975); 115
million kWh produced (1975), 85 kWh per capita
Exports: $222 million (f.o.b., 1975); oil (58%),
lumber, sugar, tobacco, veneer, and plywood
Imports: $227 million (f.o.b., 1975); machinery,
transport equipment, manufactured consumer goods,
iron and steel, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Major trade partners: France and other EC
countries
Budget: 1973-revenue $82 million, expenditures
$104 million
Monetary conversion rate: 248.22 Communaute
Financiere Africaine francs = US$1 as of August 1976
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 784 km, 1,065-meter gage, single track
Highways: 8,302 km; 365 km bituminous surface
treated; remainder gravel, laterite, or improved earth
Inland waterways: 6,485 km navigable
Ports: 1 major (Pointe Noire)
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 68 total, 51 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 18
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: services adequate for
government and public; network is comprised of low-
capacity, low-powered radiocommunication stations,
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CONGO/COOK ISLANDS/COSTA RICA
coaxial cables and wire lines; key centers are
Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Dolisie; 10,200
telephones; 81,000 radio receivers; 2,700 TV receivers;
3 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 332,000; 166,000
fit for military service; about 13,000 reach military
age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $37,517,400; about 17% of central
government budget
COOK ISLANDS
LAND
About 240 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 120 km
PEOPLE
Population: 19,000, official estimate for 30 June
1974
Nationality: noun-Cook Islander(s); adjective-
Cook Islander
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full blood),
7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7% Polynesian and
other, 2.4% European, 0.9% other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace members
of Cook Islands Christian Church
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Cook Islands
Type: self-governing in "free association" with
New Zealand; Cook islands government fully
responsible for internal affairs and has right at any
time to move to full independence by unilateral
action; New Zealand retains responsibility for external
affairs, in consultation with Cook Islands government
Capital: Rarotonga
Branches: New Zealand Governor General appoints
Representative to Cook Islands, who represents the
Queen and the New Zealand government; Repre-
sentative appoints the Premier; Legislative Assembly
of 22 members, popularly elected; House of Arikis
(chiefs), 15 members, appointed by Representative, an
advisory body only
Government leader: Premier Albert Henry
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 4 years, latest in December 1975
Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party,
Sir Albert Henry; Democratic Party, Dr. Thomas
Davis
Voting strength (1974): Cook Islands Party, 13
seats; Democratic Party, 9 seats
ECONOMY
GDP: $400 per capita (1973)
Agriculture: export crops include copra, citrus
fruits, pineapple, tomatoes, and bananas, with
subsistence crops of yams and taro
Industry: fruit processing
Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1975); 9
million kWh produced (1975), 473 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.7 million (1971); fruit juice, clothing,
citrus fruits
Imports: $5.8 million (1971)
Major trade partners: (1970) exports-98% New
Zealand, imports-76% New Zealand, 7% Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1 NZ$=US$0.9947
(July 1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 260 km; 19 km paved, 109 km gravel,
84 km improved earth, 48 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total; 1 with composite surface runway
2,206 m, 3 with natural surface runways 1,220-2,439
m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, and no TV
stations; 7,000 radio receivers, and 960 telephones
LAND
51,000 km2; 30% agricultural land (8% cultivated,
22% meadows and pasture), 60% forested, 10% waste,
urban, and other
Land boundaries: 670 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; specialized competence over living
resources to 200 nm)
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COSTA RICA
Coastline: 1,290 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,041,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.4% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Costa Rican(s); adjective-
Costa Rican
Ethnic divisions: 98% white (including mestizo),
2% Negro
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: about 85%
Labor force: 585,313 (1975); 36% agriculture; 12%
manufacturing; 11% commerce; 6% construction; 5%
transportation, utilities; 20% service (government,
education, social); 2% finance; 8% other; 7,4%
unemployment (1973)
Organized labor: about 11.5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: unitary republic
Capital: San Jose
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system;
constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education
at University of Costa Rica; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President, unicameral legislature,
Supreme Court elected by legislature
Government leader: President Daniel Oduber
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18 and
over
Elections: every 4 years; next, February 1978
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation
Party (PLN), temporarily unfilled; National
Unification Party (PUN), Francisco Calderon
Guardia; Democratic Renovation Party (PRD),
Rodrigo Carazo; Christian Democratic Party (PDC),
Jorge Monge Zamora; National Independence Party
(PNI), Jorge Gonzalez Marten; Popular Vanguard
Party (PVP, Communist), Manuel Mora Valverde
Voting strength (1974 election): National
Unification (coalition of PUN, PR, and PURA)
30.4%, 16 seats; PLN 43.5%, 27 seats; PNI 11%, 6
seats; PRD 9%, 3 seats; PASO 2.3%, 2 seats
Communists: 3,200 members, 10,000 sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Costa Rican
Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD),
General Confederation of Workers (CGT), Chamber
of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic
Development (ANFE)
Member of: CACM, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, NAMUCAR (Carib-
bean Multinational Shipping Line-Nav4era Mul-
tinacional del Cartbe), OAS, ODECA, SELA, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.7 billion (1975, in 1975 dollars), $860 per
capita; 72% private consumption, 17% public
consumption, 23% gross domestic investment, -12%
net foreign balance (1975); real growth rate 1975, 2%;
average growth (1971-74), 6.5%
Agriculture: main products-bananas, coffee,
sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, livestock products;
caloric intake, 2,610 calories per day per capita (1966)
Fishing: catch 14,000 metric tons (1974); exports,
$2.2 million (1973), imports, $0.3 million (1973)
Major industries: food processing, textiles and
clothing, construction materials, fertilizer
Electric power: 380,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 740 kWh per capita
Exports: $488 million (f.o.b., 1975); coffee,
bananas, beef, sugar, cacao
Imports: $699 million (c.i.f., 1975); manufactured
products, machinery, transportation equipment,
chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports-32% U.S., 24%
CACM, 13% West Germany; imports-34% U.S.,
16% CACM, 6% West Germany, 10% Japan (1974)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$138 million loans, $117 million grants; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $349 million;
from other Western countries (1960-71), $7.7 million;
military-assistance from U.S. (FY60-75) $2.0
million; Communist-$15 million (economic) from
U.S.S.R. (1971)
Monetary conversion rate: 8.57 colones=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 651 km; 632 km 1.065-meter gage, 19
km 0.914-meter gage, all single track, 115 km
electrified
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Highways: 23,100 km; 1,650 km paved, 6,650 km
otherwise improved, 14,800 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 730 km perennially
navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 125 km
Ports: 3 major (Limon, Golfito, Puntarenas), 4
minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 157 total, 152 usable; 21 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-
3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: good domestic telephone
service; 113,700 telephones; connection into Central
American microwave net; 350,000 radio and 175,000
TV receivers; 45 AM, 10 FM, and 11 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 448,000; 292,000
fit for military service; average number reaching
military age (18) annually about 24,000
Supply: dependent on imports from U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1973, $5.2 million for Ministry of Public
Security, including the Civil Guard; about 2.3% of
total central government budget
LAND
114,478 km2; 35% cultivated, 30% meadow and
pasture, 20% waste, urban, or other, 15% forested
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 3,735 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,567,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.6% (current)
Nationality: noun-Cuban(s); adjective-Cuban
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white, 11%
Negro, 1% Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic
before Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Literacy: about 96%
Labor force: 2.36 million; 34% agriculture, 17%
industry, 6% construction, 6% transportation, 29%
services, 8% unemployed and underemployed
Organized labor: 46% of total force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Cuba
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169
municipalities
Legal system: based on Spanish and American law,
with large elements of Communist legal theory;
Fundamental Law of 1959 replaced Constitution of
1940; a new constitution was approved at the Cuban
Communist Party's First Party Congress in December
1975 and by a popular referendum which took place
on February 15,1976; portions of the new constitution
were put into effect on February 24, 1976, by means
of a Constitutional Transition Law, and the entire
constitution became effective on December 2, 1976;
legal education at Universities of Havana, Oriente,
and Las Villas; does not accept compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive; legislature (National People's
Assembly); controlled judiciary
Government leader: President Fidel Castro Ruz
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age
16
Elections: National People's Assembly (indirect
election) every five years; election held November
1976
Political parties and leaders: Cuban Communist
Party (PCC), First Secretary Fidel Castro Ruz, Second
Secretary Raul Castro Ruz
Communists: approx. 200,000 party members
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, GATT, IADB
(nonparticipant), ICAO, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
International Rice Commission, ISO, IWC-
International Wheat Council, ITU, NAMUCAR
(Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line-Naviera
Multinacional del Caribe), OAS (nonparticipant),
Permanent Court of Arbitration, Postal Union of the
Americas and Spain, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $7.5 billion (1974 est., in 1974 prices), $820
per capita; 60% private consumption, 20% public
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consumption, 20% gross investment; real growth rate
1974, 3%
Agriculture: main crops-sugar, tobacco, coffee,
rice, potatoes, tubers, citrus fruits
Fishing: catch 180,000 metric tons (1975); exports
$75 million (1975), imports $24.4 million (1973)
Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum
refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles,
chemicals, paper and wood products, metals
Shortages: spare parts for transportation and
industrial machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 0.35 million metric tors capacity
(planned); 297,500 metric tons produced (1975); 30
kg per capita
Electric power: 1,220,000 kW capacity (1975); 6.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 650 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1975 est.); sugar,
nickel, tobacco
Imports: $3.8 billion (c.i.f., 1975 est.); capital
goods, industrial raw materials, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-60% U.S.S.R., 11%
other Communist countries, 8% Japan; imports-41%
U.S.S.R., 13% Japan, 10% other Communist countries
(1975)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$1.21
(nominal)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 14,640 km government-owned; 5,040
km common-carrier lines of which 4,960 km standard
gage (1.435 m), 80 km 0.914-meter gage; about 9,600
km plantation/industrial lines, 6,400 km standard
gage (1.435 m), 3,200 narrow gage
Highways: 20,700 km; 8,800 km paved, 11,900 km
gravel and earth surfaced
Inland waterways: 240 km
Pipelines: natural gas, 80 km
Ports: 8 major (including U.S. Naval Base at
Guantanamo), 44 minor; Guantanamo under U.S.
control
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft (1 leased)
Airfields: 199 total, 182 usable; 45 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
3,660 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 25 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 11 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: modern facilities adequately
serve military and most civil needs; excellent
international facilities; satellite ground station;
370,000 telephones; 2.0 million radio and 600,000 TV
receivers; 100 AM, 25 FM, and 17 TV stations; 4
submarine cables, including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1966 (last announced budget), $213
million; about 7.8% of total budget
CYPRUS
LAND
9,251 km2; 47% arable and land under permanent
crops, 18% forested, 10% meadows and pasture, 25%
waste, urban areas, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 644 km
PEOPLE
Population: 650,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.8% (1-72 to 1-75)
Nationality: noun-Cypriot(s); adjective-Cypriot
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4%
British, Armenian, and other
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox, 18% Muslim, 4%
Masonite Armenian Apostolic and other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy: about 82% of population 7 years or older
Labor force: 267,000 (1970 est.), 38% agriculture,
23% industry, 9% commerce, 2% mining, 28% other;
3,130 registered unemployed (December 1968)
Organized labor: 24% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic since August 1960; separate de facto
Greek Cypriot, and Turkish Cypriot governments
have evolved since outbreak of communal strife in
1963; this separation was further solidified following
the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974;
negotiations, which have been going on since January
1975, have focused on the creation of a federal system
of government with substantial autonomy for each of
the two communities
Capital: Nicosia
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative districts
Legal system: based on common law, with civil
law modifications; negotiations to create the basis for
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a new or revised constitution to govern the island and
relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have
been going on intermittently
Branches: currently a rump government with
effective authority only over the Greek Cypriot
community, consisting basically of Greek Cypriot
parts of bodies provided for by constitution; headed
by President of the Republic and comprised of
Council of Ministers, House of Representatives, and
Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots have their own
"Constitution" and governing bodies within the
"Federated Turkish State of Cyprus"
Government leaders: President, Archbishop
Makarios III (Greek); Vice President, Rauf Denktash
(Turk)
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: officially every 5 years; Turkish Cypriot
"Presidential" and "Parliamentary" elections held
June 1976; Greek Cypriot parliamentary elections
held in September 1976
Political parties and leaders: Reform Party of the
Working People (AKEL) (Communist Party), Ezekias
Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DR), Glafkos
Clerides; Democratic Front (DF) (pro-Makarios),
Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the
Center (EDEK), Vassos Lyssarides; National Unity
Party, Rauf Denktash; Populist Party, Alper Orhon;
Republican Turkish Cypriot Party, Ahmet Ber-
beroglou; Communal Salvation Party
Voting strength: Rauf Denktash won the 1976
"Presidential" contest in the Turkish Cypriot zone
with 76% of the vote and his party won 30 of 40 seats
in the "Assembly" with 54% of the vote; a pro-
Makarios coalition composed of AREL, EDER, and
the DF received 75% of the vote in the September
1976 Greek Cypriot parliamentary election and 34 of
35 seats while Clerides' DM won 25% of the vote and
no seats; the remaining seat was given to an
independent
Communists: 12,000; sympathizers estimated to
number 60,000
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Youth Organization (EDON) (Com-
munist-controlled); Pan Cyprian Confederation of
Labor (PEO) (Communist-controlled); Cyprus
Confederation of Labor (SEK) (pro-West); Cyprus
Turkish Federation of Trade Unions (KTBIF)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO,
IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $710.8 million (1975), $1,090 per capita;
1974 real growth rate 2.0%
Agriculture: main crops-vine products, citrus,
potatoes, other vegetables; food shortages-grain,
dairy products, meat, fish; caloric intake, 2,460
calories per day per capita (1964-66)
Major industries: mining (cupreous and iron
pyrites, asbestos), manufactures principally for local
consumption-food, beverages, footwear
Shortages: water, petroleum
Electric power: 245,000 kW capacity (1975); 717
million kWh produced (1975), 890 kWh per capita
Exports: $151 million (f.o.b., 1975, converted at
average trade conversion factor of 1 Cyprus
pound = US$2.71); principal items-copper, pyrites,
citrus, raisins, and other agricultural products
Turkish Sector exports: $10 million (f.o.b., 1975,
converted at average conversion factor of 14.465
Turkish lira = US$1); principal items are foodstuffs,
petroleum, raw materials, and machinery
Imports: $308 million (c.i.f., 1975, converted at
average trade conversion factor of 1 Cyprus
pound = U S$2.71); principal items-manufactured
goods, machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum products, foods
Turkish Sector imports: $31 million (c.i.f., 1975,
converted at average trade conversion factor of 14.465
Turkish lira=US$1); principal items are citrus fruits
Major trade partners: (1975) imports-20% U.K.,
7% West Germany, 7% France, 6% Italy, 3% U.S.;
exports-36% U.K., 5% U.S.S.R., 3% Netherlands,
2% West Germany, 2% Greece
Turkish Sector major trade partners: (1975)
imports-64% Turkey, 12% U. K., 6% West Germany,
4% Lebanon; exports-44% Turkey, 33% U.K., 12%
Netherlands
Aid: economic-U.S., $39.4 million authorized
(FY46-75), U.S., $26 million (1975); IBRD, $70.1
million (FY46-75); U.N. Technical Assistance, $1.7
million (FY46-72); U.N. Special Fund, $9.9 million
(FY46-72); Greece, $35 million (1975)
Turkish Sector aid: Turkey, $16 million
Budget: 1976-revenues $120 million, expenditures
$163 million, deficit $43 million
Turkish Sector budget: revenues $38 million,
expenditures $78 million, deficit $40 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cyprus pound=
US$2.61 (December 1971 through January 1973), 1
Cyprus pound = US$2.531 (trade conversion factor as
of January 1976
Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate:
15.15 Turkish lira=US$1 (trade conversion factor as
of January 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Note: 1974 and 1975 GNP, import, export, and
budget figures are Government of Cyprus figures
which include 100% of island until August 1974 and
60% of island thereafter; the Turkish sector of island
for last 4 months of 1974 is part of Turkish mainland
economy. With the passage of time, some information
on the Turkish sector of the island has become
available.
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COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 9,358 km; 4,203 km bituminous surface
treated; 5,155 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol), 6
minor; Famagusta under Turkish control
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 13 total, 12 usable; 8 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: moderately good telecom-
munication system; 77,000 telephones; 206,000 radio
receivers; 86,000 TV receivers; 12 AM, 3 FM, and 4
TV stations; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and
Turkey; 2 submarine coaxial cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $26.9 million about 13,1 % of central
government budget
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
LAND
127,946 km2; 42% arable, 14% other agricultural,
35% forested, 9% other
Land boundaries: 3,540 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,989,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.8% (current)
Nationality: noun-Czechoslovak(s); adjective-
Czechoslovak
Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czechs, 30.0% Slovaks,
4.0% Magyars, 0.6% Germans, 0.5% Poles, 0.4%
Ukrainians, 0.2% others (Jews, Gypsies)
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant,
2% Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Czech, Slovak, Hungarian
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: 7.4 million; 14% agriculture, 38.6%
industry, 11% services, 36.4% construction, communi-
cations and others
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
(C,S.S.R.)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Prague
Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate and
nominally autonomous republics (Czech Socialist
Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic); 7 regions
(kraj) in Czech lands, three regions in Slovakia;
national capitals of Prague and Bratislava have
regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on Austrian-
Hungarian codes, modified by Communist legal
theory; revised constitution adopted 1960, amended
in 1968 and 1970; no judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Karlova University School of
Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive-President (elected by
Federal Assembly), cabinet (appointed by President);
legislative-Federal Assembly (elected directly),
Czech and Slovak National Councils (also elected
directly) legislate on limited area of regional matters;
judiciary-Supreme Court (elected by Federal
Assembly); entire governmental structure dominated
by Communist Party
Government leaders: President Gustav Husak
(elected May 1975), Premier Lubomir Strougal
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: governmental bodies every 5 years (last
election, November 1971); President every 5 years
Dominant political party and leader: Communist
Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Gustav Husak,
General Secretary; Communist Party of Slovakia
(KSS) has status of "provincial KSC organization"
Voting strength (1976 election): 99.7% for
Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.38 million party members
Other political groups: puppet parties-Czech-
oslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party,
Slovak Freedom Party, Slovak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $56.6 billion in 1975 (at 1975 prices), $3,820
per capita; 1975 real growth rate 4.9%
Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main crops-
wheat, rye, potatoes, sugar beets; net food importer-
meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh fruits and
vegetables; caloric intake, 3,100 calories per day per
capita (1967)
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Major industries: machinery, food processing,
metallurgy, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: ores, crude oil
Crude steel: 14.3 million metric tons produced
(1975), 970 kg per capita
Electric power: 14 million kW capacity (1975);
59.2 billion kWh produced (1975), 3,980 kWh per
capita
Exports: $8,360 million (f,o,b., 1975); 47%
machinery, equipment; 31% fuels, raw materials; 5%
foods, food products, and live animals; 17% consumer
goods, excluding foods (1974)
Imports: $9,089 million (f.o.b., 1975); 36%
machinery, equipment; 45% fuels, raw materials; 10%
foods, food products, and live animals; 8% consumer
goods, excluding foods (1974)
Monetary conversion rate: noncommercial 9.27
crowns = US$1, commercial 5.58 crowns = US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
Note: foreign trade figures were converted at the
rate of 5.58 crowns= US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 13,208 km; 12,920 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 112 km broad gage (1.524 m), 176 km
narrow gage (1.00 m and 1.067 m); 2,786 km double
track; 2,787 km electrified; government-owned (1975)
Highways: 72,981 km; 1,381 km concrete; 55,200
km bituminous; 2,880 km cobblestone, brick sett,
stone block; 13,520 km crushed stone, gravel,
improved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 827 km (1976)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined products,
861 km; natural gas, 5,601 km
Freight carried: rail-272.8 million metric tons,
62.8 billion metric ton/km (1975); highway-955.9
million metric tons, 13.6 billion metric ton/km
(1974); waterway-4.9 million metric tons, 2.8 billion
metric ton/km (excl. int'l. transit traffic) (1975)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia,
Gdansk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and Koper in
Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Rostock, GDR; principal
river ports are Prague, Melnik, Usti nad Labem,
Decin, Komarno, Bratislava (1976)
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft (1976)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1976, est. 20.4 billion crowns,
about 7% of total budget
LAND
42,994 km2 (exclusive of Greenland and Faroe
Islands); 64% arable, 8% meadows and pastures, 11%
forested, 17% other
Land boundaries: 68 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,379 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,079,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.3% (current)
Nationality: noun-Dane(s); adjective-Danish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other
Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other
Language: Danish; small German-speaking
minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2.5 million; 9.5% agriculture, forestry,
fishing, 26.6% manufacturing, 8.3% construction,
15.7% commerce, 6.8% transportation, 5.6% services,
25.7% government, 1.8% other; 7.6% of registered
labor force unemployed (January 1976)
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 communes,
88 towns
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative acts; legal
education at Universities of Copenhagen and Arhus;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with
Crown and parliament (Folketing); executive power
vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet responsible
to parliament; Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106
lower courts
Government leaders: Queen Margrethe II; Prime
Minister, Anker Jorgensen
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Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age
21
Elections: on call of prime minister but at least
every four years (last election 9 January 1975)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic,
Anker Jorgensen; Moderate Liberal, Poul Harding;
Conservative, Poul Schluter; Radical Liberal, Kristen
Helveg Petersen; Socialist Peoples, Gert Petersen;
Communist, Knud Jespersen; Left Socialist, Preben
Wilhjelm and Steen Folke; Center Democratic,
Erhard Jakobsen; Progressive, Mogens Glistrup;
Christian People's, Jens Miller; Justice, Ib Chris-
tensen; Communist League Marxist-Leninest, Benito
Scocozza
Voting strength (1975 election): 30.0% Social
Democratic, 23.3% Moderate Liberals, 13.6%
Progressive, 7.1% Radical Liberal, 5.5% Conservative,
5.3% Christian Peoples, 4.9% Socialist Peoples, 4.2%
Communist, 2.2% Center Democratic, 3.9% other
Communists: 7,500-8,000; a number of sympa-
thizers, as indicated by 110,809 Communist votes cast
in 1973 elections
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC,
EEC, ELDO (observer), EMA, ESRD, EURATOM,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic
Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $32.8 billion (1975), $6,470 per capita; 54%
private consumption, 26% investment, 20% govern-
ment; 1975 growth rate -2.5%, constant prices
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in
dairying and animal husbandry; main crops-cereals,
root crops; food imports-oilseeds, grain, feedstuffs;
caloric intake, 3,180 calories per day per capita (1968-
69)
Fishing: catch 1,73 million metric tons, exports
$427.7 million (1975)
Major industries: food processing, machinery and
equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products,
electronics, transport equipment, metal products,
brick and mortar, furniture and other wood products
Crude steel: 564,000 metric tons produced (1975),
110 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,969,000 kW capacity (1975);
18.7 billion kWh produced (1975), 3,000 kWh per
capita
Exports: $8.712 million (f.o.b., 1975); principal
items-meat, dairy products, industrial machinery
and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical
products, transport equipment, fish, furs, and
furniture
Imports: $10,368 million (c.i.f., 1975); principal
items-industrial machinery, transport equipment,
petroleum, textile fibers and yarns, iron and steel
products, chemicals, grain and feedstuffs, wood and
paper
Major trade partners: 45.4% EC-nine (16.8% West
Germany, 14.2% U.K.); 14.6% Sweden; 5.6% U.S.;
4.3% Communist countries (1975)
Aid: economic-U.S., $360 million authorized
FY46-75; IBRD, $85.2 million through 1975, none
since 1964; net official economic aid given to less
developed areas and multilateral agencies, $250.5
million (1960-70), $76.5 million (1971), $98.3 million
(1972), $131.6 million (1973), $170.9 million (1974);
military-U.S., $640 million (FY49-75)
Budget: (1976) expenditures $13.75 billion,
Premier
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kroner=US$0,174,
1975, average exchange rate
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,744 km standard gage (1.435 m);
Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,227 km (1,999
km rail line and 228 km rail ferry services); 84 km
electrified, 743 km double tracked; 517 km of
standard gage lines are privately-owned and operated
Highways: approximately 64,480 km; 62,400 km
concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 2,080 km gravel,
crushed stone, improved earth
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: refined products, 418 km
Ports: 16 major, 44 minor
Civil air: 84 major transport aircraft including 9
belonging to Greenland
Airfields: 160 total, 123 usable; 22 with
permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane
station
Telecommunications: excellent telephone, tele-
graph, and broadcast services; 2.34 million
telephones; 1.84 million radiobroadcast receivers; 1,62
million TV receivers; 3 AM, 13 FM, and 30 TV
stations; 14 submarine coaxial cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,195,000;
1,050,000 fit for military service; 38,000 reach military
age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
March 1977, $852.7 million; about 6.5% of central
government budget
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DOMINICA/DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
DOMINICA
LAND
790 km2; 24% arable, 2% pasture, 67% forests, 7%
other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 148 km
PEOPLE
Population: 78,000, average annual growth rate
1.6% (4-60 to 4-70)
Nationality: noun-Dominican(s); adjective-
Dominican
Ethnic divisions: mostly of African Negro descent
Religion: Roman Catholic, Church of England,
Methodist
Language: English; French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 23,000; about 50% in agriculture
Organized labor: 25% of the labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Dominica
Type: dependent territory with full internal
autonomy as a British "Associated State"
Capital: Roseau
Political subdivisions: 10 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law; three
local magistrate courts and the British Caribbean
Court of Appeals
Branches: legislature, 11 member popularly elected
House of Assembly; executive, cabinet headed by
Premier
Government leaders: Premier Patrick Roland
John; U.K. Governor Sir Louis Cools-Lartigue
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; most recent March 1975
Political parties and leaders: Dominica Labor
Party (DLP), Patrick John; Dominica Freedom Party
(DFP), Miss M. Eugenia Charles (unofficial)
Voting strength: House of Assembly seats-DFP 3
seats, DLP 16 seats, independent 2 seats
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM, WCL
ECONOMY
GDP: $21.0 million (1971 est.), $270 per capita;
8.8% increase in 1971, including price changes
Agricultural products: bananas, citrus, coconuts,
cocoa
Major industries: agricultural processing, tourism
Electric power: 2,000 kW capacity (1975); 7
million kWh produced (1975), 100 kWh per capita
Exports: $12 million (f.o.b., 1975); bananas, lime
juice and oil, cocoa, reexports
Imports: $22 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery and
equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured articles, cement
Major trade partners: 47% U.K., 15% Com-
monwealth Caribbean countries, 7% U.S., 6%
Canada (1975)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 East Caribbean
dollars=US$1 (May 1975), now floating with pound
sterling
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 750 km; 370 km paved, 260 km gravel,
crushed stone, or stabilized earth surface, 120 km
unimproved
Ports: 2 minor (Roseau, Portsmouth)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with asphalt runway 1,472 m
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones in fully
automatic network; VHF and UHF link to St. Lucia;
15,000 radio receivers; 150 TV receivers; 1 AM and 1
TV station
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
LAND
48,692 km2; 14% cultivated, 4% fallow, 17%
meadows and pastures, 45% forested, 20% built-on or
waste
Land boundaries: 361 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,288 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,906,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun-Dominican(s); adjective-
Dominican
Ethnic divisions: 73% mulatto, 16% white, 11%
Negro
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January 1977
JAMAICA
Caribbean Sea
central committee, illegal; Dominican Popular
Movement (MPD), illegal; 12th of January National
Liberation Movement (ML-12E), Plinio Matos
Moquete, illegal; Communist Party of the Dominican
Republic (PACOREDO), Luis Montas Gonzalez,
illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP), illegal
Voting strength (1974 election): 85% PR, 15%
PDP, all other parties abstained
Communists: an estimated 1,500 to 1,800 members
in six different factions; effectiveness limited by
ideological differences and organizational inade-
quacies
Member of: FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, IOOC, ISO, ITU, OAS, SELA, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $3.9 billion (1975), $830 per capita; real
growth rate 1975, 4.8%
Agriculture: main crops-sugarcane, coffee, cocoa,
tobacco, rice, corn; imports rice; caloric intake, 2,200
calories per day per capita (1966)
Major industries: sugar processing, nickel mining,
bauxite mining, gold mining, textiles, cement
Electric power: 430,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 320 kWh per capita
Exports: $894 million (f.o.b., 1975); sugar, nickel,
coffee, tobacco, cocoa, bauxite
Imports: $950 million (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs,
petroleum, industrial raw materials, capital
equipment
Major trade partners: exports-71% U.S. (1975);
imports-58% U.S. (1975)
Aid: economic-U.S. authorizations (FY46-75),
$235 million in grants, $297 million in loans; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $285 million;
military-assistance from U.S. (FY53-75), $38
million, mostly grant
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,600 km; 104 km government-owned
common-carrier 1.065-meter gage; 1,496 km privately
owned plantation lines of 4 different gages ranging
from 0.60 in to 1.435 in, 0.760-meter gage
predominating
Highways: 11,400 km; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km
gravel and improved earth
Pipelines: refined products, 69 km
Ports: 5 major (Santo Domingo, Barahona, Haina,
Las Calderas, San Pedro de Macoris), 17 minor
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 51 total, 44 usable; 11 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Atlantic
Ocean
canto Domingo. PUERTO
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 68%
Labor force: 1.3 million; 73% agriculture, 8%
industry, 19% services and other
Organized labor: 12% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the
National District
Legal system: based on French civil codes; 1966
constitution
Branches: President popularly elected for a 4-year
term; bicameral legislature consisting of Senate (27
seats) and Chamber of Deputies (91 seats) elected for
4-year terms; Supreme Court
Government leader: President Joaquin Balaguer
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over age 18 or
married, except members of the armed forces and
police, who cannot vote
Elections: national, last election May 1974, next
election May 1978
Political parties and leaders: Reformist Party
(PR), Joaquin Balaguer; Dominican Revolutionary
Party (PRD), Francisco Pena Gomez, Secundino Gil
Morales; Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan
Bosch, Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias
Wessin y Wessin; Revolutionary Social Christian
Party (PRSC), Rogelio Delgado Bogaert; Movement
for National Conciliation (MNC), Jaime Manuel
Fernandez Gonzalez; Anti-reelection Movement of
Democratic Integration (MIDA), Francisco Augusto
Lora; National Civic Union (UCN), Guillermo
Delmonte Urraca; Popular Democratic Party (PDP),
Homero Lajara Burgos; Fourteenth of June
Revolutionary Movement (MR-1J4), split into several
factions, illegal; Dominican Communist Party (PCD),
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Telecommunications: relatively efficient domestic
system based on islandwide radio relay network;
115,000 telephones; 600,000 radio and 190,000 TV
receivers, 110 AM, 31 FM, and 11 TV stations; 3
submarine cables, including 1 coaxial; COMSAT
ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,102,000;
697,000 fit for military service; 51,000 reach military
age (18) annually
ECUADOR
LAND
274,540 km2 (including Galapagos Islands); 11%
cultivated, 8% meadows and pastures, 55% forested,
26% waste, urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and
the Galapagos Islands, for which information is not
available)
Land boundaries: 1,931 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos Is.)
PEOPLE
Population: 7,133,000, excluding nomadic Indian
tribes (January 1977), average annual growth rate
3.4% (11-62 to 6-74)
Nationality: noun-Ecuadorean(s); adjective-
Ecuadorean
Ethnic divisions: 40% mestizo, 40% Indian, 10%
white, 5% Negro, 5% Oriental and other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority
nonpracticing)
Language: Spanish, Quechua
Literacy: 57%
Labor force: 2 million, of which 56% agriculture,
13% manufacturing, 4% construction, 7% commerce,
4% public administration, 16% other services and
activities
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Ecuador
Type: republic; under military regime since
February 1972
Capital: Quito
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces including
Galapagos Islands
Legal system: based on civil law system; modified
1945 constitution re-instituted in February 1972; legal
education at 4 state and 2 private universities; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Supreme Council of Government, made
up of the three military chiefs, assumed power
January 1976; judiciary system supervised by Supreme
Court; six special tribunals established in July 1972
Government leader: President of Supreme Council
Admiral Alfredo POVEDA Burbano
Suffrage: universal for literates over age 18
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: National Velasquista
Front, Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra, personalistic;
Radical Liberal Party, Ignacio Hidalgo Villavicencio;
Social Christian Party, Camilo Ponce, generally
conservative; Conservative Party, Galo Pico Mantilla;
Concentration of Popular Forces, Assad Bucaram,
populist; National Revolutionary Party, Carlos Julio
Arosemena, leftist
Voting strength: in June 1968 national elections,
Velasquistas, a center-left coalition, and a rightist
coalition each got approximately one-third
Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE,
pro-Moscow, Pedro Saad-secretary-general), 500
members plus an estimated 3,000 sympathizers;
Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE/ML, pro-Peking),
100 members; Revolutionary Socialist Party of
Ecuador (PSRE), 200 members
Member of: ECOSOC, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
ITU, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group
(formed in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, OPEC,
SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $4.3 billion (est. 1975), $640per capita; 67%
private consumption, 11% public consumption, 22%
gross investment (1974); average annual real growth
rate 1973-75, 9.6%
Agriculture: main crops-bananas, coffee, cocoa,
sugarcane, cotton, corn, potatoes, rice; caloric intake,
1,970 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 105,200 metric tons (1974); exports
$43 million (1975), imports negligible
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January 1977
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
chemicals, fishing, petroleum
Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 190 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1975); petroleum,
bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugar, fish products
Imports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1975); agricultural
and industrial machinery, wheat, petroleum products,
chemical products, transportation and communica-
tion equipment
Major trade partners: exports-41% U.S., 18%
LAFTA, 11% EC; imports-37% U.S., 23% EC, 14%
Japan (1974)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$156 million loans, $133 million grants; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $439 million;
from Communist countries (1967-75), $19.4 million
loans; military-assistance from U.S. (FY49-75), $70
million
Budget: $695 million, 1976
Monetary conversion rate: 25 sucres=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,056 km; 984 km 1.065-meter gage, 72
km 0.750-meter gage; all single track
Highways: 20,550 km; 3,450 km paved, 17,100 km
otherwise improved
Inland waterways: 1,500 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 623 km; refined products, 473
km
Ports: 3 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar),
11 minor
Civil air: 31 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 173 total, 173 usable; 17 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 3 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: facilities adequate only in
largest cities; COMSAT ground station; 185,000
telephones; 1.7 million radio and 300,000 TV
receivers; 240 AM, 38 FM, and 12 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,609,000;
1,050,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (20) annually 66,000
EGYPT
LAND
1,000,258 km2 (including 57,498 km2 occupied by
Israel); 2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% multiple
cropped); 96.5% desert, waste, or urban; 0.7% inland
water
Land boundaries: 2,527 km (1967), excludes 2,469
km occupied area
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus
6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 3,444 km (1967), excludes occupied area
2,156 km
PEOPLE
Population: 38,533,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2,3% (current)
Nationality: noun-Egyptian(s); adjective-
Egyptian or Arab Republic of Egypt
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10%
Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim, 6% Copt
and other
Language: Arabic official, English and French
widely understood by educated classes
Literacy: around 40%
Labor force: 8 to 12 million; 45% to 50%
agriculture, 10% industry, 10% trade and finance,
30% services and other; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 1 to 3 million
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic; under presidential rule since June
1956
Capital: Cairo
Political subdivisions: 25 governorates
Legal system: based on English common law,
Islamic Law, and Napoleonic codes; permanent
constitution written in 1971; judicial review of limited
nature in Supreme Court, also in Council of State
which oversees validity of administrative decisions;
legal education at Cairo University; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive power vested in President, who
appoints cabinet; People's Assembly has little actual
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power (serves mainly for discussion and automatic
approval); independent judiciary administered by
Minister of Justice
Government leader: President Anwar Sadat
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to People's Assembly every 5
years (most recent October 1976); presidential
elections every 6 years (most recent September 1976)
Political parties and leaders: political parties
banned except for the government-sponsored
sociopolitical grouping, Arab Socialist Union (ASU)
Communists: approximately 500, party members
Member of: AAPSO, AFDB, Arab League, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, OAPEC, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WPC, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $11.2 billion (1975, in current prices), $300
per capita; inter war annual growth rate of 1 % or less
accelerated to 4%-5% since 1973
Agriculture: main cash crop-cotton; other
crops-rice, rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit, wheat,
corn, barley; not self-sufficient in food, but
agriculture a net earner of foreign exchange
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement
Electric power: 4,800,000 kW capacity (1975); 8.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 225 kWh per capita
Monetary conversion rate: official rate-1
Egyptian pound = US$2.54 (selling rate); 0.394
Egyptian pound=US$1 (selling rate); parallel market
rate-1 Egyptian pound=US$1.55, 0.645 Egyptian
pound= US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning in 1973
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,110 km; 917 km double track; 24 km
electrified; 4,510 km standard gage (1.435 m), 253 km
meter gage (1.00 m), 347 km 0.750-meter gage
Highways: 47,276 km; 9,524 km paved, 450 km
gravel and crushed stone, 10,302 km improved earth,
27,000 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,360 km; Suez Canal, 160 km
long, used by ocean-going vessels drawing up to 11.5
meters of water; Alexandria-Cairo waterway
navigable by barges of 500-metric ton capacity; Nile
and large canals by barges of 420-metric ton capacity;
Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to 300-metric ton
capacity; secondary canals by sailing craft of 10- to
70-metric ton capacity
Freight carried: Suez Canal (1966)-242 million
metric tons of which 175.6 million metric tons were
POL
Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined products, 499
km; natural gas, 121 km
Ports: 3 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez), 8
minor
Civil air: 18 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 100 total, 82 usable; 67 with permanent-
surface runways; 45 with runways 2,440-3,659 in, 1
with runway over 3,660 in, 19 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: second-best system of
coaxial and multiconductor cables, open-wire lines,
and radiocommunication stations in Africa; principal
centers Alexandria and Cairo, secondary centers Al
Mansurah, Ismailia, and Tanta; 503,200 telephones;
5.1 million radio and 620,000 TV receivers; 10 AM, 1
FM, and 22 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 8,456,000;
5,496,000 fit for military service; about 380,000 reach
military age (20) annually
EL SALVADOR
LAND
21,400 km2; 32% cropland (9% corn, 5% cotton, 7%
coffee, 11% other), 26% meadows and pastures, 31%
nonagricultural, 11% forested
Land boundaries: 515 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 307 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,195,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.1% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Salvadoran(s); adjective-
Salvadoran
Ethnic divisions: 84%-88% mestizo; Indian and
white minorities, 6%-8% each
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic,
probably 97%-98%
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Language: Spanish
Literacy: 50% literacy in urban areas, 30% in rural
areas
Labor force: 1,500,000 (est. 1975); 57% ag-
riculture, 14% services, 14% manufacturing, 6%
commerce, 9% other; shortage of skilled labor and
large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training
programs improving situation
Organized labor: 4% of total labor force; 7% of
nonagricultural labor force (1976 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Political subdivisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with traces of
common law; constitution adopted 1962; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of El Salvador; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: traditionally dominant executive,
unicameral legislature, Supreme Court
Government leader: President Arturo Armando
Molina
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative elections every 2 years;
presidential elections every 5 years; presidential
elections March 1977, legislative and municipal
elections March 1978
Political parties and leaders: National Concilia-
tion Party (PCN), President Arturo A. Molina;
Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Juan Ramirez
Rauda, Dr. Pablo Mauricio Alvergue, Jose Napoleon
Duarte; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Benjamin
Wilfredo Navarrete, Roberto Quinonez Meza, Dr.
Jose Antonio Guzman; Communist Party of El
Salvador (PCES), illegal, Jorge Shafick Handal;
National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Dr.
Guillermo Manuel Ungo; National Democratic
Union Party (PUDN), Communist Front, Jorge
Shafisk Handal, Francisco Roberto Lima, Julio
Ernesto Contreras, Julio Castro Belloso; Independent
Democratic United Front (FUDI), Gen. Jose A.
Medrano, Raul Salaverria
Voting strength: February 1972 presidential
election-PCN 43.4%, PDC, PUDN, and MNR
coalition, 42.1%; FUDI, 12.3%; PPS 2.2%; March
1976 legislative election-PCN, 54 seats; opposition
parties boycotted the election
Communists: 100 to 200 active members;
sympathizers, 5,000
Other political or pressure groups: the military;
about 100 prominent families; General Confederation
of Trade Unions (CGS); Unifying Federation of
Salvadoran Trade Unions (FUSS), Communist
dominated; Federation of Construction and Transport
Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independ-
ent; Catholic Church; Salvadoran National Associa-
tion of Educators (ANDES)
Member of: Central American Common Market
(CACM), FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, IWC-Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, SELA, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.6 billion (1974), $410 per capita; 76%
private consumption, 11 % government consumption,
18% domestic investment, -8% net foreign balance
(1974); real growth rate, 3.5% (1975)
Agriculture: main crops-coffee, cotton, corn,
sugar, rice, beans; caloric intake, 2,000 calories per
day per capita (1963-64)
Fishing: catch 15,000 metric tons (1974); exports
$6.0 million (1971), imports $0.5 million (1972)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
clothing, petroleum products
Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity (1975); 1
billion kWh produced (1975), 230 kWh per capita
Exports: $517 million (f.o.b., 1975); coffee, cotton,
sugar
Imports: $554 million (f.o.b., 1975); machinery,
automotive vehicles, petroleum, food-stuffs, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports-33% U.S., 32%
CACM, 18% EC, 10% Japan (1973); imports-30%
U.S., 20% CACM, 20% EC, 7% Japan (1974)
Aid: economic-from U.S. (FY46-75), $172.2
million loans, $74.4 million grants; from international
organizations (FY46-75), $287 million; from other
Western countries (1960-71) $9.8 million; military-
assistance from U.S. (FY53-75), $15 million
Budget: (1976) $338 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 600 km 0.914-meter gage, single-
tracked; 456 km privately owned, 144 km
government-owned
Highways: 10,800 km; 1,300 km bituminous, 2,000
km gravel or crushed stone, 7,500 km earth
Inland waterways: Lempa River partially
navigable
Ports: 2 major (Acajutla, La Union), 2 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 145 total, 145 usable; 1 with permanent
surfaced runway; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1
seaplane station
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk radio relay
system; connection into Central American microwave
net; 54,200 telephones; 600,000 radio and 135,000 TV
receivers; 53 AM, 6 FM, and 5 TV stations
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EL SALVADOR/EQUATORIAL GUINEA
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 963,000; 589,000
fit for military service; 44,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $24.2 million; 7.2% of central
government budget
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
LAND
27,972 km2; Rio Muni, about 25,900 km2, largely
forested; Fernando Po, about 2,072 km2
Land boundaries: 539 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 296 km
PEOPLE
Population: 327,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.8% (7-68 to 7-69); Rio Muni,
230,000, average annual growth rate 1.5% (7-68 to
7-69); Fernando Po, 97,000, average annual growth
rate 2.6% (7-68 to 7-69)
Nationality: noun-Equatorial Guinean(s); adjec-
tive-Equatorial Guinean
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of
Province Francisco Macias Nguema primarily Bubi,
some Fernandinos; of Rio Muni primarily Fang; less
than 1,000 Europeans, primarily Spanish
Religion: natives all nominally Christian and
predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan
practices retained
Language: Spanish official language of govern-
ment and business; also pidgin English, Fang
Literacy: 12% (est.)
Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans involved in
subsistence agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Type: republic, one-party presidential regime since
1968
Capital: Malabo, Province Francisco Macias
Nguema
Political subdivisions: 2 provinces (Province
Francisco Macias Nguema and Rio Muni)
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system
and customary law, new constitution adopted August
1973; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: there are legislative and judicial
branches but President exercises virtually unlimited
power
Government leader: President for life, Francisco
Macias Nguema
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: parliamentary elections held December
1973
Political partiesand leaders: National Unity Party
of Workers (PUNT) is the sole legal party, led by
President Macias
Communists: no significant number of Com-
munists or sympathizers
Member of: Conference of East and Central
African States, ECA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UPU
ECONOMY
GNP: $70 million (1972); $240 per capita
Agriculture: major cash crops-Rio Muni, timber,
coffee; Fernando Po, cocoa; main food products-
rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc,
and livestock
Fishing: catch 4,000 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: fishing, sawmilling
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1975); 17
million kWh produced (1975), 53 kWh per capita
Exports: $19 million (1973); cocoa, coffee, and
wood
Imports: $21 million (1973); foodstuffs, chemicals
and chemical products, textiles
Major trade partner: Spain
Aid: Spain, $14.0 million (1969); Libya, $1 million
(1971); China $24 million extended (1971)
Budget: (1973) receipts $9 million, expenditures
$12 million
Monetary conversion rate: 64.47 Guinean
pesetas = US$1 (official)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: Rio Muni-2,460 km, including
approx. 185 km bituminous, remainder gravel and
earth; Fernando Po-300 km, including 146 km
bituminous, remainder gravel and earth
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EQUATORIAL GUINEA/ETHIOPIA
Inland waterways: Rio Muni has approximately
167 km of year-round navigable waterway, used
mostly by pirogues
Ports: 2 major (Macias Nguema Biyogo, Rey
Malabo), 3 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with
runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for the size
and stage of development of the country; interna-
tional communications by radio from Bata and
Malabo to Cameroon, Nigeria, and Spain; 1,500
telephones; 78,000 radio and 1,000 TV receivers; 2
AM stations, no FM stations, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 75,000; 37,000
fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $3,475,700; 14.3% of central
government budget
ETHIOPIA
LAND
1,178,450 km2; 10% cropland and orchards, 55%
meadows and natural pastures, 6% forests and
woodlands, 29% wasteland, built-on areas, and other
Land boundaries: 5,198 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm;
sedentary fisheries extends to limit of fisheries
Coastline: 1,094 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 29,044,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.6% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Ethiopian(s); adjective-
Ethiopian
Ethnic divisions: Galla 40%, Amhara and Tigrai
32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%,
Gurage 2%, other 1%
Religion: 35%-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 40%-45%
Muslims, 15%-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic official; many local languages
and dialects; English major foreign language taught
in schools
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal
husbandry; 10% government, military, and quasi-
government
Organized labor: government lists 273,000
registered trade union members
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Ethiopia
Type: under military rule since mid-1974;
monarchy abolished in March 1975, but republic not
yet declared
Capital: Addis Ababa
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also referred
to as regional administrations)
Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic,
common and customary law influences; constitution
suspended September 1974; military leaders have
promised a new constitution but established no time
frame for its adoption; legal education at Addis
Ababa University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: effective power exercised by Provisional
Military Administrative Council (PMAC), a group
estimated at 40-100 officers and enlisted men which
operates on committee system; predominantly civilian
cabinet is ineffectual and holds office at suffrance of
military; legislature dissolved September 1974;
judiciary at higher levels based on Western pattern, at
lower levels on traditional pattern, without jury
system in either
Government leader: Brigadier General Teferi
Benti, Chairman of the Military Administrative
Council is titular head of government; Major
Mengistu Haile Mariam, 1st Vice Chairman, is
probably Primus inter pares
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: lower house of Parliament June 1973
Political parties and leaders: All-Ethiopian
Socialist Organization, a quasi-official group that
supports the military government
Communists: Ethiopian Communist Party is a
small group opposed to military government
Other political or pressure groups: important
dissident groups include Eritrean Liberation front
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ETHIOPIA/FAROE ISLANDS
(ELF) and Popular Liberation Front (PLF) in Eritrea;
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP), a
socialist underground movement in central and
northern Ethiopia; and Ethiopian Democratic Union
(EDU), primarily an exile group; several other
dissident groups with ethnic or provincial bases of
support
Member of: AFDB, ECA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -
ECONOMY
GDP: $2,680 million (1974), $100 per capita;
average annual real growth rate 4% (1967-72), zero
(1974)
Agriculture: main crops-coffee, teff, durra,
barley, wheat, corn, sugarcane, cotton, pulses,
oilseeds; livestock
Major industries: cement, sugar refining, cotton
textiles, food processing, oil refinery
Electric power: 297,000 kW capacity (1975); 490
million kWh produced (1975), 17 kWh per capita
Exports: $239 million (f.o.b., 1975); coffee 33%,
oilseeds 18%, pulses 14%, hides and skins 7%; $7.3
million to Communist countries (1975)
Imports: $310 million (c.i.f., 1975); petroleum
products 22%, chemicals 15%, machinery including
aircraft 12%, road motor vehicles 12%; $16.9 million
from Communist Countries (1975)
Major trade partners: imports-Saudi Arabia,
Japan, Italy, West Germany, Iran, U.K., and U.S.;
exports-U.S., Saudi Arabia, FTAI, West Germany,
Egypt, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 2.09 Ethiopian
dollars = US$1
Fiscal year: 8 July - 7 July
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,014 km; 676 km meter gage (1.00 m),
32 km 1,067-meter gage, 306 km 0.95-meter gage; all
single track
Highways: 23,000 km; 2,700 km bituminous, 5,000
km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized earth,
remainder earth
Inland waterways: navigation possible on Lake
Tana and on approx. 225 km of unconnected and
basically unimproved waterways, of which only 114
km are navigable year round
Ports: 2 major (Assab, Massawa), 1 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 174 total, 162 usable; 7 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 6 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 48 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system better than most
African countries; composed of open-wire lines,
radiocommunication stations, and small number of
multiconductor cable and radio-relay links; principal
center Addis Ababa, secondary center Asmara; 66,000
telephones; 500,000 radio receivers; 20,000 TV
receivers; 4 AM stations, no FM stations, and 1 TV
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,195,000;
3,834,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (18) annually 285,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 7 August
1976, $83,653,846; 13.1% of central government
budget
FAROE ISLANDS
LAND
1,340 km2; less than 5% arable, of which only a
fraction cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18
inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 764 km
PEOPLE
Population: 41,000, average annual growth rate
1.1% (1-71 to 1-75)
Nationality: noun-Faroese
tive-Faroese
(sing., pl. ); adjec-
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Languages: Faroese (derived from Old Norse),
Danish
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 15,000; largely engaged in fishing,
manufacturing, transportation, and commerce
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: The Faroe Islands
Type: self-governing province within the Kingdom
of Denmark; 2 representatives in Danish parliament
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FAROE ISLANDS/FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)
Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy
Political subdivisions: 7 districts, 49 communes, 1
town
Legal system: based on Danish law;
Act enacted 1948
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with
Crown, acting through appointed High Commis-
sioner, and provincial parliament (Lagting) in matters
of strictly Faroese concern; executive power vested in
Crown, acting through High Commissioner, but
exercised by provincial cabinet responsible, to
provincial parliament
Government leaders: Queen Margrethe II; Prime
Minister, Atli Dam; Danish Governor, Leif. Groth
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age
21
Elections: held every 4 years; next election 1979
Political parties and leaders: Peoples, Hakun
Djurhuus; Republican, Erlendur Patursson; Home
Rule, Samuel Petersen; Progressive, Kjartan Mohr;
Social Democratic, Atli Dam; Union, Kristian
Djurhuus
Voting strength (1975 election): Social Demo-
cratic 25.8%, Republican 22.5%, Peoples 20.5%,
Union 19,1%, Home Rule 7.2%, Progressive 2.5%
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Nordic Council
ECONOMY
GDP: $108.3 million (1972), about $2,760 per
capita
Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing
Fishing: catch 168,521 metric tons (1975); exports,
$65.0 million (1975)
Major industry: fishing
Electric power: 28,500 kW capacity (1975); 88
million kWh produced (1975), 2,000 kWh per capita
Exports: $80.8 million (f.o.b., 1975); fish and fish
products
Imports: $113.3 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery
and transport equipment, petroleum and petroleum
products, food products
Major trade partners: 46.6% Denmark, 12.3%
Norway, 8.0% U.K., 6.2% U.S. (1975)
Budget: (FY73) expenditures $21.4 million,
revenues $22.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Danish Kroner=
US$0.174 (1975)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway, less
than 1,220 m
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: good international com-
munications; fair domestic facilities; 15,000 tele-
phones, 12,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, and 3 FM
stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49 included with
Denmark
FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)1
LAND
Colony-12,168 km2; area consists of some 200
small islands, chief of which are East Falkland (6,680
km2) and West Falkland (5,276 km2); depend-
encies-consists of the South Sandwich Islands, South
Georgia, and the Shag and Clerke Rocks
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 1,288 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1974)
Nationality: noun-Falkland Islander(s); adjec-
tive-Falkland Island
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: predominantly Church of England
Language: English
Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14
Labor force: 1,100 (est.); est. over 95% in
agriculture, mostly sheepherding
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Colony of the Falkland Islands
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Stanley
'The possession of the Falkland Islands has been disputed
by the U.K. and Argentina (which refers to them as the
Malvinas) since 1833.
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FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)/FIJI
Political subdivisions: local government is
confined to capital
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor, Executive Council, Legisla-
tive Council
Government leader: Governor and Commander in
Chief Ernest G. Lewis (also High Commissioner for
British Antarctic Colony)
Suffrage: universal
ECONOMY
Government budget: Colony-revenues, $1.0
million (FY68); expenditures, $1.1 million (FY68)
Agriculture: Colony-predominantly sheep fa-
rming; dependencies-whaling and sealing
Major industries: Colony-wool processing;
dependencies-whale and seal processing
Electric power: 1,250 kW capacity (1975); 2.3
million kWh produced (1975), 1,100 kWh per capita
Exports: Colony-$2.28 million (1969); wool, hides
and skins, and other; dependencies-no exports in
1968 or 1969
Imports: Colony-$1,22 million (1969); food,
clothing, fuels, and machinery; dependencies-
$8,368 (1969); mineral fuelsand lubricants, food, and
machinery
Major trade partners: nearly all exports to the
U.K., also some to the Netherlands and to Japan;
imports from Curacao, Japan, and the U,K.
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Falkland Island
pound = US$2.60
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 35 km; 16 km paved, 19 km gravel, and
earth; no other made-up roads in the islands beyond
the immediate vicinity of Stanley
Ports: 1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable airfield, 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: government-operated open-
wire and radiotelephone networks providing effective
service to almost all points on both islands; approx-
imately 650 telephones; 1 AM station and 1,100 est.
radiobroadcast receivers
FIJI
LAND
18,272 km'; landownership-83.6% Fijians, 1.7%
Indians, 6.4% government, 7.2% European, 1.1%
other; about 30% of land area is suitable for farming
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 1,129 km
PEOPLE
Population: 590,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.9% (7-72 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Fijian(s); adjective-Fijian
Ethnic divisions: 42% Fijian, 50% Indian, 8%
European, Chinese and others
Religion: Fijians mainly Christian, Indians are
Hindu with a Muslim minority
Language: English and Fijian (official), Hindu-
stani widely spoken among Indians
Literacy: over 80%
Labor force: 95,000; over 50% in agriculture, no
breakdown on remainder
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force
organized into 22 unions; unions organized along lines
of work, breakdown by ethnic origin causes further
fragmentation
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Dominion of Fiji
Type: independent state within Commonwealth;
Elizabeth II recognized as head of state
Capital: Suva
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on British
Branches: executive-Prime Minister; legislative-
52-member House of Representatives; Alliance Party
33 seats, National Federation Party 19 seats
Government leader: Prime Minister Ratu Sir
Kamisese Mara
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years unless House dissolves
earlier, last held March-April 1972
Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian, headed
by Ratu Mara; National Federation, primarily
Indian, headed by S. M. Koya
Communists: few, no figures available
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
FAO, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IMF,
ISO, ITU, U.N., UPU, WHO
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FIJI/FINLAND
ECONOMY
GNP: $644 million (1975), $1,130 per capita; 5.8%
real growth rate (1971-75)
Agriculture: main crops-sugar, coconut products,
bananas, rice; major deficiency, grains
Major industries: sugar processing, tourism
Electric power: 90,000 kW capacity (1975); 250
million kWh produced (1975), 435 kWh per capita
Exports: $154 million (f.o.b., 1974, including
reexports); 70% sugar, 11% coconut oil, 9% gold
Imports: $271 million (c.i.f., 1974); 20%
manufactured goods, 19% food, 16% machinery
(1974)
Major trade partners: exports-38% U.K., 31%
U.S., 11% Australia; imports-30% Australia, 18%
Japan, 11% New Zealand, 4% U.S. (1974)
Aid: disbursed 1968-Australia $1.5 million, U.S.
$0.6 million, U.K. $4.2 million
Budget: (FY75 est.) revenues $102 million,
expenditures $102 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Fijian dol-
lar=US$1.1122 (June 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,828 km (1974); 278 km paved, 2,549
km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km navigable by
motorized craft and 200-metric ton barges
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 15 usable; 2 with permanent
surface runways, 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with
runway 1,220-2,439 m, 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: modern local, interisland,
and international (wire/radio integrated) public and
special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter
facilities; regional radio center; important COMPAC
cable link between U.S./Canada and New Zealand/
Australia, et al.; 25,560 telephones; 300,000 radio
receivers; 5 AM, 2 FM, and no TV stations; 1 ground
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 148,000; 82,000
fit for military service; 6,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: the defense of the Fiji Islands was
the responsibility of the U.K. until 10 October 1970;
military budget for 1971, $314,000
FINLAND
LAND
336,700 km2; 8% arable, 58% forested, 34% other
Land boundaries: 2,534 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm;
Aaland Islands, 3 nm
Coastline: 1,126 km (approx.) excludes islands and
coastal indentations
PEOPLE
Population: 4,738,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.4% (1-75 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Finn(s); adjective-Finnish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population,
small Lappish minority
Religion: 93% Evangelical Lutheran, 1% Greek
Orthodox, 1% other, 5% no affiliation
Language: Finnish 92%, Swedish 7%; small Lapp-
and Russian-speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2.2 million; 16.6% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing, 26.4% mining and manufactur-
ing, 8.4% construction, 15.4% commerce, 6.8%
transportation and communications, 4.0% banking
and finance, 20.1% services; 3.3% unemployed
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Political subdivisions: 12 provinces; 443 com-
munes, 78 towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish
law; constitution adopted 1919; Supreme Court may
request legislation interpreting or modifying laws;
legal education at Universities of Helsinki and Turku;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with
President and parliament (Eduskunta); executive
power vested in President and exercised through
cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 4
superior courts, 193 lower courts
Government leader: President Urho K. Kekkonen;
Prime Minister Martti Miettunen
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory
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Elections: parliamentary, every 4 years (next in
1979); presidential, every 6 years (extraordinary
parliamentary legislation extended President Kek-
konens term, which normally expires in 1974, to 1978)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic,
Rafael Paasio; Center, Johannes Virolainen; Peoples
Democratic League (Communist front), Ele Alenius;
Conservative, Harri Holker; Liberal, Pekka Tarjanne;
Swedish Peoples Party, Kristan Gestrin; Rural, Veikko
Vennamo; Finnish People's Unity Party, Eino
Haikala; Communist, Aarne Saarinen
Voting strength (1975 election): 25% Social
Democratic, 18.4% Conservative, 19.0% Peoples
Democratic League, 17.7% Center, 3.6% Rural, 4.7%
Swedish Peoples, 4.4% Liberals, 3.3% Christian
Peoples
Communists: 47,000; an additional 65,000 persons
belong to Peoples Democratic League; a further
number of sympathizers, as indicated by 421,000
votes cast for Peoples Democratic League in 1970
elections
Member of: ADB, CEMA (special cooperation
agreement), DAC, EC (free trade agreement), EFTA
(associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, Nordic Council,
OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $26 billion (1975), $5,530 per capita; 49.0%
consumption, 29.0% investment, 30.0% government,
-8% net exports of goods and services; 1975 growth
rate -1.0%, constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially
dairying, predominates; forestry important secondary
occupation for rural population; main crops-cereals,
sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages-
food and fodder grains; caloric intake 2,940 calories
per day per capita (1970-71)
Major industries: include metal manufacturing
and shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp,
paper), copper refining
Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materials,
except wood, and iron ore
Crude steel: 1.6 million metric tons produced
(1975), 340 kg per capita
Electric power: 7,342,000 kW capacity (1975);
26.5 billion kWh produced (1975), 6,300 kWh per
capita
Exports: $5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1975); timber, paper
and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and steel, clothing
and footwear
Imports: $7.6 billion (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs,
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery,
textile yarn and fabrics
Major trade partners: (1975) 34% EC-nine (12%
West Germany, 10% U.K.); 16% Sweden; 16%
U.S.S.R.; 5% U.S.
Aid: U.S. $203 million authorized FY46-75;
IBRD-$316 million authorized through FY46-75,
$20 million in 1975; Finnish foreign aid programs
have amounted to $23 million 1961-69, $15,000 in
1970
Budget: (1975) expenditures $6.2 billion, revenues
$6.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: new markka (Fmk)
3.69=US$1 (1975 trade conversion factor, IMF)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,946 km; Finnish State Railways (VR)
operate a total 5,918 km 1.524-meter gage, 477 km
multiple track, and 395 km electrified; 22 km 0.750-
meter gage and 6 km 1.524-meter gage are privately
owned
Highways: about 72,800 km in national classified
network, including 29,600 km paved (bituminous,
concrete, bituminous surface treated) and 43,200 km
unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional
29,440 km of private (state subsidized) roads
Inland waterways: 6,597 km total (including
Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers;
Saimaa Canal locks (84 m by 13.2 m with a 5.2 m
depth over sill) can accommodate vessels of up to 82
m in length, 11.8 m beam, 4.4 m draft, and 24.5 m
mast height
Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km
Ports: 11 major, 14 minor
Civil air: 37 major transport aircraft (2 leased)
Airfields: 106 total, 105 usable; 37 with
permanent-surface runways; 17 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 24 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good telecom service from
cable and radio-relay network; 1.87 million
telephones; 2.2 million radio and 1.67 million TV
receivers; 13 AM, 40 FM, and 67 TV stations; 4
submarine cables, including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,211,000;
983,000 fit for military service; 39,000 reach military
age (17) annually
FRANCE
LAND
551,670 km2; 35% cultivated, 26% meadows and
pastures, 14% waste, urban, or other, 25% forested
Land boundaries: 2,888 km
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 53,096,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.5% (1-74 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Frenchman (men); adjective-
French
Ethnic divisions: 45% Celtic; remainder Latin,
Germanic, Slav, Basque
Religion: 83% Catholic, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish,
1% Muslim (North African workers), 13% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population); rapidly
declining regional patois-Provencal, Breton,
Germanic, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 22,100,000 (est. in mid-1975); 47%
services, 38% industry, 11% agriculture, 4%
unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 17% of labor
force, 23.4% of salaried labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: French Republic
Type: republic, with president having wide powers
Capital: Paris
Political subdivisions: 95 metropolitan depart-
ments, 21 regional economic districts
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous
concepts; new constitution adopted 1958, amended
concerning election of President in 1962; judicial
review of administrative but not legislative acts; legal
education at over 25 schools of law
Branches: presidentially appointed Prime Minister
heads Council of Ministers, which is formally
responsible to National Assembly; bicameral
legislature-National Assembly (490 members),
Senate (283 members) restricted to a delaying action;
judiciary independent in principle
Government leader: President Valery Giscard
d'Estaing
Suffrage: universal over age 18; not compulsory
Elections: National Assembly-every 5 years, last
election March 1973, direct universal suffrage, 2
ballots; Senate-indirect collegiate system for 9 years,
renewable by one-third every 3 years; President-
direct, universal suffrage every 7 years, 2 ballots, last
election May 1974
Political parties and leaders: Union of Democrats
for the Republic (UDR), Jacques Chirac; Independent
Republicans (IR), Valery Giscard d'Estaing;
Communist (PCF), George Marchais; Progress and
Modern Democracy (PDM), Jacques Duhamel; Left
Radical Party, Robert Fabre; Center Democratic
Party, Jean Lecanuet; Radical Socialists and
Reformers, Gabriel Peronnet; Socialist Party, Francois
Mitterrand; Unified Socialist Party (PSU), Michel
Mousel
Voting strength (first ballot, 1974 election):
43.2% Communist/Socialist Alliance, 32.6% IR,
15.1% UDR, 9.1% other
Communists: 500,000 claimed; Communist voters,
5 million average
Other political or pressure groups: Communist-
controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du
Travail) nearly 2.4 million members (claimed);
Socialist leaning labor union (Confederation Francais
du Travail) about 800,000 members est; National
Council of French Employers (Conseil National du
Patronat Francais-CNPF or Patronat)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC,
ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURA-
TOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO,
ITC, ITU, IWC-International Whaling Commis-
sion, NATO (signatory), OAS (observer), OECD,
South Pacific Commission, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $336 billion (1975 est.), $6,340 per capita;
63.9% private consumption, 22.9% investment
(including government), 13.2% government con-
sumption; 1975 real growth rate -2.5%; average
annual growth rate 5.2% (1965-75)
Agriculture: Western Europes foremost producer;
main products-beef, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes,
wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate zone
foodstuffs; food shortages-fats and oils, tropical
produce; caloric intake, 3,270 calories per day per
capita (1969-70)
Fishing: catch 808,000 metric tons (1974); exports
$110 million, imports $405 million (1974)
Major industries: steel, machinery and equipment,
textiles and clothing, chemicals, food processing,
metallurgy, aircraft
Shortages: crude oil, textile fibers, most nonferrous
ores, coking coal, fats and oils
Crude steel: 21.6 million metric tons produced
(1975), 410 kg per capita
Electric power: 46,300,000 kW capacity (1975);
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FRANCE/FRENCH GUIANA
178.4 billion kWh produced (1975), 3,300 kWh per
capita
Exports: $53.0 billion (f.o.b., 1975); principal
items-machinery and transportation equipment,
foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel
products, textiles and clothing, chemicals
Imports: $51.7 billion (c.i.f., 1975); principal
items-crude petroleum, machinery and equipment,
chemicals, iron and steel products, footstuffs,
agricultural products
Major trade partners: 18% West Germany; 10%
Belgium-Luxembourg; 9% Italy; 6% U.S.; 6%
Netherlands; 6% U.K.; 4% Eastern Europe; 2%
U.S.S.R.; 4% Franc Zone
Aid: economic (received)-U.S., $5,363 million
authorized (FY46-75), $44 million in FY73; mili-
tary-U.S., $4,549 million authorized (FY46-75); net
official economic aid to less developed areas and
multilateral agencies-$8,400 million (FY60-70),
$1,125 million in 1971, $457 million in 1974
Budget: (1975) expenditures 280.0 billion francs,
revenues 242.6 billion francs, deficit 37.4 billion
francs
Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc=US$0.2333
(1975 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 36,720 km; 35,552 km standard gage
(1,435 m), 1,168 km other gages (1.00 m to 1.435 m);
9,345 km electrified, 15,630 km double or multiple
track
Highways: National, Departmental, and Commu-
nal roads total 795,520 km comprising 468,160 km
paved, 304,000 km crushed stone and gravel, and
23,360 km improved earth; in addition, there are
approximately 694,400 km of local farm and forest
roads
Inland waterways: 14,912 km; 5,604 km heavily
traveled
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,253 km; refined products,
4,344 km; natural gas, 22,047 km
Ports: 23 major, 165 minor
Civil air: 325 major transport aircraft (including 13
foreign based but French registered)
Airfields: 451 total, 431 usable; 212 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,660 m, 26 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 122 with
runways 1,220-2,439 km; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: highly developed system
provides satisfactory telephone, telegraph, and radio
and TV broadcast services; 13,8 million telephones;
18.5 million radiobroadcast receivers; 14,7 million TV
receivers; 42 AM, 94 FM, and 1,473 TV stations; 22
submarine cables (21 coaxial); 5 communication
satellite ground stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,900,000; fit
for military service 10,400,000; 424,000 reach military
age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $11,111,110,900; about 17% of
central government budget
FRENCH GUIANA
LAND
90,909 km2; 90% forested, 10% wasteland, built-on,
inland water and other, of which .05% is cultivated
and pasture
Land boundaries: 1,183 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 378 km
PEOPLE
Population: 55,000 (January 1977), annual growth
rate 2.3% (7-67 to 7-73)
Nationality: noun-French Guianese (sing., pl, );
adjective-French Guiana
Ethnic divisions: 95% Negro or mulatto, 5%
caucasian, 10,000 East Indian, Chinese
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: 17,012 (1967 census); services 49%,
construction 21%, agriculture 18%, industry 8%,
transportation 4%; information on unemployment
unavailable
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Overseas Department of French
Guiana
Type: overseas department and region of France;
represented by one deputy in French National
Assembly and one senator in French Senate
Capital: Cayenne
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19
communes each with a locally elected municipal
council
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FRENCH GUIANA/FRENCH POLYNESIA
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is
Court of Appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction
over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana
Branches: executive: prefect appointed by Paris;
legislative: popularly elected 16-member General
Council and a Regional Council composed of
members of the local General Council and of the
locally elected deputy and senator to the French
parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French
judicial system
Government leader: Prefect Herve Bourseiller
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections coincide with
those for the French National Assembly, normally
every 5 years; last election March 1973; local elections
last held March 1976; last French presidential election
in May 1974
Political parties and leaders: Parti Socialiste
Guyanais (PSG), Leopold Heder, Senator; Union du
Peuple Guyanaise (UPG), weak leftist allied with, but
also reported, to have been absorbed by the PSG;
Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), Hector
Rivierez, delegate to French National Assembly
Communists: Communist party membership
negligible
Member of: WCL, WFTU
ECONOMY
GNP: $40 million (at market prices, 1970), $800 per
capita
Agriculture: main crops-rice, corn, manioc,
cocoa, bananas, sugarcane
Fishing: catch 972 metric tons (1974); exports $3.7
million; imports $2.2 million (1971)
Major industries: timber, rum, gold mining,
production of rosewood essence, and space center
Electric power: 29,000 kW capacity (1975); 60
million kWh produced (1975), 1,100 kWh per capita
Exports: $5 million (f.o.b., 1973); shrimp, timber,
rum, rosewood essence
Imports: $56 million (c.i.f., 1973); food (grains,
processed meat), other consumer goods, producer
goods and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-78% U.S , 11%
France, 5% Martinique; imports-49% France, 10%
U.S., 3% Trinidad and Tobago (1969)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.44 French francs=
US$1 (1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 32 km private plantation line, 0.600-
meter gage
Highways: 500 km; 390 km paved, 110 km
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by small
oceangoing vessels and river and coastal steamers;
3,300 km possibly navigable by native craft
Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 13 total, 10 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: limited open-wire telecom
system with about 8,400 telephones; 7,100 radio
receivers and 3,100 TV receivers, 2 AM, 2 FM and 2
TV stations; COMSAT ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,000; 9,000 fit
for military service
FRENCH POLYNESIA
CHRISTMAS IS.
FRENCH
POLYNESIA
LAND
About 4,000 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm
Coastline: about 2,525 km
PEOPLE
Population: 120,000 (official estimate for 1 July
1973)
Nationality: noun-French Polynesian(s); adjec-
tive-French Polynesian
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chinese,
6% local French, 4% metropolitan French
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32%
Catholic
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Territory of French Polynesia
Type: overseas territory of France, administered by
French Ministry for Overseas Territories
Capital: Papeete
Political subdivisions: 5 districts
Legal system: based on French; lower and higher
courts
Branches: 30-member Territorial Assembly,
popularly elected; 5-member Council of Government,
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FRENCH POLYNESIA/FRENCH TERRITORY OF THE AFARS AND ISSAS
elected by Assembly; popular election of one deputy
to National Assembly in Paris, also one Senator
Government leader: Charles Schmitt, Governor,
appointed by French government
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: Pupu Here Ai'a,
Senator Pouvanna a Oopa, John Teariki; Te E'a Api,
Francis Sanford; Union Tahitienne-Union pour la
Defense de la Republique, Te Autahoera'a
ECONOMY
GDP: $259 million (1970) $1,960 per capita (1971)
Agriculture: coconut main crop
Major industries: maintenance of French nuclear
test base, tourism
Electric power: 36,000 kW capacity (1975); 95
million kWh produced (1975), 592 kWh per capita
Exports: $19 million (1973); principal products-
coconut products (79%), mother-of-pearl (14%)
(1971)
Imports: $211 million (1973)
Major trade partners: imports-59% France, 14%
U.S.; exports-86% France
Aid: France $16 million (1973)
Monetary conversion rate: 100 CFP=INZ$ (1971)
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 3,700 km, all types
Ports: 1 major (Papeete), 6 minor
Airfields: 19 total, 19 usable; 10 with permanent
surface runways, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane stations
Civil air: no major transport
Telecommunications: 12,400 telephones; 72,000
radio and 14,000 TV sets; 1 AM, no FM, and 6 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Defense is responsibility of France.
FRENCH TERRITORY OF THE
AFARS AND ISSAS
LAND
23,310 km2; 89% desert wasteland, 10% permanent
pasture, and less than 1 % cultivated
Land boundaries: 517 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 180,000 (official estimate for 1972)
Nationality: noun-Afar(s), Issa(s); adjective-
Afar, Issa
Ethnic divisions: (approximate figures) 59,350
Somalis, mostly Issas (large number of the Somalis are
temporary immigrants from Somalia, not citizens of
territory), 53,650 Afars, 6,000 Arabs, 7,000 French
(inclusive of French military forces)
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: Somali, Afar, French, Arabic, all widely
used
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: a small number of semiskilled laborers
at port
Organized labor: some 3,000 railway workers
organized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Overseas Territory of Afars and Issas
Type: overseas territory of France; represented by
one deputy in French National Assembly and by one
senator in French Senate
Capital: Djibouti
Legal system: based on French civil law system,
traditional practices and Islamic law
Branches: President of Council of Government; 8-
member Council of Government appointed by 40-
member Chamber of Deputies; ultimate political
authority exercised by Paris-appointed High
Commissioner
Government leader: Abdallah Mohammed Kamil
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Chamber of Deputies election held
November 1973
Political parties and leaders: National Independ-
ence Union (UNI), Ali Aref Bourhan; African People's
Independence League (LPAI), Hassan Gouled and
Ahmed Dini; Popular Liberation Movement, Kamil
Ali; governing coalition consists of the LPAI and a
parliamentary group headed by Barkat Courat
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
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FRENCH TERRITORY OF THE AFARS AND ISSAS/GABON
ECONOMY
Gross territorial product: $65 million (1972)
Agriculture: livestock; desert conditions limit
commercial crops to about 15 acres, including fruits
and vegetables
Industry: ship repairs and services of port and
railroad
Electric power: 23,500 kW capacity (1975); 55
million kWh produced (1975), 440 kWh per capita
Imports: $74 million (1973); almost all domes-
tically needed goods
Exports: $20 million, including transit trade
(1973); hides and skins, and transit of coffee
Aid: $2.4 million in 1967 from France
Monetary conversion rate: 177 Djibouti francs=
US$1
Fiscal year: probably same as that for France
(calendar year)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 97 km meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: 750 km; 100 km paved, 650 km
improved earth
Ports: 1 major (Djibouti)
Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (registered in
France)
Telecommunications: fair system of urban
facilities in Djibouti and radiocommunication stations
at outlying places; 3,400 telephones; 13,000 radio
receivers; 3,000 TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM, and 1 TV
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 30,000;
about 17,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of France
GABON
LAND
264,180 km2; 75% forested, 15% savanna, 9%
urban and wasteland, less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 2,422 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 100 nm;
fishing, 150 nm
Coastline: 885 km
PEOPLE
Population: 557,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.7% (7-66 to 7-70)
Nationality: noun-Gabonese (sing., pl.); Gabo-
nese
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, including
4 major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Mbede,
Okande); about 100,000 expatriate Africans and
Europeans, including 30,000 French
Religion: 55% to 75% Christian, less than 1%
Muslim, remainder animist
Language: French official language and medium
of instruction in schools; Fang is a major vernacular
language
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: about 280,000 of whom 74,000 are
wage earners in the modern sector
Organized labor: less than 30% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime since
1964
Capital: Libreville
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces subdivided into
36 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and customary law; constitution adopted 1961;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional
Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal education at
Center of Higher and Legal Studies at Libreville;
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
Branches: power centralized in President, elected
by universal suffrage for 7-year term; unicameral 70-
member National Assembly has limited powers;
judiciary
Government leader: President Omar Bongo
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Presidential and parliamentary elections
last held February 1973
Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Demo-
cratic Party (PDG) led by President Bongo is only legal
party
Communists: no organized party; probably some
Communist sympathizers
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Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IPU, ITU, OAU, OPEC, UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,389 million (1974 est.), $2,600 per capita;
.61% growth (1973-74)
Agriculture: commercial-cocoa, coffee, wood,
palm oil, rice; main food crops-bananas, manioc,
peanuts, root crops; imports food
Fishing: catch 4,000 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: petroleum production, sawmills,
petroleum refinery, natural gas, agricultural
processing; mining of increasing importance; major
minerals-manganese, uranium, gold, and iron
Electric power: 85,000 kW capacity (1975); 215
million kWh produced (1975), 375 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1975); crude
petroleum, wood and wood products, minerals
(manganese, uranium concentrates, gold)
Imports: $727 million (f,o.b., 1975); excluding
UDEAC trade; mining, roadbuilding machinery,
electrical equipment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs,
textiles
Major trade partners: France, U.S., West
Germany, and Curacao; preferential tariffs to EC and
franc zone
Budget: 1975 est.-receipts $630 million, current
expenditures $184 million, investment expenditures
$446 million
Monetary conversion rate: 248.22 Communaute
Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as of August 1976
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,848 km; 182 km paved, 5,665 km
gravel and/or improved earth, remainder unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: approximately 1,600 km
perennially navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 129 km
Ports: 3 major (Libreville, Port-Gentil, Owendo), 2
minor
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 163 total, 105 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: system of open-wire, radio-
relay, tropospheric scatter links and radiocommunica-
tion stations; satellite ground station; 4 AM, no FM,
and 2 TV stations; 7,000 telephones; 92,000 radio
receivers; 8,000 TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 133,000; 69,000
fit for military service; 5,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $20,252,310; 3% of central
government budget
THE GAMBIA
LAND
10,360 km2; 25% uncultivated savanna, 16%
swamps, 4% forest parks, 55% upland cultivable
areas, built-up areas, etc.
Land boundaries: 740 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 80 km
PEOPLE
Population: 544,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.5% (7-68 to 7-70)
Nationality: noun-Gambian(s); adjective-
Gambian
Ethnic divisions: over 99% Africans (Malinke
40.8%, Fulani 13.5%, Wolof 12.9%, remainder made
up of several smaller groups), fewer than 1%
Europeans and Lebanese
Religion: 85% Muslim, 15% animist and Christian
Language: English official; Malinke and Wolof
most widely used vernaculars
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: approx. 165,000, mostly engaged in
subsistence farming; about 15,000 are wage earners
(government, trade, services)
Organized labor: 25% to 30% of wage labor force
at most
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GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of The Gambia
Type: republic; independent since February 1965
Capital: Banjul
Political subdivisions: Banjul and 5 divisions
Legal system: based on English common law and
customary law; constitution came into force upon
independence in 1965, new republican constitution
adopted in April 1970; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: cabinet of 10 members; 41-member
House of Representatives, in which 4 seats are reserved
for chiefs, 4 are appointed, 32 are filled by election for
5-year terms, a Speaker is elected by the House, and
the Attorney General is an ex officio member;
independent judiciary
Government leader: Dawda K. Jawara, President
Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive
Party (PPP), Secretary General Dawda K. Jawara, and
United Party (UP), John Forster
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general elections held March 1972; PPP
28 seats, UP 3 seats, 1 independent seat
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: AFBD, APC, Commonwealth, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, GATT, IBRD, IDA, IMF, OAU,
U.N., WCL, WFTU, WHO
ECONOMY
GDP: $104 million (FY75 est.), about $200 per
capita
Agriculture: main crops-peanuts, rice, palm
kernels
Fishing: catch 6,000 metric tons (1974); exports
956,000 (1974)
Major industry: peanut processing
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1975); 16
million kWh produced (1975), 30 kWh per capita
Exports: $43 million (FY75); peanuts and peanut
products 90% to 95%, palm kernels
Imports: $51 million (FY75); textiles, foodstuffs,
tobacco, machinery, petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports-U.K. and France;
imports-U.K. and Japan
Aid: economic-U.K. (1968-71), about $8 million
commitment; U.S. (FY56-75), $9.0 million; other
international organizations (FY62-75), $10.8 million
Budget: (FY75 est.) current expenditures $13
million, receipts $17 million; development expendi-
tures $6.7 million, development receipts $7.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Dalasi=US$0.45
(August 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,858 km; 190 km bituminous surface
treated, 1,330 km gravel/laterite, remainder
unimproved earth
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THE GAMBIA/GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Inland waterways: 605 km
Ports: 1 major (Banjul)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runway
1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station (non-operational)
Telecommunications: adequate network of radio-
relay; 2,310 telephones; 60,500 radio receivers; 1 AM,
1 FM and no TV stations; 1 submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 124,000; 63,000
fit for military service
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
North Sea
Baltic Sea
DEN
LAND
108,262 km2; 43% arable, 15% meadows and
pasture, 27% forested, 15% other
Land boundaries: 2,309 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 901 km (including islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 16,778,000, including East Berlin
(January 1977), average annual growth rate -0.3%
(current)
Nationality: noun-German(s); adjective-Ger-
man
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, .3% Slavic and
other
Religion: 53% Protestant, 8% Roman Catholic,
39% unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of Protestants
and about 25% of Roman Catholics actively
participate
Language: German, small Sorb (West Slavic)
minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 8,2 million; 34.1% industry; 4.7%
handicrafts; 6.8% construction; 11.9% agriculture;
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GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
6.8% transport and communications; 10.1%
commerce; 16.8% services; 2.5% other
Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: German Democratic Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recognized by
U.S., U.K., and France, which together with the
U.S.S.R. have special rights and responsibilities in
Berlin)
Political subdivisions: (excluding East Berlin) 14
districts (Bezirke), 218 counties (Kreise), 7,643
communities (Gemeinden)
Legal system: civil law system modified by
Communist legal theory; new constitution adopted
1974; court system parallels administrative divisions;
no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education
at Universities of Berlin, Leipzig, Halle and Jena; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; more
stringent penalcode adopted 1968
Branches: legislative-Volkskammer (elected
directly); executive-Chairman of Council of State,
Chairman of Council of Ministers, Cabinet (approved
by Volkskammer); judiciary-Supreme Court; entire
structure dominated by Socialist Unity (Communist)
Party
Government leaders: Chairman, Council of State,
Willi Stoph (Head of State); Chairman, Council of
Ministers, Horst Sindermann (Head of Government)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: national every 5 years; prepared by an
electoral commission of the National Front; ballot
supposed to be secret and voters permitted to strike
names off ballot; more candidates than offices
available; parliamentary elections held 14 November
1971
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity
(Communist) Party (SED), headed by First Secretary
Erich Honecker, dominates the regime; 4 token
parties (Christian Democratic Union, National
Democratic Party, Liberal Democratic Party, and
Democratic Peasant's Party) and an amalgam of
special interest organizations participate with the SED
in National Front
Voting strength: 1976 parliamentary elections:
98.58% voted the regime slate; 1970 local elections:
99.85% voted the regime slate
Communists: 1.9 million party members
Other special interest groups: Free German Youth,
Free German Trade Union Federation, Democratic
Women's Federation of Germany, German Cultural
Federation (all Communist dominated)
Member of: CEMA, IPU, ITU, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $70.2 billion in 1975 (1975 prices), $4,170 per
capita; 1975 growth rate 4.9%
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops-
potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats, industrial crops;
shortages in grain, vegetables, vegetable oil, beef;
caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1970-
71)
Fish catch: 327,000 metric tons (1975)
Major industries: metal fabrication, chemicals,
light industry, brown coal, and shipbuilding
Shortages: coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel
products, nonferrous metals
Crude steel: 6.5 million metric tons produced
(1975), approx. 380 kg per capita
Electric power: 17,100,000 kW capacity (1975);
84.5 billion kWh produced (1975), 5,010 kWh per
capita
Exports: $10,088 million (f.o.b. delivering country,
1975)
Imports: $11,290 million (f.o.b. delivering country,
1975)
Major trade partners: $21,378 million (1975); 36%
U.S.S.R., 34% other Communist countries, 30% non-
Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 3.48 DME=US$1 for
trade data (1975 rate)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
reported for calendar years except for caloric intake,
which is reported for the consumption year 1 July - 30
June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 14,252 km; 13,912 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 340 km meter (1.00 m) or other narrow
gage, 2,850 km double track standard gage (1.435 m);
1,406 km overhead electrified (1974)
Highways: 47,603 kni classified highways; 12,927
km state highways including 1,531 km autobahn;
34,676 km district roads; additionally about 80,000
km communal roads (1974)
Inland waterways: 2,499 km (1976)
Freight carried: rail-286.3 million metric tons,
49.1 billion metric ton/km (1974); highway-541.9
million metric tons, 15.2 million metric ton/km
(1974); waterway-14.5 million metric tons, 2.3
billion metric ton/km (excl. int'l. transit traffic)
(1975)
Pipelines: crude oil, 805 km; refined products, 241
km; natural gas 483 km
Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund,
Sassnitz), 13 minor (1976)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1976, 10.2 billion DME; about
9% of total budget
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GERMANY, FEDERAL REP. OF
GERMANY, FEDERAL
REPUBLIC OF
LAND
248,640 km2 (including West Berlin); 33%
cultivated, 23% meadows and pastures, 13% waste or
urban, 29% forested, 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 4,232 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,488 km (approx.)
PEOPLE
Population: 61,590,000, including West Berlin
(January 1977), average annual growth rate -0.1%
(1-73 to 1-76)
Nationality:
man
Ethnic divisions: 99% Germanic, 1% other
Religion: 46.9% Protestant, 45.4% Roman
Catholic, 7.7% other (as of 1970)
Language: German
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 26.7 million; 44.1% in manufacturing
and construction, 15,2% services, 12.8% commerce,
8.2% government, 7.2% agriculture, 5.4% com-
munication and transportation, 1% mining; 4.7%
average unemployed as of 1975, excluding self
employed
Organized labor: 31 % of total labor force; 37.5 % of
wage and salary earners
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Federal Republic of Germany
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bonn
Political subdivisions: 10 Laender (states);
Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately controlled by
U.S., U.K., and France which, together with the
U.S.S.R., have special rights and responsibilities in
Berlin
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous
concepts; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review
of legislative acts in the Supreme Federal constitu-
tional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral parliament-Bundersrat
(upper house), Bundestag (lower house); President
(titular head), Chancellor (executive head);
independent judiciary
Government leaders: President, Walter Scheel;
Chancellor, Helmut Schmidt leads coalition of Social
Democrats and Free Democrats
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: next national election scheduled for fall
of 1980
Political parties and leaders: Christian Demo-
cratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU),
Helmut Kohl, Franz-Josef Strauss, Karl Carstens, Kurt
Biedenkopf; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Willy
Brandt, Hans Koschnick, Helmut Schmidt; Free
Democratic Party (FDP), Hans-Dietrich Genscher,
Hans Friderichs, Wolfgang Mischnick; National
Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug;
Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies
Voting strength (1978 election): 42.6% SPD,
48.6% CDU/CSU, 7.9% FDP, 0.9% Splinter groups of
left and right (no parliamentary representation)
Communists: about 40,000 members and sup-
porters
Other political or pressure groups: expellee,
refugee, and veterans groups
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC,
ECSC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA,
IFC, IHO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS
(observer), OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WEU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $423 billion (1975), $6,810 per capita
(including West Berlin) (1975); 56% consumption,
21 % investment, 21 % government consumption (does
not include total government spending); net foreign
balance 2%; average annual growth rate 1965-75,
4.3% in constant 1962 prices
Agriculture: main crops-grains, potatoes, sugar
beets; 75% self-sufficient; food shortages-fats and
oils, pulses, tropical products; caloric intake, 2,984
calories per day per capita (1973-74)
Fishing: catch 434,037 metric tons, $167 million
(1975); exports $117 million, imports $347 million
(1975)
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GERMANY, FEDERAL REP. OF/GHANA
Major industries: among world's largest producers
of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery,
ships, vehicles
Shortages: fats and oils, sugar, cotton, wool,
rubber, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous
metals, sulfur
Crude steel: 60.6 million metric tons capacity; 40.4
million metric tons produced (1975); 650 kg per capita
Electric power: 75,766,000 kW capacity (1975);
301.5 billion kWh produced (1975), 4,800 kWh per
capita
Exports: $90 billion (f.o.b., 1975); manufactures
90.7% (machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor
vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural
products 4.1 %, fuels 3.1 %, raw materials 2.1 %
Imports: $75 billion (c.i.f., 1975); manufactures
58.2%, fuels 17.6%, agricultural products 13.8%, raw
materials 10.4%
Major trade partners: EC 46% (France 12%,
Netherlands 12%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8%, Italy
8%); other Europe 17%; U.S. 7%; OPEC 9%;
Communist economic 6%
Aid: economic-U.S. $4,212 million authorized
(FY46-75); $16 million authorized (FY73); military-
U.S., $939 million authorized (FY46-73), none since
FY64; net official aid flows to less developed countries
and multilateral agencies (1962-74)-$9,394 million,
$1,526 million (1974)
Budget: (1975) expenditures $61 billion, revenues
$48.8 billion, deficit $12,2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: DM 2.46 (West
German marks) =US$1 (1975 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 33,453 km; 29,032 km government-
owned, standard gage (1.435 m), 12,491 km double
track; 9,760 km electrified; 4,421 km non-government
owned; 3,997 km standard gage (1.435 m); 214 km
electrified; 424 km meter gage (1.00 m); 186 km
electrified
Highways: 398,720 km; 161,400 km classified,
includes 153,160 km cement-concrete, bituminous, or
stone block (includes 5,792 km of autobahnen); 8,240
km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; in addition,
237,320 km of unclassified roads of various surface
types
Inland waterways: 4,990 km of which almost 70%
usable by craft of 990 metric-ton capacity or larger
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,931 km; refined products,
1,609 km; natural gas, 95,414 km
Ports: 10 major, 11 minor
Civil air: 166 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 433 total, 377 usable; 203 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over
3,660 m, 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 36 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed, modern
telecommunication service to all parts of the country;
fully adequate in all respects; 20.4 million telephones;
21.5 million radio and 19.5 million TV receivers; 90
AM, 129 FM, and 2,160 TV stations; 6 submarine
cables; 4 communication satellite ground stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,749,000;
12,357,000 fit for military service; 460,000 reach
military age (18) annually
GHANA
LAND
238,280 km2; 19% agricultural, 60% forest and
brush, 21% other
Land boundaries: 2,285 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
(undefined protective areas may be proclaimed
seaward of territorial sea, and up to 100 nm seaward
may be proclaimed fishing conservation zone)
Coastline: 539 km
PEOPLE
Population: 10,281,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (7-72 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Ghanaian(s); adjective-
Ghanaian
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% Negroid African (major
tribes Ashanti, Fante, Ewe), 0.2% European and other
Religion: 45% animists, 43% Christian, 12%
Muslim
Language: English official; African languages
include Akan 44%, Mole-Dagbani 16%, Ewe 13%,
and Ga-Adangbe 8%
Literacy: about 25% (in English)
Labor force: 3,4 million; 61% agriculture and
fishing, 16.8% industry, 15.2% sales and clerical, 4.1 %
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services, transportation, and communications, 2.9%
professional; 400,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 350,000 or approximately 10% of
labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Ghana
Type: republic; independent since March 1957;
Military regime since January 1972
Capital: Accra
Political subdivisions: 8 administrative regions and
separate Greater Accra Area; regions subdivided into
58 districts and 267 local administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and
customary law; constitution suspended January 1972;
legal education at University of Ghana (Legon); has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive and legislative authority
vested in Supreme Military Council (SMC);
independent judiciary
Government leaders: Chief of State, Chairman of
SMC General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong
Suffrage: universal over 21 under previous
constitution, now suspended
Elections: no elections since 1969; none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: parties banned by
military junta which took power 13 January 1972
Communists: a small number of Communists and
sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $3.7 billion (1974) at current prices, about
$390 per capita; real growth rate 2% (1970-74)
Agriculture: main crop-cocoa; other crops
include root crops, corn, sorghum and millet, peanuts;
not self-sufficient, but can become so
Fishing: catch 223,500 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: mining, lumbering, light
manufacturing, fishing, aluminum
Electric power: 976,000 kW capacity (1975); 3.6
billion kWh produced (1975), 350 kWh per capita
Exports: $785 million (f.o.b., 1974); cocoa (about
65%), wood, gold, diamonds, manganese, bauxite,
and aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from
balance of payments data)
Imports: $662 million (f.o.b., 1975); textiles and
other manufactured goods, food, fuels, transport
equipment
Major trade partners: U.K., EC, and U.S.
Budget: FY75-revenue $617 million, current
expenditure $482 million, capital expenditure $214
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cedi=US$0.87
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gage; 32 km
double track; diesel locomotives gradually replacing
steam engines
Highways: 29,740 km; 4,020 km concrete or
bituminous surface, 12,870 km gravel or laterite, 8,850
km improved earth, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano
rivers provide 235 km of perennial navigation for
launches and lighters; additional routes navigable
seasonally by small craft; Lake Volta reservoir
provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways
Pipelines: refined products, 3 km
Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi), 1 naval base
(Sekondi), 4 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 19 total, 18 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: good system of open-wire
and cable, radio-relay links and radiocommunication
stations; 54,500 telephones; 1,060,000 radio and
33,000 TV receivers; 3 AM, no FM, and 5 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,319,000;
1,286,000 fit for military service; 111,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1977, $98.7 million; 9.1% of central government
budget
GIBRALTAR
LAND
6.5 km2
Land boundaries: 1.6 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
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Coastline: 12 km
PEOPLE
Population: 29,000 (official estimate for 1 July
1974)
Nationality: noun-Gibraltarian(s); adjective-
Gibraltar
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English, Maltese,
Portuguese and Spanish descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English and Spanish are primary
languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also
spoken; English used in the schools and for all official
purposes
Literacy: illiteracy is negligible
Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non-
Gibraltarian laborers
Organized labor: over 6,000
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Colony of Gibraltar
Type: U.K. colony
Capital: none
Legal system: English law; constitutional talks in
July 1968; new system effected in 1969 after electoral
enquiry
Branches: parliamentary system comprised of the
Gibraltar House of the Assembly (15 elected members
and 3 ex officio members), the Council of Ministers
headed by the Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar
Council; the Governor is appointed by the Crown
Government leaders: Governor and Commander
in Chief, Marshall of the RAF Sir John Grandy, Chief
Minister, Sir Joshua Hassan
Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other U.K.
subjects resident 6 months or more
Elections: every 5 years; last held in September
1976
Political parties and leaders: Labor, Sir Joshua
Hassan; Democratic Movement, Joe Boscano
Voting strengths: (September 1976) Labor, 8 seats;
Democratic Movement, 4 seats; independents, 3 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: the House-
wives Association; the Chamber of Commerce;
Gibraltar Representatives Organization
ECONOMY
Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on
commerce and large British naval and air bases;
nearly all trade in the well-developed port is transit
trade and port serves also as important supply depot
for fuel, water, and ships' wares; recently built
dockyards and machine shops provide maintenance
and repair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at
Gibraltar each year.
U.K. military establishments and civil government
employ nearly half the insured labor force; local
industry is confined to manufacture of tobacco,
roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, and canned
fish; some factories for manufacture of clothing are
being developed; a small segment of local population
makes its livelihood by fishing; in recent years tourism
has increased in importance.
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1975); 50
million kWh produced (1975), 2,000 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.28 million (f.o.b., 1973); principally
reexports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine; 13% to
U.K.
Imports: $22.81 million; 60% from U.K.
Major trade partners: U.K., Morocco, Portugal,
Netherlands
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Gibraltar pound=
US$2.4522 (as of September 28, 1973, floating)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 56 km, mostly paved
Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 permanent-surface runway, 1,220-
2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: international radiocom-
munication facilities; automatic telephone system
serving 8,000 telephones; 7,300 radio receivers; 7,000
TV receivers, 1 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 3
submarine telegraph cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 6,000;
about 3,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom
GILBERT ISLANDS
NOTE: On October 1, 1975, by Constitutional
Order, the Ellice Islands were formally separated from
the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands, thus
forming the new colony of Tuvalu. The remaining
islands in the former Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony
were renamed the Gilbert Islands.
The islands that comprise the Gilbert Islands
Colony are the Gilbert Islands; Fanning Atoll and
Washington Island in the Line Islands; Ocean Island;
and those islands claimed by the United States:
Caroline, Christmas, Flint, Malden, Starbuck, and
Vostok in the Line Islands; and Birnie, Gardner, Hull,
McKean, Phoenix, and Sydney in the Phoenix Islands.
LAND
About 684 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 1,143 km
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ElfAPU `\
1INEA
UNITED
STATES
PEOPLE
Population: 55,000, preliminary total from census
of 8 December 1973
Nationality: noun-Gilbertese or Gilbert island-
er(s); adjective-Gilbertese, or Gilbert Islander
Ethnic divisions: Micronesian
Religion: Catholic
Literacy: less than 50%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Gilbert Islands Colony
Type: British crown colony with large measure of
self-government
Capital: Tarawa
Branches: 20-member House of Assembly elects a
Chief Minister
Government leader: Governor John H. Smith;
Chief Minister, Naboua Ratieva
Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese National
Party, Christian Democratic Party
Member of: ADB
ECONOMY
GDP: $740 per capita (1974)
Agriculture: copra, subsistence crops of vegetables,
supplemented by domestic fishing
Industry: phosphate production, expected to cease
in 1978
Electric power: 16,000 kW capacity (1975); 44
million kWh produced (1975), 733 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.6 million (1970 est.); 70% phosphate,
copra
Imports: $3.1 million (1970 est.); foodstuffs, fuel
Budget: (est.) revenue 5.877 million NZ$,
expenditure 4,577 million NZ$
Monetary conversion rate: 0.80 Australian $ _
US$1 March 1976
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 483 km of motorable roads
GILBERT
ISLANDS
Inland waterways: small network of canals,
totaling 5 km, in Northern Line Islands
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast station;
5,000 radio receivers, no TV sets, and 250 telephones;
connected with Lisbon, Portugal, via cable broadcasts
LAND
132,608 km2; 29% arable and land under
permanent crops, 40% meadows and pastures, 20%
forested, 11% wasteland, urban, other
Land boundaries: 1,191 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 13,676 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,123,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.6% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Greek(s); adjective-Greek
Ethnic divisions: 96% Greek, 2% Turkish, 1%
Albanian, 1% other
Religion: 97% Greek Orthodox, 2.5% Muslim,
0.5% other
Language: Greek; English and French widely
understood
Literacy: males about 92%; females about 73%;
total about 82%
Labor force: 3,400,000 (1975 est.); 40.5%
agriculture, 25.6% industry, 33.7% services;
unemployment 3%, but there is substantial
unemployment in agriculture
Organized labor: 20% of labor force est.
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Hellenic Republic
Type: presidential parliamentary government;
monarchy rejected by referendum December 8, 1974
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Capital: Athens
Political subdivisions: 52 departments (nomoi)
constitute basic administrative units for country; each
nomos headed by officials appointed by central
government and policy and programs tend to be
formulated by central ministries; degree of flexibility
each nomos may have in altering or avoiding
programs imposed by Athens depends upon tradition
(Thessaloniki and other areas exercise considerable
traditional autonomy in local administrative
decisions) and influence which prominent local
leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis key figures
in central government
Legal system: new constitution enacted in June
1975
Branches: executive consisting of a President (to be
elected by Parliament) and a Prime Minister and
cabinet; legislative comprising the 300-member
Parliament; independent judiciary
Government leaders: President Constantine
Tsatsos; Prime Minister Constantine Caramanlis
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: every 4 years; latest November 17, 1974
Political parties and leaders: Union of the
Democratic Center, George Mavros; New Democracy,
Constantine Caramanlis; Panhellenic Socialist
Movement, Andreas Papandreou; Communist
Party-Exterior, Harilaos Florakis; Communist
Party-Interior, Haralambos Drakopoulos; and the
United Democratic Left, Ilias Iliou
Voting strength: New Democracy, 215 seats;
Union of the Democratic Center, 57 seats; Panhellenic
Socialist Movement, 15 seats; Communists, 8 seats;
independent, 5 seats
Communists: an estimated 25,000-30,000 members
and sympathizers
Member of: EC (associate), EIB (associate), EMA,
GATT, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU, IWC-International
Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $21.1 billion (1975), $2,320 per capita;
70.5% consumption, 20.8% investment, 13,3%
government; net foreign balance -6.5%, real growth
rate 0.75% (1975); typical real growth rate averages
7.5%
Agriculture: subject to droughts; main crops-
wheat,. olives, tobacco, cotton; nearly self-sufficient;
food shortages-livestock products; caloric intake,
2,960 calories per day per capita (1963)
Major industries: food processing, tobacco,
chemicals, textiles, petroleum refining, aluminum
processing
Shortages: petroleum, minerals, feed grains
Crude steel: 875,000 metric tons produced (1975),
100 kg per capita
Electric power: 4,763,000 kW capacity (1975);
14.6 billion kWh produced (1975), 1,120 kWh per
capita
Exports: $2,297 million (f.o.b., 1975); principal
items-tobacco, cotton, fruits, textiles
Imports: 5,328 million (c.i.f., 1975); principal
items-machinery and automotive equipment,
manufactured consumer goods, petroleum and
petroleum products, chemicals, meat and live animals
Major trade partners: (January to November
1974)-44% EC, 18% U.S., 9% other European
countries, 8% CEMA countries
Aid: economic (authorized)-U, S., $1,992.2
million (FY46-73); International Finance Corpora-
tion, $15 million through FY73; U.N. Technical
Assistance, $4.3 million through FY72; U.N. Special
Fund, $63.1 million through 1972; IBRD, $118.9
million (FY68-73), $25 million in 1972; Consortium,
$40 million in 1966; EC (FY64-72) $69.2 million;
U.S.S.R. $7.7 million (1954-74); military-U.S.,
$2,337 million (FY1946-73)
Budget: (1975) expenditures $4,680 million,
revenues $4,072 million, deficit $609 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 drachma = US$0.031
(1975 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,567 km; 1,559 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 960 km meter gage (1.00 m), 32 km narrow
gage (0.60 m), 16 km narrow gage (0.750 m); all
government-owned
Highways: 36,714 km; 18,223 km paved, 12,451
km crushed stone and gravel, 5,062 km improved
earth, 978 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of 3 coastal
canals and 3 unconnected rivers which provide
navigable length of just less than 80 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km, refined products, 547
km
Ports: 17 major, 37 minor
Airfields: 67 total, 62 usable; 44 with permanent-
surface runways; 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft (including 2
withdrawn from service)
Telecommunications: adequate modern networks
reach all areas on mainland and islands; 2.18 million
telephones; 3.25 million radio receivers; 1.1 million
TV receivers; 31 AM, 18 FM, and 33 TV stations; 4
coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite
ground stations
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DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,256,000;
1,728,000 fit for military service; about 75,000 reach
military age (21) annually
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $1.16 billion; about 19,3% of central
government budget
LAND
2,175,600 km2; less than 1% arable (of which only a
fraction cultivated), 84% permanent ice and snow,
15% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 44,087 km (approx., includes minor
islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 51,000 (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 1.6% (1-71 to 1-75)
Nationality: noun-Greenlander(s); adjective-
Greenland
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos and
Greenland-born whites), 14% Danes
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 12,000; largely engaged in fishing and
sheep breeding
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Greenland
Type: province of Kingdom of Denmark; 2
representatives in Danish parliament; separate
Minister for Greenland in the Danish cabinet
Capital: Godthaab (administrative center)
Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 communes
Legal system: Danish law; transformed from
colony to province in 1953
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with
Crown and Danish parliament; executive power
vested in Crown, acting through provincial governor
responsible to Minister for Greenland; local affairs
handled by provincial council (Landsrad) subject to
approval of provincial governor; 19 lower courts
Government leader: Queen Margrethe II,
Governor N. O. Christensen
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age
21
Elections: held every 4 years (next 1979)
Political parties: Inuit (advocating close ties with
Denmark); Sukaq (moderate socialist, advocating
more distinct Greenland identity)
ECONOMY
GNP: included in that of Denmark
Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay; sheep
grazing; garden produce
Fishing: catch 48,052 tons (1975); exports $35.6
million (1975)
Major industries: mining, slaughtering, fishing,
sealing
Electric power: 57,500 kW capacity (1975); 117
million kWh produced (1975), 2,300 kWh per capita
Exports: $88.6 million (f.o.b., 1975); fish and fish
products, nonmetallic minerals
Imports: $129.1 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery
and transport equipment, petroleum and petroleum
products, food products
Major trade partners: (1975) Denmark 68%,
Finland 7.5%, Spain 5.8%
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Danish Kroner=
US$0.174 (1975)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 9 major, 23 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft (registered in
Denmark)
Airfields: 11 total, 6 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 7 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and
international service provided by cables and radio
relay; 9,000 telephones; 12,500 radiobroadcast
receivers; 5 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations; 2 coaxial
submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, included with
Denmark
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GRENADA
LAND
344 km2 (Grenada and southern Grenadines); 44%
cultivated, 4% pastures, 12% forests, 17% unused but
potentially productive, 23% built on, wasteland, other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 121 km
PEOPLE
Population: 96,000 (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 0.5% (4-60 to 4-70)
Nationality: noun-Grenadian(s); adjective-
Grenadian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African-Negro descent
Religion: Church of England; other Protestant
sects; Roman Catholic
Language: English; some French patois
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 27,314 (1960); 40% agriculture, 30%
unemployed or underemployed
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Grenada
Type: independent state since February 1974,
recognizes Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. Georges
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law
Branches: legislative branch consists of 10-member
elected House of Representatives and 13-member
Senate appointed by the Governor; executive branch
is cabinet led by Prime Minister
Government leaders: Prime Minister Eric
Matthew Gairy; U.K. Governor General Leo de Gale
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every 5 years; most recent general
election 28 February 1972
Political parties and leaders: Grenada United
Labor Party (GULP), Eric Matthew Gairy; Grenada
National Party (GNP), Herbert A. Blaize
Voting strength (1972 election): GULP 58.7%,
GNP 41.3%; Legislative Council seats, GULP 14,
GNP 1
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM, IMF, OAS, SELA, U.N.
ECONOMY
GNP: $38 million (in current prices, 1974), $380 per
capita; real growth rate 1974, -15%
Agriculture: main crops-spices, cocoa, bananas
Fishing: 1,800 metric tons (1972)
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1975); 25
million kWh produced (1975), 270 kWh per capita
Exports: $12 million (f.o.b., 1975); nutmeg, cocoa
beans, bananas, mace
Imports: $24 million (c.i.f., 1975); food,
machinery, building materials
Major trade partners: exports-33% U.K., 19%
West Germany, 13% Netherlands; imports-27%
West Indies, 27% U.K., 9% U.S.
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean
dollars-US$1 (July 1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 980 km; 600 km paved, 180 km
otherwise improved; 200 km unimproved
Ports: 1 major (St. Georges), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent
surface runways, 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: automatic, islandwide
telephone system with 5,250 telephones; VHF and
UHF links to Trinidad and Carriacou; 21,000 radios
and 150 TV receivers; 3 AM stations
GUADELOUPE
LAND
1,779 km2; 24% cropland, 9% pasture, 4% potential
cropland, 16% forest, 47% wasteland, built on; area
consists of two islands
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 306 km
PEOPLE
Population: 353,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.3% (7-67 to 7-73)
Nationality: noun-Guadeloupian(s); adjective-
Guadeloupe
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DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
PUERTO
RICO
Ethnic divisions: 90% Negro or Mulatto, less than
5% East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese, 5% Caucasian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and
pagan African
Language: French, creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 120,000; 25% agriculture, 25%
unemployed
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Overseas Department of Guadeloupe
Type: overseas department and region of France;
represented by 3 deputies in the French National
Assembly and 2 Senators in the Senate
Capital: Basse-Terre
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34
communes, each with a locally elected municipal
council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is
a court of appeal based in Martinique with
jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and
Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by Paris;
legislative, popularly elected General Council of 36
members and a Regional Council composed of
members of the local General Council and the locally
elected deputies and senators to the French
parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French
judicial system
Government leader: Prefect Jacques Le Cornec
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections coincide with
those for the French National Assembly, normally
every 5 years; last General Council election took place
in March 1976; local election last held September
1973; last French presidential election in May 1974
Political parties and leaders: Union of Democrats
for the Republic (UDR), Gabriel Lisette; Communist
Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Henri Bangou; Socialist
Party (MSG), leader unknown; Progressive Party of
Guadeloupe (PPG), Henri Rodes; Independent
Republicans; Federation of the Left
Voting strength: MSG, 1 seat in French National
Assembly; UDG, 2 seats; (1973 election)
Communists: 3,000 est.
Other political or pressure groups: Group of
National Organization of Guadeloupe (GONG)
Member of: WFTU
ECONOMY
GDP: $302 million (1971), $880 per capita; real
growth rate (1971) 5.9%
Agriculture: main crops, sugarcane and bananas
Major industries: agricultural processing, sugar
milling and rum distillation
Electric power: 33,000 kW capacity (1975); 130
million kWh produced (1975), 380 kWh per capita
Exports: $78 million (f.o.b., 1975); sugar, bananas,
rum
Imports: $292 million (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs,
clothing and other consumer goods, raw materials and
supplies, and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-71% France, 17%
U.S., 7% Germany, 5% other; imports-70% France,
9% U.S., 3% Germany, 3% Netherlands Antilles, 3%
Netherlands, 12% other (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.44 French francs=
US$1 (1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gage planta-
tion lines
Highways: 2,030 km; 1,500 km paved, 530 km
gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable, 8 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 2
seaplane stations
Telecommunications: domestic facilities inade-
quate; 24,600 telephones; inter-island VHF radio
links; 2 AM and 3 TV transmitters; about 32,000 radio
and 14,700 TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, included with
France
LAND
108,880 km2; 14% cultivated, 10% pasture, 57%
forest, 19% other
Land boundaries: 1,625 km
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Elections: next elections (President and Congress)
1978; President cannot succeed himself
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Institutional Party (PID), Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz;
Revolutionary Party (PR), Jorge Garcia-Granados
Quinonez (secretary general); National Liberation
Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval Alarcon;
Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party (DCG),
Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo (sec. gen.)
Voting strength: for President-MLN-PID 298,953
(44.6%), DCG 228,067 (34.0%), PR 143,111 (21.4%);
for congressional seats-MLN-PID 36, DCG 15, PR
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (200
nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 400 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,099,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (7-72 to 7-73)
Nationality: noun-Guatemalan(s); adjective-
Guatemalan
Ethnic divisions: 41.4% Indian, 58.6% Ladino
(mestizo and westernized Indian)
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the
population speaks an Indian language as a primary
tongue
Literacy: about 30%
Labor force (1974): 1.8 million; 52.5% agriculture,
10.1% manufacturing, 21.7% services, 7.9%
commerce, 3.9% construction, 2.1% transport, 0.7%
mining, 1.2% electrical, 0.8% other. Unemployment
estimates vary from 3% to 25%
Organized labor: 6.4% of labor force (1975)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Guatemala
Type: republic
Capital: Guatemala
Political subdivisions: 22 departments
Legal system: civil law system; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review of legislative acts;
legal education at University of San Carlos of
Guatemala; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: traditionally dominant executive;
elected unicameral legislature; 7-member (minimum)
Supreme Court
Government leader: President Kjell Laugerud
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory for
literates, optional for illiterates
Communists: Communist party outlawed; under-
ground membership estimated at 750
Other political or pressure groups: outlawed
(Communist) Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT)
Eleuterio Cabrera Mejia (provisional secretary
general)
Member of: CACM, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDS, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, ISO,
ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, OAS,
ODECA, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPEB, UPU,
WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $3,676 million (1975), $630 per capita; 82%
private consumption, 6% government consumption,
15% domestic investment, -3% net foreign balance
(1974); average annual real growth rate (1971-75),
6.1%
Agriculture: main products-coffee, cotton, corn,
beans, sugarcane, bananas, livestock; caloric intake,
2,200 calories per day per capita (1967)
Fishing: catch 5,000 metric tons (1974); exports
$2.6 million (1973), imports $0.7 million (1973)
Major industries: food processing, textiles and
clothing, furniture, chemicals, nonmetallic minerals,
metals
Electric power: 225,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.1
billion kWh produced (1975), 180 kWh per capita
Exports: $650 million (f.o.b., 1975 est.); coffee,
cotton, sugar, bananas, meat
Imports: $720 million (f.o,b., 1975 est.);
manufacured products, machinery, transportation
equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports (1974)-34% U.S.,
28% CACM, 11% West Germany, 5% Japan; imports
(1974)-31% U.S., 17% CACM, 12% Venezuela, 9%
Japan, 8% West Germany
Aid: economic-from U.S. (FY46-75), $108 million
loans, $203 million grants; from international
organizations (FY46-75), $246 million; from other
Western countries (1960-71), $12.3 million; military-
assistance from U.S. (FY46-75), $39 million
Central government budget (1975): budgeted
expenditures $370 million
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Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 947 km, 0.914-meter gage, single-
tracked; 832 km government-owned, 115 km privately
owned
Highways: 12,400 km, 2,650 km bituminous, 6,300
km gravel, 3,450 km improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year-round;
additional 730 km navigable during high-water
season
Pipelines: crude oil, 48 km
Ports: 2 major (Puerto Barrios, Santo Tomas de
Castilla), 3 minor
Airfields: 337 total, 337 usable; 7 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 17
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft plus 3
withdrawn from use
Telecommunications: modern telecom facilities
limited to Guatemala City; 57,400 telephones;
360,000 radio and 110,000 TV receivers; 97 AM, 20
FM, and 5 TV stations; connection into Central
American microwave net
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,457,000;
948,000 fit for military service; about 65,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $34,0 million; 6.77% of central
government budget
LAND
246,050 km2; 3% cropland, 10% forest
Land boundaries: 3,476 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 130 nm
Coastline: 346 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,584,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.5% (current)
Nationality: noun-Guinean(s); adjective-
Guinean
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (3 major tribes-
Fulani, Malinke, Susu; and 15 smaller tribes)
Religion: 75% Muslim, 25% animist, Christian, less
than 1%
Language: French official; each tribe has own
language
Literacy: 5% to 10%; French only significant
written language
Labor force: 1.8 million, of whom less than 10%
are wage earners; most of population engages in
subsistence agriculture
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage labor
force loosely affiliated with the National Confedera-
tion of Guinean Workers, which is closely tied to the
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Guinea
Type: republic; under one-party presidential
regime
Capital: Conakry
Political subdivisions: 29 administrative regions,
209 arrondissements, about 8,000 local entities at
village level
Legal system: based on French civil law system,
customary law, and presidential decree; constitution
adopted 1958; no constitutional provision for judicial
review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive branch dominant, with power
concentrated in President's hands and a small group
who are both ministers and members of the party's
politburo; unicameral National Assembly and
judiciary have little independence
Government leader: President Ahmed Sekou
Toure, who has been designated "The Supreme
Leader of the Revolution"
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: approximate schedule-5 years par-
liamentary, latest in 1975; 7 years presidential, latest
in 1975
Political parties and leaders: only party is
Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG), headed by Sekou
Toure
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Communists: no Communist party, although there
are some sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, Niger River
Commission, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: about $729 million (1975 est), $170 per
capita
Agriculture: cash crops-coffee, bananas, palm
products, peanuts, and pineapples; staple food
crops-cassava, rice, millet, corn, sweet potatoes;
livestock raised in some areas
Major industries: alumina, light manufacturing
and processing industries, bauxite mining
Electric power: 100,000 kW capacity (1975); 400
million kWh produced (1975), 90 kWh per capita
Exports: $190 million (f.o.b., 1975); alumina,
bauxite, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels
Imports: $187 million (c.i.f., 1975); petroleum
products, metals, machinery and transport equip-
ment, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: Communist countries,
Western Europe (including France), U.S.
Budget: (FY75) current revenue $180 million,
current expenditures $154 million
Monetary conversion rate: 20.33 syli=US$1
(February 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 805 km meter gage (1.00 m), 8 km
standard gage
Highways: 7,604 km; 4,949 km paved, remainder
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,795 km; 500 km navigable by
small oceangoing vessels, 1,295 km navigable by
shallow-draft steamers and barges
Ports: 1 major (Conakry), 3 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 17 total, 17 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 in, 10
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 3 seaplane landing areas
Telecommunications: inadequate system of open-
wire lines, small radiocommunication stations, and 1
radio-relay link; principal center Conakry, secondary
center Kankan; 8,300 telephones; 110,000 radio
receivers; 1 AM station, no FM, and no TV stations; 2
submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 958,000; 485,000
fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
September 1970 (latest information available),
$6,073,000; 8.0% of central government budget
GUINEA-BISSAU
(formerly Portuguese Guinea)
LAND
36,260 km' (includes Bijagos archipelago)
Land boundaries: 740 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 150 nm
Coastline: 274 km
PEOPLE
Population: 518,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.8% (current)
Nationality: noun-Guinean(s); adjective-
Guinean
Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (Balanta 30%,
Fulani 20%, Mandyako 14%, Malinke 13%, and 23%
other tribes); less than 1% European and mulatto
Religion: 66% animist, 30% Muslim, 4% Christian
Language: Portuguese and numerous African
languages
Literacy: 3% to 5%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Type: republic; achieved independence from
Portugal in September 1974; constitution promul-
gated 1974
Capital: Bissau
Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities, 3
circumscriptions (predominantly indigenous popula-
tion)
Legal system: to be determined
Branches: National Popular Assembly to be elected
for three-year term; Council of State Commissars, 16
members; the official party is the supreme political
institution.
Government leaders: President of Council of State
and Chief of State is Luis Cabral; Principal
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Commissar and Head of Government, Francisco
Mendes; Secretary General of the Official party,
Aristides Pereira
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders: Partido Africano da
Independencia da Guinee e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), led
by Aristide Pereira, only legal party; Front de Lutte
pour l'Independence Nationale de la Guinea
(FLING), a largely dormant, loose coalition of
nationalist elements opposed the PAIGC, leadership
fragmented
Communists: none known
Member of: OAU, U.N., UPU
ECONOMY
GDP: $112 million (est. 1975), $240 per capita
Agriculture: main crops-palm oil, root crops, rice,
coconuts, peanuts
Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity (1975); 17
million kWh produced (1975), 30 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.6 million (f.o.b., 1969); principally
peanuts, coconuts
Imports: $23.3 million (c.i.f., 1969); manufactured
goods, fuels, transport equipment, rice
Major trade partners: mostly Portugal, also
immediate neighbors
Aid: Portugal, small amounts
Monetary conversion rate: using Portuguese
currency; 31.39 escudos=US$1 (July 1976)
Fiscal year: probably is the calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 3,218 km (418 km bituminous,
remainder earth)
Inland waterways: 1,600 km
Ports: 1 major (Bissau), 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 60 total, 60 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1
seaplane station
Telecommunications: limited system of open-wire
lines and radiocommunication stations; 2,700
telephones; 10,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or
TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 119,000; 68,000
fit for military service
GUYANA
LAND
214,970 km2; 1% cropland, 3% pasture, 8%
savanna, 66% forested, 22% water, urban, and waste
Land boundaries: 2,575 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 459 km
PEOPLE
Population: 818,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.2% (current)
Nationality: noun-Guyanese (sing., pl.); adjec-
tive-Guyanese
Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indians, 43% Negro
and Negro mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% white and
Chinese
Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim,
1 % other
Language: English
Literacy: 86%
Labor force: 201,000; about 25% agriculture, 14%
manufacturing, 16% services, 11% commerce, 3%
mining and quarrying, 10% other; 21% unemployed
Organized labor: 34% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Cooperative Republic of Guyana
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Georgetown
Political subdivisions: 9 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law with
certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers presided over by
Prime Minister; 53-member unicameral legislative
National Assembly (elected); Supreme Court
Government leader: Prime Minister L.F.S.
Burnham
Suffrage: universal over age 18 as of constitutional
amendment August 1973
Elections: last held in July 1973; next election must
be called within 5 years
Political parties and leaders: People's National
Congress (PNC), L.F.S. Burnham; People's Progres-
sive Party (PPP), Cheddi Jagan; United Force (UF),
Feilden Singh
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Voting strength (1973 election): 70.2% PNO,
26.2% PPP, 3.6% other
Communists: est. 100 hard-core within PPP; top
echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive Youth
Organization, militant wing of the PPP) include many
Communists, but rank and file is conservative and
non-Communist
Other political or pressure groups: Guyana
National Liberation Front (GNLF), People's
Democratic Movement (PDM), African Society for
Cultural Relations with Independent Africa
(ASCRIA), Afro-Asian-American Association (AAAA)
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, GATT, IBA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, OAS
(observer), SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $471 million (1975), $580 per capita; real
growth rate 1975, 5% est.
Agriculture: main crops-sugarcane, rice, other
food crops; food shortages-wheat flour, potatoes,
processed meat, dairy products; caloric intake, 2,180
calories per day per capita (1967)
Fishing: exported 5,100 metric tons valued at $4
million in 1974
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina
production, sugar and rice milling, timber
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1975); 370
million kWh produced (1975), 515 kWh per capita
Exports: $362 million (f.o.b., 1975); bauxite, sugar,
alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, diamonds,
rum
Imports: $351 million (c.i.f., 1975); manufactures,
machinery, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-29% U.K., 24%
U.S., 14% CARICOM, 3% Canada; imports-29%
U.S., 22% U.K., 21% CARICOM, 4% Canada (1975)
Aid: economic-authorizations from U.S. (FY53-
75), $63 million in loans, $26 million in grants;
commitments from Communist countries-China
(1972-75), $36 million in loans, and East Germany
(1974), $10 million in loans; from international
organizations (FY46-75), $68 million
Monetary conversion rate: since October 1975
floating with US dollar, 1 US$=G$2.55
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 165 km, all single track; 107 km 0.914-
meter gage, 29 km 1.065-meter gage
Highways: 3,500 km; 800 km paved, 1,550 km
otherwise improved, 1,150 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 5,900 km; Demerara River
navigable to Mackenzie by ocean steamers, others by
ferryboats, small craft only
Ports: 1 major (Georgetown), 3 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 96 total, 88 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2
seaplane stations
Telecommunications: highly developed telecom
system with radio relay network and over 21,300
telephones; tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad;
280,000 radio receivers, 3 AM and 1 FM stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 188,000; 143,000
fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1975, $13.4 million; 4.9% of central
government budget
LAND
27,713 km2; 31% cultivated, 18% rough pastures,
7% forested, 44% unproductive
Land boundary: 361 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 15 nm)
Coastline: 1,771 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,682,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.6% (8-70 to 8-75)
Nationality: noun-Haitian(s); adjective-Haitian
Ethnic divisions: over 90% Negro, nearly 10%
mulatto, few whites
Religion: 10% Protestant, 75% to 80% Roman
Catholic (of which an overwhelming majority also
practice Voodoo)
Language: French (official) spoken by only 10% of
population; all speak Creole
Literacy: 10% to 12%
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Labor force: 2,6 million (est. January 1968); 86%
agriculture, 12% industry, 2% unemployed; shortage
of skilled labor; unskilled labor abundant
Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Haiti
Type: republic under the 14-year dictatorship of
Francois Duvalier who was succeeded upon his death
on 21 April 1971 by his son, Jean-Claude
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Political subdivisions: 5 departments (despite
constitutional provision for 9)
Legal system: based on Roman civil law system;,,
constitution adopted 1964 and amended 1971; legal
education at State University in Port-au-Prince and
private law colleges in Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes,
Gonaives, and Jeremie; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: lifetime President, unicameral 58-
member legislature of very limited powers, judiciary
appointed by President
Government leader: President-for-life Jean-Claude
Duvalier
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: constitution as amended in 1971
provides for lifetime president to be designated by his
predecessor and ratified by electorate in plebiscite;
legislative elections, which are held every 6 years, last
held February 1973
Political parties: National Unity Party, only legal
party; United Haitian Communist Party (PUCH),
illegal (Communist)
Voting strength (1967 legislative elections): 100%
National Unity Party (Duvalier)
Communists: strength unknown; party leaders
believed in exile
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
ITU, OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $816 million (FY74), $160 per capita; real
growth rate 1974, 3.5%
Agriculture: main crops-coffee, sugarcane, rice,
corn, sorghum, pulses; caloric intake, 1,850 calories
per day per capita
Major industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour
milling, cement manufacturing, bauxite mining,
tourism, light assembly industries
Electric power: 70,000 kW capacity (1975); 135
million kWh produced (1975), 28 kWh per capita
Exports: $74 million (f.o.b., 1975 est.); coffee, light
industrial products, bauxite, sugar, essential oils, sisal
Imports: $121 million (c.i.f., 1975 est.); consumer
durables, foodstuffs, industrial equipment, petroleum
products, construction materials
Major trade partners: exports-60% U.S.;
imports-40% U.S. (FY73)
Aid: economic authorizations-from U.S. (FY46-
75), $46 million loans, $109 million grants; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $102 million;
military authorizations-from U.S. (FY46-75), $4
million in grants
Monetary conversion rate: 5 gourdes=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 80 km narrow gage (0.760 m), single-
track, privately owned industrial line; 8 km dual-gage
0.760- to 1.065-meter gage, government line,
dismantled
Highways: 3,200 km; 600 km paved, 950 km
otherwise improved, 1,650 km unimproved
Inland waterways: negligible; about 100 km
navigable
Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince, Cap Haitian), 12
minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 16 total, 15 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 5
with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: all domestic facilities
inadequate, international facilities slightly better;
telephone expansion program underway; 11,000
telephones, 300,000 radio and 13,800 TV receivers, 32
AM, 5 FM, and 1 TV station; COMSAT station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,162,000;
617,000 fit for military service; about 52,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
September 1976, $10.9 million; about 13.6% of
operational budget
HONDURAS
LAND
112,150 km2; 27% forested, 30% pasture, 36% waste
and built-up, 7% cropland
Land boundaries: 1,530 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 820 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,872,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.9% (7-74 to 7-75)
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Nationality: noun-Honduran(s); adjective-
Honduran
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo, 7% Indian, 2%
Negro, and 1 % white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 57.4% of persons 10 years of age and over
(est. 1970)
Labor force: approx. 900,000 (est. mid-1972); 66%
agriculture, 12% services, 8% manufacturing, 5%
commerce, 6% unemployed, 3% unspecified
Organized labor: 7% to 10% of labor force (mid-
1972)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Honduras
Type: republic
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Political subdivisions: 18 departments
Legal system: based on Roman and Spanish civil
law; some influence of English common law;
constitution adopted 1965; judicial review of
legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal education at
University of Honduras in Tegucigalpa; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: constitution provides for elected
President, unicameral legislature, and national
judicial branch
Government leader: Juan Alberto Melgar Castro
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: government leaders have indicated an
intention to hold elections in 1979
Political parties and leaders: all parties, even legal
ones, are dormant at present; Liberal Party (PLH),
Modesto Rodas Alvarado, Carlos Roberto Reina
Idiaguez, Jorge Bueso Arias; National Party (PNH),
Alejandro Lopez Cantarero, Ricardo Zuniga
Augustinus; Mario Rivera Lopez, Martin Aquero;
Popular Progressive Party (PPP) (uninscribed),
Gonzalo Carias Castillo; National Innovation and
Unity Party (PINU) (uninscribed), Miguel Andonie
Fernandez; Workers Party of Honduras (PTH)
(Communist) (uninscribed), Rogue Ochoa; Com-
munist Party of Honduras/Soviet (PCH/S-outlawed),
Dionisio Ramos Bejarano; Communist Party of
Honduras/China (PCH/C-outlawed), Agapito
Robledo Castro
Voting strength (1971 elections): National Party
(PNH) 306,028; Liberal Party (PLH) 276,777
Communists: about 650; 500 sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: National
Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH);
Council of Honduran Private Enterprise (COHEP);
Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH)
Member of: CACM, FAO, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, OAS,
U.N., UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,030 million (1975), $370 per capita; 79%
private consumption, 10% government consumption,
22% domestic investment; -11% net foreign balance
(1975); real growth rate, average 1971-75, 2.6%
Agriculture: main crops-bananas, coffee, corn,
beans, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco; caloric intake,
2,200 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: exports $4.3 million (1972); imports $0.5
million (1972)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles,
clothing, wood products
Electric power: 167,000 kW capacity (1975); 420
million kWh produced (1975), 155 kWh per capita
Exports: $300 million (f.o.b., 1975); bananas,
lumber, coffee, meat, petroleum products
Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1975); manufactured
products, machinery, transportation equipment,
chemicals, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-51% U.S., 12%
CACM, 11% West germany; imports-42% U.S.,
16% Venezuela, 13% CACM, 7% Japan, 3% West
Germany (1975)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$107 million loans, $87 million grants; from
international organizations (FY46-73), $291 million;
from other Western countries (1960-73), $7.0 million;
military-assistance from U.S. (FY46-75), $16 million
Budget (1976): expenditures, $240 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras = US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 574 km; 325 km 1.067-meter gage, 249
km 0.914-meter gage
Highways: 8,700 km; 1,150 km bituminous
surfaced, 2,500 km gravel surfaced or improved earth,
5,050 km unimproved earth
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HONDURAS/HONG KONG
Inland waterways: 1,200 km navigable by small
craft
Ports: 3 major (Puerto Cortes, La Ceiba, Tela), 9
minor
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 240 total, 21 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: improved, but still inade-
quate; connection into Central American microwave
net; 16,000 telephones; 300,000 radio and 50,000 TV
receivers; 97 AM, 12 FM, and 5 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 666,000; 392,000
fit for military service; about 27,000 reach military
age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $22.3 million; about 8.6% of central
government budget (includes the armed forces and
other military)
HONG KONG
LAND
1,036 km2; 14% arable, 10% forested, 76% other
(mainly grass, shrub, steep hill country)
Land boundaries: 24 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 733 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,497,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.0% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: adjective-Hong Kong
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
Religion: 10% Christian, 90% eclectic mixture of
local religions
Language: Chinese, English
Literacy: 75%
Labor force (1971 est.): 1.58 million; 43%
manufacturing, 20% services, 11% construction,
mining, quarrying and utilities, 13% commerce, 4%
agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and hunting, 7%
communications, 2% other; underemployment is a
serious problem
Organized labor: 12% of 1969 labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Colony of Hong Kong
Type: U.K. crown colony
Capital: Victoria
Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon, and
New Territories
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Executive
Council; he legislates with advice and consent of
Legislative Council; Urban Council which alone
includes elected representatives, responsible for
health, recreation, and resettlement; independent
judiciary
Government leader: C. M. MacLehose, Governor
and Commander in Chief
Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 professional
or skilled persons
Elections: every 2 years to select one-half of elected
membership of Urban Council; other Urban Council
members appointed by the Governor
Political parties: Civic Association; Reform Club;
Socialist Democratic Party; Hong Kong Labour Party
Voting strength: (elected Urban Council members)
Civic Association 4, Reform Club 3, and 1
independent
Communists: an estimated 2,000 hard core cadres
affiliated with Communist Party of China
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of
Trade Unions (Communist controlled), Hong Kong
and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist
Chinese dominated), Hong Kong General Chamber of
Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce
(Communist controlled), Federation of Hong Kong
Industries, Chinese Manufacturers' Association of
Hong Kong
Member of: ADB, WCL
ECONOMY
GDP: 6.8 billion (1975, in 1975 prices), $1,570 per
capita (est.); average real growth 4.8% (1970-75)
Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor position
in the economy; main products-rice, vegetables,
dairy products; less than 20% self-sufficient; food
shortages-rice, wheat
Major industries: textiles and clothing, tourism,
plastics, electronics, light metal products, food
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Shortages: industrial raw materials, water, food
Electric power: 2,600,000 kW capacity (1975); 7.3
billion kWh produced (1975), 11600 kWh per capita
Exports: $6.0 billion (f.o.b., 1975), including $1.4
billion reexports; principal products clothing, plastic
articles, textiles, electrical goods, wigs, footwear, light
metal manufactures
Imports: $6.8 billion (c.i.f., 1975)
Major trade partners: (1975) exports-25% U.S.,
9% U.K., 9% West Germany; imports-21% Japan,
20% China, 12% U.S.
Budget: (76/77) $1.44 billion
Monetary conversion rate: HK$4.884=US$1
(September 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 35 km standard gage (1.435 m);
government owned
Highways: 966 km; 660 km paved, 306 km gravel
and crushed stone, or earth
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: 18 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 1
with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: modern facilities provide
domestic and international services; excellent
broadcast coverage provided by wired and radio
broadcast stations; closed-circuit TV and TV
broadcast facilities; 988,545 telephones; 2.5 million
radio receivers; 100,000 wired-speakers; 2 FM, 2 AM
stations; wired-broadcast network; 2 TV stations, 2
closed-circuit TV networks; 2 international com-
munications satellite ground stations; coaxial cable
link to Canton; 5 submarine cables; submarine cable
planned to Taiwan and Philippines
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,164,000;
906,000 fit for military service; about 53,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Defense is the responsibility of U.K.
HUNGARY
LAND
92,981 km2; 60% arable, 14% other agricultural,
16% forested, 10% other
Land boundaries: 2,245 km
PEOPLE
Population: 10,634,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.6% (current)
Nationality: noun-Hungarian(s); adjective-
Hungarian
Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Magyar,
2.4% Gypsy, 0.7% Jews, 1.1% other
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Calvinist,
5.0% Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and other
Language: 98.2% Magyar, 1.8% other
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 5,085,500 (1 January 1976); 23%
agriculture, 44% industry and building, 16% trade
and transport, 17% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Hungarian Peoples Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Budapest
Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties), 5
autonomous cities in county status, 97 jaras (districts)
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory,
with both civil law system (civil code of 1960) and
common law elements; constitution adopted 1949
amended 1972; Supreme Court renders decisions of
principle that sometimes have the effect of declaring
legislative acts unconstitutional; legal education at
Lorand Eotvos Tudomanyegyetem School of Law in
Budapest and 2 other schools of law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive-Presidential Council (elected
by Parliament); legislative-Parliament (elected by
direct suffrage); judicial-Supreme Court (elected by
Parliament)
Government leaders:
Council of Ministers;
Presidential Council
Gyorgy Lazar, Chairman,
Pal Losonczi, President,
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; national
elections are held separately
Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Socialist
(Communist) Workers Party (sole party); Janos Kadar
is First Secretary of Central Committee
Voting strength (1975 election): 7,497,061 (99.6%)
for Communist-approved candidates; 30,108 (0.4%)
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invalid and negative votes; total eligible electorate
about 7.76 million; next elections will be held in 1980
Communists: about 754,000 party members
(March 1975)
Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $27.8 billion in 1975 (at 1975 prices), $2,640
per capita; 1975 growth rate, 3.7%
Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main crops-
corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, wine grapes;
caloric intake 3,140 calories per day per capita (1970)
Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engineering
industries, processed foods, textiles, chemicals
(especially pharmaceuticals)
Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite), copper,
high grade coal, forest products, crude oil
Crude steel: 3.67 million metric tons produced
(1975), 350 kg per capita
Electric power: 4,500,000 kW capacity (1975);
20.5 billion kWh produced (1975), 1,935 kWh per
capita
Exports: $6,066 million (f.o.b., 1975); 31%
machinery, 19% industrial consumer goods, 25% raw
materials and semimanufactures, 23% food and raw
materials for the food industry, energy sources 2%
(distribution for 1975)
Imports: $7,156 million (1975); 22% machinery,
8% industrial consumer goods, 49% raw materials and
semimanufactures; 9% food and raw materials for the
food industry, energy sources 12% (distribution for
1975)
Major trade partners: $13,221 million (1975); 69%
with Communist countries, 31% with non-Commu-
nist countries
Aid: U.S.S.R.-$338 million extended (1956-66),
$10 million extended in 1967, $167 million extended
in 1968; to less developed non-Communist coun-
tries-$666.3 million (1954-75)
Monetary conversion rate: 41.30 forints=US$1
(commercial); 20.65 forints=US$1 (noncommercial)
as of January 1976
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
reported for calendar years
NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted at the
1975 rate of 8.60 forints=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 8,392 km; 7,879 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 478 km narrow gage (mostly 0.747 m), 35
km broad gage (1.524 m), 1,159 km double track,
1,303 km electrified; government owned (1975)
Highways: 30,000 km; 350 km concrete, 21,450 km
bituminous, 250 km stone block, 7,000 km gravel, 950
km earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 1,687 km (1976)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,287 km; refined products,
290 km; natural gas, 2,896 km
Freight carried: rail-132.1 million metric tons,
23.5 billion metric ton/km (1975); highway-479.4
million metric tons, 8.1 billion metric ton/km (1975);
waterway-est. 14.2 million metric tons, 8.3 billion
metric ton/km incl. intl. transit traffic (1975)
River ports: 2 principal (Budapest, Dunaujvaros);
no maritime ports; outlets are Rostock, GDR, and
Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szczecin in Poland
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,656,000;
2,141,000 fit for military service; about 74,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1976, 12.3 billion forints; about
4% of total budget
ICELAND
JanMayen
Island
Greenland
Sea Norwegian
penmark Streit ICELAND Sea
Atlantic
Ocean
LAND
102,952 km2; arable negligible, 22% meadows and
pastures, forested negligible, 78% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm
(fishing, 200 nm, effective 15 October 1975)
Coastline: 4,988 km
PEOPLE
Population: 221,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0,9% (12-74 to 12-75)
Nationality: noun-Icelander(s); adjective-
Icelandic
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Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other
Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation
Language: Icelandic
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 85,000; 22.6% agriculture and
fishing; 25.6% mining and manufacturing; 10.7%
construction; 12,8% commerce; 7.8% transportation
and communications; 15.2% services; and 5.7% other;
unemployment 0.6%
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Iceland
Type: republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Political subdivisions: 23 rural districts, 215
parishes, 14 incorporated towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Danish
law; constitution adopted 1944; legal education at
University of Iceland; does not accept compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with
President and parliament (Althing); executive power
vested in President but exercised by cabinet
responsible to parliament; Supreme Court and 29
lower courts
Government leaders: President Kristian Eldjarn;
Prime Minister Geir Hallgrimsson
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every 4 years (next in
(1978); presidential, every 4 years (next in 1976)
Political parties and leaders: Independence
(conservative), Geir Hallgrimsson; Progressive, Olafur
Johannesson; Social Democratic, Benedikt Grondal;
People's Alliance (Communist front), Ragnar Arnalds;
Organization of Liberals and Leftists, Magnus Torfi
Olafsson
Voting strength (1974 election): 42.7% Independ-
ence, 24.9% Progressive, 9.1% Social Democratic,
18.3% People's Alliance, organization of leftists and
liberals 4.6%
Communists: est. 2,200; a number of sympathizers,
as indicated by 20,922 votes cast for People's Alliance
in 1974 election
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free trade
agreement pending resolution of fishing limits issue),
EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFG
IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC-
International Whaling Commission, NATO, Nordic
Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,204 million (1975), $5,470 per capita;
60% consumption, 33% investment, 11% government,
-2.3% net foreign balance (1975); 1975 growth rate
-3.5%, constant prices
Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, potatoes,
turnips; food shortages-grains, sugar, vegetable and
other fibers; caloric intake, 2,900 calories per day per
capita (1964-66)
Fishing: catch 938,486 metric tons; exports $246
million (1974)
Major industries: fish processing, aluminum
smelting, diatomite production, hydro-electricity
Shortages: grain, fuel, wood, minerals, vegetable
fibers
Electric power: 494,800 kW capacity (1975); 2.4
billion kWh produced (1975), 10,900 kWh per capita
Exports: $309 million (f.o.b,, 1975); fish and fish
products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite
Imports: $488 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery and
transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs,
textiles
Major trade partners: (1975) exports-U.S. 29%,
EC 25%, U.S.S.R. 11%; imports-EC 45%, U.S. 9%,
U.S.S.R. 10%
Aid: economic-U.S. authorized (1949-73) $90.2
million, $1.2 million in FY72, $0.9 million in FY73;
IBRD $30 million through September 1973
Budget: (1975) expenditures $315 million, revenues
$292 million
Monetary conversion rate: 153.7 kronur=US$1
(1975); 100.0 kronur=US$1 (1974)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 11,048 km; 7,896 km crushed stone
(including lava) and gravel, 3,008 km unsurfaced
roads and motorable tracks, 144 km concrete or paved
Ports: 4 major (Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur,
Reykjavik, Seydhisfjordhur), and about 50 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft registered
Airfields: 122 total, 100 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 in, 9 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: adequate domestic service,
wire and radio communication system; 93,400
telephones; 80,000 radio and 55,000 TV receivers; 17
AM, 14 FM, and 80 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine
cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 53,000; 48,000
fit for military service (Iceland has no conscription or
compulsory military service)
LAND
3,136,500 km2 (includes Indian part of Jammu-
Kashmir, Sikkim, Goa, Damao and Diu); 50% arable,
5% permanent meadows and pastures, 20% desert,
waste, or urban, 22% forested, 3% inland water
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Land boundaries: 12,700 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing, 12 nm; additional 100 nm is fisheries
conservation zone, December 1968; archipelago
concept baselines)
Coastline: 7,000 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 634,993,000, including Sikkim and the
Indian-held part of disputed Jammu-Kashmir
(January 1977), average annual growth rate 2.2%
(current)
Nationality: noun-Indian(s); adjective-Indian
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian,
3% Mongoloid and other
Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 10,7% Muslim, 1.8% Sikh,
2.6% Christian, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.7% other
Language: 24 languages spoken by a million or
more persons each; numerous other languages and
dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible;
Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of
30% of the people; English enjoys "associate" status
but is the most important language for national,
political, and commercial communication; Hindu-
stani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken
widely throughout northern India
Literacy: males 39%; females 18%; both sexes 29%
(1971 census)
Labor force: about 197 million; 70% agriculture,
more than 10% unemployed and underemployed;
shortage of skilled labor is significant and
unemployment is rising
Organized labor: about 2.5% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 9 union territories
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution adopted 1950; limited judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Branches: parliamentary government, national and
state; relatively independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national and state elections ordinarily
held every 5 years; may be postponed in emergency
and may be held more frequently if government loses
confidence vote; posponed general election due in
March 1977 but may be further delayed because of a
national emergency declared on June 26, 1975; most
states due to hold state elections in 1977
Political parties and leaders: Indian National
Congress split into two factions in 1969, largest faction
(the Ruling Congress) loyal to Prime Minister Gandhi
led by D. K. Barooah, and dwindling faction (the
Organization Congress) led by Ashoka Mehta;
Communist Party of India (CPI), S. A. Dange,
chairman; Communist Party of India/Marxist
(CPI/M), P. Sundarayya, general secretary;
Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/
ML); Bharatiya Jana Sangh, U. L. Patil, acting
president; the Socialist Party, George Fernandes,
chairman; Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK),
N. Karunanidhi, president; Bharatiya Lok Dal
(BLD), Charan Singh, chairman
Voting strength (1971 election): 43.7% Ruling
Congress, 10.5% Organization Congress, 7.4%
Bharatiya Jana Sangh, 3.1% Swatantra, 4.8% CPI,
5.2% CPI/M, 3.5% Socialist Parties, 3.7% DMK,
18.1% other
Communists: 90,000 members of CPI (est.), 85,000
members of CPI/M (est.); Communist sympathizers,
13 million
Other political or pressure groups: Anna Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK), M. G. Rama-
chandran, president, opposing DMK in Tamil Nadu;
splintered Akali Dal representing Sikh religious
community in the Punjab; various separatist groups
seeking reorganization of states; numerous "senas" or
militant/ chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv
Sena and Dalit Panthers in Bombay, the Anand Marg,
and the Rashtriya Swayamserak Sangh
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, U.N., UNES-
CO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $85 billion (FY76, in 1975 prices), $140 per
capita; real growth 2.2% (FY70-76), 5% in FY76
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Agriculture: main crops-rice, other cereals, pulses,
oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, and
coffee; must import foodgrains; caloric intake is low
and diet is deficient in protein
Fishing: catch 2.4 million metric tons (FY75);
exports $85 million (FY73), imports $2 million
Major industries: textiles, food processing, steel,
machinery, transportation equipment, cement, jute
manufactures
Crude steel: 7.2 million metric tons produced
(FY75)
Electric power: 21,360,000 kW capacity (1975);
82.2 billion kWh produced (1975), 137 kWh per
capita
Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., FY76); tea, jute
manufactures, iron ore, cotton textiles, leather and
leather products, sugar
Imports: $6.1 billion (c.i.f., FY76); machinery and
transport equipment, petroleum, iron and steel, grains
and flour, fertilizers
Major trade partners: U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R. and
Eastern Europe, Japan, Iran
Budget: (FY77) revenue expenditures $8.5 billion,
capital expenditures $5.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 9.0 rupees=US$1
(August 1976)
Fiscal year: fiscal year ends 31 March of stated
year
TV sets; about 165 AM stations at 80 locations, 7 TV
stations, 2 earth satellite stations; submarine cables
extend to Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Aden
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 146,032,000;
85,916,000 fit for military service; about 6,800,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March
1977, $2.8 billion; 20% of central government budget
INDONESIA
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 61,313 km; 25,550 km meter gage (1.00
m), 30,041 km broad gage (1.676 m), 4,476 km narrow
gage (0.762 m and 0.610 m), government owned; 46
km meter gage (1.00 m), 855 km broad gage (1.676
m), 345 km narrow gage (0.762 m and 0.610 m),
privately owned; 12,304 km double track; 10,160 km
electrified
Highways: 1,327,000 km; 415,000 km paved,
190,442 km gravel or crushed stone, 304,895
km improved earth, 416,663 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 14,300 km; 2,575 km navigable
by river steamers
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,432 km; refined products,
2,020 km; natural gas, 359 km
Ports: 8 major, 80 minor
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 370 total, 344 usable; 183 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,660 m, 52 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 120 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic telephone
service where available, good internal microwave
links; telegraph facilities widespread; AM broadcast
adequate; TV limited to Bombay and New Delhi;
international radio communications adequate;
1,690,000 telephones; 14,100,000 radio and 162,000
LAND
1,906,240 km2; 12% small holdings and estates,
64% forests, 24% inland water, waste, urban, and
other
Land boundaries: 2,736 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): under an
archipelago theory, claim is 12 nm, measured seaward
from straight baselines connecting the outermost
islands
Coastline: 54,716 km
PEOPLE
Population: 135,913,000, including Portuguese
Timor and West Irian (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun-Indonesian(s); adjective-
Indonesian
Ethnic divisions: 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese,
7.5% Madurese, 7.5% Coastal Malays, 26% other
Religion: 85% Muslim, 9% Christian, 2%
Buddhist, 2% Hindu, 2% other
Language: Indonesian (modified form of Malay)
official; English, and Dutch leading foreign languages
Literacy: 60% (est.); 72% in 6-16 age group
Labor force: 44 million; 70% agriculture, 15%
industry, 15% miscellaneous and unemployed
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
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GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Indonesia
Type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Political subdivisions: 27 first-level administrative
subdivisions or provinces which are further subdivided
into 282 second-level areas
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law,
substantially modified by indigenous concepts;
constitution of 1945 is legal basis of government; legal
education at University of Indonesia, Jakarta; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive headed by President who is
chief of state and head of cabinet; cabinet selected by
President; unicameral legislature (Parliament), of 460
members (100 appointed, 360 elected); second and
larger body (Congress) of 920 members and includes
the legislature and 460 other members (chosen by
several processes, but not directly elected) elects
President and Vice President, and theoretically
determines national policy
Government leader: President Suharto (elected by
Congress March 1973)
Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married persons
regardless of age
Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-official
party" based on functional groups), Amir Moertono;
Indonesian Democratic Party (federation of former
Nationalist and Christian parties), Mohammed
Isnaeni; Unity Development Party (federation of
former Islamic parties), Idham Chalid
Voting strength (1971 election): Golkar 236 seats,
Indonesian Democratic 30, Unity Development 94
Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was
officially banned in March 1966; current strength est.
at 1,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized
activity; pre-October 1965 hard-core membership has
been estimated at 1.5 million
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, CIPEC,
ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $29 billion (1975, current prices), about $220
per capita; real average annual growth (1970-75),
7.1%
Agriculture: subsistence food production, and
smallholder and plantation production for export;
main crops-rice, rubber, copra, other tropical
products; food shortage-rice, wheat
Fishing: catch 1,3 million tons (1974); exports $74
million (1974), imports $2 million (1974)
Major industries: processing agricultural products
and petroleum, textiles, mining
Electric power: 1,700,000 kW capacity (1975); 5.2
billion kWh produced (1975), 39 kWh per capita
Exports: $6,800 million (f.o.b., 1975); timber,
rubber, tin, copra, tea, coffee, tobacco, palm oil;
petroleum, $5,100 million (405 million bbls) (1975)
Imports: $5,000 million (c.i.f., 1975); rice, other
foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel products,
machinery, transport equipment, consumer durables
Major trade partners: exports (1975)-32% U.S.,
44% Japan, 9% Singapore; imports-18% U.S., 41%
Japan, 9% West Germany, 6% Singapore
Budget: (1976-77) expenditures $8.6 billion; 46%
current, 54% development expenditures; planned
receipts $8.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 415 rupiah=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 7,863 km; 7,246 km 1.067-meter gage,
525 km 0.750-meter gage, 92 km 0.600-meter gage;
211 km double track; 101 km electrified; government
owned
Highways: 92,473 km; 20,278 km paved, 40,555
km gravel or crushed stone, 31,640 km improved or
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra 5,471 km,
Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo 10,460 km, Celebes
241 km, and Irian Barat 4,587 km
Ports: 10 major, 63 minor
Civil air: 114 major transport aircraft (includes 2
leased)
Airfields: 330 total, 302 usable; 50 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 64 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: extensive interisland mi-
crowave system, HF police net, and domestic satellite
system; international and domestic service very good;
radiobroadcast coverage good; 285,000 telephones; 5
million radio and 300,000 TV sets; 150 AM, 1 FM,
and 12 TV stations; 2 submarine cables to Singapore
no longer in service
LAND
1,647,240 km2; 14% agricultural, 11% forested,
16% cultivable with adequate irrigation, 51% desert,
waste, or urban, 8% migratory grazing and other
Land boundaries: 5,318 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing, 50 nm)
Coastline: 3,180 km, including islands, 676 km
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PEOPLE
Population: 34,455,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.9% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Iranian(s); adjective-Iranian
Ethnic divisions: 63% Ethnic Persians, 3% Kurds,
13% other Iranian, 18% Turkic, 3% Arab and other
Semitic, 1% other
Religion: 93% Shia Muslim; 5% Sunni Muslim;
2% Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians and Baha'is
Language: Farsi (Persian), Turki, Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy: about 37% of those 7 years of age and
older (1976 est.)
Labor force: 10.1 million est. 1976; 36%
agriculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of skilled
labor substantial
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Empire of Iran
Type: constitutional monarchy, controlled by the
Shah
Capital: Tehran
Political subdivisions: 21 provinces and 2 chief-
governorates, subdivided into districts, sub-districts,
counties, and villages
Legal system: based largely on French law, with
elements drawn from other continental systems;
personal law based on Islamic practice generally with
residual traces of Roman law; constitution adopted
1906 and constitutional law of 1907; High Court of
Appeal may judge disputes relating to government
departments acting according to law; legal education
at University of Teheran; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdication
Branches: executive power rests in Shah who
appoints a Prime Minister; Prime Minister must be
approved by lower house (Majlis); while Cabinet
theoretically responsibility of Prime Minister, Shah
usually exerts strong influence over its selection;
bicameral legislature; Majlis has 268 members elected
to 4-year terms, and Senate 60 members serving 4-year
terms; half of Senate members appointed by Shah,
other half elected; no provision for judicial review of
constitutionality of legislative acts
Government leaders: Shah Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi and Prime Minister Amir Abas Hoveyda
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: Majlis every 4 years; Senate every 4
years; latest national elections June 1975, last district
and municipal October 1976
Political parties and leaders: a single party
system, designated The Resurgence Party of the
People of Iran (RPPI) with Prime Minister Amir
Abbas Hoveyda as Secretary-General, was formed by
Shah in March 1975; all other political parties
disbanded
Voting strength: all candidates government
approved and members of the RPPI
Communists: 1,000-2,000 (hard-core, est.); sympa-
thizers (15,000-20,000 est.); mostly pro-U.S.S.R. but
pro-Chinese faction developing
Other political or pressure groups: Tudeh Party
(Communist, illegal); National Front (coalition of
neutralist urban elements virtually discredited
because of opposition to Shah's reform program);
Confederation of Iranian Students (illegal)
Member of: CENTO, Colombo Plan, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, IPU, ITU, OPEC, RCD, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $50 billion (1975), $1,510 per capita; recent
real GNP growth, 13.8% (1970-75)
Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets,
cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep, and goats
Electric power: 5,000,000 kW capacity (1975);
19.2 billion kWh produced (1975), 570 kWh per
capita
Exports: $19.9 billion (f.o.b., 1975); 96%
petroleum; also carpets, raw cotton, fruits, and nuts,
hide and leather items, ores
Imports: $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1975); machinery,
iron and steel products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
electrical equipment, agricultural products
Major trade partners: exports-U.S., Japan, West
Germany, U.S.S.R. and other Communist countries;
imports-U. S., West Germany, Japan, U. K., U.S.S.R.
Budget: (FY76-77) $44.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 70.6 rials=US$1
Fiscal year: 21 March -20 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,509 km standard gage (1.435 m), 92
km 1.676-meter gage
Highways: 43,442 km; 12,060 km bituminous and
bituminous treated, 22,920 km gravel and crushed
stone, 8,462 km improved earth
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Inland waterways: 904 km, excluding the Caspian
Sea, 104 km on the Shatt al Arab
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,639 km; refined products,
3,597 km; natural gas, 2,317 km
Ports: 7 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 173 total, 162 usable; 64 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with runways over
3,660 m, 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 63 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most advanced system in the
Middle East of high-capacity radio-relay links, open-
wire lines, cables, and tropospheric links; principal
center Tehran, secondary centers Isfahan, Meshed,
and Tabriz; 805,600 telephones; 2,0 million radio and
1.7 million TV receivers; 31 AM, 1 FM, and 67 TV
stations; satellite earth station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,910,000;
4,688,000 fit for military service; about 340,000 reach
military age (21) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20 March
1977, $10,150,310,000; 34.9% of central government
budget
IRAQ
LAND
445,480 km2; 18% cultivated, 68% desert, waste, or
urban, 10% seasonal and other grazing land, 4% forest
and woodland
Land boundaries: 3,668 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 58 km
PEOPLE
Population: 11,577,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.3% (10-74 to 10-75)
Nationality: noun-Iraqi(s); adjective-Iraqi
Ethnic divisions: 70.9% Arabs, 18.3% Kurds, 0.7%
Assyrians, 2.4% Turkomans, 7.7% other
Religion: 90% Muslim, 8% Christian, 2% other
Language: Arabic, Kurdish minority speaks
Kurdish
Literacy: 20% to 40%
Labor force: 2.4 million; 70% agriculture, 6.5%
industry, 6.7% government, 16.8% other; rural
underemployment high, but not serious because low
subsistence levels make it easy to care for
unemployed; severe shortage of technically trained
personnel
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Iraq
Type: republic; National Front Government
consisting of Baath Party (BPI), and Iraq Communist
Party (CPI) formed in July 1973 (Kurds invited to join
National Front government but have refused pending
solution of Kurdish autonomy issue; Communists play
nominal role in government)
Capital: Baghdad
Political subdivisions: 16 provinces under centrally
appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law in special
religious courts, civil law system elsewhere;
provisional constitution adopted in 1968; judicial
review was suspended; legal education at University
of Baghdad; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: Baath Party of Iraq has been in power
since 1968 coup
Government leaders: President Ahmad Hasan al-
Bakr; Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary
Command Council Saddam Husayn 'Abd-al-Majid
al-Tikriti
Suffrage: no elective bodies exist
Elections: no national elections since overthrow of
monarchy in 1958
Communists: Communist Party allowed token
representation in cabinet; est. 2,000 hard-core
members
Political or pressure groups: political parties
banned, possibly some opposition to regime from
disaffected members of the regime and army officers
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAPEC, OPEC,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $13 billion (1975 est.), $1,180 per capita
Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, livestock
Major industry: crude petroleum (third largest
producer in Middle East); 2.1 million b/d (est. 1976);
petroleum revenues estimated for 1976, $8.0 billion
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Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity (1975); 3.4
billion kWh produced (1975), 303 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.3 billion (f.o.b., 1976 est.); net receipts
from oil, $8.0 billion; non-oil, $300 million est.
Imports: $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1975 est.); 26% from
Communist countries (1973)
Major trade partners: exports-U.S. 2%, Italy
22%, France 19%, Netherlands 6%, U.K. 4%; im-
ports-U.S. 5.6%, U.K. 8.5%, U.S.S.R. 8.8%, France
8.4%, Japan 6.7%, Brazil 5.9%, Czechoslovakia 5.5%
(1973)
Budget: $17 billion (FY76)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Iraqi dinar = US$3.38
(end of July 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 January - 31 December
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,700 km; 1,123 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 577 km meter gage (1.00 m); 16 km meter
gage double track
Highways: 20,791 km; 6,490 km paved, 4,645 km
improved earth, 9,656 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab
navigable by maritime traffic for about 104 km; Tigris
and Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft steamers
Ports: 3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al Faw)
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,481 km; 40 km refined
products; 1,360 km natural gas
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 82 total, 71 usable; 22 with permanent-
surface runways; 42 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: network consists of open-
wire lines, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication
stations; 152,900 telephones; 1,25 million radio
receivers; 352,000 TV receivers; 7 AM, no FM and 5
TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,566,000;
1,436,000 fit for military service; about 120,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $3,377,237,000; 33.7% of central
government budget and 22.5% of est. GNP; no service
allocation is available (dollar value converted from
Iraqi dinars at official rate of 0.2961 dinars = US$1)
IRELAND
LAND
68,894 km2; 17% arable, 51% meadows and
pastures, 3% forested, 2% inland water, 27% waste
and urban
Land boundaries: 360 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,448 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,167,000 (January 1977),
annual growth rate 0.8% (7-65 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Irishman(men), Irish (collec-
tive pl.); adjective-Irish
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Celts
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2%
other
Language: English and Gaelic official; English is
generally spoken
Literacy: 98%-99%
Labor force: about 1,134,000 (1971); 26%
agriculture, forestry, fishing; 19% manufacturing;
15% commerce; 7% construction; 5% transportation;
4% government; 24% other; 9.8% unemployment
(February 1976)
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)
Type: republic
Capital: Dublin
Political subdivisions: 26 counties
Legal system: based on English common law,
substantially modified by indigenous concepts;
constitution adopted 1937; judicial review of
legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: elected President; bicameral parliament
reflecting proportional and vocational representation;
judiciary appointed by President on advice of
government
Government leaders: President Patrick Hillary;
Prime Minister (Taoiseach) Liam Cosgrave; Deputy
Prime Minister (Tanaiste) Brendan Corish
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Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every 5
years-last election February 1973; President elected
for 7-year term-last election December 1974
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, John
(Jack) Lynch; Labor Party, Brendan Corish; Fine
Gael, Liam Cosgrave; Communist Party of Ireland,
Michael O' Riordan
Voting strength: (1973 election) Fianna Fail 46%
(69 seats), Fine Gael 35% (54 seats), Labor Party 14%
(19 seats), other 5%; Independents hold 2 seats
Communists: approximately 600
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EEC, ESRO
(observer), EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $7.9 billion (1975), $2,580 per capita; 68.2%
consumption, 23.2% investment, 19.8% government,
-5.9% inventories; -5.3% net export of goods and
services; 1968-72 real growth rate, 4.3%; 1973, 5.2%;
1974, 0.2%; 1975, -3.5%
Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used for
permanent hay and pasture; main products-
livestock and dairy products, barley, potatoes, sugar
beets, wheat; 85% self-sufficient; food shortages-
grains, fruits, vegetables; caloric intake 3,510 calories
per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 89,500 metric tons (1974); exports of
fish and fish products $29.6 million (1974), imports of
fish and fish products $11.3 million (1974)
Major industries: food products, brewing, textiles
and clothing, machinery and transportation
equipment
Shortages: coal, petroleum, timber and woodpulp,
steel and nonferrous metals, fertilizers, cereals and
animal feeds, textile fibers and textiles
Crude steel: 85,000 metric tons produced in 1975,
30 kg per capita
Electric power: 2,200,000 kW capacity (1975); 7.9
billion kWh produced (1975), 2,500 kWh per capita
Exports: $3,201.2 million (f.o.b., 1975); live
animals, meat, dairy products, machinery, clothing,
chemicals
Imports: $3,775.7 million (c.i,f., 1975); petroleum
and petrol products, chemicals, machinery, cereals
Major trade partners: 73.8% EC-nine (51.2%
U.K., 7.5% West Germany); 6.7% U.S.; 2.0%
Communist countries (1975)
Aid: economic-U.S., $200 million authorized
(FY49-75); IBRD, $122 million authorized (FY64-75);
EC Common Borrowing Facility, $300 million
Budget: (1976) 2,093 million pounds expenditures,
1,374 million pounds revenues, 719 million pounds
deficit
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Irish pound=
US$2.2215 (1975 average)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,189 km 1.600-meter gage, govern-
ment-owned
Highways: 88,302 km; 78,616 km surfaced, 9,686
km earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,000 km
Ports: 6 major, 38 minor
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 8 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: small, modern system; all
cities interconnected for telephone and telegraph
service; 429,000 telephones; 900,000 radiobroadcast
receivers; 637,000 TV receivers; 6 AM, 7 FM, and 25
TV stations; 4 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 722,000; 567,000
fit for military service; about 29,000 reach military
age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March
1976, $133.5 million; about 5% of the central
government budget
ISRAEL
SAUD
ARABIA
/See reference map V)
NOTE: The Arab territories occupied since the
1967 war are not included in the data below.
LAND
20,720 km2 (excluding about 64,750 km2 of
occupied territory in Jordan, Egypt, and Syria); 20%
cultivated, 40% pastureland and meadows, 4%
forested, 4% desert, waste, or urban, 3% inland water,
29% unsurveyed
Land boundaries: 1,036 km (1967); including
occupied areas, 789 km
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 273 km (1967); including occupied
areas, 1,488 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,545,000, excluding West Bank and
East Jerusalem (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 2.6% (1-74 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Israeli(s); adjective-Israel
Ethnic divisions: 85% Jews, 15% non-Jews (mostly
Arabs)
Religion: 89% Judaism, 8% Islam, 3% other
Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used officially
for Arab minority; English most commonly used
foreign language
Literacy: 88% Jews, 48% Arabs
Labor force: 1,133,000; 6.5% agriculture, forestry
and fishing; 25.3% manufacturing (mining, industry);
0.9% electricity and water; 8.1% construction and
public works; 12.2% commerce; 7.7% transport,
storage, and communications; 6.5% finance and
business; 26.1% public services; 6.7% personal and
other services (1974)
Organized labor: 90% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Israel
Type: republic
Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by U.S. which
maintains Embassy in Tel Aviv
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative districts
Legal system: mixture of English common law
and, in personal area, Jewish, Christian and Muslim
legal systems; commercial matters regulated
substantially by codes adopted since 1948; no formal
constitution; some of the functions of a constitution
are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948),
the basic laws of the Knesset (legislature) relating to
the Knesset, Israeli lands, the president, the
government and the Israel citizenship law; no judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at Hebrew
University in Jerusalem; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President Ephraim Katzir has largely
ceremonial functions; executive power vested in
cabinet; unicameral parliament (Knesset) of 120
members elected under a system of proportional
representation; legislation provides fundamental laws
in absence of a written constitution; 2 distinct court
systems (secular and religious)
Government leader: Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held every 4 years unless required by
dissolution of Knesset; last election held in December
1973
Principal political parties and leaders: Israel
Labor Party, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Golda
Meir, Haim Zadok, Moshe Dayan, Yigal Allon,
Shimon Peres; United Workers Party (MAPAM) in
alignment with Israel Labor Party, Meir Talmi;
National Religious Party, Minister of Interior Dr.
Joseph Burg; Independent Liberal Party, Minister of
Tourism Moshe Kol; Herut (Freedom) Party,
Menahem Begin; Liberal Party, Simha Ehrlich;
La'am, Yigal Hurwitz; Herut and the Liberal Party
are called the GAHAL bloc and, together with La'am
and Free Center, they form the Likud bloc led by
Menahem Begin; AKI (Israel Communist Opposition
Party-predominantly Jewish), leader Esther Wil-
enska; RAKAH (Communist Party-predominantly
Arab), Secretary General Meir Wilner
Voting strength: out of 120 seats, Israel Labor
Party-MAPAM-Arab List Alignment 53 seats; Likud
bloc 38 seats; National Religious Party 10 seats;
Independent Liberal Party 4 seats; Agudat Religious
Front 5 seats; RAKAH 4 seats; Citizens' Rights
Movement 2 seats; Independent Socialist 2 seats;
Moked 1 seat; independents 1 seat
Communists: divided between AKI (Jewish party),
a new splinter group with at most a few hundred
members, and RAKAH (Arab party) with some 1,500
members; neither constitutes a subversive threat
Other political or pressure groups: right-wing
Jewish Defense League led by Rabbi Meir Kahane;
Black Panthers, a loosely organized youth group
seeking more benefits for oriental Jews; Gush
Emunim, Jewish religious zealots pushing for freedom
for Jews to settle anywhere on the West Bank
Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU,
ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, OAS
(observer), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $11.4 billion (1975, in 1975 prices), $3,380
per capita (converted to dollars at 6.33 Israeli
pounds-US$1); 1974 growth of real GNP -1.8%
Agriculture: main products-citrus and other
fruits, vegetables, beef and dairy products, poultry
products
Major industries: food processing, textiles and
clothing, diamond cutting and polishing, chemicals,
metal products, transport equipment, electrical
equipment, miscellaneous machinery, rubber and
plastic products, potash mining
Electric power: 2,200,000 kW capacity (1975); 12
billion kWh produced (1975), 3,520 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,835 million (f.o.b., 1975); major
items-polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits,
textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and
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chemical products; tourism is leading foreign
exchange earner
Imports: $4,088 million (c.i.f., 1975); major
items-rough diamonds, chemicals, machinery, iron
and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, and aircraft
Major trade partners: exports-EC, U.S., U.K.,
Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland; imports-EC, U.S.,
U.K., Switzerland, Japan
Budget: FY ending 31 March 1977-$12 billion
(converted at 7.1 Israeli pounds=US$1)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.68 Israeli pounds=
US$1 (April 1976, changes almost monthly); par value
protected by a system of export subsidies and import
duties and by legal restrictions on conversion
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 767 km standard gage (1.435 m)
Highways: 11,000 km paved roads, remainder
unknown
Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined products, 290
km; natural gas, 89 km
Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor
Airfields: 53 total, 45 usable; 20 with permanent-
surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: second to Iran, the most
modern and highly developed in the Middle East;
735,200 telephones; 450,000 radio and 579,000 TV
receivers; 28 TV, 13 AM, and 10 FM stations; 1
submarine cable; earth satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: Jewish males 15-49, 730,000;
630,000 fit for military service; average number of
Jews reaching military age (18) annually-28,000
males, 27,000 females; both sexes liable for military
service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March
1977, $4,271,551,000; about 39.6% of central
government budget
ITALY
LAND
301,217 km2; 50% cultivated, 17% meadow and
pasture, 21% forest, 3% unused but potentially
productive, 9% waste or urban
Land boundaries: 1,702 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4,996 km
PEOPLE
Population: 56,410,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.7% (1-66 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Italian(s); adjective-Italian
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population
includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and of Albanian-Italians
in the south
Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic
(de facto state religion)
Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige
Region (e.g., Bolzano) are predominantly German
speaking; significant French-speaking minority in
Valle d'Aosta Region; Slovene-speaking minority in
the Trieste-Gorizia area
Literacy: 5%-7% of population illiterate (1972);
illiteracy varies widely by region
Labor force: 19,549,000 (January 1975); 15.0%
agriculture, 42.9% industry, 39.0% other; 3.3%
unemployment (1975), 5.6% if underemployed (those
working less than 33-hour work week) are included;
1.5 million Italians employed in other Western
European countries
Organized labor: 20% (est.) of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Italian Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Rome
Political subdivisions: constitution provides for
establishment of 20 regions; 5 (Sicilia, Sardegna,
Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle
d'Aosta) have been functioning for some time and the
remaining 15 regions were instituted on 1 April 1972;
94 provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with
ecclesiastical law influence; constitution came into
effect 1 January 1948; judicial review under certain
conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Branches: executive-President empowered to
dissolve Parliament and call national election; he is
also Commander of the Armed Forces and presides
over the Supreme Defense Council; otherwise,
authority to govern invested in Council of Ministers;
legislative power invested in bicameral, popularly
elected Parliament; Italy has an independent judicial
establishment
Government leaders: President Giovanni Leone;
Premier Guilio Andreotti
Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in
Senatorial elections where minimum age of voter is
25)
Elections: national elections for Parliament held
every 5 years (most recent, June 1976); provincial and
municipal elections held every 5 years with some out
of phase; regional elections every 5 years (held June
1975)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Demo-
cratic Party (DC), Benigno Zaccagnini (secretary
general), Aldo Moro (party president); Communist
Party (PCI), Enrico Berlinguer (secretary general),
Luigi Longo (party president); Socialist Party (PSI),
Bettino Craxi (secretary general), Pietro Nenni (party
president); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Pierluigi
Romita (secretary general); Liberal Party (PLI),
Valerio Zanone (party secretary); Italian Social
Movement (MSI), Giorgio Almirante; Republican
Party (PRI), Oddo Biasini (party secretary); Ugo La
Malfa (party president)
Voting strength (1976 election): 38.7% DC, 34.4%
PCI, 9,6% PSI, 6.1% MSI, 3.4% PSDI, 3.1% PRI,
1.3% PLI, 3.4% other
Communists: 1,726,350 members (as of October
1975)
Other political or pressure groups: the Vatican;
three major trade union confederations (CGIL-
Communist dominated, CISL-Christian Democra-
tic, and UIL-Social Democratic, Socialist, and
Republican); Italian manufacturers association
(Confindustria); organized farm groups
Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, Council of Europe,
DAC, EC, ECOWAS, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO,
ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO,
IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer),
OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $172 billion (1975), $3,090 per capita; 67.5%
private consumption, 21% gross fixed investment,
14.0% government, net foreign balance -6.1%; 1973
growth rate 6.3%, 1974 growth rate 3.4%, 1975
growth rate -3.5% (1970 constant prices)
Agriculture: important producer of fruits and
vegetables; main crops-cereals, potatoes, olives; 95%
self-sufficient; food shortages-fats, meat, fish, and
eggs; caloric intake, 3,100 calories per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 462,000 metric tons (1973), $336
million (1973); exports $41 million (1974), imports
$155 million (1974)
Major industries: machinery and transportation
equipment, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing,
textiles
Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals
Crude steel: 21.9 million metric tons produced
(1975), 390 kg per capita
Electric power: 43,586,000 kW capacity (1975);
147.1 billion kWh produced (1975), 2,750 kWh per
capita
Exports: $34.8 billion (f.o.b., 1975); principal
items-machinery and transport equipment, textiles,
foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear
Imports: $38.4 billion (c.i.f., 1975); principal
items-machinery and transport equipment, food-
stuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals, wool, cotton,
petroleum
Major trade partners: (1975) 43.6% EC-nine (18%
West Germany, 15% France, 4% Netherlands, 4%
U.K., 3% Belgium-Luxembourg); 8% U.S.; 3%
U.S.S.R. and 3% other Communist countries of
Eastern Europe
Aid: economic-U.S., $4,128 million (FY46-75),
$78.2 million authorized FY73; IBRD, $398 million
authorized through FY75, none since FY65;
International Finance Corporation, $1 million
authorized through FY75, none since FY60;
military-U.S., $2,545 million (FY46-73), $11.6
million authorized in FY73
Monetary conversion rate: Smithsonian rate as of
December 1973, 650.4 lira=US$1; average of Friday
closing rates in 1975-653 lira=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads; 20,690 km; 15,970 km government-
owned standard gage (1.435 m), 7,850 km electrified;
4,720 km non-government owned, 2,507 km standard
gage (1.435 m), 1,270 km electrified; 2,213 km narrow
gage (0.950 m), 517 km electrified
Highways: 286,400 km; autostrade 4,800 km, state
highways 41,200 km, provincial highways 91,200 km,
communal highways 149,200 km; 254,400 km
concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 24,800 km
gravel and crushed stone, 7,200 km earth
Inland waterways: 2,500 km navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,770 km; refined products,
1,448 km; natural gas, 12,779 km
Ports: 16 major, 22 significant minor
Civil air: 140 major transport aircraft
104
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ITALY/IVORY COAST
Airfields: 148 total, 148 usable; 83 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,660 m, 29 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 11 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: well engineered, well
constructed, and efficiently operated; 14.8 million
telephones; 13.7 million radio and 12.6 million TV
receivers; 91 AM, 602 FM, and 868 TV stations; 11
coaxial submarine cables; 4 communication satellite
ground stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,841,000;
11,586,000 fit for military service; 430,000 reach
military age (18) annually
IVORY COAST
-#INrx
IVORY
COAST
Gulf of
Guinso
LAND
323,750 km2; 40% forest and woodland, 8%
cultivated, 52% grazing, fallow, and waste, 200 mi. of
lagoons and connecting canals along eastern coast
Land boundaries: 3,227 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 515 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,045,000, resident African population
only (January 1977), average annual growth rate 3.3%
(current)
Nationality: noun-Ivorian(s); adjective-Ivorian
Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic
groups; no single tribe more than 20% of population;
most important are Agni, Baoule, Krou, Senoufou,
Mandingo; approx. 1 million foreign Africans, mostly
Upper Voltans; about 33,000 non-Africans (25,000
French)
Religion: 66% animist, 22% Muslim, 12%
Christian
Language: French official, over 60 native dialects,
Dioula most widely spoken
Literacy: about 65% at primary school level
Labor force: over 85% of population engaged in
agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; about 11% of
labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agricul-
ture, remainder in government, industry, commerce,
and professions
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Ivory Coast
Type: republic, one-party presidential regime
established 1960
Capital: Abidjan
Political subdivisions: 24 departments subdivided
into 127 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and customary law; constitution adopted 1960;
judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the
Supreme Court; legal education at Abidjan School of
Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President has sweeping powers,
unicameral legislature, separate judiciary
Government leader: President Felix Houphouet-
Boigny
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: uncontested Presidential and legislative
elections held in November 1975 for 5-year term
Political parties and leaders: Parti Democratique
de la Cote d`Ivoire (PDCI), (only party); official party
leader is Secretary General Philippe Yace, but
Houphouet-Boigny is in control
Communists: no Communist party; possibly some
sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
IPU, ITU, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $4.1 billion (1975 est.), $825 capita; average
annual growth rate in constant prices, 3.1% (1970-75)
Agriculture: commercial-coffee, cocoa, wood,
bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food crops-corn,
millet, yams, rice; other commodities-cotton,
rubber, tobacco, fish; self-sufficient in most
foodstuffs, but rice, sugar, and meat imported
Fishing: catch 69,000 metric tons (1974) valued at
$20.8 million; exports $12.0 million (1974), imports
$23.8 million (1974)
Major industries: food and lumber processing, oil
refinery, automobile assembly plant, textiles, soap,
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IVORY COAST/JAMAICA
flour mill, matches, three small shipyards, fertilizer
plant, and battery factory
Electric power: 450,000 kW capacity (1975); 962
million kWh produced (1975), 140 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1975); coffee, tropical
woods, cocoa, 70% of total; bananas, pineapples,
palm oil
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1975); about 40%
consumer goods, 10% raw materials and fuels, about
50% manufactured goods and semi-finished products
Major trade partners: France and other EC
countries about 65%, U.S. 13%, Communist countries
about 1%
Aid: economic-France (1960-69), $312 million;
EC through FY75, $203.2 million; U.S. (FY61-75),
$140.1 million; others (1960-71), $76 million,
including $18.5 million committed; no Communist
aid programs; military-non-Communist countries
(1954-67), $7.3 million
Budget: 1976 est.-revenues $626 million, current
expenditures $267 million, investment expenditures
$247 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 248.22 Com-
munaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1, August
1976
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 657 km of the 1,173 km Abidjan to
Ouagadougou, Upper Volta line, all single track meter
gage (1.00 m); only diesel locomotives in use
Highways: 34,497 km; 1,628 km bituminous and
bituminous-surface treatment; 12,163 km gravel,
crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth;
remainder unimproved earth roads
Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers and
numerous coastal lagoons
Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San Pedro), 3 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 46 total, 44 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: system only slightly above
African average; consists of open-wire lines and radio
relay links, which provide incomplete coverage of
country; Abidjan is only center; 25,200 telephones;
206,000 radio and 100,500 TV receivers; 2 AM, no
FM, and 4 TV stations; 1 submarine cable; satellite
earth station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,161,000;
599,000 fit for military service; 50,000 males reach
military age (18) annually
JAMAICA
Atlantic
Ocean
CUM d DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
HAi71~?J
LAND
11,422 km2; 21% arable, 23%
pastures, 19% forested, 37% waste, urban, or other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,022 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,093,000 (January 1977),
annual growth rate 1.7% (1-70 to 1-75)
Nationality: noun-Jamaican(s); adjective-
Jamaican
Ethnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European
15.1%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, East Indian
and Afro-East Indian 3,4%, white 3,2%, other 0.9%
Religion: predominantly Protestant, some Roman
Catholic, some spiritualist cults
Language: English
Literacy: government claims 82%, but probably
only about one-half of that number are functionally
literate
Labor force: 810,700 (1973); 26% in agriculture,
forestry, fishing and mining, 10% manufacturing, 8%
public administration, 5% construction, 10%
commerce, 3% transportation and utilities, 15%
services, 22% unemployed (seasonal unemployment in
agriculture can push the unemployment figure to
25%); shortage of technical and managerial personnel
Organized labor: about 25% of labor force (1966)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Jamaica
Type: independent state within Commonwealth
since August 1962, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital: Kingston
Political subdivisions:
Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area
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JAMAICA/JAPAN
Legal system: based on English common law; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: cabinet headed by Prime Minister; 60-
member elected House of Representatives; 21-
member Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister,
8 by opposition leader); judiciary follows British
tradition under a Chief Justice
Government leader: Prime Minister Michael
Manley
Suffrage: universal, age 18 and over
Elections: at discretion of Governor-General upon
advice of Prime Minister but within 5 years; latest
held 29 February 1972
Political parties and leaders: People's National
Party (PNP), Michael Manley; Jamaica Labor Party
(JLP), Edward Seaga
Voting strength: (1972 general elections) 56.55%
PNP, 43,21% JLP, 0.24% other
Communists: a few hundred Marxist and
Communist sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: New World
Group (Caribbean regionalists, nationalists, and leftist
intellectual fraternity); Rastafarians (Negro religious/
racial cultists, pan-Africanists); New Creation
International Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist group);
Workers Liberation League (a Marxist coalition of
students/labor)
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO,
ITU, OAS, Pan American Health Organization,
SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: 2,653 million (1975), $1,290 per capita; real
growth rate 1975, -2.3%
Agriculture: main crops-sugarcane, citrus fruits,
bananas, pimento, coconuts, coffee, cocoa
Major industries: bauxite mining, textiles, food
processing, light manufactures, tourism
Electric power: 758,000 kW capacity (1975); 2.2
billion kWh produced (1975), 1,050 kWh hr. per
capita
Exports: $810 million (f.o.b., 1975); alumina,
bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and fruit
products, rum, cocoa
Imports: $1,115 million (c.i.f., 1975); fuels,
machinery, transportation and electrical equipment,
food, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports-U.S. 38%, U.K.
23%, Norway 11%, Canada 4%; imports-U.S. 37%,
U.K. 13%, Canada 5% (1975)
Aid: economic-authorizations from U.S. (FY56-
75), $131 million in loans, $57 million in grants; from
other Western countries (1960-74), $151 million; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $183 million;
military-authorizations from U.S. (FY63-75), $1
million in grants
Budget: FY76-77, prelim.-revenues $1,037
million, expenditures $1,016 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jamaican dol-
lar=US$1.10
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 326 km government-owned, 69 km
privately owned, all standard gage (1.435 m), single
track
Highways: 13,050 km; 4,850 km paved, 4,850 km
gravel, 3,350 km unimproved earth surfaces
Pipelines: refined products, 10 km
Ports: 3 major (Kingston, Montego Bay, Montego
Freeport), 10 minor
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft plus 2 leased
aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 22 usable; 12 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1
with runway 1,220-2,439 m; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic
telephone network with 100,200 telephones; satellite
ground station; 600,000 radio and 110,000 TV
receivers; 8 AM, 8 FM, and 9 TV stations; 3 coaxial
submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 442,000;
313,000 fit for military service; no conscription;
average number currently reaching minimum
volunteer age (18) 23,000
Supply: dependent on U.K. and U.S.
JAPAN
NDHTH
'p~ KOREA JAPAN
~~ `- SOUTH
KOREA okyo
Philippine
Sea
Pacific
Ocean
LAND
370,370 km2;16% arable and cultivated, 3%
grassland, 12% urban and waste, 69% forested
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 12,075 km Japan; 1,610 km Ryukyus
PEOPLE
Population: 113,462,000, including Ryukyus
(January 1977), average annual growth rate 1.1%
(current)
Nationality: noun-Japanese (sing., pl.); adjec-
tive-Japanese
Ethnic divisions: 99.2% Japanese, 0.8% other
(mostly Korean)
Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto and
Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other faiths,
including 0.8% Christian
Language: Japanese
Literacy: 97.8% of those 15 years old and above
(1960 data)
Labor force (1975 figures): 53.2 million; 12.7%
agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 35.2% manufactur-
ing, mining, and construction; 48.2% trade and
services; 3,7% government; 1.9% unemployed;
surplus of skilled labor, 2.0 million est. employed
(Jan.-Mar. 1975)
Organized labor: 34.7% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Japan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Tokyo
Political subdivisions: 47 prefectures (Ryukyus
became 47th prefecture on 15 May 1972)
Legal system: civil law system with English-
American influence; constitution promulgated in
1946; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: Emperor is merely symbol of state;
executive power is vested in cabinet dominated by the
Prime Minister, chosen by the Lower House of the
bicameral, elective legislature (Diet); judiciary is
independent
Government leader: Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: general elections held every 4 years or
upon dissolution of Lower House, triennially for one-
half of Upper House
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic
Party (LDP), T. Fukuda, President; Japan Socialist
Party (JSP), T. Narita, Chairman; Democratic
Socialist Party (DSP), I. Kasuga, Chairman; Japan
Communist Party (JCP), K. Miyamoto, Presidium
Chairman; Komeito (CGP), Y. Takeiri, Chairman;
New Liberal Club (NLC), Y. Kono
Voting strength (1976 election): 41.8% LDP,
20.7% JSP, 10.9% GCP, 10.4% JCP, 6.3% DSP, 4.2%
NLC, 5.7% independents
Communists: 350,000; 3,000,000 sympathizers
Member of: ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, DAC,
ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC,
ITU, IWC-International Whaling Commission,
IWC-International Wheat Council, OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $488 billion (1975, at 296.8 yen=US$1);
$463 billion in 1974 prices, $4,400 per capita (1975);
57% personal consumption, 32% investment, 11%
government current expenditure; real growth rate
2.1% (1975); average annual growth rate (1970-1975),
6.3%
Agriculture: land intensively cultivated-rice,
wheat, barley, sugar, potatoes, fruits; 72% self-
sufficient; food shortages-meat, wheat, feed grains,
edible oil and fats; caloric intake, 2,502 calories per
day per capita (1974)
Fishing: catch 10.8 million metric tons (1974)
Major industries: metallurgical and engineering
industries, electrical and electronic industries, textiles,
chemicals
Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw materials
Crude steel: 102 million metric tons produced
(1975)
Electric power: 110,400,000 kW capacity (1975);
460 billion kWh produced (1975), 4,077 kWh per
capita
Exports: $54.8 billion (f.o.b., 1975); 54%
machinery and equipment, 22% metals and metal
products, 7% textiles
Imports: $49.7 billion (f.o.b., 1975); 44% fossil
fuels, 8% metals and metal products, 15% foodstuffs,
7% machinery and equipment
Major trade partners: exports-20% U.S., 15%
OPEC, 11% Communist countries, 10% EC, 4%
Australia, 40% other; imports-35% OPEC, 20%
U.S., 7% Australia, 6% EC, 5% Communist countries,
27% other
Aid: Japanese official foreign economic aid
disbursements 1975, $1,148 million
Budget: revenues $56.7 billion, expenditures $81.0
billion, deficit $24.3 billion (general account for fiscal
year ending March 1977)
Monetary conversion rate: 296.8 yen=US$1 (1975
average rate), floating since February 1973
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 28,912 km; 1,077 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 27,835 km predominantly narrow gage
(1.067 m), 6,195 km double track, 7,376 km or 26% of
total route length electrified; 73% government-owned
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JAPAN/JORDAN
Highways: 1,059,100 km (1974); 308,784 km
paved, most of remainder gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: approx. 1,770 km; seagoing
craft ply all coastal "inland seas"
Pipelines: crude oil, 82 km; natural gas, 933 km
Ports: 53 major, over 2,000 minor
Civil air: 230 major transport aircraft (includes 2
leased)
Airfields: 183 total, 181 usable; 119 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,660 m; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 44 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m, 5 seaplane stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 31,351,000;
26,433,000 fit for military service; about 810,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March
1977, $5.1 billion proposed; about 6% of total budget
JORDAN
/See reference map V)
NOTE: The war between Israel and the Arab states
in June 1967 ended with Israel in control of West
Jordan. Although approx. 930,000 persons resided in
this area prior to the start of the war, fewer than
750,000 of them remain there under the Israeli
occupation, the remainder having fled to East Jordan.
Over 14,000 of those who fled were repatriated in
August 1967, but their return has been more than
offset by other Arabs who have crossed and are
continuing to cross from West to East Jordan. These
and certain other effects of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war
are not included in the data below.
LAND
96,089 km2 (including about 5,439 km2 occupied by
Israel); 11 % agricultural, 88% desert, waste, or urban,
1% forested
Land boundaries: 1,770 km (1967, 1,668 km
excluding occupied areas)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 26 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,833,000, including West Bank and
East Jerusalem (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 3.2% current; East Bank, 2,071,000,
average annual growth rate 3.7% (current); West
Bank, including East Jerusalem, 762,000, average
annual growth rate 2.0% (current)
Nationality: noun-Jordanian(s); adjective-
Jordanian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian, 1%
Armenian
Religion: 90%-92% Sunni Muslim, 8%-10%
Christian
Language: Arabic official, English widely
understood among upper and middle classes
Literacy: about 50%-55% in East Jordan;
somewhat less than 60% in West Jordan
Labor force: 638,000; less than 5% unemployed
Organized labor: 9.8% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: 'Amman
Political subdivisions: 8 governorates (3 are under
Israeli occupation) under centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French
codes; constitution adopted 1952; judicial review of
legislative acts in a specially 'xovided High Tribunal;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: King holds balance of power; Prime
Minister exercises executive authority in name of
King; Cabinet appointed by King and responsible to
parliament; bicameral parliament with House of
Representatives last chosen by national elections in
April 1967, and dissolved by King in February 1976;
Senate last appointed by King in November 1974; met
briefly in February 1976 to amend constitution
allowing King to postpone elections; present
parliament subservient to executive; secular court
system based on differing legal systems of the former
Transjordan and Palestine; law Western in concept
and structure; Sharia (religious) courts for Muslims,
and religious community council courts for non-
Muslim communities; desert police carry out quasi-
judicial functions in desert areas
Government leader: King Husayn ibn Talal al-
Hashimi
Suffrage: all citizens over age 20
Political parties and leaders: political party
activity illegal since 1957; Palestine Liberation
Organization and various smaller fedayeen groups
clandestinely active on West Bank; Muslim
Brotherhood
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Communists: party actively repressed, membership
estimated at less than 500
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.2 billion (1975 est.), $440 per capita; real
growth rate (1973-75), 6%
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, fruits, vegetables,
olive oil; not self-sufficient in many foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, petroleum
refining, and cement production
Electric power: 150,000 kW capacity (1975); 325
million kWh produced (1975), 118 kWh per capita,
East Bank only
Exports: $125 million (f.o.b., 1975); fruits and
vegetables, phosphate rock; Communist share 5% of
total (1974)
Imports: $732 million (c.i.f., 1975); petroleum
products, textiles, capital goods, motor vehicles,
foodstuffs; Communist share 9% of total (1974)
Aid: economic-U.S., $924 million economic
assistance (FY46-75), of which $82 million loans, $827
million grants; military-$416 million total from U.S.
(FY53-75) including $269 million in MAP grants
Budget: (1976 est. )-expenditures $802 million
(non-military, $647 million, military $155 million),
development $349 million; deficit $37 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jordanian dinar-
US$3.03, freely convertible; 0.3300 Jordanian dinar=
US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gage, single track
Highways: 7,080 km; 5,880 paved, 200 km
improved earth; 1,000 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km
Ports: 1 major (Aqaba)
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 16 usable; 12 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 11
with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate telecommunica-
tion system for the needs of the country; 40,500
telephones; 529,000 radio and 205,000 TV receivers; 1
AM station, no FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 earth
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 605,000; 431,000
fit for military service; average number currently
reaching military age (18) annually 30,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $155,963,300; 19.4% of central
government budget
KENYA
LAND
582,750 km2; about 21% forest and woodland, 13%
suitable for agriculture, 66% mainly grassland
adequate for grazing (1971)
Land boundaries: 3,368 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 536 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,113,000 (January 1977),
annual growth rate 3.5% (7-71 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Kenyan(s); adjective-Kenyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% native African (including
Bantu, Nilotic, Hamitic and Nilo-Hamitic); 2%
Asian; 1% European, Arab and others
Religion: 56% Christian, 36% animist, 7% Muslim,
1 % Hindu
Language: English and Swahili official; each tribe
has own language
Literacy: 27%
Labor force: 2.5 million; about 977,000 (39%) in
monetary economy (1967)
Organized labor: about 215,000
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Kenya
Type: republic within Commonwealth since
December 1963
Capital: Nairobi
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces plus Nairobi
Area
Legal system: based on English common law,
tribal law and Islamic law; constitution enacted 1963;
judicial review in Supreme Court; legal education at
University Kenya School of Law in Nairobi; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President and Cabinet responsible to
unicameral legislature (National Assembly) of 170
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KENYA/KOREA, NORTH
seats, 158 directly elected by constituencies and 12
appointed by the President; Assembly must be
reelected at least every 5 years; High Court, with
Chief justice and at least 11 justices, has unlimited
original jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or
criminal proceeding; provision for systems of courts of
appeal with ultimate appeal to East African Court of
Appeals
Government leader: President Jomo Kenyatta
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: general election (October 1974) elected
present National Assembly; next elections due 1979
Political party and leaders: Kenya Africa National
Union (KANU), president, Jomo Kenyatta
Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the
National Assembly
Communists: may be a few Communists and
sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor unions
Member of: AFDB, EAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2,500 million at current prices (1975), $190
per capita; 5% real growth 1970-75
Agriculture: main cash crops-coffee, sisal, tea,
pyrethrum, cotton, livestock; food crops-corn,
wheat, rice, cassava; largely self-sufficient in food
Fishing: 29,400 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: small-scale consumer goods
(plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, agricultural
processing, cigarettes, flour), oil refining, cement
Electric power: 285,000 kW capacity (1975); 900
million kWh produced (1975), 65 kWh per capita
Exports: $600 million (f.o.b., 1975 est.); coffee, tea,
livestock products, pyrethrum, soda ash, wattle-bark
tanning extract
Imports: $950 million (c,i.f., 1975 est.); machinery,
transport equipment, crude oil, paper and paper
products, iron and steel products, and textiles
Major trade partners: U.K. and EC, also Uganda
and Tanzania, which are part of East African
Economic Community
Budget: FY76 current revenues $1,009 million;
current expenditures $1,057 million; development
expenditures $193 million
Monetary conversion rate: 8.4 Kenya shillings=
US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,040 km meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: 52,372 km; 4,022 km paved, 48,350 km
gravel and/or earth
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria and Lake
Rudolph are within boundaries of Kenya
Ports: 1 major (Mombasa), 3 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 234 total, 215 usable; 6 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 2 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 41 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: in top group of African
systems; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines,
and radiocommunication stations; principal center
Nairobi, secondary centers Mombasa and Nakuru;
113,700 telephones; 774,000 radio and 37,500 TV
receivers; 4 AM, 1 FM, and 5 TV stations; satellite
ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,001,000;
1,841,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1976, $44,925,101; about 4.3% of central government
budget
KOREA, NORTH
LAND
126,900 km2; 17% arable and cultivated, 74% in
forest, scrub, and brush; remainder wasteland and
urban
Land boundaries: 1,675 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 2,495 km
PEOPLE
Population: 17,294,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.2% (current)
Nationality: noun-Korean(s); adjective-Korean
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
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Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; religious
activities now almost nonexistent
Language: Korean
Literacy: 90% (est.)
Labor force: 6.1 million; 48% agriculture, 52%
non-agricultural; shortage of skilled and unskilled
labor
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Peoples Republic of
Korea
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
Capital: P'yongyang
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 3 special cities
(P'yongyang, Hamhung, Ch'ongjin), and 1 special
district (Kaesong)
Legal system: based on German civil law system
with Japanese influences and Communist legal
theory; constitution adopted 1948 and revised 1972;
no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Supreme Peoples Assembly theoretically
supervises Legislative and judicial function
Government and party leaders: Kim 11-song,
President DPRK, and General Secretary of the Korean
Workers Party; Pak Song-chol, Premier
Suffrage: universal at age 17
Elections: election to SPA every 4 years, but this
constitutional provision not necessarily followed-
last election December 1972
Political party: Korean Workers (Communist)
Party; claimed membership of about 1.6 million, or
about 12% of population
Member of: IPU, U.N. (observer status only),
UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $7.5 billion (1975 est.), $450 per capita
Agriculture: main crops-rice, corn, vegetables;
food shortages-meat, cooking oils; production of
foodstuffs adequate for domestic needs at low levels of
consumption
Major industries: machine building, electric
power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food
processing
Shortages: complex machinery and equipment,
bituminous and coking coal, petroleum, rubber
Crude steel: 3.3 million metric tons produced
(1975), 210 kg per capita
Exports: $800 million; minerals, chemical and
metallurgical products (1974)
Imports: $1,100 million; machinery and equip-
ment, petroleum, foodstuffs, coking coal (1974)
Major trade partners: total trade turnover
$1.9 billion; 43% with non-Communist countries,
57% with Communist countries (1975)
Aid: economic and military aid from the U.S.S.R.
and China
Monetary conversion rate: 2.15 won=US$1
(arbitrarily established)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,535 km operating in 1976; 3,870 km
standard gage (1.435 m), 665 km narrow gage (0.762
m); 159 km double tracked; about 1,080 km
electrified; government-owned
Highways: about 20,278 km; 98.5% gravel,
crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% concrete or
bituminous
Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly navigable by
small craft only
Ports: 6 major, 26 minor
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,776,000;
2,242,000 fit for military service; 189,000 reach
military age (18) annually
KOREA, SOUTH
LAND
98,400 km2; 23% arable (22% cultivated), 10%
urban and other, 67% forested
Land boundaries: 241 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 2,413 km
PEOPLE
Population: 35,538,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.0% (current)
Nationality: noun-Korean(s); adjective-Korean
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chinese
minority (approx. 20,000)
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Religion: strong Confucian tradition; pervasive
folk religion (Shamanism); vigorous Christian
minority (5.5% of population); Buddhism (including
estimated 20,000 members of Soka Gakkai);
Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic
religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th
century, claims about 1.5 million adherents
Language: Korean
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: about 10.5 million (1972); 48%
agriculture, fishing, forestry; 15% services; 13%
mining and manufacturing; 12% commerce; 12%
other
Organized labor:
labor force
GOVERNMENT
nonagricultural
Legal name: Republic of Korea
Type: republic; power centralized in a strong
executive
Capital: Seoul
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 2 special cities;
heads centrally appointed
Legal system: combines elements of continental
European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and
Chinese classical thought; constitution approved
1972; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, legislative (unicameral),
judiciary, National Conference of Unification
Government leaders: President Pak Chong-hui;
Prime Minister Choe Kyu-ha
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: presidential every 6 years indirectly by
the National Conference of Unification, last election
December 1972; two-thirds of the 219-member
National Assembly is elected directly for the same
period within six months of the presidential election,
remaining third nominated by the President and
elected by the National Conference for a three-year
term; last election February 1973, Revitalization
Group-73 seats, Democratic Republican Party-73
seats, New Democratic Party-52 seats, Democratic
Unification Party-2 seats, Independents-19 seats
Political parties and leaders: pro-government-
Revitalization Group (appointed) (Chairman, Pak
Tu-Chin) and Democratic Republican Party (Acting
Chairman, Yi Hyo-sang); New Democratic Party
(Chairman, Yi Chol-sung); Democratic Unification
(Chairman, Yang II-tong)
Voting strength: (1973 election) popular vote
11,896,484; DRP 38,8%, NDP 32.8%, DUP 10.2%,
Independent 18.1%, 0.1% invalid
Communists: Communist activity banned by
government; an estimated 37,000-50,000 former
members and supporters
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of
Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association;
large potentially volatile student population
concentrated in Seoul
Member of: ADB, Asian Parliamentary Union,
Asian People's Anti-Communist League (APACL),
ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, GATT,
Geneva Conventions of 1949 for the protection of war
victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO,
IMCO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC,
ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, UNES-
CO, U.N. Special Fund, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO,
World Anti-Communist League (WACL); official
observer at U.N., does not hold U.N. membership
ECONOMY
GNP: $18.0 billion (1975, in 1974 prices); real
growth 7.4% (1974); real growth 9.8% (1970-74
average)
Agriculture: 40% of the population live on the
land, but agriculture, forestry and fishery constitute
26% of GNP; main crops-rice, barley, wheat; not
self-sufficient; food shortages-barley, wheat, dairy
products, rice, corn
Fishing: catch 2,026,000 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: textiles and clothing, food
processing, chemical fertilizers, chemicals, plywood,
steel
Shortages: base metals, petroleum, lumber and
certain food grains
Electric power: 5.1 million kW capacity (1975);
19.9 billion kWh produced (1975), 555 kWh per
capita
Exports: $5.0 billion (f.o.b., 1975); clothing,
electrical machinery, plywood, footwear, processed
food, steel
Imports: $7.1 billion (c.i.f., 1975); oil, ships, steel,
wood, wheat, organic chemicals
Major trade partners: exports-30% U.S., 25%
Japan; imports-33% Japan, 26% U.S. (1975)
Aid: economic-U.S. (FY46-75), $6.4 billion
committed; Japan (1965-73), $1.8 billion extended;
military-U.S. (FY46-75), $6.5 billion committed
Budget: $5.5 billion (1976)
Monetary conversion rate: rate fixed at 484
won=US$1 since December 1974
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Freight carried: rail (1973) 4.8 billion metric
ton/km, 34,2 million metric tons; highway 21.8
million metric tons; air (1959) 361,184 kg carried
Pipelines: 515 km refined products
Ports: 10 major, 18 minor
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 121 total, 115 usable; 53 with
permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways 2,440-
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3,659 in, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane Organized labor: labor unions, first authorized in
stations 1964 r
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 8,439,100;
5,492,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (18) annually 368,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1977, $1.9 billion; about 34% of central
government budget
KUWAIT
LAND
16,058 km2 (excluding neutral zone but including
islands); insignificant amount forested; nearly all
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 459 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 499 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,101,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 6.2% (4-70 to 4-75)
Nationality: noun-Kuwaiti(s); adjective-Ku-
waiti
Ethnic divisions: 85% Arabs, 13% Iranians,
Indians, and Pakistani; native Kuwaitis are a minority
Religion: 99% Muslim, 1% Christian, Hindu,
Parsi, other
Language: Arabic; English commonly used foreign
language
Literacy: about 60%
Labor force: 340,000 (1976 est.); 26% manufactur-
ing, 25% services, 35% government and professions,
9% commerce, 5% oil industry; two-thirds of labor
force is non-Kuwaiti
ormed in oil industry and among government
personnel
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Kuwait
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
Capital: Kuwait
Political subdivisions: 3 governorates, 10 voting
constituencies
Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law
significant in personal matters; constitution took
effect 1963; key provisions regarding election of
National Assembly suspended in August 1976;
judicial review of legislative acts not yet determined;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers
Government leader: Emir Sabah al-Salim Al
Sabah
Suffrage: native born and naturalized males age 21
or over
Elections: National Assembly dissolved by Emir's
decree in August 1976
Political parties and leaders: political parties
prohibited, some small clandestine groups are active
Communists: insignificant
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: Arab League, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU,
ITU, OAPEC, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $13.9 billion (1975 est.), $13,500 per capita
est.
Agriculture: virtually none, dependent on imports
for food; approx. 75% of potable water must be
distilled or imported
Major industries: crude petroleum production
averaging 2.1 million b/d (includes Kuwait's share of
neutral zone, down 30% from 1973); government
revenues from taxes and royalties on production,
refining, and consumption, $7.7 billion est. for 1975;
refinery production 90,720,273 bbls (1974), average
b/d refinery throughput equals 248,550 bbls; other
major industries include processing of fertilizers,
chemicals; building materials; flour, and fishing
Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity (1975); 4.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 4,360 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.1 billion (1976 est.), of which
petroleum accounted for about 98%; nonpetroleum
exports are mostly reexports, $600 million (1976 est. )
Imports: $3 billion (1976 est.); major suppliers-
U.S., Japan, U,K., West Germany
Aid: an aid donor, committed bilaterally or through
multilateral agencies nearly $3 billion in economic
assistance in 1975
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Budget: (FY76/77) $7.6 billion revenues; State
reserves, $10 billion (1975)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kuwaiti dinars
US$3.48 (1976)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,494 km; 748 km bituminous; 1,746
km earth, sand, light gravel
Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined products, 40
km; natural gas, 121 km
Ports: 3 major (Ash Shuwaikh, Ash Shuaybah,
Mina al Ahmadi), 4 minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent international
and adequate domestic telecommunication facilities;
108,600 telephones; 500,000 radio and 135,000 TV
sets; 3 AM, no FM and 3 TV stations; satellite ground
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 332,000;
about 192,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March
1976, $222,428,950; 8% of central government budget
LAOS
LAND
236,804 km2; 8% agricultural, 60% forests, 32%
urban, waste, and other; except in very limited areas,
soil is very poor; most of forested area is not
exploitable
Land boundaries: 5,053 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,455,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2,4% (7-73 to 7-74)
Nationality: noun-Lao (sing., pl.); adjective-
Lao or Laotian
Ethnic divisions: 47% Lao; 14% Tribal Tai; 25%
Phoutheung (Kha); 14% Meo, Yao, and other
Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and other
Language: Lao official, French predominant
foreign language
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: about 1,268,000; 80%-90% agri-
culture; 159,286 engaged in manufacturing and
services; 28,400 (22,400 civil and 6,000 police)
government employees in FY72
Organized labor: only labor organization is
subordinate to the Communist Party
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Lao People's Democratic Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Vientiane
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces subdivided
into districts, cantons, and villages
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President; 45-member Supreme Council;
39-member cabinet formed on 4 December 1975;
cabinet is totally Communist but council contains a
few nominal neutralists and non-Communists;
Supreme People's Assembly, a quasi-legislature tasked
with drafting constitution and election law
Government leaders: President, Souphanouvong;
Prime Minister, Kaysone Phomvihan; Deputy Prime
Ministers, Nouhak Phoumsavan, Phoumi Vongvichit,
Phoun Sipaseut, and Khamtai Siphandone
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for new National Assembly,
scheduled for April 1, 1976, have been postponed
Political parties and leaders: Lao People's
Revolutionary Party (Communist) includes Lao
Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of Patriotic
Neutralist Forces; other parties are moribund
Communists: Lao People's Revolutionary Party;
membership unknown
Other political or pressure groups: non-
Communist political groups are moribund; most
leaders have fled the country
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Mekong
Committee, SEAMES, U.N., UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $220 million, $70 per capita (1972 est.)
Agriculture: main crops-rice (overwhelmingly
dominant), corn, vegetables; largely self-sufficient;
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food shortages (due in part to distribution
deficiencies) including rice
Major industries: tin mining, timber, tobacco
Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum, transpor-
tation system
Electric power: 61,000 kW capacity (1975); 250
million kWh produced (1975), 79 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.2 million (f.o.b., 1975 est.); forest
products (40%), tin concentrates (53%); coffee,
undeclared exports of opium and tobacco
Imports: $30 million (c.i.f., est. 1975); rice and
other foodstuffs, petroleum products, machinery,
transportation equipment
Major trade partners: imports from Thailand,
U.S.S.R., Japan, France, China, Vietnam; exports to
Thailand and Malaysia; trade with Communist
countries insignificant; Laos was once a major transit
point in world gold trade, value of 1973 gold re-
exports $55 million
Aid: economic-$26 million (1975) of which $25
million, U.S.; remainder mostly U.S.S.R., China,
Vietnam, France, Japan, and international agencies;
military-no quantifiable data for 1975 or 1976
Budget: (1973-74) receipts, 13.3 billion kip;
expenditures, 36.0 billion kip; deficit 22.7 billion kip
(provisional totals); 45% military, 55% civilian; no
data available since Communists fully took over
government in 1975
Monetary conversion rate: as of 15 October 1976
200 kip=US$1 (official), 1,300 liberation kip=US$1
(free market)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: about 18,000 km; 1,300 km bituminous
or bituminous treated, 5,900 km gravel, crushed stone,
or improved earth; 10,800 km unimproved earth and
often impassable during rainy season mid-May to
mid-September
Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, primarily
Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional kilometers
are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than
0.5 in
Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor
Airfields: 116 total, 89 usable; 7 with permanent-
surface runways; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 in, 1
with runway 2,440-3,659 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 808,000; 431,000
fit for military service; average number currently
reaching usual military age (18) annually, 34,000; no
conscription age specified
Military budget: no expenditure estimates are
available for FY76
LEBANON
LAND
10,360 km2; 27% agricultural land, 64% desert,
waste, or urban, 9% forested
Land boundaries: 531 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): no specific
claims (fishing, 6 nm)
Coastline: 225 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,454,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (current)
Nationality: noun-Lebanese (sing. and pl.);
adjective-Lebanese
Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian, 1%
other
Religion: 55% Christian, 44% Muslim and Druze,
1% other (official estimates); Muslims, in fact,
constitute a majority
Language: Arabic (official); French is widely
spoken
Literacy: 86%
Labor force: about 1 million economically active;
49% agriculture, 11% industry, 14% commerce, 26%
other; moderate unemployment
Organized labor: about 65,000
GOVERNMENT
NOTE: Civil strife between Lebanese Christians
aided by Syrian troops on the one hand, and Lebanese
Muslims and their Palestinian allies on the other
hand, has plagued Lebanon since early 1975, causing
the near-collapse of central governmental authority.
Much of the country is now under Syrian occupation;
Damascus is trying to force the Palestinians to return
to their refugee camps and keep out of Lebanon's
internal affairs, and to preserve a unitary Lebanese
state-under a modified constitution-that will be
responsive to Syria's influence. At issue in the fighting
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have been the structure of Lebanon's parliamentary
government and the country's traditional political
practices, which have favored the Christian minority.
The following description is based on the present
constitutional and customary practices of the
Lebanese system.
Legal name: Republic of Lebanon
Type: republic
Capital: Beirut
Political subdivisions: 5 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law,
and civil law system; constitution mandated in 1920;
no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education
at University of Lebanon; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: power lies with President elected by
parliament (Chamber of Deputies); cabinet appoint-
ed by President, approved by parliament; independ-
ent secular courts on French pattern; religious courts
for matters of marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc.; by
custom, President is a Maronite Christian, Prime
Minister a Sunni Muslim, and president of parliament
a Shia Muslim; each of 9 religious communities
represented in parliament in proportion to national
numerical strength
Government leader: President Ilyas Sarkis
Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21;
authorized for women over 21 with elementary
education
Elections: Chamber of Deputies held every 4 years
or within 3 months of dissolution of Chamber; latest
April 1972
Political parties and leaders: political party
activity is organized along sectarian lines; numerous
political groupings exist, consisting of individual
political figures and followers motivated by religious,
clan, and economic considerations; political stability
dependent on maintenance of balance between
religious communities
Communists: only legal Communist party in
Middle East; legalized in 1970; members and
sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000
Other political or pressure groups: Palestinian
guerrilla organizations
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, U.N., UNES-
CO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, potatoes,
tobacco, olives, onions; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: service industries, food
processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals,
some metal fabricating, tourism
Electric power: 540,000 kW capacity (1975); 1
billion kWh produced (1975), 400 kWh per capita
Major trade partners: exports $1 billion est. (f.o.b,,
1974); most to Arab countries; imports $1.7 billion
(c.i.f., 1974); chiefly from EC, U.K., and Arab
countries; trade deficit covered by large net receipts
from invisibles (particularly tourism and transporta-
tion) and private capital inflow
Budget: (1975) expenditures $863 million, current
expenditures $758 million, investment expenditures
$105 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Lebanese pound=
US$0.44 as of August 1975
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 383 km; 296 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 82 km 1.050-meter gage; all single track
Highways: 7,370 km; 6,270 km paved, 450 km
gravel and crushed stone, 650 km improved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km
Ports: 3 major (Beirut, Tripoli, Sayda), 5 minor
Civil air: 29 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 3 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: excellent international
telecommunication facilities include satellite ground
station; good domestic telephone and telegraph
service; 227,000 telephones; 1.3 million radio and
410,000 TV receivers; 2 FM, 1 AM, and 7 TV stations;
1 submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 500,000; 350,000
fit for military service; average of about 25,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $145,355,620; 19% of central
government budget
LESOTHO
LAND
30,303 km2; 15% cultivable; largely mountainous
Land boundaries: 805 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,074,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.2% (7-72 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Basothan(s); adjective-
Basothan
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Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho, 1,600 Europeans,
800 Asians
Religion: 70% or more Christian, rest animist
Language: all Africans speak Sesotho vernacular;
English is second language- for literates
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 87.4% of resident population engaged
in subsistence agriculture; 150,000 to 250,000 spend 6
months to many years as wage earners in South Africa
Organized labor: negligible
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Lesotho
Type: constitutional monarchy under King
Moshoeshoe II; independent member of com-
monwealth since 1966
Capital: Maseru
Political subdivisions: 9 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and
Roman-Dutch law; constitution came into effect
1966; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court
and Court of Appeal; legal education at University of
Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland (located in
Lesotho); has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive, divided between a largely
ceremonial King and a Prime Minister who leads
cabinet of at least 7 members; Prime Minister
dismissed bicameral legislature in early 1970 and
subsequently has ruled by decree; Prime Minister
appointed Interim National Assembly in April 1973;
judicial-63 Lesotho courts administer customary law
for Africans, High Court and subordinate courts have
criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of
Appeal at Maseru has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: Prime Minister Chief Leabua
Jonathan
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: elections held in January 1970; nullified
allegedly because of election irregularities; subsequent
elections promised at unspecified date
Political parties and leaders: National Party
(BNP), Chief Leabua Jonathan; Basutoland Congress
Party (BCP), Ntsu Mokhele
Voting strength: in 1970 elections for National
Assembly, BNP won 32 seats; BCP, 22 seats; minor
parties, 4 seats
Communists: negligible, Communist Party of
Lesotho banned in early 1970
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $196 million (FY72 est.), $205 per capita;
growth rate (in current prices), 13% annually (FY70-
72 est.)
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly
subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are
corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley
Major industries: none
Electric power: approximately 20 million kWh
imported from South Africa (1975)
Exports: labor to South Africa (remittances $90
million est. in 1975); $12.6 million (est. f.o.b., 1975),
wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, diamonds, peas, beans,
corn, hides, skins
Imports: $95 million (est, c.i.f., 1975); mainly corn,
building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery,
POL
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: economic aid-U.K. $9.4 million (plan FY71-
75); other $17.5 million (plan FY71-75): U.S. $23.1
million authorized (FY61-75); no military aid
Budget: (FY76) revenues, $63 million; current
expenditures, $38 million; development budget, $25
million
Monetary conversion rate: Lesotho uses the South
African rand; 1 SA rand=US$1.15 (as of September
1975)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and included
in the statistics of the Republic of South Africa
Highways: approx. 2,327 km; 212 km paved; 843
km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; remainder
improved or unimproved earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 21 total, 20 usable; 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 in, 1 with permanent surface runway
Telecommunications: system a modest one
consisting of a few landlines, a small radio-relay
system, and minor radiocommunication stations;
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Maseru is the center; 3,725 telephones; 22,000 radio
receivers; 2 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 220,000; fit for
military service 122,000
LIBERIA
LAND
111,370 km2; 20% agricultural, 30% jungle and
swamps, 40% forested, 10% unclassified
Land boundaries: 1,336 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 22 nm
Coastline: 579 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,554,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun-Liberian(s); adjective-
Liberian
Ethnic divisions: 5% descendants of immigrant
Negroes; 95% indigenous Negroid African tribes
including Kpelle, Bassa, Kru, Grebo, Gola, Kissi,
Krahn, and Mandingo
Religion: probably more Muslims than Christians;
70%-80% animist
Language: English official; 28 tribal languages or
dialects, pidgin English used by about 20%
Literacy: about 24% over age 5
Labor force: 600,000, of which 120,000 are in
monetary economy; about 2,000 non-African
foreigners hold about 95% of the top level
management and engineering jobs
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Liberia
Type: republic in form; strong executive dominates,
with few constraints
Capital: Monrovia
Political subdivisions: country divided into 9
counties; President appoints all officials of
significance
Legal system: based on U.S. constitutional theory;
recent codes drawn up by Cornell University;
constitution adopted 1847; amended 1907, 1926,
1934, 1955, and 1975; no constitutional provision for
judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at
Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of
Liberia; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: President, elected by popular vote,
limited to a single eight-year term, controls through
appointive powers, authority over national expendi-
tures, and a variety of informal sanctions; 2-house
legislature elected by popular vote; judiciary
consisting of Supreme Court and variety of lower
courts
Government leader: President William R. Tolbert,
Jr.
Suffrage: universal 18 years and over
Elections: members of House of Representatives
elected for 4-year terms, most recently in October
1975; Senate members elected for 6-year terms, one-
half elected in May 1973; President Tolbert,
constitutional successor to President Tubman who
died in July 1971, completed the four year term to
which Tubman was elected and was then elected in
October 1975 for an eight-year term beginning in
January 1976
Political parties and leaders: True Whig Party, in
power since 1878, only political party; President
Tolbert is leader
Voting strength: 1975 elections uncontested; True
Whig Party won all but a handful of votes
Communists: no Communist Party and only a few
sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO] IMF, IPU,
ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GDP: $745 million (1975), $425 per capita; 4%
current annual growth rate (1972-75)
Agriculture: rubber, rice, oil palm, cassava, coffee,
cocoa; imports of rice, wheat, and live cattle and beef
are necessary for basic diet
Fishing: catch 23,000 metric tons
Industry: rubber processing, food processing,
construction materials, furniture, palm oil processing,
mining (iron ore, diamonds), 10,000 b/d oil refinery
Electric power: 300,000 kW capacity (1975); 875
million kWh produced (1975), 490 kWh per capita
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Exports: $406 million (f.o.b., 1975); iron ore,
rubber, diamonds, lumber and logs, coffee, cocoa
Imports: $332 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery,
transportation equipment, petroleum products,
manufactured goods, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: U.S., West Germany,
Netherlands, Italy, Belgium
Aid: economic-(FY46-75) U.S., $344.9 million;
military-(FY53-75) U.S., $13.9 million; other aid
($73.1 million through FY75), sources include IBRD,
U.N., IMF, West Germany, Republic of China
Budget: (FY75) revenues $127 million, expendi-
tures $124 million; development budget $27.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: Liberia uses U.S.
currency
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June (beginning 1 July
1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 502 km; 354 km standard gage (1.435
m), 145 km narrow gage (1.067 m); all lines single
track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign
steel and financial interests in conjunction with
Liberian Government
Highways: 7,952 km; 334 km bituminous treated;
remainder improved and unimproved laterite, gravel,
and/or earth
Inland waterways: 370 km
Ports: 3 major (Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville-
Sino Harbor), 4 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 78 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph
limited; main center is Monrovia; 3,400 telephones;
264,000 radio and 8,800 TV receivers; 5 AM, no FM,
and 5 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 419,000; 224,000
fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for year ending 31 December
1976, $4.7 million; 3.6% of central government
budget
LIBYA
LAND
1,758,610 km2; 6% agricultural, 1% forested, 93%
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 4,345 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(except for Gulf of Sidra where sovereignty is claimed
and northern limit of jurisdiction fixed at 32?30'N.
On reference map Vl/
and the unilaterally proclaimed 100 nm zone around
Tripoli)
Coastline: 1,770 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,599,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 4.2% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Libyan(s); adjective-Libyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with some
Negro stock; some Greeks, Maltese, Jews, Italians,
Egyptians
Religion: 97% Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely
understood in major cities
Literacy: 35 %
Labor force: 485,000; between ages 15-64,
405,000-430,000; 61% of labor force in agriculture
(1964)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Libyan Arab Republic
Type: republic; under military control following
ouster of king on 1 September 1969; provisional
constitution promulgated December 1969; loosely
confederated with Egypt and Syria in Confederation
of Arab Republics (CAR) on 1 September 1971
Capital: Tripoli
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative provinces
closely controlled by central government; district
commissioners appointed by revolutionary Command
Council
Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and
Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitu-
tional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;
legal education at Law School, at University of Libya
at Benghazi; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: paramount political power and
authority rests with the 10-man Revolutionary
Command Council (RCC); cabinet; parliament has
been dissolved
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LIBYA/LIECHTENSTEIN
Government leaders: Revolutionary Command
Council Chairman Colonel Mu'ammar Qadhafi;
Prime Minister, Major Abd al-Salam Jallud
Suffrage: universal
Elections: parliamentary elections last held in May
1965; election for CAR assembly in March 1972
Political parties and leaders: Libyan Arab
Socialist Union, RCC member Major Abd al-Salam
Jallud, Secretary General; Mu'ammar Qadhafi,
President
Communists:
membership
no organized party, negligible
Other political or pressure groups: various Arab
nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist
Resurrection (Bath) party with small, almost
negligible memberships may be functioning
clandestinely
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC,
ITU, OAPEC, OAU, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $11.9 billion (1975), $4,920 per capita
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, barley, olives,
dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum, food processing,
handicrafts
textiles
,
Electric power: 1,000,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.4
billion kWh produced (1975), 685 kWh per capita
Exports: $6,120 million (1975); over 99%
petroleum
Imports: $4,400 million (c.i.f., 1975)
Major trade partners: imports-Italy, West
Germany, U.S.; exports-Italy, West Germany, U.K.,
France
Aid: economic-no Communist country assistance;
U.S. aid extended $212.5 million (FY49-75);
international organizations $22 million; military-
arms obtained by cash purchase; chief suppliers
France, U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia; U.S. suspended
since September 1969
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Libyan pound=
US$3.38
Fiscal year: 1 January - 31 December (beginning
1974)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 16,212 km; 7,712 km bituminous and
bituminous treated, 8,500 km gravel, crushed stone
and earth
Pipelines: crude oil 3,251 km; natural gas 282 km;
refined products 443 km (includes 217 km liquid
petroleum gas)
Ports: 3 major (Tobruk, Tripoli, Benghazi), 4
minor, and 5 petroleum terminals
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft; an additional
20 major transports are operated by external carriers
engaged in charter work for several oil companies
Airfields: 86 total, 79 usable; 15 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 12 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439
m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: system is just within top
one-third of African systems; consists of radio-relay
and tropospheric-scatter links, open-wire lines, and
radiocommunication stations; principal centers are
Tripoli and Benghazi; 49,800 telephones; 225,000
radio and 10,000 TV receivers; 7 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV
stations; 1 submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 533,000; 311,000
fit for military service; about 22,000 reach military
age (17) annually; conscription now being imple-
mented
Military budget: estimated for period 1 April-31
December 1976, $202,771,200; 3.9% of central
government budget
LIECHTENSTEIN
OERAt REPU LIC
LAND
168 km2
Land boundaries: 76 km
PEOPLE
Population: 25,000 (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 2.5% (12-60 to 12-70)
Nationality: noun-Liechtensteiner(s); adjective-
Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions: 95% Germanic, 5% Italian and
other
Religion: 92% Roman Catholic
Language: German (dialect)
Literacy: 98%
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LIECHTENSTEIN/LUXEMBOURG
Labor force: 7,000, 3,500 foreign workers (mostly Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft registered in
from Austria and Italy); 59% industry, 20% trade and Switzerland
commerce, 13% professional and other 8% Airfields: none
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Principality of Liechtenstein
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Political subdivisions: 11 districts
Legal system: based on Swiss law; constitution
adopted 1921; judicial review of legislative acts in a
special Constitutional Court; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: unicameral Parliament, hereditary
Prince, independent judiciary
Government leaders: Head of State, Prince Franz
Joseph II; Chief of Government, Dr. Walter Kieber
Suffrage: males age 20 and over
Elections: every 4 years; next elections 1978
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union
Party (VU), Dr. Alfred Hilbe; Progressive Citizens
Party (FBP), Dr, Gerard Batliner
Voting strength (1974 election): FBP over 50%
Communists: none
Member of: IAEA, ITU, UPU, WCL; considering
U.N. membership; desires affiliation with The
Council of Europe; under a 1923 treaty, Switzerland
handles Liechtenstein's post and telegraph systems,
customs, and foreign relations
ECONOMY
Despite its small size and sparse natural resources,
Liechtenstein has a prosperous economy based
primarily on small-scale light industry and farming.
Textiles, ceramics, precision instruments, phar-
maceuticals, and canned foods are the principal
manufactures produced, almost entirely for export.
Livestock raising and dairying are the main sources of
farm income; cereals and potatoes are the most
important farm crops. The Liechtenstein economy is
tied closely to that of Switzerland in a virtual customs
union. No national accounts data are available.
Major trade partners: exports (1972)-$138.6
million; 34% Switzerland, 35% EC, 48% EFTA
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1975); 56
million kWh produced (1975), 1,900 kWh per capita;
power is exchanged with Switzerland, but net exports
average 35 million kWh yearly
Budget: (1976) revenues $93.2 million, expendi-
tures $96.2 million, deficit $3.0 million
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 16.00 km, standard gage (1.435 m),
electrified; owned, operated, and included in statistics
of Austrian Federal Railways
Highways: no information on total kilometers
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system
serving about 15,900 telephones; no broadcast
facilities; 5,500 radio and 4,700 TV receivers
(programs from Switzerland)
DEFENSE FORCES
Defense is responsibility of Switzerland
LUXEMBOURG
LAND
2,590 km2; 25% arable, 27% meadows and pasture,
15% waste or urban, 33% forested, negligible amount
of inland water
Land boundaries: 356 km
PEOPLE
Population: 361,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.7% (7-66 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Luxembourger(s); adjective-
Luxembourg
Ethnic divisions: 83% Luxembourger, including an
estimated 5% of Italian descent; remainder French,
German, Belgian, etc.
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, remaining 3%
Protestant and Jewish
Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; most
educated Luxembourgers also speak English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: (1974) 158,000; 10% agriculture
(including forestry and fishing), 48% industry, 42%
services; 30% of labor force is foreign, comprising
workers from neighboring areas of Belgium, France,
and West Germany, as well as Italy and Portugal,
unemployment 0.1% August 1975
Organized labor: 45% of labor force
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GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for
administrative purposes has 3 districts (Luxembourg,
Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12 cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted 1868; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Cassation Court only; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven
ministers comprise Council of Government headed by
President, which constitutes the executive; it is
responsible to the unicameral legislature, the
Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State, appointed
for indefinite term, exercises some powers of an upper
house; judicial power exercised by independent courts
Government leaders: Grand Duke Jean, Head of
State; Gaston Thorn, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: every 5 years for entire Chamber of
Deputies; latest elections May 1974
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social
Union, Pierre Werner and Jacques Santer (Party
President); Socialist, Lydie Schmit (Party President);
Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte (Party President);
Democratic, Gaston Thorn (Party President and Prime
Minister); Communist, Dominique Urbany
Voting strength in Chamber of Deputies
(1974): Christian Socialist, 18; Socialist Workers, 17;
Democrats, 14; Social Democrats, 5; Communists, 5
Communists: 500 party members (1974)
Other political or pressure groups: group of steel
industries representing iron and steel industry,
Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural pro-
ducers; Christian and Socialist labor unions,
Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers
Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe,
EC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, EURATOM, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OECD, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2,159 million (1975, in 1975 prices), $6,050
per capita; 1975 growth rate -7.3% at constant
prices; 52% consumption, 31% investment, 11%
government, 6% net exports of goods and services
(1974)
Agriculture: mixed farming; main crops-grains,
potatoes, fodder beets; food shortages-sugar, bread
grains, fats; caloric intake, 3,150 calories per day per
capita (1968-69)
Major industries: iron and steel, food processing,
chemicals, metal products and engineering, tires
Crude steel: 537 thousand metric tons produced
(1974), 1,500 kg per capita
Electric power: 1,205,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 6,000 kWh per capita
Exports: see Belgium
Imports: see Belgium
Major trade partners: Luxembourg and Belgium
form an economic and customs union and report their
foreign trade jointly (see Belgium); Luxembourg's
principal exports are iron and steel products; principal
imports are coal and consumer products; most foreign
trade is with Germany, Belgium, and other EC
countries
Aid: foreign aid to Luxembourg is included in aid
to Belgium
Budget (estimated): (1975) expenditures $695.1
million, revenues
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1975 average 1
franc=US$0.0272 floating; under the BLEU
agreement, the Luxembourg franc is equal to the
Belgian franc which circulates freely in Luxembourg
Fiscal year. calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 270 km standard gage (1.435 m); 160
km double track; 136 km electrified
Highways: 4,528 km; all paved; about 80 km
limited access divided highway completed or under
construction
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
Port: (river) Mertert
Civil air: 11 major
registered in Iceland)
transport aircraft (includes 3
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable with permanent-surface
runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate and efficient
system; 153,100 telephones; 200,000 radiobroadcast
receivers; 85,000 TV receivers; 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 82,000; 69,000
fit for military service; about 3,000 reach military age
(19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $23,234,000; 3.1% of the central
government budget
MACAO
LAND
15.5 km2; 10% agricultural, 90% urban
Land boundaries: 201 m
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MACAO/MADAGASCAR
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm;
fishing, 12 nm
Coastline: 40 km
PEOPLE
Population: 251,000 (official estimate for 1 July
1972)
Nationality: noun-Macaon(s); adjective-
M acaon
Ethnic divisions: 99% Chinese, 1% Portuguese
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catholics,
about one-half are Chinese
Language: 98% Chinese, 2% Portuguese
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese and
Macanese; no data on Chinese population
Labor force: 5% agriculture, 30% manufacturing,
3% construction, 1% utilities, 27% commerce, 8%
transportation and communications, 26% services
(1960 data)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Province of Macao
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon (Portugal)
Political subdivisions: municipality of Macao, and
2 islands
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Branches: 17-member Legislative Assembly, with
Governor and 5 appointed, 1 specially nominated,
and 10 elected representatives
Government leader: Col. Eduardo Garcia Leandro
Suffrage: Portuguese, Chinese and foreign residents
over 18
Elections: conducted every 4 years; last held
December 1972
Political parties and leaders: Association to
Defend the Interests of Macao; Macao Democratic
Center; Group to Study the Development of Macao;
Macao Independent Group
Communists: numbers unknown
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy
Macanese and Chinese representing local interests,
wealthy pro-Communist merchants representing
China's interests; in January 1967 Macao Govern-
ment acceded to Chinese demands which gave
Chinese veto power over administration of the enclave
ECONOMY
Agriculture: main crops-rice, vegetables; food
shortages-rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on
imports for food requirements
Major industries: textiles, fireworks
Electric power: 70,000 kW capacity (1975); 175
million kWh produced (1975), 700 kWh per capita
Exports: $127 million (f.o.b., 1975); textiles and
clothing, foodstuffs
Imports: $147 million (c.i.f., 1975)
Major trade partners: exports-21% France, 14%
West Germany, 10% Hong Kong, 9% Portugal and
Portuguese colonies; imports-71% Hong Kong, 19%
China (1975)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.4 patacas=US$1
(December 1975)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 42 km paved
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: fairly modern communica-
tion facilities provide adequate services for domestic
and international requirements; broadcasting
coverage is provided by AM and FM radio facilities
and a wired broadcast network; 9,633 telephones;
65,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, 1 FM and no TV
stations; no submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 60,000; 35,000
fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
Personnel: there are no Portuguese military
personnel in Macao
MADAGASCAR
LAND
595,700 kms; 5% cultivated, 58% pastureland, 21%
forested, 8% wasteland, 2% rivers and lakes, 6% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 4,828 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,812,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (7-69 to 7-70)
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Nationality: noun-Malagasy (sing.
dective-Malagasy
a
and pl. );
7
Ethnic divisions: basic split between highlanders of
predominantly M alayo- Indonesian origin, consisting
of Merina (1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000),
on the one hand, and coastal tribes with mixed
Negroid, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on
the other; coastal tribes include Betsimisaraka
941,000, Tsimihety 442,000, Sakalava 375,000,
Antaisaka 415,000; there are also 10-12,000 European
French, 5,000 Indians of French nationality, and
5,000 Creoles
Religion: more than half animist; about 41%
Christian, 7% Muslim
Language: French and Malagasy official
Literacy: 45% of population age 10 and over
Labor force: about 3.4 million, of which 90% are
nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence
agriculture; of 175,000 wage and salary earners, 26%
agriculture, 17% domestic service, 15% industry, 14%
commerce, 11% construction, 9% services, 6%
transportation, 2% miscellaneous
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Republic of Madagascar
Type: republic; military has wielded real authority
since May 1972
Capital: Tananarive
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and traditional Malagasy law; constitution of 1959
modified in October 1972 by law establishing
provisional government institutions; new constitution
accepted by referendum in December 1975; legal
education at National School of Law, University of
Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive-a 12-member Supreme
Revolutionary Council; assisted by cabinet called
Council of Ministers; National Popular Development
Council created to replace the legislature in October
1972 (dissolved in April 1976, to be replaced by
elected People's National Assembly); Military
Committee for Development; regular courts are
patterned after French system, and a High Council of
Institutions reviews all legislation to determine its
constitutional validity
Government leader: President Didier Ratsiraka
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: referendum held in December 1975 gave
overwhelming approval to government and new
constitution; legislative elections to be held sometime
in 1977
Political parties and leaders: Malagasy Socialist
Party (PSM), led by Philibert Tsiranana and Andre
Resampa, formed in 1974 as a result of union of Social
Democratic Party (PSD) and Malagasy Socialist
Union (USM); Congress Party for the Independence
of Madagascar (AKFM), led by Richard Andriaman-
jato; National Movement for the Independence of
Madagascar (MONIMA), led by Monja Jaona;
parties are permitted to exist but are barred from
positions of political authority because of postpone-
ment of elections
Voting strength: number of registered voters
(1972)-3.5 million; (in 1973 elections) non-party
candidates won 81% of seats in National Popular
Development Council; AKFM won 33 seats, PSD 5,
USM 1, MONIMA 14
Communists: Communist party of virtually no
importance; small and vocal group of Communists
has gained strong position in leadership of AKFM, the
rank and file of which is non-Communist
Other political or pressure groups: Joint Struggle
Committee (KIM), association of students, teachers,
workers, and unemployed youth
Member of: EAMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, OAU, OCAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1.8 billion (1975), about $240 per capita;
real growth less than 1% (1970-75)
Agriculture: cash crops-coffee, vanilla, sugar,
tobacco, sisal, rice, cloves, raphia; food crops-rice,
cassava, cereals, potatoes, corn, beans, bananas,
coconuts, and peanuts; animal husbandry wide-
spread; imports some rice, milk, and cereal
Fishing: catch 63,900 metric tons (1974); exports
$14.6 million (1974)
Major industries: agricultural processing (meat
canneries, soap factories, brewery, tanneries, sugar
refining), light consumer goods industries (textiles,
glassware), cement plant, auto assembly plant, paper
mill, oil refinery
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MADAGASCAR/MALAWI
Electric power: 90,000 kW capacity (1975); 465
million kWh produced (1975), 62 kWh per capita
Exports: $330 million (f.o.b., 1975); 30% coffee,
8% vanilla, 7% sugar, 6% cloves; agricultural and
livestock products account for about 85% of export
earnings
Imports: $370 million (c.i.f., 1975); consumer
goods about 19%, 21% footstuffs, 41% primary
products (crude oil, fertilizers, metal products), 19%
capital goods (1974)
Major trade partners: France (in 1974 accounted
for 37% of exports and 48% of imports), U.S., EC;
trade with Communist countries remains a minute
part of total trade
Budget: (FY75) revenues $450 million (including
$78 million projected borrowing), expenditures $450
million of which $324 million current, $126 million
development
Monetary conversion rate: 245 Malagasy
francs = US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 884 km of meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: 26,992 km; 4,285 km paved, 228 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; remainder
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 965 km (only local importance)
Ports: 4 major (Tamatave, Diego Suarez, Majunga,
Tulear)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 249 total, 129 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system above African
average; includes open-wire lines, some radio-relay
and coaxial links and a communication satellite
ground station; 29,300 telephones; 608,000 radio and
7,500 TV receivers; 1 AM station, no FM, and 1 TV
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,683,000;
993,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (20) annually about 82,000
Supply: nearly all from France in the past, now
mostly from West and East European countries
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $40.2 million; about 7% of central
government budget
MALAWI
LAND
95,053 km2; about 31% of land area arable (of
which less than half is cultivated), nearly 25%
forested, 6% meadow and pasture, 38% other
Indian
Ocean
Land boundaries: 2,881
PEOPLE
Population: 5,245,000 (January 1977),
annual growth rate 2.6% (7-72 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Malawian(s); adjective-
Malawian
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than
1% European and Asian
Religion:
Muslim
Language: English and Chichewa official; Lomwe
is second African language
Literacy: 15% of population
Labor force: 225,000 wage earners employed in
Malawi (1974); 6,000 Europeans permanently
employed; 200,000 Malawians live and work in
Rhodesia, South Africa, and Zambia; 30% agriculture,
11% construction, 10% commerce, 13% manufac-
turing, 10% administration, 26% miscellaneous
services
Organized labor: small minority of wage earners
are unionized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Malawi
Type: republic since July 1966; independent
member of Commonwealth since July 1964
Capital: Lilongwe
Political subdivisions: 3 administrative regions and
23 districts
Legal system: based on English common law and
customary law; constitution adopted 1964; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of
Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: strong presidential system with cabinet
appointed by President; unicameral National
Assembly of 60 elected and 15 nominated members;
High Court with Chief justice and at least 2 justices
Government leader: Life President H. Kamuzu
Banda
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Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: scheduled for 1976 but MCP candidates
unopposed and polling apparently will not take place
Political parties and leaders: Malawi Congress
Party (MCP), Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda
Communists: no Communist Party; Malawi
maintains no foreign relations with Communist
governments
Member of: AFDB, EEC (associate member),
FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IPU, ISO, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $700 million (1975 est., in current prices),
$140 per capita; real growth rate 6.5% (1972-74)
Agriculture: cash crops-tobacco, tea, sugar,
peanuts, cotton, tung, maize; subsistence crops-
corn, sorghum, millet, pulses, root crops, fruit,
vegetables, rice
Electric power: 85,000 kW capacity (1975); 263
million kWh produced (1975), 50 kWh per capita
Major industries: agricultural processing (tea,
tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer goods
Exports: $135 million (f,o.b., 1975); tobacco, tea,
sugar, peanuts, cotton
Imports: $248 million (c,i.f., 1975); manufactured
goods, machinery and transport equipment, building
and construction materials, fuel, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports-U.K., other EEC,
Rhodesia, South Africa; imports-South Africa, U.K.,
Rhodesia, other EEC
Aid: economic-U.K. provides major development
support, about $144 million (1964-74); U.S. aid
commitments, $110 million (FY56-75); military-
U.K., $2,4 million (1954-68)
Budget: (FY75) $123 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Malawi kwacha=
US$1.09 (August 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 563 km 1.065-meter gage
Highways: 11,814 km; 1,245 km paved; 507 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 6,157 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Malawi, 1,290 km and
Shire River, 144 km
Ports: 3 lake
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 47 total, 45 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runway; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is barely above
average for African countries and consists of thinly
spread open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; principal centers are
Blantyre, Zomba, Lilongwe, and Muzuzu; 19,350
telephones; 127,000 radio receivers; 5 AM, 4 FM and
no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,041,000; about
528,000 fit for military service
NOTE: Malaysia, which came into being on 16
September 1963, consists of Peninsular Malaysia,
which includes 11 states of the former Federation of
Malaya, plus East Malaysia, which includes the 2
former colonies of North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and
Sarawak
LAND
Peninsular Malaysia: 131,313 km2; 20% culti-
vated, 26% forest reserves, 54% other
Sabah: 76,146 km2; 13% cultivated, 34% forest
reserves, 53% other
Sarawak: 125,097 km2; 21% cultivated, 24% forest
reserves, 55% other
Land boundaries: 509 km Peninsular Malaysia,
1,786 km East Malaysia
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia, 2,607 km
East Malaysia
PEOPLE
Population: 12,395,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.7% (7-70 to 7-75)
Peninsular Malaysia: 10,401,000, average
annual growth rate 2.6% (7-70 to 7-75)
Sabah: 852,000, average annual growth rate
4.2% (7-70 to 7-75)
Sarawak: 1,142,000, average annual growth rate
2.5% (7-70 to 7-75)
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Nationality: noun-Malaysian(s); adjective-
Malaysian
Ethnic divisions:
Malaysia: 50% Malay, 35% Chinese, 10%
Indian
Peninsular Malaysia: 53% Malay, 35% Chinese,
11% Indian and Pakistani, 1% other
Sabah: 21% Chinese, 69% indigenous tribes, 10%
other
Sarawak: 30% Chinese, 50% indigenous tribes,
19% Malay, 1% other
Religion:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malays nearly all Muslim,
Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predomi-
nantly Hindu
Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other
Sarawak: 23% Muslim, 24% Buddhist and
Confucianist, 16% Christian, 35% tribal religion, 2%
other
Language:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official); English,
Chinese dialects, Tamil
Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects,
Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among
Chinese
Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous
tribal languages
Literacy:
Peninsular Malaysia: about 48%
Sabah and Sarawak: 23%
Labor force:
Malaysia: 4.2 million (1975)
Peninsular Malaysia: 3.6 million; 46.2% agricul-
ture, forestry, and fishing, 10.9% manufacturing and
construction, 31.9% trade, transport, and services
(1975)
Sabah: 213,000 (1967); 80% agriculture, forestry,
and fishing, 6% manufacturing and construction, 13%
trade and transportation, 1% other
Sarawak: 341,000 (1967); 80% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing, 6% manufacturing and
construction, 13% trade, transportation, and services,
1 % other
Organized labor: 500,000 (1975 est.), about 15% of
total labor force; unemployment about 7% of total
labor force, but higher in urban areas
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Malaysia
Type:
Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nominally
headed by Paramount Ruler (King); a bicameral
Parliament consisting of a 58-member Senate and a
154-member House of Representatives
Peninsular Malaysian states: hereditary rulers in
all but Penang and Malacca where Governors
appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state
governments limited by federal constitution
Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia in
which it holds 16 seats in House of Representatives;
foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other
powers delegated to federal government
Sarawak: self-governing state within Malaysia in
which it holds 24 seats in House of Representatives;
foreign affairs, defense, and internal security, and
other powers are delegated to federal government
Capital:
Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Sabah: Kota Kinabalu
Sarawak: Kuching
Political subdivisions: 13 states (including Sabah
and Sarawak)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution came into force 1963; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of
Supreme Head of the Federation; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: 9 state rulers alternate as Paramount
Ruler for 5-year terms; locus of executive power vested
in Prime Ministerand cabinet, who are responsible to
bicameral parliament; following communal rioting in
May 1969, government imposed state of emergency
and suspended constitutional rights of all parlia-
mentary bodies; parliamentary democracy resumed in
February 1971
Peninsular Malaysia: executive branches of 11
states vary in detail but are similar in design; a Chief
Minister, appointed by hereditary ruler or Governor,
heads an executive council (cabinet) which is
responsible to an elected, unicameral legislature
Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch headed by
Governor appointed by central government, largely
ceremonial role; executive power exercised by Chief
Minister who heads parliamentary cabinet responsible
to unicameral legislature; judiciary part of Malaysian
judicial system
Government leader: Head of State, Hussein Onn
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: minimum of every 5 years, last elections
August 1974
Political parties and leaders:
Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a
confederation of 9 political parties dominated by
United Malays National Organization (UMNO),
Hussein Onn; only opposition party of consequence-
Democratic Action Party (DAP)
Sabah: Berjaya Party, Tun Mohammad Fuad;
United Sabah National Organization (USNO), Tan
Sri Haji Moho Said Keruak; Sabah Chinese
Association (SCA), Khoo Siak Chiew
Sarawak: coalition Sarawak Alliance composed
of the Pesaka/Bumipatra Party, the United People's
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Party (SUPP), Ong Kee Hui and Sarawak Chinese
Association; opposition Sarawak National Party
(SNAP), Stephen Ningkan
Voting strength:
Peninsular Malaysia: (1974 election) National
Front controls 135 of 154 seats in lower house of
parliament
Sabah: (April 1976 Assembly Elections) Berjaya
Party controls 34 of 54 seats in State Assembly, USNO
controls 20 remaining seats
Sarawak: (1974 elections) National Front 30 out
of 48 State Assembly seats
Communists:
Peninsular Malaysia: approx. 1,700 armed
insurgents on Thailand side of Thai/Malaysia border;
approx. 300 on Malaysian side
Sarawak: 170 armed insurgents in Sarawak
Sabah: insignificant
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Colombo
Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP:
Malaysia: $8.1 billion (1975), $670 per capita;
average annual real growth (1968-75), 5.6%; (1975),
01%
Agriculture:
Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, rice, oil
palm; 10%-15% of rice requirements imported
Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops-rubber,
timber, coconut, rice; food deficit-rice
Sarawak: main crops-rubber, timber, pepper;
food deficit-rice
Fishing: catch 496,900 metric tons (1974)
Major industries:
Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm
processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing
industry, tin mining and smelting, logging and
processing timber
Sabah: logging, petroleum production
Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum
production and refining, logging
Electric power:
Peninsular Malaysia: 1,085,000 kW capacity
(1975); 5.4 billion kWh produced (1975), 528 kWh
per capita
Sabah: 87,000 kW capacity (1975); 220 million
kWh produced (1975), 248 kWh per capita
Sarawak: 88,000 kW capacity (1975); 204
million kWh produced (1975), 174 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1975); natural rubber,
palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum
Imports: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1975)
Major trade partners: exports-20% Singapore,
15% U.S., 14% Japan; imports-19% Japan, 11%
U.K., 11% U.S., 8% Singapore
Aid: economic-U.K. (1946-69) $260 million
disbursed; Japan (1966-68) $50 million extended;
IBRD (1959 - July 1974) $500 million (committed);
U.S. (1954-75) $121 million; military-(FY62-75) $64
million committed
Budget: 1976 revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures
$2.9 billion; deficit $800 million; 15% military, 85%
civilian
Monetary conversion rate: (Malaysia) 2.5
Malaysian dollars=US$1 (July 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads:
Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665 km 1.04-meter gage;
13 km double track; government-owned
East Malaysia: 154 km meter gage (1.00 m) in
Sabah
Highways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 18,100 km; 15,786 km
hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment),
1,569 km crushed stone/gravel, 745 km improved or
unimproved earth
East Malaysia: about 4,544 km (1,644 km in
Sarawak, 2,899 km in Sabah); 819 km hard surfaced
(mostly bituminous surface treatment), 2,936 km
gravel or crushed stone, 1,234 km earth
Inland waterways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3,194 km
East Malaysia: 4,087 km (1,569 km in Sabah,
2,518 km in Sarawak)
Ports:
Peninsular Malaysia: 2 major, 13 minor
East Malaysia: 1 major, 14 minor (5 minor in
Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sarawak)
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft (including 1
Boeing 707 leased from U. K. )
Pipelines: crude oil, 69 km; refined products, 56
km
Airfields:
Peninsular Malaysia: 72 total, 72 usable; 16
with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Sabah: 33 total, 33 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Sarawak: 44 total, 44 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
Peninsular Malaysia: good intercity service
provided mainly by microwave relay; international
service good; good coverage by radio and television
broadcasts; 220,000 telephones; 450,000 radio and
2,600,000 TV receivers; 26 AM, 1 FM, and 16 TV
stations; submarine cables extend to India, Ceylon,
and Singapore; connected to SEACOM submarine
cable terminal at Singapore by microwave relay; 1
ground satellite station
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Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay network
extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 18,500 telephones;
35,500 radio receivers; 3,200 TV receivers; 5 AM, 1
FM, 5 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable links
to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1 gound satellite
station
Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay network
extends to Sabah Via Brunei; 22,000 telephones;
107,000 radio and 1,000 TV receivers; 4 AM stations,
no FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower:
Peninsular Malaysia: males 15-49, 2,843,000;
1,780,000 fit for military service
Sabah: males 15-49, 195,000; 113,000 fit for
military service
Sarawak: males 15-49, 262,000; 156,000 fit for
military service; conscription age for Malaysia is 21-
an age reached by about 122,000 annually
External defense dependent on loose Five Power
Defense Agreement (FPDA) which replaced Anglo-
Malayan Defense Agreement of 1957 as amended in
1963
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $399.1 million; about 14% of central
government budget
MALDIVES
LAND
298 km2; 2,000 islands grouped into 12 atolls, about
220 islands inhabited
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): the land
and sea between latitudes 7?9'N. and 0?45'S. and
between longitudes 72?30'E. and 73?48'E; these
coordinates form a rectangle of approximately 37,000
nm2; territorial sea ranges from 2.75 to 55 nm; fishing,
approximately 100 nm
Coastline: 644 km (approx.)
PEOPLE
Population: 134,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.1% (current)
Nationality: noun-Maldivian(s); adjective-
Maldivian
Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese,
Dravidian, Arab and Negro
Religion: official Sunni Muslim
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala)
Literacy: largely illiterate
Labor force: fishing industry employs most of the
male population
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male
Political subdivisions: 19 administrative districts
corresponding to atolls
Legal system: based on Islamic law with
admixtures of English common law primarily
in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: popularly elected unicameral national
legislature (Majlis) (members elected for 5-year
terms); elected President, chief executive; appointed
Chief justice responsible for administration of Islamic
law
Government leader: President Ibrahim Nasir
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: no organized
political parties; country governed by the Didi clan
for the past eight centuries
Communists: negligible number
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, GATT (de
facto), IMCO, ITU, U.N., UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: under $100 per capita
Agriculture: crops-coconut and - shortages-rice,
wheat
Fishing: catch 37,500 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: fishing; some coconut processing
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1975); 6
million kWh produced (1975), 45 kWh per capita
Exports: $2 million (f.o.b., 1973); fish
Imports: $3 million (c.i.f., 1973)
Major trade partner: Sri Lanka
Aid: U.K. (1960-65), $1.4 million drawn; Sri Lanka
(1967), $1 million committed; Japan and India
(amounts not known)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with
runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal domestic and
international telecommunication facilities; 350
telephones; 2,460 radio sets; 1 AM station
LAND
1,204,350 km2; only about a fourth of area arable,
forests negligible, rest sparse pasture or desert
Land boundaries: 7,459 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,815,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (7-72 to 7-73)
Nationality: noun-Malian(s); adjective-Malian
Ethnic divisions: 99% native African including
tribes of both Berber and Negro descent
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% animist, 1% Christian
Language: French official; several African
languages, of which Mande group most widespread
Literacy: under 5%
Labor force: approximately 100,000 salaried,
50,000 of whom are employed by the government;
most of population engaged in agriculture and animal
husbandry
Organized labor: UNTM, which claimed all
eligible employees, dissolved; thirteen national unions
currently directed by a government controlled
Coordination Committee of Mali Trade Unions
(CCSM)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Mali
Type: republic; under military regime since
November 1968
Capital: Bamako
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative regions; 42
administrative districts (cercles), arrondissements,
villages; all subordinate to central government
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and customary law; constitution adopted 1974 but
not scheduled to come into full effect until 1980;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional
Section of Court of State; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority exercised by Military
Committee of National Liberation (MCNL) com-
posed of 11 army officers; under MCNL functional
cabinet composed of civilians and army officers;
judiciary
Government leaders: Col. Moussa Traore,
President of MCNL, Chief of State and head of
government
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: political activity
proscribed by military government but government in
process of forming new single party called the
Democratic Union of Malian People (UDPM)
Elections: MCNL promises elections at unspecified
date
Communists: a few Communists and some
sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS,
FAO, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
ILO, IMF, ITU, Niger River Commission, OAU,
OMVS (Organization for the Development of the
Senegal River Valley), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: about $420 million (1975), $70 per capita;
annual real growth rate 2.1% (1972-75)
Agriculture: main crops-millet, sorghum, rice,
corn, peanuts; cash crops-peanuts, cotton, livestock
Fishing: catch 90,000 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: small local consumer goods and
processing
Electric power: 37,000 kW capacity (1975); 90
million kWh produced (1975), 15 kWh per capita
Exports: $60 million (f.o.b., 1974); livestock,
peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins
Imports: $183 million (c.i.f., 1974); textiles,
vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, and sugar
Major trade partners: mostly with franc zone and
Western Europe; also with U.S.S.R., China
Budget: 1976 est. balanced at $110 million
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Monetary conversion rate: 484.47 Mali francs=
Us$1, July 1976
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 644 km meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: approximately 13,208 km; 1,642 km
bituminous, 2,967 km gravel and improved earth,
remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 38 usable; 7 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 10
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system poor and provides
only minimum service to government, business, and
public; open-wire and radiocommunication used for
long distance telecommunications; radio sometimes
only link to outlying points; 7,800 telephones; 81,000
radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,334,000;
749,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $19,419,900; about 18% of central
governmentbudget
LAND
313 km2; 45% agricultural, negligible amount
forested, remainder urban, waste, or other (1965)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 20 nm)
Coastline: 140 km
PEOPLE
Population: 320,000 (official estimate for 31
December 1975)
January 1977
Nationality: noun-Maltese (sing. and pl.);
adjective-Maltese
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian,
Norman, Spanish, Italian, British
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
Language: English and Maltese
Literacy: about 83%; compulsory education
introduced in 1946
Labor force: 102,000; 29% services, 23%
government, 24% manufacturing, 6% agriculture, 4%
construction, 4% transportation and communications,
5% utilities and drydocks; 5% unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 40% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Malta
Type: parliamentary democracy, independent
republic within the Commonwealth since December
1974
Capital: Valletta
Political subdivisions: 2 main populated islands,
Malta and Gozo, divided into 13 electoral districts
(divisions)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution adopted 1961, came into force 1964; has
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reser-
vations
Branches: executive, consisting of Prime Minister
and cabinet; legislative, comprising 65-member
House of Representatives; independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Dom Mintoff
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registration
required
Elections: at the discretion of the Prime Minister,
but must be held before the expiration of a 5-year
electoral mandate; last election September 1976
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party,
Georgio Borg Olivier; Malta Labor Party, Dom
Mintoff
Voting strength (1976 election): Labor, 34 seats
(51.54%); Nationalist, 31 seats (48.43%)
Communists: less than 100 (est.)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe,
FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $367 million (1975 est.), $1,140 per capita;
63% private consumption, 37% gross investment; real
growth has averaged about 7% per year in recent past,
in 1975 real growth was about 3.5% est.
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; adequate
supplies of vegetables, poultry, milk and pork
products; shortages in beef, grain, animal fodder, and
fruits at various seasons; main products-potatoes,
cauliflowers, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus,
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cut flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; 2,680
calories per day per capita
Major industries: ship repair yard, building
industry, food manufacturing, textiles, tourism
Shortages: most consumer and industrial needs
(fuels and raw materials) must be imported
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1975); 337
million kWh produced (1975), 1,150 kWh per capita
Exports: $163 million (f.o.b., 1975); textiles, scrap
metal, wine, agricultural products, and footwear
Imports: $362 million (c.i.f., 1975)
Major trade partners: 67% EC-nine (26% U.K.,
18% West Germany, 14% Italy); 10% Communist
countries; 5% U.S. (1975)
Aid: economic-U.S., $54 million (FY49-75), $10.1
million in 1974, and $9.5 million in 1975; Agreement
(loans and grants) (1964-74), $140 million;
U.N.
Special Fund, $2,2 million through FY72;
U.N.
Technical Assistance, $1.4 million through
China, $45 million (1972)
FY72;
Budget: (1976/77) projects $252 million in
expenditures, $235 million in revenues
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Maltese pound=
US$2.67 (Smithsonian Agreement), December 1971;
the Maltese pound began floating in June 1972, with
the rate being determined between that of sterling and
that of the currencies of Malta's major trading
partners; average trade conversion factor, year 1975: 1
Maltese pound = US$2.62
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 1,239 km; 1,128 km paved (asphalt), 79
km crushed stone or gravel, 32 km improved and
unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Valletta), 2 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft (both leased)
Airfields: 4 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1
seaplane station
Telecommunications: modern automatic tele-
phone system centered in Valletta; 51,900 telephones;
140,000 radio and 75,000 television receivers; 1 TV, 5
AM, and 4 FM stations; 8 submarine cables,
including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 89,000; 67,000
it for military service
Supply: has received 2 patrol boats, small arms, and
mortars from Libya; vehicles and engineer equipment
from Italy
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March
1977, $7,792,248; about 6.8% of central government
budget
MARTINIQUE
LAND
1,100 km2; 31% cropland, 16% pasture, 29% forest,
24% wasteland, built on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 290 km
PEOPLE
Population: 353,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.1% (7-67 to 1-75)
Nationality: noun-Martiniquais (sing. and pl.);
adjective-Martiniquais
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-
Caucasian-Indian mixture, less than 5% East Indian
Lebanese, Chinese, 5% Caucasian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and
pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 100,000; 23% agriculture, 20% public
services, 11% construction and public works, 10%
commerce and banking, 10% services, 9% industry,
17% other
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Overseas Department of Martinique
Type: overseas department of France; represented
by 3 deputies in the French National Assembly and 2
Senators in the Senate
Capital: Fort-de-France
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements; 34
communes, each with a locally elected municipal
council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is
a court of appeal based in Martinique with
jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and
Martinique
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Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by Paris;
legislative, popularly elected council of 36 members
and a Regional Council including all members of the
local general council and the locally elected deputies
and senators to the French parliament; judicial, under
jurisdiction of French judicial system
Government leader: Prefect Herve Bourseilleur
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections coincide with
those for the French National Assembly, normally
every five years; last General Council election took
place in March 1973; last local election held
March 1976, last French Presidential election May
1974
Political parties and leaders: Union of Democrats
for the Republic (UDR), Emile Maurice; Progressive
Party of Martinique (PPM), Aime Cesaire;
Communist Party of Martinique (PCM), Armand
Nicolas; Democratic Union of Martinique (UDM),
Leon-Laurent Valere; Socialist Party, leader
unknown; Federation of the Left, leader unknown
Voting strength: UDR, 2 seats in French National
Assembly; PPM, 1 seat (1973 election)
Communists: 1,000 estimated
Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian
Action Group (GAP), Socialist Revolution Group
(GRS)
Member of: WFTU
ECONOMY
GNP: $769 million (1975 at current prices), $2,220
per capita
Agriculture: bananas, sugarcane, and pineapples
Major industries: agricultural processing, par-
ticularly sugar milling and rum distillation; cement,
oil refining and tourism
Electric power: 32,000 kW capacity (1975); 155
million kWh produced (1975), 445 kWh per capita
Exports: $90 million (f.o.b., 1975); bananas,
refined petroleum products, rum, sugar, pineapples
Imports: $309 million (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs,
clothing and other consumer goods, raw materials and
supplies, and petroleum
Major trading partners: exports-82% France, 9%
Italy, 9% other; imports-70% France, 6% United
States, 3% Netherlands Antilles, 3% Netherlands, 18%
other (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.60 French francs=
US$1 (1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,450 km; 1,000 km paved, 450 km
gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Fort-de-France), 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 1 seaplane
station
Telecommunications: domestic facilities inade-
quate; 31,700 telephones, inter-island VHF and UHF
radio links; COMSAT ground station; 1 AM, 1 FM,
and 5 TV stations; about 45,000 radio and 20,040 TV
receivers
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, included in
France
MAURITANIA
LAND
1,085,210 km'; less than I% suitable for crops, 10%
pasture, 90% desert
Land boundaries: 5,118 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
(fishing, 36 nm)
Coastline: 754 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,371,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.5% (7-72 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Mauritanian(s); adjective-
Mauritanian
Ethnic divisions: 1/3 Moor, 1/3 Negro,
Moor/Negro
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
Language: Hassaniya Arabic is the national
language spoken by some 80% of the population,
French is the working language for government and
commerce
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: about 35,000 wage earners (1976);
remainder of population in farming and herding
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Organized labor: 18,000 union members claimed
by single union, Mauritanian Workers' Union
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Type: republic; one-party presidential rule since
1960
Capital: Nouakchott
Political subdivisions: 12 regions and a capital
district
NOTE: Mauritania has acquired administrative
control of the southern third of Western (formerly
Spanish) Sahara under an agreement with Morocco,
but the legal question of sovereignty over the area has
yet to be determined. Spain's role as co-administrator
of the disputed territory ended last February. The
newly acquired region, which lies below the 24th
parallel, becomes the district of Tiris el Gharbia-a
territorial division of the state. The district's
headquarters is Dakhla, formerly Villa Cisneros. Tiris
el Gharbia is subdivided into three departments-
Dakhla, Ausert, and Aurgub.
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and Islamic law; constitution adopted 1961; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, President; separate judiciary
(appointed by president)
Government leader: President Moktar Ould
Daddah
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: presidential and parliamentary election
every 5 years; most recent October 1975
Political parties and leaders: Mauritanian Peoples
Party is only legal party, Secretary General Moktar
Ould Daddah
Communists: no Communist Party, but there is a
scattering of Maoist sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, AIOEC, Arab League, CEAO,
CIPEC (associate), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
IPU, ITU, OAU, OMVS (Organization for the
Development of the Senegal River Valley), U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: about $290 million (1975), $220 per capita,
average annual increase in current prices about 3.2%
(1971-73)
Agriculture: most Mauritanians are nomads or
subsistence farmers; main products-livestock,
livestock, small grains, dates; cash crops-gum arabic;
livestock
Fishing: exports, 29,891 metric tons (1975)
Major industries: mining of iron ore and copper,
fishing
Electric power: 46,000 kW capacity (1975); 95
million kWh produced (1975), 70 kWh per capita
Exports: $168 million (f.o.b., 1975); iron ore, fish,
copper
Imports: $198 million (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs,
capital goods
Major trade partners: (trade figures not complete
because Mauritania has a form of customs union with
Senegal and much local trade unreported) France and
other EC members, U.K., and U.S. are main overseas
partners
Budget: 1976 est. $139 million total expenditures,
$11 million development expenditure included in
$139 million total, $149 million revenue
Monetary conversion rate: 45.90 Duguiya=US$1
as of July 1976 floating
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 644 km standard gage (1.435 m), single
track, privately owned
Highways: 6,090 km; 558 km paved; 607 km
gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise improved; 4,925
km unimproved
Inland waterways: 800 km
Ports: 1 major (Nouadhibou), 2 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 30 total, 30 usable; 9 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 16
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: poor system of fragmentary
open-wire lines, a minor radio-relay link, and
radiocommunications stations; 1,300 telephones;
82,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 314,000; 152,000
fit for military service; conscription law not
implemented
Supply: primarily dependent on France; has also
received material from Algeria, Morocco, U.K., and
Spain
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976 (revised), $29 million; 22% of central
government budget
LAND
1,856 km2 (excluding dependencies); 50%
agricultural, intensely cultivated; 39% forests,
woodlands, mountains, river, and natural reserves; 3%
built-up areas; 5% water bodies, 2% roads and tracks,
1% permanent wastelands
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 177 km
PEOPLE
Population: 900,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.2% (7-72 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Mauritian(s); adjective-
Mauritian
Ethnic divisions: 67% Indians, 29% Creoles, 3.5%
Chinese, 0.5% English and French
Religion: 51% Hindu, 33% Christian (mostly
Catholic with a few Anglican Protestants), 16%
Muslim
Language: English official language; Hindi,
Chinese, French Creole
Literacy: estimated 60% for those over 21, and 90%
for those of school age
Labor force: 175,000; 50% agriculture, 6%
industry; 20% government services; 14% are
unemployed, under-employed, or self-employed, 10%
other
Organized labor: about 35% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Mauritius
Type: independent state since 1968, recognizing
Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Port Louis
Political subdivisions: 5 organized municipalities
and various island dependencies
Legal system: based on French civil law system
with elements of English common law in certain
areas; constitution adopted 6 March 1968
Branches: executive power exercised by Prime
Minister and 21-man Council of Ministers;
unicameral legislature (National Assembly) with 62
members elected by direct suffrage, 8 specially
elected, and one nominated
Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. Seewoosa-
gur Ramgoolam
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: last held in August 1967; next scheduled
in 1972 postponed at least 4 years by constitutional
amendment, election now expected to be held in late
1976
Political parties and leaders: a loose government
coalition consisting of Labor Party (S. Ramgoolam)
and Muslim Committee of Action (A. R. Mohamed);
opposition parties-Parti Mauricien Social Democrate
(G. Duval), Independent Forward Bloc (S. Bissoon-
doyal), Mauritius Democratic Union (M. Lesage),
Mouvement Militant Mauritian (P. Berenger),
Mouvement Militant Mauritian Socialiste Progressist
(D. Virahsawmy)
Voting strength: Muslim Committee of Action, 4
seats; Independent Forward Bloc, 4 seats; Mauritius
Labor Party, 41 seats; Mauritius Democratic Union, 5
seats; Parti Mauricien Social Democrate, 15 seats;
Mouvement Militant Mauritian Socialiste Progressist,
1 seat; 1 seat vacant
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers; several
Communist organizations; Mauritius Lenin Youth
Organization, Mauritius Women's Committee,
Mauritius Communist Party, Mauritius People's
Progressive Party, Mauritius Young Communist
League, Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle
School Friendly Association, Mauritius/USSR
Friendship Society
Other political or pressure groups: Tamil United
Party, Mauritius Workers Party
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC-
Inernational Wheat Council, OAU, OCAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $380 million (1975), $430 per capita; real
growth (1970-75), 8%
Agriculture: sugar crop is major economic asset;
about 40% of land area is planted to sugar; most food
imported-rice is the staple food-and since
cultivation is already intense and expansion of
cultivable areas is unlikely, heavy reliance on food
imports except sugar and tea will continue
Shortage: land
Industries: mainly confined to processing
sugarcane, tea; some small-scale, simple manufac-
tures; tobacco fiber; some fishing; tourism, diamond
cutting, weaving and textiles, electronics
Electric power: 81,000 kW capacity (1975); 248
million kWh produced (1975), 280 kWh per capita
Exports: $305 million (f.o.b., 1975); mainly sugar,
tea, molasses
Imports: $330 million (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs 30%,
manufactured goods about 25%
Major trade partners: all EC-nine countries and
U.S. have preferential treatment, U.K. buys over 50%
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of Mauritius' sugar export at heavily subsidized
prices; small amount of sugar exported to Canada,
U.S., and Italy; imports from U.K. and EC primarily,
also from South Africa, Australia, and Burma; some
minor trade with China
Budget: revenues $172 million, current ex-
penditures $168 million, investment expenditure $65
million (1976)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.7 Mauritian
rupees=US$l in August 1976 (floating with pound
sterling)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 1,770 km; 1,593 km paved, 177 km
earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Ports: 1 major (Port Louis)
Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: radio telegraph service with
Reunion, Malagasy Republic, Seychelles, Zanzibar,
and other places in Africa; 1 AM, no FM, and 4 TV
stations; 22,600 telephones; 160,000 radio and 40,250
TV sets; submarine cables extend to Republic of South
Africa and Seychelles Islands
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 203,000; 104,000
fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1973, $3,981,038; 6.5% of central government budget
MEXICO
LAND
1,978,800 km2; 12% cropland, 40% pasture, 22%
forested, 26% other (including waste, urban areas and
public lands)
Land boundaries: 4,220 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (200
nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 9,330 km
PEOPLE
Population: 63,192 (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 3.3% (current)
Nationality: noun-Mexican(s); adjective-
Mexican
Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo, 30% Indian or
predominantly Indian, 9% white or predominantly
white, 1% other
Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3%
other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 65% estimated; 84% claimed officially
Labor force (1973): 15.7 million (defined as those
12 years of age and older); 39.5% agriculture, 16.7%
manufacturing, 16.6% services, 16.8% construction,
utilities, commerce, and transport, 3% government,
7.4% unspecified activities
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Mexican States
Type: federal republic operating in fact under a
centralized government
Capital: Mexico
Political subdivisions: 31 states, Federal District
Legal system: mixture of U.S. constitutional theory
and civil law system; constitution established in 1917;
judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: dominant executive, bicameral legisla-
ture, Supreme Court
Government leader: President Jose Lopez-Portillo
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory but
unenforced
Elections: congressional elections July 1979
Political parties and leaders: Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI), Porfirio Munoz Ledo;
National Action Party (PAN), Manuel Gonzalez
Hinojosa; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Jorge
Cruickshank Garcia; Authentic Party of the
Revolution (PARM), Pedro Gonzalez Azcuaga
Voting strength: 1976 presidential election: 98.7%
PRI (unopposed), 1.3% other; 1976 congressional
election: 80.2% PRI; 8.5% PAN; 5.8% other
opposition (votes cast for PPS, PARM, and
unregistered candidates), 5.4% annulled
Communists: estimated 5,000 in Communist Party
Other political or pressure groups: Roman
Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers
(CTM), Confederation of Industrial Chambers
(CONCAMIN), Confederation of National Chambers
of Commerce (CONCANACO), National Confedera-
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tion of Campesinos (CNC), National Confederation
of Popular Organizatic is (CNOP), Revolutionary
Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC)
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC-
International Whaling Commission, LAFTA,
NAMUCAR (Carribean Multinational Shipping
Line-Naviera Multinacional del Caribe), OAS,
SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $78.6 billion (1975), $1,350 per capita; 74%
private consumption, 7% public consumption, 21%
domestic investment (1974 est.); net foreign balance
-2%; real growth rate 1975, 4% est.; real growth rate
1966/75, 6.3%
Agriculture: main crops-corn, cotton, wheat,
coffee, sugarcane, sorghum, oilseeds, pulses, and
vegetables; general self-sufficiency with minor
exceptions in meat and dairy products; caloric intake,
3,110 calories per day per capita (1968)
Fishing: catch 451,330 metric tons (1975); exports
valued at $104,126,000, imports at $16,784,000 (1974)
Major industries: processing of food, beverages,
and tobacco; chemicals, basic metals and metal
products, petroleum products, mining, textiles and
clothing, and transport equipment
Crude steel: 5.5 million metric tons capacity
(1975); 5.25 million metric tons produced (1975); 90
kg per capita
Electric power: 13,300,000 kW capacity (1975);
43.2 billion kWh produced (1975), 830 kWh per
capita
Exports: $3,309 million (f.o.b., 1975); cotton,
coffee, nonferrous minerals (including lead and zinc),
sugar, shrimp, petroleum, sulfur, salt, cattle and meat,
fresh fruit and tomatoes
Imports: $6,580 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery,
equipment, industrial vehicles, and intermediate
goods
Major trade partners: exports-60% U.S., 10%
EC, 4% Japan (1975); imports-62% U.S., 17% EC,
5% Japan
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$1,564 million in loans; $164.7 million in grants; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $3,357 million;
from other Western countries (1960-66), $122.7
million; military-assistance from U.S. (FY46-75),
$14 million
Budget: 1975 est. federal, revenues $8,246 million,
expenditures $11,610 million
Monetary conversion rate: floating, presently
being supported at 19.7 pesos=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 19,680 km; 18,576 km standard gage
(1.435 m); 1,104 km narrow gage (0,914 m); 102 km
electrified; 19,573 km government-owned, 107 km
privately-owned
Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and
coastal canals
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,880 km; refined products,
3,360 km; natural gas, 5,580 km
Ports: 9 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 110 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,667 total, 1,653 usable; 127 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,660 m, 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 242 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 9 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: highly developed telecom
system with extensive radio relay links; connection
into Central American microwave net; communica-
tion satellite ground station; 2.96 million telephones,
about 19.0 million radio and 4.9 million TV receivers,
573 AM, 109 FM, and 163 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,449,000;
10,280,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (18) annually, 700,000
Military budget: for year ending 31 December
1976, $728.6 million; about 4.4% of direct federal
budget (includes merchant marine and military
industry)
MONACO
LAND
1.5 km2
Land boundaries: 3.7 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4.1 km
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PEOPLE
Population: 25,000 (official estimate for 31 July
1975)
Nationality: noun-Monacan(s) or Monegas-
que(s); adjective-Monacan or Monegasque
Ethnic divisions: Rhaetian stock
Religion: Roman Catholicism is official state
religion
Language: French
Literacy: almost complete
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Principality of Monaco
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Political subdivisions: 4 sections
Legal system: based on French law; new
constitution adopted 1962; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: National Council (18 members);
Communal Council (15 members, headed by a
mayor)
Government leader: Prince Rainier III
Suffrage: universal
Elections: National Council every 5 years; most
recent 1973
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic
Entente, Democratic Union Movement, Monegasque
Actionist (1973)
Voting strength: figures for 1973: National
Democratic Entente, 16 seats; Democratic Union
Movement and Monegasque Actionist, 1 seat each
Member of: IAEA, IHO, IPU, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: 55% tourism; 25%-30% industry (small and
primarily tourist oriented); 10%-15% registration fees
and sales of postage stamps; about 4% traceable to the
Monte Carlo casino
Major industries: chemicals, food processing,
precision instruments, glassmaking, printing
Electric power: 8,000 (standby) kW capacity
(1975); 80 million kWh supplied by France (1975),
2,000 kWh per capita
Trade: full customs integration with France, which
collects and rebates Monacan trade duties
Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc=US$0.2333
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1.609 km (see France)
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: served by the French
communications system; automatic telephone system
with about 22,550 telephones; 2 AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV
station; 13,000 radio and 16,500 TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES
France responsible for defense
MONGOLIA
LAND
1,564,619 km2; almost 90% of land area is pasture
or desert wasteland, varying in usefulness, less than
1% arable, 10% forested
Land boundaries: 8,000 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,513,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.2% (current)
Nationality: noun-Mongolian(s); adjective-
Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh, 2%
Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about
4% Muslim, limited religious activity because of
Communist regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of
population; minor languages include Turkic, Russian,
and Chinese
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: primarily agricultural, over half the
population is in the labor force, including a large
percentage of Mongolian women; shortage of skilled
labor (no reliable information available)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Mongolian Peoples Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 2
autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar and
Darhan)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and
Turkish systems of law; new constitution adopted
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1960; no constitutional provision for judicial review of
legislative acts; legal education at Ulaanbaatar State
University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: constitution provides for a People's
Great Hural (national assembly) and a highly
centralized administration
Party and government leaders: Y. Tsedenbal, First
Secretary of the MPRP and Chairman of the People's
Great Hural; J. Batmunh, Chairman of the Council of
Ministers
Suffrage: universal; age 18 and over
Elections: national assembly elections held every 4
years; last elections held in June 1973
Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary
(Communist) Party (MPRP); estimated membership,
58,000 (claimed 1972)
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, IAEA, ILO, IPU,
ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
Agriculture: livestock raising predominates; main
crops-wheat, oats, barley
Industries: processing of animal products; building
materials; mining
Exports: beef for slaughter meat products, wool,
fluorspar, other minerals
Imports: machinery and equipment, petroleum,
clothing, building materials sugar, and tea
Major trade partners: nearly all trade with
Communist countries (approx. 80% with U.S.S.R.);
total turnover over $600 million (1974)
Aid: heavily dependent on U.S.S.R.
Monetary conversion rate: 3.31 tugriks=US$1
(arbitrarily established)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,516 km; all broad gage (1.524 m)
(1975)
Inland waterways: 616 km of principal routes
(1975)
Freight carried: rail-6.4 million metric tons,
2,312 million metric ton/km (1974); highway-10.6
million metric tons, 735.8 million metric ton/km
(1974)
DEFENSE FORCES
Supply: military equipment supplied by U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1975, 268 million tugriks, 10% of total
budget
MOROCCO
LAND
409,200 km2; about 32% arable and grazing land,
17% forest and esparto, 51% desert, waste, and urban
Land boundaries: 1,996 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (200
nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,835 km
PEOPLE
Population: 18,090,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.0% (7-71 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Moroccan(s); adjective-
Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab-Berber, 0.2% Jewish,
0.7% non-Moroccan
Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2%
Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber dialects;
French is language of much business, government,
diplomacy, and postprimary education
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 6.3 million (1971 est.) 50%
agriculture, 15% industry, 26% services, 9% other
Organized labor: about 5% of the labor force,
mainly In the Union of Moroccan Workers (UMT)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Morocco
Type: constitutional monarchy (constitution
adopted 1972)
Capital: Rabat
Political subdivisions: 28 provinces and 2
prefectures
NOTE: Morocco has acquired the northern two-
thirds of the former Spanish Sahara under an
agreement with Mauritania, but the legal question of
sovereignty over the area has yet to be determined.
Spain's role as co-administrator of the disputed
territory ended last February. Rabat has established
three provinces in its area of control, with
headquarters at El Aaiun, Semara, and Cabo Bojador.
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French
and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of
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legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme
Court; modern legal education at branches of
Mohamed V University in Rabat and Casablanca and
Karaouine University in Fes; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: constitution provides for Prime Minister
and ministers named by and responsible to King; King
has paramount executive powers; unicameral
legislature in abeyance until elections are held (two-
thirds to be directly elected, one third indirectly);
judiciary independent of other branches
Government leaders: King Hassan II; Prime
Minister Ahmed Osman
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: last parliamentary elections held 21 and
28 August 1970 for Council of Representatives which
was dissolved in March 1972; elections for new
parliament created by Constitution adopted 15
March 1972 have not been held
Political parties and leaders: Istiqlal Party,
M'hamed Boucetta; Popular Movement (MP),
Mahjoubi Aherdan; Constitutional and Democratic
Popular Movement (MPCD), Dr. Abdelkrim Khatib;
National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP), split into
competitive factions under Abdallah Ibrahim and
Mahjoub Ben Seddik of Casablanca-based faction
and Abderrahim Bouabid of Rabat-based faction with
latter becoming Socialist Union of Popular Forces
(USFP) in September 1974; Democratic Constitu-
tional Party (PDC), Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani;
Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), legalized in
August 1974, successor to Party for Progress and
Socialisim (PPS), is front for Moroccan Communist
Party (MCP), which was proscribed in 1959, Ali Yata;
Istiqlal and the UNFP formed a National Front in
July 1970 to oppose the new constitution, boycotted
the parliamentary elections and the 1972 constitu-
tional referendum
Voting strength: August 1970 elections were
nonpolitical; 1 March 1972 constitutional referendum
tallied 98.7% for new constitution, 1.25% opposed
and National Front abstained from voting
Communists: 300 est,
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, EC (association
until 1974), FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $6.9 billion (1975), almost $400 per capita;
average annual real growth 4% during 1970-73, 9% in
1974, and under 3% in 1975
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock raising
predominate; main products-wheat, barley, citrus
fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; some fishing
Fishing: catch 288,142 metric tons (1974); exports
$78.8 million (1974)
Major sectors: mining and mineral processing
(phosphates, smaller quantities of iron, manganese,
lead, zinc, and other minerals), food processing,
textiles, construction and tourism
Electric power: 795,000 kW capacity (1975); 2.8
billion kWh produced (1975), 158 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,540 million (f.o.b., 1975); 55%
phosphates, 25% agricultural goods, 20% other
Imports: $2,570 million (c.i.f., 1975); 42% raw
material and semi-finished goods, 24% food, 20%
equipment, 14% consumer goods
Major trade partners: exports-32% France, 8%
West Germany, 8% Italy, 7% Benelux, 2% U.K.;
imports-31% France, 8%?U.S., 7% West Germany,
6% Italy (1972)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.51 dirhams=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,756 km standard gage (1.435 m), 149
km double track; 793 km electrified
Highways: 52,304 km; 18,299 km bituminous
treated, 5,681 km gravel, crushed stone, and improved
earth, 28,324 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 362 km crude oil; 491 km (abandoned)
refined products; 241 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major (including Spanish-controlled Ceuta
and Melilla), 10 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 82 total, 79 usable; 23 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 11
with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 34 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: superior system by African
standards composed of open-wire lines, coaxial,
multiconductor and submarine cables and radio-relay
links; principal centers Casablanca and Rabat,
secondary centers Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Sebaa
Aioun, Tangier and Tetouan; 189,000 telephones; 1.6
million radio and 460,000 TV receivers; 18 Moroccan
AM, 1 Voice of America AM, 3 FM, 27 TV stations; 2
submarine cables; 1 satellite ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,916,000;
2,328,000 fit for military service; about 192,000 reach
military age (18) annually; limited conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1975, $339,248,800; 8.7% of central
government budget
MOZAMBIQUE
LAND
786,762 km2; 30% arable, of which 1% cultivated,
56% woodland and forest, 14% wasteland and inland
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (200
nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,470 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,294,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.0% (7-71 to 7-72)
Nationality: noun-Mozambican(s); adjective-
Mozambique
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than
1 % European and Asian
Religion: 65.6% animist, 21.5% Christian, 10.5%
Muslim, 2.4% other
Language: Portuguese (official); many tribal
dialects
Literacy: 7%-10% (est.)
Labor force: (1963 est.) 610,000; 50,000 non-
African wage earners, 560,000 African wage earners in
Mozambique; 290,000 additional African wage
earners temporarily working in Rhodesia and South
Africa; unemployment serious problem; most native
Africans provide unskilled labor or remain in
subsistence agricultural sector
Organized labor: approx. 47,000 (end of 1970);
75% are white
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Peoples Republic of Mozambique
Type: peoples republic; achieved independence
from Portugal in June 1975
Capital: Maputo
Political subdivisions: 10 districts administered by
district governors; municipalities governed by
appointed official
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system
and customary law
Branches: none established
Government leader: President Samora Machel;
Vice-President Marcelino dos Santos
Suffrage: not yet established
Elections: information not available on future
election schedule
Political parties and leaders: the Mozambique
Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by Samora
Machel, is only legal party
Communists: none known
Member of: OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.3 billion (1972), about $250 per capita;
average annual growth probably negative in 1975-76
Agriculture: cash crops-raw cotton, cashew nuts,
sugar, tea, copra, sisal; other crops-corn, wheat,
peanuts, potatoes, beans, sorghum, and cassava; self-
sufficient in food except for wheat which must be
imported
Major industries: food processing (chiefly sugar,
tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels); chemicals
(vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap, paints); petroleum
products; beverages; textiles; nonmetallic mineral
products (cement, glass, asbestos, cement products);
tobacco
Electric power: 440,000 kW capacity (1975); 588
million kWh produced (1975), 66 kWh per capita
Exports: $302 million (f.o.b., 1974 prelim.); cashew
nuts, cotton, sugar, mineral products, timber
products, tea, copra, petroleum products
Imports: $470 million (f.o.b., 1974 prelim.);
machinery and electrical equipment, cotton textiles,
vehicles, petroleum products, wine, iron and steel
Major trade partners: over one-third of foreign
trade with Portugal; South Africa, U.S., U.K., West
Germany
Aid: mainly from Portugal
Budget: (FY76) expenditures, $310 million,
revenues, $237 million
Monetary conversion rate: 31.39 escudos=US$1 as
of July 1976; plans to issue Mozambique currency
soon
Fiscal- year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,144 km; 3,003 km 1.065-meter gage;
141 km narrow gage (0.750 m)
Highways: 32,200 km; 2,800 km paved; remainder
earth
Inland waterways: approx. 3,750 km of navigable
routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 306 km
Ports: 3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2
significant minor
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 330 total, 324 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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MOZAMBIQUE/NA UR U/NEPAL
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,244,000;
1,163,000 fit for military service
Supply: mostly from the USSR and PRC, and to a
lesser extent from other Communist countries and
Portugal
_ EA Pacific Ocean
NU am
LAND
21.2 km2; insignificant arable land, no urban areas,
extensive phosphate mines
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 24 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,000 (official estimate for 30 June
1969)
Nationality: noun-Nauruan(s); adjective-
Nauruan
Ethnic divisions: 48% Nauruans, 19% Chinese, 7%
Europeans, 26% other Pacific Islanders
Religion: Christian (2/3 Protestant, 1/3 Catholic)
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island
tongue; English, the language of school instruction,
spoken and understood by nearly all
Literacy: nearly universal
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Nauru
Type: republic; independent since January 1968
Capital: no capital city per se; government offices
in Uaboe District
Political subdivisions: 14 districts
Branches: President elected from and by
Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly elected
unicameral legislature, the Parliament; Cabinet to
assist the President, four members, appointed by
President from Parliament members
Government leader: President Hammer De Roburt
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last held in January 1971
Political parties and leaders: there are no political
parties; De Roburt is only significant political figure
Member of: no present plans to join U.N.; enjoys
"special membership" in Commonwealth; South
Pacific Commission, ESCAP, INTERPOL, ITU, UPU
ECONOMY
GNP: over $120 million (1975), $17,140 per capita
(est.)
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely
dependent on imports for food, water
Major industries: mining of phosphates, about 2
million tons per year
Electric power: 9,000 kW capacity (1975); 24
million kWh produced (1975), 3,429 kWh per capita
Exports: $120 million (f.o.b., 1975 est.); consisting
entirely of phosphates
Imports: $5 million (c.i.f., FY70)
Major trade partners: exports-75% Australia and
New Zealand; imports-Australia, U.K., New
Zealand, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dol-
lar=US$1.2375 (July 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 27 km; 21 km paved, 6 km
improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1, coral-surfaced, 5,620 ft.
Telecommunications: adequate intraisland and
international radiocommunications provided via
Australian facilities; 630 telephones; 3,600 radio
receivers, 1 AM, no FM and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 1,800; fit
for military service, about 1,000; average number
reaching military age (18) annually, 1975-79, less than
100
No formal defense structure and no regular armed
forces
LAND
141,400 km2; 16% agricultural area, 14%
permanent meadows and pastures, 38% alpine land
(unarable), waste, or urban; 32% forested
Land boundaries: 2,800 km
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PEOPLE
Population: 13,006,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.2% (6-71 to 6-74)
Nationality: noun-Nepalese (sing. and pl.);
adjective-Nepalese
Ethnic divisions: two main categories, Indo-
Nepalese (about 80%) and Tibeto-Nepalese (about
20%), representing considerable intermixture of Indo-
Aryan and Mongolian racial strains; country divided
among many quasi-tribal communities
Religion: only official Hindu Kingdom in world,
although no sharp distinction between many Hindu
and Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims and
Christians
Language: 20 mutually unintelligible languages
divided into numerous dialects; Nepali official
language and lingua franca for much of the country;
same script as Hindi
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: 4.1 million; 95% agriculture, 5%
industry; great lack of skilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Nepal
Type: constitutional monarchy; King Birendra
exercises autocratic control over multitiered
panchayat system of government
Capital: Kathmandu
Political subdivisions: 75 districts, 14 zones
Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and
English common law; legal education at Nepal Law
College in Kathmandu; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by the
King; indirectly elected National Panchayat
(Assembly)
Government leader: King Birendra Bir Bikram
Shah Deva; Prime Minister Tulsi Giri
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: village and town councils (panchayats)
elected by universal suffrage; district, zonal, and
National Panchayat members indirectly elected, most
for 6-year terms; 15 National Panchayat members
elected from five class and professional organizations
(women, workers, peasants, youth, and ex-serv-
icemen), four directly elected by all voters possessing a
B.A. or Its equivalent, and 16 are appointed by the
King
Political parties and leaders: all political parties
outlawed
Communists: the combined membership of the two
wings of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) about
6,500, the majority (perhaps 5,000) in the pro-Chinese
wing; the CPN continues to operate more or less
openly, but internal dissension has greatly hindered its
effectiveness
Other political or pressure groups: proscribed
Nepali Congress Party led by B.P. Koirala from exile
in India
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,398 million (FY75, at current prices), $110
per capita; 2.5% real growth in FY75
Agriculture: over 90% of population engaged in
agriculture; main crops-rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane,
oilseeds
Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and
oilseed mills; match, cigarette, and brick factories
Electric power: 57,000 kW capacity (1975); 130
million kWh produced (1975), 10 kWh per capita
Exports: $85.8 million est. (FY75); rice and other
food products, jute, timber
Imports: $170.8 million est. (FY75); manufactured
consumer goods, fuel, construction materials, food
products
Major trade partner: over 80% India
Aid: economic-$35 million disbursements (FY75);
principal donors: India, U.S., China, international
agencies
Budget: (FY76 est.) domestic revenue $94.6
million, expenditure $158.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 12.5 Nepalese
rupees:US$1 (October 1975)
Fiscal year: 15 July - 14 July
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 169 km, all narrow gage (0.762 m);
mostly government owned; all in Terai close to Indian
border; only 53 km sector from border to Bizalpura
presently in use; a 45 km segment has been
abandoned and 71 km utilized to transport rock from
quarry near Dharau to Kosi Dam near Rajbiras
Highways: 3,700 km; 1,666 km paved, 533 km
gravel or crushed stone, 1,501 km improved and
unimproved earth, 322 km of seasonally motorable
tracks
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NEPAL/NETHERLANDS
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 54 total, 53 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and tele-
graph service; good radiocommunication and
broadcast service; international radiocommunication
service is poor; 9,500 telephones, 80,000 radio and no
TV sets, 3 AM, no FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,152,000;
1,558,000 fit for military service; 140,000 reach
military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 14 July
1977, $12.8 million; 6.2% of central government
budget
LAND
33,929 km2; 70% cultivated, 5% waste, 8% forested,
8% inland water, 9% other
Land boundaries: 1,022 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 451 km
PEOPLE
Population: 13,868,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.0% (current)
Nationality: noun-Netherlander(s); adjective-
Netherlands
Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indonesian and
other
Religion: 41% Protestant, 40% Roman Catholic,
19% unaffiliated
Language: Dutch
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4.7 million; 30% manufacturing, 24%
services, 16% commerce, 10% agriculture, 9%
construction, 7% transportation and communications,
4% other; 4.8% unemployment (August 1975)
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides at
The Hague
Political subdivisions: 11 provinces governed by
centrally appointed commissioners of Queen
Legal system: civil law system incorporating
French penal theory; constitution of 1815 frequently
amended, reissued 1947; judicial review in the
Supreme Court of legislation of lower order than Acts
of Parliament; legal education at six law schools;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive, (Queen and Cabinet of
Ministers), which is responsible to bicameral states
general (parliament); independent judiciary
Government leader: Head of State, Queen
Juliana; Johannes den Uyl, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: must be held at least every 4 years for
lower house (next elections scheduled for May 25,
1977), and every 3 years for upper house (most recent
March 1974)
Political parties and leaders: Catholic People's
Party (KVP), Dr. D. de Zeeuw; Antirevolutionary
(ARP), A, Veerman; Labor (PvdA), Mrs. Ien Van Den
Heuvel; Liberal (VVD), Mrs. H. van Sommeren-
Downer; Christian Historical Union (CHU), Otto W.
A. Barou Van Verschuer; Democrats '66 (D-66), Jan
ter Brink; Communist (CPN), Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist
Socialist (PSP), P. A. Burggraff; Political Reformed
(SGP), H. G. Abma; Reformed Political Union (GVP),
G. Veurink; Radical Party (PPR), Marcel Van Dam;
Democratic Socialist '70 (DS-70), Fred L. Polak;
Farmers' Party (BP), Hendrik Koekoek; Roman
Catholic Party (RKPN), leader unknown
Voting strength (1972 election): 17.7% KVP,
14.4% VVD, 8.8% ARP, 4.8% CHU, 27.4% PvdA,
4.2% D-66, 4,1% DS-70, 4.5% CPN, 1.5% PSP, 4.8%
PRP, 2.2% SGP, 1.8% GVP, 1.9% BP, .9% RKP
Communists: 9,000 members; 329,973 votes in
1972 election
Other political or pressure groups: great
multinational firms; Socialist, Catholic, and
Protestant trade unions; Federation of Catholic and
Protestant Employers Associations; the non-
denominational Federation of Netherlands Enter-
prises
Member of: ADB, Benelux, Council of Europe,
DAC, EC, ECE, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO,
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EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC,
ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council (with
respect to interests of the Netherlands Antilles and
Surinam), NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $80.4 billion (1975, in 1975 prices), $5,900
per capita; 58% consumption, 21% investment, 19%
government; 2% foreign balance; average growth
rate, 4% in constant prices (1966-75)
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates;
main crops-horticultural crops, grains, potatoes,
sugar beets; food shortages-grains, fats, oils; calorie
intake, 3,186 calories per day per capita (1970-71)
Fishing: catch 310,000 metric tons, $185 million
(1975); exports 213,639 metric tons, imports 106,031
metric tons (1975)
Major industries: food processing, metal and
engineering products, electrical and electronic
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum
products, and natural gas
Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton, base
metals and ores, pulp, pulpwood, lumber, feedgrains,
and oilseeds
Crude steel: 6.1 million metric ton capacity; 4.8
million metric tons produced (1975), 350 kg per capita
Electric power: 16,491,000 kW capacity (1975);
54.3 billion kWh produced (1975), 4,200 kWh per
capita
Exports: $35,002 million (f.o.b., 1975); foodstuffs,
machinery, chemicals, petroleum products, natural
gas, textiles
Imports: $34,522 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery,
transportation equipment, crude petroleum, food-
stuffs, chemicals, raw cotton, base metals and ores,
pulp
Major trade partners: (1975) 63% EC, 28% West
Germany, 13% Belgium-Luxembourg, 6% U.S.
Aid: economic-U.S., $1,400 million authorized
(FY46-75); IBRD, $236 million authorized (FY46-74),
none since 1958; military-U.S., $1,284 million
authorized (FY49-75), none since FY65; net official
aid delivered to less developed areas and multilateral
agencies, $3.6 billion (FY62-75), $600 million (1975)
Budget: (1976) revenues $24.8 billion, expenditures
$30.8 billion, deficit $6.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5292 guilders=
US$1, average 1975, floating
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,979 km, standard gage (1.435 m);
2,813 km government-owned (NS), 1,638 km
electrified, 1,556 km double track; 166 km privately-
owned
Highways: approximately 100,960 km including
1,440 km of limited access, divided "Motorways";
about 82,240 km paved (bituminous, concrete, stone
block) and 2,720 km unpaved (gravel, crushed stone,
stabilized earth)
Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is
usable by craft of 900 metric ton capacity or larger
Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km refined
products; 4,489 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major, 5 minor
Civil air: 105 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 26 usable; 16 with permanent-
surface runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed, ex-
cellently maintained, and well integrated; extensive
system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by
radio-relay links; 5.1 million telephones; 9 million
radiobroadcast and 3.67 million TV receivers; 5 AM,
12 FM, and 13 TV stations; 12 coaxial submarine
cables; communications satellite ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,421,000;
3,071,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (20) annually 116,000
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $2,888 million; about 10% of central
government budget
LAND
1,020 km2; 5% arable, 95% waste, urban, or other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 364 km
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PEOPLE
Population: 245,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.5% (1-74 to 1-75)
Nationality: noun-Netherlands Antillean(s);
adjective-Netherlands Antillean
Ethnic divisions: racial mixture with African,
Caribbean Indian, European, Latin, and oriental
influences; negroid characteristics are dominant on
Curacao, Indian on Aruba
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; sizable
Protestant, smaller Jewish minorities
Language: officially Dutch; "Papiamento," a
Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect predomi-
nates; English widely spoken
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 76,000 (1972); 2% agriculture, 20%
industry, 10% construction, 65% government and
services, 3% other
Organized labor: 60%-70% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Netherlands Antilles
Type: territory within Kingdom of the Netherlands,
enjoying complete domestic autonomy
Capital: Willemstad, Curacao
Political subdivisions: 4 island territories-Aruba,
Bonaire, Curacao, and the Windward Islands-St.
Eustatius, southern part of St. Martin (northern part is
French), Saba
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system,
with some English common law influence; Consti-
tution adopted 1954
Branches: federal executive power rests nominally
with Governor (appointed by the Crown), actual
power exercised by 8-member Council of Ministers or
Cabinet presided over by Minister-President;
legislative power rests with 22-member Legislative
Council; independent court system under control of
Chief Justice of Supreme Court of justice (administra-
tive functions under Minister of justice); each island
territory has island council headed by Lieutenant
Governor
Government leaders: Minister-President Juan
Evertsz
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: Federal elections held every 4 years, last
held August 1973; Island council elections every 4
years, last held April and May 1975
Political parties and leaders: political parties are
indigenous to each island:
Curacao: National People's Party-United (NVP-
U), Juan Evertsz; Frente Obrero de Liberation' 30 di
Mayo (FOL), Wilson "Papa" Godett; Social
Democratic Party (PSD), R. J. Isa; Democratic Party
(DP), S. G. M. Rozendaal
Aruba: People's Electoral Movement (MEP), G.
F. "Betico" Croes; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), L.
0. Chance; Aruban People's Party (AVP), D. G. Croes
Bonaire: Labor Party (POB); Democratic Party
Bonaire (UPB); New Democratic Action (ADEN)
Windward Islands: Windward Islands Demo-
cratic Party (DPWI); United Federation of Antillean
Workers (UFA); Windward Islands Political
Movement (WIPM); and others
Voting strength: (1973 federal election) NVP-U, 5
seats; MEP, 5 seats; FOL, 3 seats; PPA, 3 seats; PSD, 3
seats; DP, 1 seat; DPB, 1 seat; DPWI, 1 seat
Communists: no Communist Party
Member of: EC (associate), WCL, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $280 million (1975 est.), $1,150 per capita;
real growth rate, -1% (est.)
Agriculture: little production
Major industries: petroleum refining on Curacao
and Aruba; tourism on Curacao, Aruba, and St.
Martin; light manufacturing on Curacao and Aruba
Electric power: 295,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.7
billion kWh produced (1975), 6,700 kWh per capita
Exports: $3,230 million (f.o.b., 1974); petroleum
products, phosphate
Imports: $3,601 million (c.i.f., 1974); crude
petroleum, food manufactures
Major trade partners: exports-64% U.S., 7% EC,
5% Canada; imports-61% Venezuela, 12% U.S., 6%
Netherlands (1972)
Budget: (1972) public sector revenues, $177
million; public sector expenditures, $188 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.8 Netherlands
Antillean florins (NAF)=US$I, official
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 950 km; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel
and earth
Ports: 3 major (Willemstad, Oranjestad, Caracas-
baai, Bullennbaai); 6 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, all usable; 7 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: generally adequate telecom
facilities; extensive interisland radio relay links;
40,000 telephones, 132,000 radio and 35,000 TV
receivers, 11 AM and 5 TV stations, 5 submarine
cables, including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 58,000; 33,000
fit for military service; about 2,000 reach military age
(20) annually
Defense is responsibility of the Netherlands
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NEW--
CALEDONIA Pacific
Ocean
LAND
22,015 km2; 6% cultivable, 22% pasture land, 15%
forests, 57% waste or other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing, 3 nm)
Coastline: 2,254 km
PEOPLE
Population: 146,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.8% (7-61 to 7-74)
Nationality: noun-New Caledonian(s); adjec-
tive-New Caledonian
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian-Polynesian admix-
ture, over 28,000 Europeans of French extraction
Religion: natives 90% Christian
Language: Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: size unknown; Javanese and
Tonkinese laborers were imported for plantations and
mines in pre-World War II period; immigrant labor
now coming from Wallis Islands, New Hebrides, and
French Polynesia
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Overseas Territory of New Caledonia
Type: French overseas territory; represented in
French parliament by one deputy and one Senator
Capital: Noumea
Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island group
dependencies-Isle of Pines, Loyalty Islands, Huon
Islands, Island of New Caledonia
Legal system: French law
Branches: administered by Governor, who is also
High Commissioner for France in the Pacific;
responsible to French Ministry for Overseas France
and Governing Council; Assemblee Territoriale
NEW CALEDONIA
PU~A ~
TIYEA
Government leader: Jean Risterucci, Governor and
French High Commissioner
Suffrage: restricted (1957 election roll listed 32,370
males and females over 21 years of age, of whom
18,964 were classed as indigenous inhabitants)
Elections: Assembly elections in 1972
Political parties: Union Caledonienne, Entente
Democratique et sociale, Union Multiraciale,
Mouvement Liberal Caledonien, Union Democra-
tique, Mouvement Populaire Caledonien
Voting strength (1972 election): 12 seats Union
Caledonienne; 6 seats Entente Sociale et Democra-
tique; 5 seats Union Multiraciale; 5 seats Mouvement
Liberal Caledonien; 4 seats Union Democratique; 2
seats Mouvement Populaire Caledonien; 1 seat
Caledonie Francaise
Communists: number unknown; Union Caledoni-
enne strongly leftist; some politically active
Communists were deported during 1950's; small
number of North Vietnamese
Other political parties and pressure groups:
several lesser parties
Member of: EIB (associate), WFTU
ECONOMY
GNP: $193 million, $1,800 per capita (1971 est.)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle grazing;
major products-coffee and vegetables; 60% self
sufficient in beef; must import grains and vegetables
Industry: mining of nickel
Electric power: 320,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.7
billion kWh produced (1975), 13,236 kWh per capita
Exports: $289 million (f.o.b., 1975); 99% nickel
Imports: $348 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery,
transport equipment, food
Major trade partners: (1972) exports-55%
France, 24% Japan, 11% U.S.; imports-52% France,
13% Australia, 12% rest of EEC
Monetary conversion rate: 86 CFP francs=US$1
(1972)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,159 km; 367 km paved, 1,300 km
gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized surface, 797 km
improved earth, 2,696 km earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Noumea), 21 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 31 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1
airfield over 2,440 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: 17,092 telephones; 60,000
radio and 15,000 TV sets; 1 AM, no FM, and 5 TV
stations; 1 earth satellite station
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NEW HEBRIDES
LAND
About 14,763 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 2,528 km
PEOPLE
Population: 98,000 (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 2.5% (7-68 to 7-74)
Nationality: noun-New Hebridean(s); adjec-
tive-New Hebrides
Ethnic divisions: 92% indigenous Melanesian, 3%
European, remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and
various Pacific Islanders
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
Literacy: probably 10%-20%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: New Hebrides Condominium
Type: Anglo-French condominium
Capital: Vila
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: 3 sets of courts; one each for French
and British subjects, one for New Hebrides native
affairs
Branches: Representative Assembly, 42 members,
elected November 1975, has not met
Government leader: two resident commissioners,
one French, Robert Gaugier; one British, John
Champion
Political parties and leaders: National Party,
chairman Walter Lini; NA Griamel Party, leader
Jimmy Stevens; Mouvement d'Action des Nouvelles
Hebrides (MANH)
ECONOMY
Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa, coffee,
some livestock and fish production; subsistence crops
of copra, taro, yams
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1975); 12
million kWh produced (1975), 124 kWh per capita
Exports: $27 million (1974); 24% copra, 59%
frozen fish
Imports: $44 million (1974)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 pound=US$2.37
(official currency), 0.74 Australian $=US$1, 86
Colonial Franc Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (1972)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: at least 240 km sealed or all-weather
roads
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 3 AM broadcast stations;
11,000 radio receivers, and 900 telephones
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: no military forces maintained, however,
the French and British maintain constabularies of
about 70 men each
LAND
268,276 km2; 3% cultivated, 50% pasture; 10%
parks and reserves; 20% waste, water, etc., 1% urban,
16% forested; 4 principal islands, 2 minor inhabited
islands, several minor uninhabited islands
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: about 15,134 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,203,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.7% (1-75 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-New Zealander(s); adjective-
New Zealand
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Ethnic divisions: 93% European, 7% Maori
Religion: 90% Christian, 9% none or unspecified;
1% Hindu, Confucian, and other
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 1,207,700; 13% agriculture, 33%
manufacturing and construction, 9% transportation
and communications, 24% commerce and finance,
21% administrative and professional; unemployment
5.7% (1976)
Organized labor: 52% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Dominion of New Zealand (rarely
used)
Type: independent state within Commonwealth,
recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Wellington
Political subdivisions: 112 counties
Legal system: based on English law, with special
land legislation and land courts for Maori tribesmen;
constitution consists of various documents, including
certain acts of the U.K. and New Zealand
Parliaments; legal education at Victoria, Auckland,
Canterbury, and Otago Universities; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: unicameral legislature (General As-
sembly, commonly called Parliament); Cabinet
responsible to Parliament; 3-level court system
(Magistrates' Courts, Supreme Court, and Court of
Appeal)
Government leader: Prime Minister Robert D.
Muldoon
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: held at 3 year intervals or sooner if
parliament is disolved by Prime Minister; last election
November 1975
Political parties and leaders: National Party
(Government), Robert D. Muldoon; Labour Party
(Opposition), Wallace E. Rowling; Social Credit
Political League, Bruce Beetham; Communist Party,
George Victor Wilcox; pro-Soviet Socialist Unity
Party, George Edward Jackson
Voting strength (1975 election): National Party 55
seats, Labour Party 32 seats
Communists: CPNZ about 300, SUP about 100
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, Colombo
Plan, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO,
ITU, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $11.7 billion (1974), $3,870 per capita; real
average annual growth (1969-74) 3.8%
Agriculture: fodder and silage crops about one-half
of area planted in field crops; main products-wool,
meat, dairy products; New Zealand is food surplus
country; caloric intake, 3,500 calories per day per
capita (1964)
Fishing: catch 69,100 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: food processing, textile
production, machinery, transport equipment; wood
and paper products
Electric power: 4,900,000 kW capacity (1975);
19.7 billion kWh produced (1975), 6,254 kWh per
capita
Exports: $2.1 billion including re-exports (f.o.b.,
trade year 1975); principal products (trade year
1975)-27% meat, 17% dairy products, 15% wool
Imports: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., trade year 1975); 29%
machinery, 23% manufactured goods, 11% chemicals
(trade year 1975)
Major trade partners: (trade year 1975) exports-
22% U.K., 12% U.S., 12% Japan, 11% Australia;
imports-19% Australia, 19% U.K., 14% Japan, 13%
U. S.
Aid: gross official aid deliveries to LDC and
multilateral agencies FY75, $80.1 million
Budget: expenditures, 3,827 million NZ$, receipts,
3,330 million NZ$ (FY75)
Monetary conversion rate: NZ$1=US$0.9947,
July 1976
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
NOTE: trade data are for year ending 30 June
1975; trade year and fiscal year do not correspond
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,799 km; all 1.067-meter gage; 274 km
double track; 113 km electrified; over 99%
government owned
Highways: 92,374 km (1974); 44,940 km paved,
47,434 km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little importance
to transportation
Pipelines: natural gas, 785 km
Ports: 3 major
Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 189 total, 185 usable; 23 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 48 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 4 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: excellent international and
domestic systems; 1,500,000 telephones; 2,700,000
radio and 799,000 TV sets; 60 AM stations in 31 cities,
no FM, 4 TV stations, and 129 repeaters; submarine
cables extend to Australia and Fiji Islands; 1 ground
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 737,000;
624,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (20) annually about 27,000
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
March 1977, $223.4 million; about 3.5% of central
government budget
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LAND
147,900 km2; 7% arable, 7% prairie and pasture,
50% forest, 36% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 1,220 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 200 nm; continental shelf, including
sovereignty over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 910 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,263,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.3% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Nicaraguan(s); adjective-
Nicaraguan
Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white, 9%
Negro, 5% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official); small English-
speaking minority on Atlantic coast
Literacy: 50% of population 10 years of age and
over
Labor force: 713,000 (1975 est.); 50% agriculture,
12% manufacturing, 14% services, 24% other;
shortage of skilled labor, but underemployment of un-
skilled labor except during harvest
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Nicaragua
Type: republic
Capital: Managua
Political subdivisions: 1 national district and 16
departments
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system;
constitution adopted in 1974; legal education at
Universidad Nacional de Nicaragua and Universidad
Centroamericana; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
Branches: President (traditionally dominant)
bicameral legislature, judiciary elected by legislature,
and Supreme Electoral Tribunal (4th branch)
Government leaders: President Anastasio Somoza
Suffrage: universal over age 18 if married or
literate, otherwise 21
Elections: every 6 years; municipal elections every
3 years
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Liberal
Party (PLN), Anastasio Somoza; Nicaraguan
Conservative Party (PCN), Edmundo Paguaga
Voting strength (1974 elections): PLN, 95% of
votes; 5% of votes; PCN will, however, occupy 40% of
legislative seats by constitutional provision
Communists: Communist movement split into
hard-line Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN) illegal, 60
members; soft-line Nicaraguan Communist Party
(PCN) illegal, 40 members, and small pro-Castro
Sandinist National Liberation Front (FSLN) activist,
50-150 members; about 1,000 sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Democratic
Union of Liberation (UDEL), an opposition front
lacking legal status of a political party, composed of
anti-Somoza political movements and labor groups
with orientations ranging from conservative to
Christian Democrat to Communist, leadership
includes Pedro J. Chamorro, Ramiro Sacasa, Ignacio
Zelaya, Domingo Sanchez; Nicaraguan Development
Institute (INDE), a private sector pressure group with
two operative arms: FUNDE and EDUCREDITO
which, respectively, promote cooperatives and
disburse educational loans
Member of: CACM, FAO, GATT, IADB, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, 1DB, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAMUCAR (Caribbean
Multinational Ship-ping Line-Naviera Multi-
nacional del Caribe), OAS, ODECA, SELA, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,591 million (1975 est.), $740 per capita;
75% private consumption, 9% government consump-
tion, 29% domestic investment, -13% net foreign
balance (1974); real growth rate 1975, 2.1% est.
Agriculture: main crops-cotton, coffee, sugar-
cane, rice, corn, beans, cattle; caloric intake, 2,300
calories per day per capita (1966)
Fishing: catch 16,700 metric tons (1974); exports
valued at $14.8 million (1975)
Major industries: food processing, chemicals,
metal products, textiles and clothing
Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity (1975); 810
million kWh produced (1975), 410 kWh per capita
Exports: $375 million (f.o.b., 1975); cotton, coffee,
chemical products, meat, sugar
Imports: $517 million (c.i.f., 1975); food and non-
food agricultural products, chemicals and phar-
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maceuticals, transportation equipment, machinery,
construction materials, clothing, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-27% U.S., 25%
CACM, 48% other; imports-32% U.S., 22% CACM,
46% other (1975)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$191 million loans, $84 million grants; international
organizations (FY46-73), $266 million; military-
from U.S. (FY46-73), $26 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7 cordobas=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 352 km; 320 km 1.065-meter gage,
government owned; 32 km narrow gage, privately
owned
Highways: 12,900 km; 1,350 km paved, 5,150 km
otherwise improved, 6,400 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large
lakes
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km
Ports: 4 major (Corinto, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto
Somoza, San Juan del Sur), 6 minor
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 420 total, 413 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: low-capacity wire and
radio-relay network; connection into Central
American microwave net; satellite ground station;
22,000 telephones; 700,000 radio and 81,000 TV
receivers; 75 AM, 30 FM, and 7 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 541,000; 331,000
fit for military service; 24,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $24.8 million for the Ministry of
Defense, including civil functions (e.g., police and
civil air); 7.8% of central government budget
LAND
1,266,510 km2; about 3% cultivated, perhaps 20%
somewhat arable, remainder desert
Land boundaries: 5,745 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,792,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Nigerien (sing. and pl.);
adjective-Niger
Ethnic divisions: main Negroid groups 75% (of
which, Hausa 50%, Djerma and Songhai 21%);
Caucasian elements include Tuareg, Toubous, and
Tamacheks; mixed group includes Fulani
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder largely animists
and a very few Christians
Language: French official, many African lan-
guages; Hausa used for trade
Literacy: about 6%
Labor force: 26,000 wage earners; bulk of
population engaged in subsistence agriculture and
animal husbandry
Organized labor: negligible
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; military regime in power since
April 1974
Capital: Niamey
Political subdivisions: 7 departments, 32
arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and customary law; constitution adopted 1960,
suspended 1974; judicial review of legislative acts in
Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority exercised by
Supreme Military Council (SMC) composed of army
officers; cabinet includes civilians
Government leader: Lt. Col. Seyni Kountche,
President of Supreme Military Council and Chief of
State
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: political activity banned
Political parties and leaders: political parties
banned
Communists: no Communist party; some sympa-
thizers in outlawed Sawaba party
Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Lake Chad Basin
Commission, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY
GDP: $454 million (1975 est.), $100 per capita
Agriculture: commercial-peanuts, cotton, live-
stock; main food crops-millet, sorghum, niche beans,
vegetables
Major industries: cement plant, brick factory, rice
mill, small cotton gins, oil presses, slaughterhouse, and
a few other small light industries; uranium production
began in 1971
Electric power: 18,000 kW capacity (1975); 55
million kWh produced (1975), 10 kWh per capita
Exports: $126 million (est. f.o.b., 1975); about 60%
peanuts and related products, rest largely livestock,
hides, skins; exports understated because much
regional trade not recorded
Imports: $188 million (est. c.i.f., 1975); fuels,
machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, consum-
er goods (largely for European residents)
Major trade partners: France (over 50%), other EC
countries, Nigeria, UDEAC countries, U.S.;
preferential tariff to EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic-France (1960 to mid-1967), $68
million; EC (FY61-73), $100 million; U.S. (FY61-75),
$59 million; West Germany, Israel, Republic of
China, and U.N. have also extended aid; military-
of $2.8 million (1954-68)
Budget: projected to balance at about $108 million
(1976)
Monetary conversion rate: about 248.22 Com-
munaute Financiere Africaine=US$1 as of August
1976, floating
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 6,944 km; 1,313 km bitumi-
nous, 2,550 km gravel, 3,081 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Niger River navigable 300 km
from Niamey to Gaya on the Dahomey frontier from
mid-December through March
Ports: Niger landlocked; outlet to sea is Cotonou,
Dahomey
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 66 total, 63 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 18
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of open-wire
lines, radio-relay links, and small radiocommunica-
tions stations; principal telecommunication center
Niamey; 3,300 telephones; 100,000 radio and 500 TV
receivers; 9 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,093,000;
584,000 fit for military service; about 45,000 reach
military age (18) annually
LAND
924,630 km2; 24% arable (13% of total land area
under cultivation), 35% forested, 41% desert, waste,
urban, or other
Land boundaries: 4,034 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
Coastline: 853 km
PEOPLE
Population: 65,628,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun-Nigerian(s); adjective-
Nigerian
Ethnic divisions: 250 tribal groups, of which most
important are Hausa-Fulani (north), Ibo and Yoruba
(south); these 3 tribes total over 60% of population;
about 27,000 non-Africans
Religion: 47% Muslim, 34% Christian, 19% other
Literacy: est. 25%
Language: English official; Hausa, Yoruba, and
Ibo also widely used
Labor force: approx. 22.5 million; about 41% of
total population; roughly 1.3 million wage earners, of
whom 560,000 work in modern enterprises
Organized labor: about 530,000 wage earners,
approx. 2.4% of total labor force, belong to some 700
unions
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: The Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: federal republic since 1963; under military
rule since January 1966
Capital: Lagos
Political subdivisions: 19 states, headed by
military governors
Legal system: based on English common law,
tribal law, and Islamic law; draft of proposed new
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constitution, made public in October 1976, to be
considered by a constituent assembly in October 1977;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
Branches: Federal Military Government; decrees
issued by Supreme Military Council, advised by
largely civilian Federal Executive Council
Government leader: Lieutenant General Olusegun
Obasanjo, Head of Federal Military Government and
Commander in Chief of Nigerian Armed Forces
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: nonpartisan elections for local govern-
ment councils scheduled for late 1976; the military
has promised to restore power to an elected civilian
regime when state and federal legislative elections are
held between October 1978 and October 1979
Political parties and leaders: political parties and
politically active tribal societies were dissolved by
decree on 24 May 1966; some sub rosa political
activity continues
Communists: the banned Socialist Workers and
Farmers Party and the Nigerian Trade Union
Congress have a limited political following, no
influence on government
Member of: AFDB, APC, Commonwealth, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, Lake Chad Basin
Commission, Niger River Commission, OAU, OPEC,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $26 billion (1975 current prices), $365 per
capita; 6.7% growth rate (1970-75)
Agriculture: main crops-peanuts, cotton, cocoa,
rubber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm kernels, millet,
corn, rice; livestock; almost self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 684,906 metric tons (1974); imports
$10.7 million (1973)
Major industries: mining-crude oil, natural gas,
coal, tin, columbite; processing industries-oil palm
peanut, cotton, rubber, petroleum, wood, hides, skins;
manufacturing industries-textiles, cement, building
materials, food products, footwear, chemical,
printing, ceramics
Electric power: 1,127,000 kW capacity (1975); 3.0
billion kWh produced (1975), 47 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.0 billion (f.o.b., 1975); oil (93%),
cocoa, palm products, rubber, timber, tin
Imports: $5.3 billion (c.i.f., 1975); machinery and
transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.K., EC, U.S.
Budget: FY76-77 proposed-current revenue $9.1
million, current and capital expenditures $8.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Naira=US$1.60
(official)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,508 km 1.067-meter gage
Highways: 89,318 km; 15,300 km paved (mostly
bituminous surface treatment); remainder laterite,
gravel, crushed stone, improved earth
Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger
and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and creeks;
additionally, the newly formed Kainji Lake has
several hundred miles of navigable lake routes
Pipelines: 1,207 km crude oil; 97 km natural gas; 5
km refined products
Ports: 2 major (Lagos/Apapa, Port Harcourt), 10
minor
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 91 total, 76 usable; 15 with permanent-
surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 24
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: composed of radio-relay
links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication
stations; principal center Lagos, secondary centers
Ibadan and Kaduna; 111,500 telephones; 5 million
radio and 100,000 TV receivers; 25 AM, 6 FM, and 8
TV stations; 2 submarine cables; 1 satellite ground
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,970,000;
8,537,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (18) annually 700,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March
1977, $2.4 billion; about 16% of central government
budget
LAND
Norway: 323,750 km2; Svalbard, 62,160 km2; Jan
Mayen, 373 km2; 3% arable, 2% meadows and
pastures, 21% forested, 74% other
Land boundaries: 2,579 km
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm (200
nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413 km
(excludes long fjords and numerous small islands and
minor indentations which total as much as 16,093 km
overall)
PEOPLE
Population: 4,037,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.5% (1-75 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Norwegian(s); adjective-
Norwegian
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population,
small Lappish minority
Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 4% other
Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other
Language: Norwegian, small Lapp and Finnish-
speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 1.7 million; 11.4% agriculture,
forestry, fishing, 25.3% mining and manufacturing,
8.1% construction, 16.3% commerce, 9.9% transporta-
tion and communication, 28,5% services; 1,4%
unemployed
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Political subdivisions: 19 counties, 404 communes,
47 towns
Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law
system, and common law traditions; constitution
adopted 1814, modified 1884; Supreme Court renders
advisory opinions to legislature when asked; legal
education at University of Oslo; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with
Crown and parliament (Storting); executive power
vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet responsible
to parliament; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104
lower courts
Government leaders: King Olav V; Prime Minister
Odvar Nordli
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age
20
Elections: held every 4 years (next in September
1977)
Political parties and leaders: Anti-Tax Party,
Arve Loennum; Conservative, Kaare Willoch;
Christian People's, Lars Korvald; Center, Erland
Steenberg, Dagfinn Vaarvik; Liberal, Hans H.
Rossbach, Eva Kolstad; New Liberal People's, Ole
Myrvoll, Magne Lerheim; Labor, Reiulf Steen;
combined Socialist Left Party, Berit Aas, chairman
Voting strength (1973 election): 5% Anti-tax;
17,5% Conservative; 12.2% Christian Peoples; 11%
Center; 3.5% Liberal; 3.4% New Liberal Peoples;
35.3% Labor; 11.2% Socialist Electoral Alliance
(includes Democratic Socialist, Socialist People's, and
Communist Party)
Communists: 2,500 est.; a number of sympathizers
as indicated by the 22,500 Communist votes cast in
the 1969 election
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC
(Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO (observer),
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA
(associate member), IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU,
IWC-International Whaling Commission, IWC-
International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic
Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $24.6 billion in 1975 (at 1974 prices), $6,130
per capita; 52.3% private consumption; 33.8%
investment; 16.5% government; net foreign balance
-2.6%; 1975 growth rate 5.1%, in constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates;
main crops-feed grains, potatoes, fruits, vegetables;
40% self-sufficient; food shortages-food grains,
sugar; caloric intake, 2,940 calories per day per capita
(1969-70)
Fishing: catch 2.3 million metric tons (1975); value
$343 million (1975); exports $397 million
Major industries: food processing, shipbuilding,
wood pulp, paper products, metals, chemicals
Shortages: most raw materials with the exception of
timber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite ore,
dairy products and fish
Crude steel: 914,000 metric tons produced (1975),
230 kg per capita
Electric power: 16,580,000 kW capacity (1975); 78
billion kWh produced (1975), 17,000 kWh per capita
Exports: $7,265 million (f.o.b., 1975); principal
items-metals, pulp and paper, fish products, ships,
chemicals, oil
Imports: $9,719 million (c.i.f., 1975); principal
items-foodstuff, ships, fuels, motor vehicles, iron and
steel, chemical compounds, textiles
Major trade partners: 47.1% EC (15.8% U.K.,
13.2% West Germany, 6.4% Denmark); 17.8%
Sweden; 6.6% U.S.; 4.0% Sino-Soviet countries (1975)
Aid: economic-U.S., $707 million authorized
(FY46-75); IBRD, $145 million authorized through
1975, none since 1964; net official economic aid
delivered to less developed areas and multilateral
agencies, $134.2 million (1960-69); $36.8 million
(1970); $42.4 million (1971), $63 million (1972), $87
million (1973), $133 million (1974), $174 million
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(1975), $232 million (proposed for 1976); military-
U.S., $944 million authorized (FY46-75)
Budget: (1976) revenues $7.4 billion, expenditures
$8.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 kroner=US$0.1914
(1975)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,257 km standard gage (1.435 m);
Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates 4,241 km
(2,440 km electrified and 91 km double track); 16 km
privately-owned and electrified
Highways: 73,600 km; 14,400 km paved, 59,200
km crushed stone and gravel
Inland waterways: 1,577 km; 1.5-2,4 m draft
vessels maximum
Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
Civil air: 60 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 98 total, 97 usable; 49 with permanent-
surface runways; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 20 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and
international telephone, telegraph, and telex service;
1.43 million telephones; 2.2 radiobroadcast and 1.15
million TV receivers; 29 AM, 357 FM, and 740 TV
stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; COMSAT
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 921,000;
748,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (20) annually, 31,000
LAND
About 212,380 km2; negligible amount forested,
remainder desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,384 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 50 nm)
Coastline: 2,092 km
PEOPLE
Population: 525,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.2% (current)
Nationality: noun-Omani(s); adjective-Omani
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab with small
groups of Iranians, Baluchis, and Indians
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: very low
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Sultanate of Oman
Type: absolute monarchy; nominally independent
but under strong U.K. influence
Capital: Muscat
Legal system: based on English common law and
Islamic law; no constitution; ultimate appeal to the
Sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Government leader: Sultan Qabus ibn Said Al Bu
Sa'id
Other political or pressure groups: Popular Front
for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO)
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IMF, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $900 million (1974 est.), $1,840 per capita
est.
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming (fruits,
dates, cereals, cattle, camels), fishing, and trade
Major industries: petroleum discovery in 1964;
production began in 1967; production 1975, 340,000
b/d; pipeline capacity, 400,000 b/d; revenue for 1975
est. at $1.1 billion
Electric power: 65,000 kW capacity (1975); 185
million kWh produced (1975), 365 kWh per capita
Exports: mostly petroleum; non-oil exports (mostly
agricultural), $3 million (1975)
Imports: $675.7 million (1975)
Major trade partners: U.K., U.S., other European,
Gulf states, India, Australia, China, Japan
Aid: bilateral assistance pledged, $134 million in
1974, IBRD $8 million; aid commitment by Oman,
$39 million to miltilateral institutions
Budget: (1976 projected) revenues $1.754 billion,
expenditures $1.857 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Riyal Omani=
US$2.90 (as of October 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 2,816 km; 5 km bituminous surface,
2,811 km motorable track
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Pipelines: crude oil 370 km
Ports: 1 major (Qaboos), 6 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 154 total, 147 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 runway over 3,660 m, 4 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 51 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited facilities of open-
wire, radio-relay and radiocommunications stations; 1
satellite ground station; 4,300 telephones; 1 AM, no
FM, no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 121,000; 70,000
fit for military service
PAKISTAN
LAND
803,000 km2 (includes Pakistani part of Jammu-
Kashmir); 40% arable, including 24% cultivated; 23%
unsuitable for cultivation; 34% unreported, probably
mostly waste; 3% forested
Land boundaries: 5,900 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 50 nm; plus right to establish 100 nm
conservation zones beyond territorial sea)
Coastline: 1,046 km
PEOPLE
Population: 73,452,000, excluding Junagardh,
Manavadar, Gilgit, Baltistan, and the disputed area
of Jammu-Kashmir (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 3.0% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Pakistani(s); adjective-
Pakistani
Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% other
Language: official, Urdu; total spoken languages-
7% Urdu, 64% Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 9%
other; English is lingua franca
Literacy: about 14%
Labor force: 12.7 million (est. 1961); 60%
agriculture, 16% industry, 7% commerce, 15% service,
2% unemployed
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Type: parliamentary, federal republic; constitution
adopted April 1973, effective August 1973, provides
for bi-cameral legislature, strong prime minister
Capital: Islamabad
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces-Punjab, Sind,
Baluchistan, and Northwest Frontier-with the
capital territory of Islamabad and certain tribal areas
centrally administered; Pakistan claims that Azad
Kashmir is independent pending a settlement of the
dispute with India, but it is in fact under Pakistani
control
Legal system: based on English common law;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Government leaders: President Fazal Elahi
Chaudhry; Prime Minister Z. A. Bhutto
Suffrage: universal from age 21
Elections: elections for National Assembly, based
on one-man/one-vote formula, and for provincial
assemblies were held in December 1970; under 1973
Constitution, next National Assembly elections must
be held no later than summer of 1977
Political parties and leaders: Pakistan People's
Party (PPP), Z. A. Bhutto; Pakistan Muslim League
(QML), Abdul Qaiyum Khan; Pakistan Muslim
League-Pir of Pagaro group (PML); Tehrik-i-
Istiqulal, Asqhar Khan; National Awami Party
(NAP), Abdul Wali Khan (party outlawed in
February 1975); National Democratic Party (NDP),
Sherbaz Mazari (formed in 1975 by members of
outlawed NAP); Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Tofail
Mohammed; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP),
Maulana Shah Ahmed Noorani; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-
Islam (JUI), Mufti Mahmud; Pakistan Jamhoori
Party (PJP), Nasrullah Khan; several of these parties
belong to United Democratic Front (UDF), an
opposition coalition
Communists: party membership very small;
sympathizers estimated at several thousand
Other political or pressure groups: military
remains potentially strong political force
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, IWC-International Wheat
Council, RCD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
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ECONOMY
GDP: $12.2 billion (FY76) at exchange rate of 9.9
rupees=US$1 prevailing June 1973, $170 per capita;
real growth, 5% (FY76)
Agriculture: extensive irrigation; main crops-
wheat and cotton; foodgrain shortage, 1.5 million tons
imported in FY75
Fishing: catch 184,100 metric tons (1975)
Major industries: cotton textiles, food processing,
tobacco, engineering, chemicals, natural gas
Electric power: 2,730,000 kW capacity (1975);
11.5 billion kWh produced (1975), 158 kWh per
capita
Exports: $1,047 million (f.o.b., FY75); cotton (raw
and manufactured), rice
Imports: $2,140 million (c.i.f., FY75); wheat, crude
oil, machinery, transport equipment, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.S., U.K., Japan, West
Germany
Budget: expenditures, FY77-current expenditures,
$1,631 million; capital expenditures, $1,435 million
Monetary conversion rate: 9.9 rupees=US$1
(since February 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 7,489 km; 446 km meter gage (1.00 m),
6,431 km broad gage (1.676 m), 612 km narrow gage
(0.762 m); 1,022 km double track; 286 km electrified;
government-owned
Highways: 63,567 km; 16,077 km paved, 12,862
km gravel, 1,843 km improved earth, 32,785 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,850 km
Pipelines: 230 km crude oil; 1,931 km natural gas
Ports: 1 major, 5 minor
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 110 total, 107 usable; 65 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
12,000 ft., 25 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 49 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: good international radio-
communication service over CENTO microwave and
intelsat satellite; domestic radiocommunications good
in East Pakistan, poor in West Pakistan; broadcast
service very good; 200,000 (est.) telephones; 1,100,000
radio and 250,000 TV sets; 20 AM, no FM, 5 TV
stations, and 4 repeaters; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE
Military manpower: males 15-49, 17,214,000;
9,914,000 fit for military service; 833,000 reach
military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1977 $886 million; about 26% of central government
budget
PANAMA
ANAL
10NF
LAND
75,650 km2 (excluding Canal Zone, 1,430 km2);
24% agricultural land (9% fallow, 4% cropland, 11%
pasture), 20% exploitable forest, 56% other forests,
urban, and waste
Land boundaries: 630 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
(continental shelf including sovereignty over
superjacent waters)
Coastline: 2,490 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,745,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.1% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Panamanian(s); adjective-
Panamanian
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% Negro, 9%
white, 7% Indian and other
Religion: over 90% Roman Catholic, remainder
mainly Protestant
Language: Spanish; about 14% speak English as
native tongue; many Panamanians bilingual
Literacy: 82% of population 10 years of age and
over
Labor force: 482,200 (1972 est.); 39.5% commerce,
finance and services; 33.9% agriculture, hunting and
fishing; 9.7% manufacturing and mining; 6.8%
construction; 5% Canal Zone; 3.9% transportation
and communications; 1.2% utilities; national average
of 9-10% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor but an
oversupply of unskilled labor
Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force (1972 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Panama
Type: republic
Capital: Panama
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 1 intendancy
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Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted in 1972; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education
at University of Panama; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President (figurehead, subordinate to
National Guard Commandant, General Omar
Torrijos, who was granted special powers for 6 years
by the Constitutional Assembly in 1972); popularly
elected unicameral legislature (Correqimiento), which
elects the President but which exercises few, if any,
legislative powers and meets for one month each year;
during the remainder of the year the National
Legislative Council, the President, Vice President,
Cabinet, and selected members of the Corregimiento
exercise legislative functions; presidentially appointed
Supreme Court
Government leaders: Demetrio Lakas is Constitu-
tional President and Chief of State, but subordinate to
Gen. Omar Torrijos, the National Guard Comman-
dant
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 21
Elections: elections for assembly of corregimientos
Political parties and leaders: political parties
suspended; Communist Party illegal but allowed to
operate
Voting strength: no parties were active in the 1972
elections
Communists: 600 active and several hundred
inactive members People's Party (PdP); 2,500
sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: National
Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP)
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, IWC-
International Whaling Commission, IWC-Interna-
tional Wheat council, OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO,
UPEB, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,650 million (1974 est,), $1,020 per capita;
75% private consumption, 16% government con-
sumption, 25% gross fixed investment, -16% net
foreign balance (1974); real growth (1975), 1.7%
Agriculture: main crops-bananas, rice, corn,
coffee, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most basic foods;
2,450 calories per day per capita (1969)
Fishing: catch 66,000 metric tons (1974); exports
$223 million (1973); imports $1.7 million (1973)
Major industries: food processing, metal products,
construction materials, petroleum products, clothing,
furniture
Electric power (including Canal Zone): 480,000
kW capacity (1975); 2 billion kWh produced (1975),
800 kWh per capita
Exports: $278 million (f.o.b., 1975); bananas,
petroleum products, shrimp, sugar, meat, coffee
Imports: $795 million (f.o.b., 1975); manufactures,
transportation equipment, crude petroleum, chemi-
cals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports-49% U.S., 16%
Canal Zone, 6% West Germany, 5% Italy; imports-
26% U.S., 18% Ecuador, 11% Venezuela, 8% Colon
Free Zone, 8% Saudi Arabia (1974)
Aid: economic-from U.S. (FY46-75), $237 million
loans, $171 million grants; from international
organizations (FY46-75), $266 million; from other
Western countries (1960-71), $28.9 million; mili-
tary-assistance from U.S. (FY46-75), $9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 488 km; 77 km 1.524-meter gage, 171
km 0.914-meter gage; 240 km plantation feeder lines
Highways: 7,160 km; 2,252 km paved, 1,850 km
gravel or crushed stone, 3,057 km improved and
unimproved earth; Panama Canal Zone 240 km; 230
km paved, 10 km gravel
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow
draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
Pipelines: refined products, 96 km
Ports: 2 major (Cristobal/Colon/Coco Solo,
Balboa/Panama City), 10 minor
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
Airfields: (including Canal Zone) 143 total, 142
usable; 31 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m; 14 with runways 1,220-2,439
m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: domestic and international
telecom facilities well developed; connection into
Central American microwave net; COMSAT ground
station; 155,200 telephones; 600,000 radio and
250,000 TV receivers; 80 AM, 30 FM, and 13 TV
stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 377,000; 261,000
fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $32.6 million; about 10% of central
government budget
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
LAND
475,369 km2
Land boundaries: 966 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
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PEOPLE
Population: 2,865,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.6% (7-66 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Papua New Guinean(s);
adjective-Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian and
Papuan, some Negrito, Micronesian, and Polynesian
types
Religion: over one-half of population nominally
Christian (490,000 Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other
Protestant sects); remainder animist
Language: 700 indigenous languages; pidgin
English and 2 or 3 native languages are linguae
francae for over one-half of population; English
spoken by 1% to 2% of population
Literacy: 1%; in English, 0.1%
Labor force: no available figures; mostly
subsistence farmers
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Papua New Guinea
Type: independent state within Commonwealth
recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Port Moresby
Political subdivisions: 18 administrative districts
(12 in New Guinea, 6 in Papua)
Legal system: based on English common law
Branches: executive-Executive Council; legisla-
ture-House of Assembly (100 members, plus 4
appointed); judiciary-court system consists of
Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea and various
inferior courts (District Courts, Local Courts,
Children's Courts, Wardens' Courts)
Government leader: Governor General, Sir John
Guise; Prime Minister, Michael Somare
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: preferential-type elections for 100-
member House of Assembly every 4 years
Political parties: Pangu Party is principal political
group; 5 or 6 other small parties and numerous
independents
Voting strength (1972 election): Pangu Party and
Allies won 52 seats, United Party 42 seats,
Independence 6 seats
Communists: no significant strength
Member of: ADB, CIPEC (associate), Common-
wealth, ESCAP (associate), IBRD, IMF, U.N., WHO
(associate)
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.5 billion (FY74 est.); real average annual
growth rate (1969-74) 7% est.
Agriculture: main crops-coconuts, coffee, cocoa,
tea
Major industries: sawmilling and timber process-
ing, copper mining (Bougainville)
Electric power: 285,000 kW capacity (1975); 650
million kWh produced (1975), 239 kWh per capita
Exports: $721 million (f.o.b., FY74); principal
products-copper, coconut products, coffee beans,
timber
Imports: $365 million (f.o.b., FY74)
Major trade partners: Australia, U.K., Japan
Aid: economic-Australia, $1,158 million commit-
ted (1976-81); World Bank group (1968-September
1969), $7.5 million committed; U.S. (FY70-74), $32.5
million extended
Budget: (75-76) receipts 400 Australian dollars,
expenditures 408 Australian dollars
Monetary conversion rate: Kina $1=A$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 16,936 km; about 9,500 km
suitable for heavy and medium traffic, and about
7,436 km suitable for light traffic
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
Ports: 5 principal, 8 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 534 total, 474 usable; 15 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 with
runway 2,440 m-Nadzab; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea telecom
services are adequate and are being improved;
principal telecom centers include Goroka, Lae,
Madang, Mount Hagen, and Wewak in New Guinea;
and Daru, Port Moresby and Samarai in Papua;
facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and
telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio and
international radiocommunication services; numerous
privately owned radio facilities exist; submarine
cables extend from Madang to Australia and Guam;
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17,000 telephones, 110,000 radios, but no TV sets; 31
AM, no FM and no TV facilities
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 651,400; about
358,000 fit for military service
Supply: dependent on Australia
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1976, $22.3 million; 4,3% of central government
budget
LAND
406,630 km2; 2% under crops, 24% meadow and
pasture, 52% forested, 22% urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 3,444 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,764,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2,9% (current)
Nationality: noun-Paraguayan(s); adjective-
Paraguayan
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo, 5% white and
Indian
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish and Guarani
Literacy: officially estimated at 74% above age 10,
but probably much lower (40%)
Labor force: 800,000 (1971 est.); 55% agriculture,
forestry, fishing; 8% transport and other services; 19%
manufacturing and construction; 13% commerce and
professions; 5% miscellaneous (est. 1962)
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asuncion
Political subdivisions: 16 departments and the
national capital, 154 municipalities
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman
law, and French codes; constitution promulgated
1967; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme
Court; legal education at National University of
Asuncion and Catholic University of Our Lady of the
Assumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: President heads executive; bicameral
legislature; judiciary headed by Supreme Court
Government leader: President (General) Alfredo
Stroessner
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between ages of
18-60
Elections: President and Congress elected together
every 5 years; last election held in February 1973
Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan
Ramon Chavez; Liberal Party (Levi-Liberal Party),
Carlos Levi Ruffinelli; Febrerista Party, Roque
Gaona; Radical Liberal Party (regular Liberal Party),
Domingo Laino; Christian Democratic Party (not
officially inscribed), Livis Resck
Voting strength (February 1973 general elec-
tion): 84% Colorado Party, 13% Radical Liberal
Party, 3% Liberal Party, Febrerista Party boycotted
elections
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel
Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est. 3,000 to 4,000
party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very
few are hard core; party in exile is small and deeply
divided
Other political or pressure groups: Popular
Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by Epifanio
Mendez Fleitas, in exile
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS,
SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO,
WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $1.5 billion (1975, at current prices), $590
per capita; 82% consumption; 18% gross domestic
investment (1975); real growth rate 1975, 5.0%
Agriculture: main crops-oilseeds, cotton, wheat,
manioc, sweet potatoes, tobacco, corn, rice,
sugarcane; self-sufficient in most foods; caloric intake,
2,580 calories per day per capita (1963-64); protein
intake, 70 grams per day per capita (20 grams of
animal origin)
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing,
milling, brewing, textiles, light consumer goods,
cement
Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity (1975); 500
million kWh produced (1975), 200 kWh per capita
Exports: $176.4 million (f.o.b., 1975); meat,
timber, oilseeds, tobacco, cotton, quebracho extract,
hides, yerba mate, coffee
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Imports: $227.3 million (f.o.b., 1975); foodstuffs,
machinery, transport equipment, fuels and lubricants,
textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: 21% Argentina, 11% Brazil,
9% U.S., 9% West Germany, 9% U.K.
Aid: economic assistance-extensions from U.S.
(FY46-75), $96.4 million loans, $73.2 million grants;
from international organizations (FY46-75), $288.7
million; from other Western countries (1960-70),
$21.9 million; military-assistance from U.S. (FY57-
75), $26.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 126 guaranies=US$1
(official rate, June 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,043 km; 437 km standard gage (1.435
m), 136 km meter gage (1.00 m), 470 km various
narrow gage (privately owned)
Highways: 15,900 km; 600 km bituminous treated,
5,000 km otherwise improved, 10,300 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
Ports: 1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river)
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 923 total, 798 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 19
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: local telecom facilities in
Asuncion good, intercity microwave net; 38,400
telephones; 750,000 radio and 60,000 TV receivers; 25
AM, 9 FM stations, and 1 TV station; COMSAT
station under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 637,000; 481,000
fit for military service; average number currently
reaching military age (17) annually, 31,000
LAND
1,284,640 km2 (other estimates range as low as
1,248,380 km2); 2% cropland, 14% meadows and
pastures, 55% forested, 29% urban, waste, other
Land boundaries: 6,131 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 2,414 km
PEOPLE
Population: 16,027,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (7-61 to 6-72)
Nationality: noun-Peruvian; adjective-Peruvian
Ethnic divisions: 46% Indian; 38% mestizo (white-
Indian); 15% white; 1% Negro, Japanese, Chinese
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
Literacy: 45% to 50%
Labor force: 5.0 million (1975); 42.1% agriculture,
17% services, 14% manufacturing, 9% trade, 4%
construction, 4% transportation, 2% mining, 4% other
Organized labor: 37.1 % of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic; under military regime since
October 1968
Capital: Lima
Political subdivisions: 23 departments with limited
autonomy plus constitutional Province of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system; military
government rules by decree and functions under
Revolutionary Statute which supersedes 1933
constitution; legal education at the National
Universities in Lima, Trujillo, Arequipa, and Cuzco;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, legislative, judicial; congress
disbanded after 3 October 1968 ouster of President
Fernando Belaunde Terry
Government leader: President, General Francisco
Morales Bermudez Cerrutti
Suffrage: obligatory for citizens (defined as adult
men and women and married persons over age 18)
until age 60
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: Christian Demo-
cratic Party (PDC), Juan Lituma Portocarrero,
President, supports the government; opposition parties
include the Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando
Belaunde Terry; American Popular Revolutionary
Alliance (APRA), Victor Raul Haya de la Torre; and
Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes
Voting strength (1963 election): 39% AP-PDC,
34% APRA, 25% UNO, 1% Communist, 1% other
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Communists: pro-Soviet (PCP/S) 2,000; pro-
Chinese (2 factions) 1,200
Other political or pressure groups: government-
sponsored social mobilization system (SINAMOS)
which is being restructured; a pro-government
political organization is currently in the formative
stage
Member of: AIOEC, ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO,
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, CIPEC, ICAO,
IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, LAFTA and Andean
Pact, OAS, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $12.7 billion (1975, in current prices), $800
per capita; 75% private consumption, 11% public
consumption, 15 % gross investment; -I% net foreign
balance (1975); real growth rate (1975), 4%
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, potatoes, beans,
rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane; imports-
wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice, corn; caloric intake,
2,300 calories per day per capita (1964)
Fishing: catch 3.1 million metric tons (1975);
exports $203 million (1975)
Major industries: mining of metals, petroleum,
fishing, textiles and clothing, food processing, cement,
auto assembly, steel, ship-building, metal fabrication
Electric power: 2,413,000 kW capacity (1975); 7.7
billion kWh produced (1975), 517 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,378 million (f.o.b., 1975); fish and fish
products, copper, silver, iron, cotton, sugar, lead, zinc,
petroleum, coffee
Imports: $2,491 million (1975); foodstuffs,
machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel
semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports-24% U.S., 19%
Latin America, 17% EC, 11% Japan, 10% U.S.S.R.
(1975); imports-31% U.S., 23% EC, 17% Latin
America, 12% Japan (1974)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$681 million loans, $232 million grants; from
international organizations (FY46-75), $680 million;
from other Western countries (1960-72), $136.1
million; from Communist countries (1969-75), $268
million; military-assistance from U.S. (FY49-75),
$194 million; from Communist countries (1974), $133
million
Budget: (1975) $1.9 billion current revenues, $3.0
billion total expenditures including debt amortization
Monetary conversion rate: 65.74 soles=US$1
(October 1, 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,148 km; 1,776 km standard gage
(1.435 m); 46 km 0.60-meter gage; 326 km 0.914-
meter gage; 14 km double track
Highways: 50,700 km; 5,000 km paved, 10,000 km
gravel or crushed stone, 14,700 km improved earth,
21,000 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable
tributaries of Amazon River system and 208 km Lake
Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 471 km; natural gas and
natural gas liquids, 64 km
Ports: 7 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 305 total, 305 usable; 22 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,660 m, 19 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 49 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most
requirements; new nationwide radio-relay system;
COMSAT ground station; 378,600 telephones; 2.2
million radio and 500,000 TV receivers; 200 AM, 7
FM, and 31 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,461,000;
2,341,000 fit for military service; average number
currently reaching military age (20) annually, 160,000
Military budget: a biennial budget for 1 January
1975 through 31 December 1976, $871 million; about
15.2% of central government biennial budget
LAND
300,440 km2; 53% forested, 30% arable land, 5%
permanent pasture, 12% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 0-300 nm
(under an archipelago theory, waters within straight
lines joining appropriate points of outermost islands
are considered internal waters; waters between these
baselines and the limits described in the Treaty of
Paris, December 10, 1898, the U.S.-Spain Treaty of
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November 7, 1900, and the U.S.-U.K. Treaty of
January 2, 1930 are considered to be the territorial sea)
Coastline: about 22,540 km
PEOPLE
Population: 43,705,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun-Filipino(s); adjective-Philip-
pine
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4%
Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 10% Protestant,
4% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Tagalog (renamed Pilipino) is the
national language of the Philippine Republic; English
is the language of school instruction and government
business
Literacy: about 83%
Labor force: 11 million; 60% agriculture, forestry,
fishing, 12% manufacturing, 10.5% commerce, 10.5%
government and services (business, recreation,
domestic, personal), 3.5% transport, storage,
communication, 3% construction; 0.5% other
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of the Philippines
Type: republic
Capital: Manila
Political subdivisions: 72 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic, and
Anglo-American law; parliamentary constitution
passed 1973; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; legal education at University of the
Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, and 71
other law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations; currently being ruled under
martial law
Branches: new constitution (currently suspended)
provides for unicameral National Assembly, and a
strong executive branch under a Prime Minister;
judicial branch headed by Supreme Court with
descending authority in a Court of Appeals, courts of
First Instance in various provinces, municipal courts
in chartered cities, and justices of the peace in towns
and municipalities; these justices have considerably
more authority than do justices of the peace in the
U. S.
Government leader: President Ferdinand E.
Marcos
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections suspended for the indefinite
future
Political parties and leaders: political parties
currently in limbo because of martial law
Communists: about 1,600 armed insurgents
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo
Plan, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $15.8 billion (1975), $370 per capita; 5.9%
real growth, 1975
Agriculture: main crops-rice, corn, coconut,
sugarcane, bananas, abaca, tobacco
Fishing: catch 1.3 million metric tons (1974)
Major industries: mining, agricultural processing,
textiles, chemicals and chemical products
Electric power: 3,450,000 kW capacity (1975);
12.5 billion kWh produced (1975), 284 kWh per
capita
Exports: $2,275 million (f.o.b., 1975); sugar,
coconut products, logs and lumber, copper
concentrates, abaca
Imports: $3,350 million (f.o.b., 1975); petroleum,
industrial equipment, wheat
Major trade partners: (1975) exports-29% U.S.,
39% Japan; imports-28% Japan, 23% U.S.
Aid: economic-U.S. (FY46-75), $2.27 billion
committed; Japan (CY70-74), $266 million Commit-
ted; IBRD/IDA (CY66-74), $466 committed; mili-
tary-U.S. (FY46-74), $735 million committed
Budget: (FY75-76) revenues $2.1 billion, expend-
itures $2.5 billion, deficit $0.4 billion; 11% military,
84% civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 7.43 pesos=US$1,
August 1976
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,503 km; 2 common-carrier systems
1.067-meter gage totaling about 1,170 km; 19
industrial systems with 4 different gages totaling 2,333
km; 34% government owned
Highways: 99,133 km (1974); 20,293 km paved;
47,836 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil
surface; 31,003 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-
draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 251 km
Ports: 11 major, 100 minor
Civil air: 66 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 332 total, 302 usable; 52 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 34 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,671,000;
6,567,000 fit for military service; about 450,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Supply: limited small arms ammunition, small
patrol craft, and helicopter production; other materiel
obtained almost exclusively from U.S.; naval ships
and equipment from Australia, Japan, Singapore,
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adopted 1952; court system parallels administrative
divisions with Supreme Court, composed of 104
justices, at apex; no judicial review of legislative acts;
legal education at 7 law schools; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative, executive, judicial system
dominated by parallel Communist party apparatus
Government leader: Piotr Jaroszewicz, Premier;
Henryk Jablonski, chairman of Council of State
(President)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: parliamentary and local government
every 4 years
Dominant political party and leader: Polish
United Workers' Party (PZPR) (Communist), Edward
Gierek, First Secretary
Voting strength (1975 election): 99% voted for
Communist-approved single slate
Communists: 2,359,000 party members (October
1975)
Other political or pressure groups: National Unity
Front (FJN), including United Peasant Party (ZSL),
Democratic Party (SD), progovernment pseudo-
Catholic Pax Association and Christian Social
Association, Catholic independent Znak group;
powerful Roman Catholic Church, Stefan Cardinal
Wyszynski, Primate
Member of: CEMA, GATT, ICAO, IHO,
Indochina Truce Commission, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, Korea Truce
Commission, U.N. and all specialized agencies except
IMF and IBRD, Warsaw Pact, WFTU
ECONOMY
GNP: $89.9 billion in 1975, at 1975 prices, $2,640
per capita; 1975 growth rate, 6.4%
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum require-
ments; main crops-grain, sugar beets, oilseeds,
potatoes, exporter of livestock products and sugar;
importer of grains; 3,200 calories per day per capita
(1970)
Fishing: catch 645,500 metric tons (1975)
Major industries: machine building, iron and steel,
extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, and
food processing
Crude steel: 15 million metric tons produced
(1975), about 440 kg. per capita
Electric power: 20,300,000 kW kw. capacity
(1975); 97.1 billion kWh produced (1975), 2,840 kWh
per capita
Exports: $10,289 million (f.o.b., 1975); 41%
machinery and equipment, 39% fuels, raw materials,
and semimanufactures, 10% agricultural and food
products, 9% light industrial products
Imports: $12,545 million (f.o.b., 1975); 41%
machinery and equipment; 42% fuels, raw materials,
U.S., and Italy; aircraft and helicopters from West
Germany and U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1977, $672.9 million; about 18% of central
government budget
POLAND
LAND
312,354 km2; 49% arable, 14% other agricultural,
27% forested, 10% other
Land boundaries: 3,090 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (3 nm
contiguous zone claimed in addition to the territorial
sea) (fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 491 km
PEOPLE
Population: 34,566,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.1% (current)
Nationality: noun-Pole(s); adjective-Polish
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainians,
0.5% Belorussians, less than 0.05% Jews, 0.2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75%
practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox, Protestant,
and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Literacy: about 98%
Labor force: 16.3 million; 38% agriculture, 26%
industry, 36% other non-agricultural
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Polish Peoples Republic (PRL)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 49 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic)
civil law and Communist legal theory; constitution
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and semimanufactures; 11% agricultural and food
products; 4% light industrial products
Major trade partners: $22,736 million (1975); 52%
with Communist countries, 48% with West
Monetary conversion rate: 3.32 zlotys=US$1
(commercial); 19.92 zlotys=US$1 (noncommercial)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
are reported for calendar years except for caloric
intake which is reported for the consumption year, 1
July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 26,597 km; 23,255 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 3,347 km narrow gage; 7,474 km double
track; 5,558 km electrified; government owned (1975)
Highways: 305,863 km; 65,000 km paved; 98,000
km crushed stone, gravel; 142,863 km earth (improved
and unimproved) (1976)
Inland waterways: 5,053 km navigable streams
and canals (1976)
Pipelines: 3,540 km for natural gas; 1,408 km for
crude oil; 322 km for refined products
Freight carried: rail-465 million metric tons,
130.1 billion metric ton/km (1975); highway-1,710
million metric tons, 32.3 billion metric ton/km
(1975); waterway-12.4 million metric tons, 2.3
billion metric ton/km; excl. int'l. transit traffic (1975)
Ports: 4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin,
Swinoujscie), 6 minor (1976)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget announced: for fiscal year ending
31 December 1976, 52.9 billion zlotys; about 7% of
total budget
PORTUGAL
LAND
Metropolitan Portugal: 94,276 km2, including the
Azores and Madeira Islands; 48% arable, 6% meadow
and pasture, 31% forested, 15% waste and urban,
inland water, and other
Land boundaries: 1,207 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 860 km (excludes Azores (708 km) and
Madeira (225 km))
PEOPLE
Population: metropolitan Portugal (including the
Azores and Madeira Islands), 9,587,000 (January
1977), average annual growth rate 1.0% (1-71 to 1-75)
Nationality: noun-Portuguese (sing. & pl.);
adjective-Portuguese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean
stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant
sects, 2% other
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 65% (1973)
Labor force: (1975) 3.1 million; 28% agriculture,
36% industry, 36% services; drastic rise in
unemployment-now more than 15%-due largely to
influx of refugees from former colonies, returning
migrant workers, and military cutbacks
Organized labor: the Communist-dominated
confederation, Intersindical, claims to represent 80%
of the labor force-a greatly exaggerated figure; a
group of "democratic unions" organized in July 1976
to challenge Communist domination of labor unions,
claims to represent 17% of the work force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Portugal
Type: republic, first government under new
constitution formed July 1976; major political parties
and officers of all-military Revolutionary Council
signed document in December 1975 agreeing to
multiparty parliamentary democracy with military
oversight for period of four years following
presidential elections in June 1976
Capital: Lisbon
Political subdivisions: 18 districts in mainland
Portugal and 4 "autonomous districts" in Azores and
Madeira Islands; Macao, Portugal's remaining
overseas territory, was granted broad executive and
legislative autonomy in February 1976; Portugal has
not officially recognized the unilateral annexation of
Portuguese Timor by Indonesia
Legal system: civil law system; new constitution
adopted April 1976; for next four years, legislative
assembly acts to be reviewed for constitutionality by
Revolutionary Council; vetoes of laws by the Council,
through the agency of the presidency, may be
appealed to a Constitutional Commission as a court of
last resort; legal education at Universities of Lisbon
and Coimbra; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
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Branches: executive with President and Prime
Minister, with 18-member Revolutionary Council as
advisory body to the President; popularly elected
Assembly of the Republic; independent judiciary
Government leaders: President Antonio Ramalho
Eanes; Prime Minister Mario Soares
Suffrage: universal over age 18, except for those
barred by law for participation in "undemocratic"
institutions prior to April 25, 1974
Elections: national elections for Assembly of the
Republic to be held every 4 years, last election April
1976; national election for president to be held every 5
years, term of first constitutional president-elected in
June 1976-will end with 4 year transitional period;
local elections to be held every 3 years, local elections
scheduled for December 12, 1976
Political parties and leaders: the Portuguese
Socialist Party (PS) is led by Mario Soares, the Social
Democratic Party (PSD), formerly the Popular
Democratic Party (PPD), by Francisco Sa Carneiro,
the Social Democratic Center (CDS) by Diego Freitas
do Amaral, and the Communist Party by Alvaro
Cunhal
Voting strength: (1976 parliamentary election) the
Socialists polled 35% of the vote; the PSD received
24%, the CDS 16%, and the Communists 15%
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims
membership of approximately 120,000
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO (restricted
membership), IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IOOC, ISO,
ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, NATO,
OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $14.8 billion est. (1975, in 1975 prices); 16%
government consumption, 85% private consumption;
-3% change in stocks, 14% gross fixed investment;
-12% net foreign trade growth rate, 7% average
(1969-73, 1968 base), 2.5% est. (1974), -10% est.
(1975)
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped; main
crops-grains, potatoes, olives, grapes for wine; deficit
foods-sugar, grain, meat, fish, oil seeds; caloric
intake, 2,730 calories per day per capita (1969)
Fishing: landed 427,981 metric tons
Major industries: textiles and footwear; wood
pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining;
chemicals; fish canning; wine
Shortages: coal, petroleum, cotton, steel
Crude steel: 385,000 est. metric tons produced
(1975), 40 kg per capita
Electric power: 3,793,000 kW capacity (1975);
10.4 billion kWh produced (1975), 1,100 kWh per
capita
Exports: $1,931 million (f.o.b., 1975); principal
items-cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned
fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin
Imports: $3,819 million (c.i.f., 1975); principal
items-petroleum, cotton, industrial machinery, iron
and steel, chemicals
Major trade partners: 44% EC (13% U.K., 11% W.
Germany, 7% France, 4% Italy); 11% EFTA, 11%
U.S., 4% Spain, 4% Iraq, 3% Japan, 2% Communist
countries (1975)
Aid: economic-U.S., $290 million (FY49-75);
military-U.S., $346 million (FY1949-75)
Budget: 1975-receipts, $2.28 billion, expendi-
tures, $3.42 billion (converted at 1975 average
exchange rate); 1976-receipts, $2.59 billion,
expenditures, $4.14 billion (converted at 1 es-
cudo = U S$0.0333)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 escudo=US$0.0391
(1975 average); 1 escudo = U S$0.0322 (September 30,
1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,593 km; state-owned Portuguese
Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,807 km 1.665-meter
gage (406 km electrified and 426 km double track),
760 km meter-gage (1.00 m); 26 km 1.665-meter gage
double track, electrified, privately-owned
Highways: 29,600 km; 17,600 km bituminous,
bituminous treatment, concrete and stoneblock;
11,520 km gravel and crushed stone; 480 km
improved earth; plus an additional 16,800 km of
unimproved earth roads (motorable tracks)
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively
unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-
draft craft limited to 297 metric ton cargo capacity
Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km
Ports: 6 major, 34 minor
Civil air: 31 major transport aircraft
Airfields (including Azores and Madeira Islands):
51 total, 47 usable; 30 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 11 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439
m; 6 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: facilities are generally
adequate; 1.11 million telephones; 1.8 million radio
and 770,000 television receivers; 39 AM, 34 FM, and
42 TV stations; 6 submarinne cables (including 2
coaxial); COMSAT station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,400,000;
1,950,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching age (20) annually, about 75,000
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $640.6 million; about 16.4% of
central government budget
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QATAR
LAND
About 10,360 km2; negligible amount forested;
mostly desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 56 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 563 km
PEOPLE
Population: 160,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.3% (current)
Nationality: noun-Qatari(s); adjective-Qatari
Ethnic divisions: 56% Arab; 23% Iranian; 14%
Pakistani; 7% other
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 10%-15%
Labor force: primarily foreign
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Qatar
Type: traditional monarchy; independence
declared in 1971
Capital: Doha
Legal system: discretionary system of law
controlled by the ruler, although new civil codes are
being implemented; Islamic law is significant in
personal matters; a constitution was promulgated in
1970
Government leader: Amir Khalifa ibn Hamad Al-
Thani
Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage laid
down
Elections: constitution calls for elections for part of
State Advisory Council, semi-legislative body, but
none have been held
Political parties and pressure groups: none; a few
small clandestine organizations are active
Branches: Council of Ministers; appointive 30-
member Advisory Council
Member of: Arab League, FAO, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, OAPEC, OPEC, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.8 billion (1975), $9,700 per capita
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale;
commercial fishing increasing in importance; most
food imported; rice and dates staple diet
Major industries: oil production and refining;
crude oil production from onshore and offshore
averaged 520,000 b/d (August 1976); 100% takeover
was announced in October 1976 of the Qatar
Petroleum Company, still netogiating with Qatar
Shell about offshore fields; oil revenues accrued $2
billion in 1976, representing 95% of govern-
ment/royal family income; major development
projects include $7 million harbor at Ad Dawhah,
fertilizer plant, 2 desalting plants, refrigerated storage
for fishing, and a cement plant
Electric power: capacity 200,000 kW (1975); 550
million kWh produced (1975), 2,820 kWh per capita
Exports: crude oil dominates; non-oil exports $34.7
million (1974 est.)
Imports: $402 million (1975)
Aid: aid donor, pledged $450 million 1974,
disbursed $200 million
Budget: (1976) budgeted expenditures $986 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Qatar-Dubai
riyal=US$0.26 (through October 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 805 km; 442 km bituminous; 362 km
gravel; undetermined mileage of earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 169 km; natural gas, 97 km
Ports: 1 major (Ad Dawhah), 1 minor
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface, 1 with runway over 3,660 m
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, registered in
the U.S.
Telecommunications: international telecom traffic
is by tropospheric scatter through Bahrain; fair
domestic facilities; 18,300 telephones; 35,000 radio
and 29,000 TV receivers; 1 AM station, no FM and 1
TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 46,000;
about 26,000 fit for military service
Supply: mostly from U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 24 January
1974, $53,680,900; 18% of central government budget
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REUNION
LAND
2,512 km2; two-thirds of island extremely rugged,
consisting of volcanic mountains; 48,600 hectares (less
than one-fifth of the land) under cultivation
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 201 km
PEOPLE
Population: 502,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.9% (7-69 to 7-73)
Nationality: noun-Reunionnais (sing.
adjective-Reunionnais
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of
thoroughly intermixed ancestry of French, African,
Malagasy, Chinese, and Indian origin
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
Language: French (official), Creole widely used
Literacy: over 80% among younger generation
Labor force: primarily agricultural workers; high
seasonal unemployment
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Overseas Department of Reunion
Type: overseas department of France; represented
in French Parliament by three Deputies and two
Senators
Capital: Saint-Denis
Legal system: French law
Branches: Reunion is administered by a Prefect
appointed by the French Minister of Interior, assisted
by a Secretary-General and an elected 36-man
General Council
Government leader: Prefect Paul Cousseran
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last municipal elections in 1971;
parliamentary election March 1973; some General
Council seats up for election in March 1976
Political parties and leaders: Reunion Communist
Party (RCP) led by Paul Verges, only organized
political movement on island; other political
candidates affiliated with metropolitan French
parties, which do not maintain permanent organiza-
tions on Reunion
Voting strength (parliamentary election 1973):
Union of Democrats for the Republic elected, one
senator and two deputies; Centrist Union, one
deputy; one Senator independent
Communists: Communist Party small-probably
only 15-20 hard-line Communists-but has support
among sugarcane cutters and in Le Port district
Member of: EC, WFTU
ECONOMY
Agriculture: cash crops-almost entirely sugar-
cane, small amounts of vanilla and perfume plants;
food crops-tropical fruit and vegetables, manioc,
bananas, corn, market garden produce, also some tea,
tobacco, and coffee; food crop inadequate, most food
needs imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills, rum
distilling plants, cigarette factory, 2 tea plants, fruit
juice plant, canning factory, a slaughterhouse, and a
number of small shops producing handicraft items
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1975); 185
million kWh produced (1975), 370 kWh per capita
Exports: $62 million (f.o.b., 1975); 90% sugar, 4%
perfume essences, 5% rum and molasses, 1% vanilla
and tea (1974)
Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1975); manufactured
goods, food, beverages, and tobacco, machinery and
transportation equipment, raw materials and
petroleum products
Major trade partners: France (in 1970 supplied
62% of Reunions imports, purchased 76% of its
exports); Mauritius (supplied 12% of imports)
Aid: French economic aid, $43.8 million 1974
Monetary conversion rate: about 224 Com-
munaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as of
January 1976 (floating since February 1973)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,320 km; 1,940 km paved, remainder
gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized earth
Ports: 1 major (Port des Galets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system for size of
island of fairly modern open-wire lines and
radiocommunication stations; principal center Saint-
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Denis; external radiocommunications to Comoro
Islands, France, Madagascar, and Mauritius; 25,400
telephones; 91,000 radio and 36,700 TV receivers; 2
AM, no FM, and 8 TV stations; 1 satellite ground
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: military age males included
with France
RHODESIA
LAND
391,090 km2; 40% arable (of which 6% cultivated);
60% available for extensive cattle grazing; 39%
European alienated lands (farmed by modern
methods), 48% African, 7% national land, 6% not
alienated
Land boundaries: 3,017 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,648,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.5% (1-75 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Rhodesian(s); adjective-
Rhodesian
Ethnic divisions: 95.3% African, 4.2% European,
less than 0.5% Coloreds and Asians
Religion: 51% syncretic (part Christian, part
animist), 24% Christian, 24% animist, a few Muslim
Language: English official; Chishona and
Sindebele also widely used
Literacy: 25%-30%; of whites, nearly 100%
Labor force: (1972) 778,000 Africans (including
some migrants from Zambia and Malawi), 108,000
Europeans, Asians, and coloreds (people of mixed
heritage); 35% agriculture, 25% mining, manufactur-
ing, construction, 40% transport and services
Organized labor: about one-third of European
wage earners are unionized, but only a small minority
of Africans (1966)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Colony of Southern Rhodesia
Type: self-proclaimed independent state since 1965
(not recognized by U.S.); provisional settlement with
U.K. in November 1971 cancelled by U.K. in May
1972 in response to Pearce Commission's conclusion
that its terms were unacceptable to the majority of
black Rhodesians; a conference currently underway in
Geneva is designed to set up a new multiracial interim
government in Rhodesia which is to govern the
country during a transition to black majority rule
Capital: Salisbury
Political subdivisions: 11 magisterial districts
Legal system: Smith government implemented a
republican constitution on 2 March 1970 which
institutionalized white rule
Branches: President Wrathall is ceremonial head of
state; executive council (cabinet) lead by Prime
Minister Smith; National Assembly gives highly
disproportionate representation to white minority-
50 white constituency seats and 16 black constituency
seats
Government leaders: Prime Minister Ian Smith
and President John Wrathall
Suffrage: franchise is based on income, property
holdings, and education; there are separate rolls for
Africans and non-Africans
Elections: must be held every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: Rhodesian Front,
Prime Minister Smith; Rhodesia Party, Tim Gibbs;
Rhodesia National Party, Leonard Idensohn; African
Progressive Party, Chad Chipunza
Voting strength (1974 elections): Rhodesian Front
won all 50 white constituency seats in Parliament in
July 1974 elections
Communists: negligible
Other pressure groups and leaders: black
nationalists are badly divided-Abel Muzorewa and
Joshua Nkomo are leading rival factions of the African
National Council; the Zimbabwe African National
Union is also split between a group heaed by
Ndabaningi Sithole, and a faction whose spokesman is
Robert Mugabe
Member of: ITU
ECONOMY
GDP: $3.0 billion (1974), $490 per capita; real
growth rate, about 1% (1975)
Agriculture: main crops-tobacco, corn, sugar,
cotton; livestock; self-sufficient in foodstuffs except
wheat
Major industries: mining and steel, textiles
Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity (1975); 6.1
billion kWh produced (1975), 900 kWh per capita
Exports: $652 million (f.o.b., 1973), including net
gold sales and reexports; tobacco, asbestos, copper,
meat, chrome, gold, nickel, clothing, sugar
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January 1977
Imports: $541 million (c.i.f., 1973); machinery,
petroleum products, wheat, transport equipment
Major trade partners: South Africa, Portugal, and
Portuguese territories
Aid: no substantial military or economic aid
Budget: FY1976-revenues $678 million, expendi-
tures $895 million, deficit $217 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Rhodesian dol-
lar=US$1,54; 0.649 Rhodesian dollar=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,715 km narrow gage (1.065 m); 44 km
double track
Highways: 78,428 km; 7,995 km paved, 32,855 km
crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil, or improved
earth; 37,578 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 280 km on Lake Kariba
Pipelines: 8 km crude oil
Airfields: 326 total, 322 usable; 15 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,660 m, 1 with runway 2,440 3,659 m, 25 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: system is one of the best in
Africa; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines,
and radiocommunication stations; principal center
Salisbury, secondary center Bulawayo; 171,900
telephones; 250,000 radio and 68,700 TV receivers; 8
AM, no FM and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,463,000;
894,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (18) annually, 65,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1977, $192,000,000; 23.9% of central government
budget
ROMANIA
LAND
237,503 km2; 44% arable, 19% other agriculture,
27% forested, 10% other
Land boundary: 2,969 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 225 km
PEOPLE
Population: 21,555,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.9% (current)
Nationality: noun-Romanian(s); adjective-
Romanian
Ethnic divisions: 87% Romanian, 8% Hungarian,
2% German, 3% other
Religion: 14 million Romanian Orthodox, 1 million
Roman Catholic, 1 million Protestants, 100,000 Jews,
30,000 Muslims
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy: 98%-99% of total population
Labor force: 10.1 million (1974); 40% agriculture,
30% industry, 30% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Socialist Republic of Romania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Political subdivisions: 39 counties and 46
municipalities, including Bucharest that has
administrative status equal to a county
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and
Communist legal theory which increasingly reflects
Romanian traditions; constitution adopted 1965;
legal education at University of Bucharest and two
other law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers; the
Grand National Assembly, under which is Office of
Prosecutor General and Supreme Court; Council of
State
Government leaders: Manea Manescu, President
of the Council of Ministers, head of government;
Nicolae Ceausescu, President of the Socialist
Republic, head of state
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory
Elections: elections in Romania held every 4 years
for the local people's councils and every 5 years for
Grand National Assembly deputies
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of
Romania only functioning party, Nicolae Ceausescu,
Secretary General
Voting strength (1975 election): overall participa-
tion reached 99.96%; of those registered to vote
(14,900,032), 98.8% voted for party candidates
Communists: 2,480,000 party members (December
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Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $51.4 billion (1975, in 1975 prices), $2,420
per capita; real growth rate, 8.7% (1971-75)
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops-corn,
wheat, oilseed; livestock-cattle, hogs, sheep; caloric
intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1967-68)
Fish catch: 129,300 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: machinery, metals, fuels,
chemicals, textiles, food processing, timber processing
Shortages: iron ore, coking coal, metallurgical
coke, cotton fibers, natural rubber
Crude steel: 9.5 million metric tons produced
(1975), 450 kg per capita
Electric power: 11,500,000 kW capacity (1975);
53.7 billion kWh produced (1975), 2,515 kWh per
capita
Exports: $5.3 billion (f.o.b., 1975); 43% fuels, raw
materials, semifinished products; 21 % machinery and
equipment; 20% foodstuffs; and 16% consumer goods
(1974)
Imports: $5.3 billion (mixture f.o.b. and c.i.f.,
1975); 34% machinery and equipment; 54% fuels,
raw materials, semifinished products; 8% foodstuffs;
and 4% consumer goods (1974)
Major trade partners: $10.6 billion in 1975; 58%
non-Communist countries, 42% Communist countries
(1974)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.97 lei= US$1
(commercial) 12 lei=US$1 (tourist)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
reported for calendar years except for caloric intake,
which is reported for consumption year, 1 July - 30
June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 12,012 km; 10,367 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 1,632 km narrow gage, 13 km broad gage;
1,203 km electrified, 1,907 km double track;
government owned (1976)
Highways: 77,249 km; 12,232 km paved; 26,232
km other improved surfaces, 38,785 km earth (1976)
Inland waterways: 2,312 km (1976)
Pipelines: 2,735 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined
products; 5,149 km natural gas
Freight carried: rail-217.3 million metric tons,
54.6 billion metric ton/km (1974); highway-526
million metric tons, 8.3 billion metric ton/km (1974);
waterway-5.8 million metric tons, 2.0 billion metric
ton/km (excl. int'l. transit traffic) (1975)
Ports: major (Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia),
2 minor(1976)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1976, 10.4 billion lei; about 5%
of total budget
RWANDA
LAND
25,900 km2; almost all the arable land, about 1/3
under cultivation, about 1/3 pastureland
Land boundaries: 877 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,397,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (1-70 to 1-75)
Nationality: noun-Rwandan(s); adjective-
Rwandan
Ethnic divisions: 90% Hutu, 9% Tutsi, 1% Twa
(Pygmoid)
Religion: 45% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1%
Muslim, rest animist
Language: Kinyarwanda and French official;
Kiswahili used in commercial centers
Literacy: 10% in French and Kinyarwanda
Labor force: less than 5% in cash economy
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Rwanda
Type: republic, presidential system in which
military leaders hold key offices; 1962 constitution
still in force except for Title V on the National
Assembly
Capital: Kigali
Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdivided
into 142 communes
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil
law systems and customary law; constitution adopted
1962; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President, Committee for Peace and
National Unity (composed of high military
command), and 12-member cabinet
Government leader: General Juvenal Hab-
yarimana, Head of State
Suffrage: universal
Elections: last legislative election September 1969;
none allowed by present government; elections of
Communal Counsellors held November 1974
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Political parties and leaders: National Revo-
lutionary Movement for Development, General
Hybyarimana
Communists: no Communist party; U.S.S.R. and
People's Republic of China have diplomatic missions
in Rwanda
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, FAO, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, OAU, OCAM,
U.N., UNESCO] UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $301 million (1974), $70 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops-mainly coffee, tea,
cotton, some pyrethrum; main food crops-bananas,
cassava; stock raising; self-sufficiency increasing but
country still imports some foodstuffs
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore),
agricultural processing, and light consumer goods
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1975); 35
million kWh produced (1975), 8 kWh per capita
Exports: $37 million (f.o.b., 1974); mainly coffee,
tea, pyrethrum, cassiterite
Imports: $58 million (c.i.f., 1974); textiles,
foodstuffs, machines, equipment
Major trade partners: U.S., Belgium, West
Germany, Kenya
Aid: external aid amounted to $52 million in 1974
with Belgium providing about 30% of this amount,
the European Development Fund 15%, and World
Bank about 15%; other donors include France,
Canada, Germany, U.S., Romania, Yugoslavia,
Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, and PRC
Budget: balanced at $45 million (FY75)
Monetary conversion rate: 92.84 Rwanda
francs = US$1 (official) since January 1974
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 9,120 km; 120 km paved, 3,000 km
gravel and/or improved earth, 6,000 km unimproved
Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by
steamers and barges
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m, 1
with runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph
limited; main center is Kigali; 2,480 telephones;
65,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 981,000; 493,000
fit for military service; no conscription; 40,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1974, $6,522,000; 17.3% of central
government budget
ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS-
ANGUILLA
Caribbean Sea
~ANGUILLA
ST. CHRISTOPHER %
NEVIS
a
LAND
389 km2; 40% arable, 10% pasture, 17% forest, 33%
wasteland and built-on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 193 km
PEOPLE
Population: 70,000 (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 1.2% (4-60 to 4-70)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Nationality: noun-Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s),
Anguillan(s); adjective-Kittsian, Nevisian, An-
guillan
Religion: Church of England, other Protestant
sects, Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 19,616 (1960 est.)
Organized labor: 6,700
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of St. Christopher-Nevis-
Anguilla
Type: dependent territory with full internal
autonomy as a British "Associated State"; Anguilla
formally seceded in May 1967 but has not been
recognized as an independent state by any
government; in July 1968 a legislative council headed
by Ronald Webster was elected to govern Anguilla; in
March 1969 the U.K. sent troops to Anguilla, placing
the island again under colonial rule; in 1971, Anguilla
reverted to its former colonial relationship with the
U.K. although nominally remaining part of the
Associated state of St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla;
Webster became leader of Anguillan Council after
constitutionally held elections (1972); in February
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1976, the U.K. granted a new constitution to Anguilla
which changed its status to that of a crown colony
Capital: Basseterre
Political subdivisions: 10 districts
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution of 1960; highest judicial organ is Court of
Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, 10-member popularly elected
House of Assembly; executive, cabinet headed by
Premier
Government leaders: Premier, Robert L. Brad-
shaw; U.K. Governor, Probyn Inniss
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every 5 years; most recent 10
May 1971
Political parties and leaders: St. Christopher-
Nevis-Anguilla Labor Party, Robert L. Bradshaw;
People's Action Movement (PAM), William Herbert;
Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Ivor Stevens
Voting strength (May 1971 election): St.
Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla Labor Party won 7 seats
in the House of Assembly, PAM won 1, NRP won 1,
and 1 seat remains open for Anguilla which did not
participate in the election
Communists: none known
Member of: CARICOM, ISO
ECONOMY
GDP: $14.7 million (1970), $210 per capita
Agriculture: main crops-sugar on St. Christopher,
cotton on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, salt extraction
Electric power: 14,500 kW capacity (1975); 32
million kWh produced (1975), 550 kWh per capita
Exports: $6.8 million (f.o.b,, 1973); sugar,
molasses, cotton, salt, copra
Imports: $12.0 million (c.i.f., 1973); foodstuffs,
fuel, manufactures
Major trade partners: exports-50% U.S., 35%
U.K.; imports-21% U.K., 17% Japan, 11% U.S.
(1973)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean
dollars=US$1 (July 1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 57 km, narrow gage (0.760 m) on St.
Kitts for sugar cane
Highways: 300 km; 100 km paved, 150 km
otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved earth
Ports: 3 minor (1 on each island)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 3 with permanent
surface runways; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m; 1
seaplane station
Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF
radio connections and international link via Antigua;
about 1,900 telephones; 10,000 radio and 1,600 TV
receivers; 3 AM and 5 TV stations
ST. LUCIA
LAND
616 km2; 50% arable, 3% pasture, 19% forest, 5%
unused but potentially productive, 23% wasteland
and built-on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 158 km
PEOPLE
Population: 110,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.5% (4-60 to 4-70)
Nationality: noun-St. Lucian(s); adjective-St.
Lucian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English, French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 38,000 (1969); 50% agriculture;
30%-35% unemployment (1975)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of St. Lucia
Type: dependent territory with full internal
autonomy as a British "Associated State"
Capital: Castries
Political subdivisions: 16 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of
Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, 17-member popularly elected
House of Assembly; executive, cabinet headed by
Premier
Government leaders: Premier John Compton;
U.K. Governor Sir Allen Lewis
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every 5 years; most recent May 1974
Political parties and leaders: United Worker's
Party (UWP), John Compton; St. Lucia Labor Party
(SLP), Allan Louisy
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Voting strength (1974 election): UWP (53%) won
10 of the 17 elected seats in House of Assembly; SLP
(45%) won 7 seats; independents (2%) no seats
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY
GDP: $33.2 million (1973 est.), $300 per capita;
real growth rate 1973, negligible
Agriculture: main crops-bananas, copra, sugar,
cocoa, spices
Major industries: tourism, lime processing
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Electric power: 14,000 kW capacity (1975); 40
million kWh produced (1975), 400 kWh per capita
Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1975); sugar, bananas,
cocoa
Imports: $49 million (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs,
machinery and equipment, fertilizers, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: 51% U.K., 9% Canada, 17%
U.S. (1970)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean
dollars=US$1 (July 1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 670 km; 280 km paved; 390 km
otherwise improved
Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable, 2 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with
runway 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone
system with 6,980 telephones; direct radio-relay link
with Martinique; interisland tropospheric links to
Barbados and Antigua; 86,500 radio and 600 TV
receivers; 3 AM stations, 1 TV station
ST. VINCENT
LAND
389 km2 (including northern Grenadines); 50%
arable, 3% pasture, 44% forest, 3% wasteland and
built-on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 84 km
PEOPLE
Population: 96,000 (January 1977), average annual
growth rate 1.1% (4-60 to 4-70)
Nationality: noun-St. Vincentian(s) or Vin-
centian(s); adjective-St. Vincentian or Vincentian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent;
remainder mixed with some white and East Indian
and Carib Indian
Religion: Church of England, Methodist, Roman
Catholic
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 50,000 (1972 est.); about 60%
unemployed
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of St. Vincent
Type: dependent territory with full internal
autonomy as a British "Associated State"
Capital: Kingstown
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of
Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Government leader: Premier R. Milton Cato;
Governor General (U.K.) Sir Rupert G. John
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage (18 years old and
over)
Elections: every 5 years; most recent December 9,
1974
Political parties and leaders: People's Political
Party (PPP), Ebenezer Joshua; St. Vincent Labor
Party (LP), R. Milton Cato; Democratic Freedom
Movement, Parnell Campbell and Kenneth John
Voting strength (1974 election) : LP 10 seats, PPP 2
seats, independent 1 seat in the Legislature
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY
GDP: $20 million (1971 est.), $200 per capita; 6.9%
growth in 1971
Agriculture: main crops-bananas, arrowroot,
coconut
Major industries: food processing
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Electric power: 6,500 kW capacity (1975); 18
million kWh produced (1975), 180 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.7 million (f.o.b., 1973); bananas,
arrowroot, copra
Imports: $18.6 million (c.i.f., 1973); fertilizer,
flour, transportation equipment, lumber, textiles
Major trade partners: exports-61% U.K., 30%
CARICOM, 9% U.S.; imports-29% CARICOM,
28% U.K., 9% Canada, 9% U.S. (1972)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean
dollars=US$1 (July 1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,750 km; 600 km paved; 1,000
km otherwise improved; 150 km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent
surface runways, 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic
telephone system with 5,130 instruments; VHF/UHF
interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines;
10,000 radio and 600 TV receivers; 2 AM stations
SAN MARINO
LAND
62 km2; 74% cultivated, 22% meadows and
pastures, 4% built-on
Land boundaries: 34 km
PEOPLE
Population: 20,000 (official estimate for 30 June
1975)
Nationality: noun-Sanmarinese (sing. &
adjective'-Sanmarinese
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Literacy: illiteracy relatively insignificant
Labor force: approx. 4,300
Organized labor: General Democratic Federation
of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has
about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated
Camera del Lavoro, about 1,000 members
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic (dates from 4th century A.D.); in
1862 the Kingdom of Italy concluded a treaty
guaranteeing the independence of San Marino;
although legally sovereign, San Marino is vulnerable
to pressure from the Italian Government
Capital: San Marino
Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided into 9
castelli; Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova,
Dogmanano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino,
San Marino, Serravalle
Legal system: based on civil law system with
Italian law influences; electoral law of 1926 serves
some of the functions of a constitution; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: the Grand and General Council is the
legislative body elected by popular vote; its 60
members serve 5-year terms; Council in turn elects
two Captains-Regent who exercise executive power for
term of 6 months, the Council of State whose
members head government administrative depart-
ments and the Council of Twelve, the supreme
judicial body; actual executive power is wielded by
the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the
Secretary of State for. Internal Affairs
Government leaders: Secretary of State for Foreign
and Political Affairs and for Information, Giancarlo
Ghironzi (Christian Democratic party); Secretary of
State for Internal Affairs and Justice, Clara Boscaglia
(Christian Democratic party); Secretary of State for
Budget, Finance, and Planning, Remy Giacomini
(Socialist Party)
Suffrage: universal (since 1960)
Elections: elections to the Grand and General
Council required at least every 5 years; next elections
1979
Political parties and leaders: Christian Demo-
cratic party (DCS), Gian Luigi Berti; Social
Democratic Party (PSDSM), Alvaro Casali; Socialist
Party (PSS), Remy Giacomini; Communist Party
(PCS), Umberto Barulli; People's Democratic Party
(PDP), leader unknown; Committee for the Defense
of the Republic (CDR), leader unknown
Voting strength (1974 election): 39.6% DCS,
23.7% PCS, 15.4% PSDIS, 13.9% PSS, 1.9% PDP,
2.9% CDR
Communists: approx. 300 members (number of
sympathizers cannot be determined); PSS, in
government with Christian Democrats since March
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January 1977
1973, formed a government with the PCS from the
end of World War II to 1957
Other political parties or pressure groups:
political parties influenced by policies of their
counterparts in Italy, the two Socialist parties are not
united
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for
Unification of Private Law, International Relief
Union, IRC, UPU, WFTU
ECONOMY
Principal economic activities of San Marino are
farming, livestock raising, light manufacturing, and
tourism; the government's total budget for FY71 was
about $12 million, with the largest share of revenue
derived from the sale of postage stamps throughout
the world and from payments by the Italian
government in exchange for Italy's monopoly in
retailing tobacco, gasoline, and a few other goods;
main problem is finding an additional $3 million to
finance badly needed water and electric power
systems expansions
Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (average
annual output about 4,400 metric tons/year) and
grapes (average annual output about 700 metric
tons/year); other grains, fruits, vegetables, and animal
feedstuffs are also grown; livestock population
numbers roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese
and hides are most important livestock products
Electric power: obtained from Italy, 1975
Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton textile
production at Serravalle, brick and tile production at
Dogane, cement production at Acquaviva, Dogane,
and Fiorentino, and pottery production at Borgo
Maggiore; some tanned hides, paper, candy, baked
goods, Moscato wine, and gold and silver souvenirs
are also produced
Foreign transactions: dominated by tourism; in
summer months 20,000 to 30,000 foreigners visit San
Marino every day; a number of hotels and restaurants
have been built in recent years to accommodate them;
remittances from Sanmarinese abroad also represent
an important net foreign inflow; commodity trade
consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime,
wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides,
and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
manufactures
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 104 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system
serving 5,370 telephones; no radiobroadcasting or
television facilities, 4,400 radio and 3,300 TV receivers
(Italian broadcasts)
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
SAO TOME
AND
PRINCIPE
Sao Tom4*
LAND
964 km2 (Sao Tome, 855 km2 and Principe, 109
km2; including small islets of Pedras Tinhosas)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 6 nm (fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: estimated 209 km
PEOPLE
Population: 75,000 (official estimate for 1 July
1972)
Nationality: noun-Sao Tomean(s); adjective-
Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions: native Sao Tomeans, migrant
Cape Verdians, Portuguese
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant,
Seventh Day Adventist
Language: Portuguese official
Literacy: estimated at 5%-10%
Labor force: most of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture and fishing; nearly half the
island's work force, about 10,000 people, are
unemployed, the other half work on cocoa plantations
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome
and Principe
Type: republic established when independence
received from Portugal on July 1975; constitution
adopted December 1975
Capital: Sao Tome
Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and
customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: Da Costa heads the government assisted
by a cabinet of ministers
Government leader: President Manuel Pinto Da
Costa, Prime Minister Miguel Anjos da Cuna Lisboa
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Suffrage: universal for age 18 and over
Elections: elections were held July 1975 for the
President
Political parties and leaders: Movement for the
Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP),
Secretary-General Manuel Pinto Da Costa
Communists: no Communist party, probably a few
Communist sympathizers
Member of: OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GNP: $20 million (1975 estimate); per capita
income $250 (1975 est.)
Agriculture: cash crops-cocoa, copra, coconut,
coffee, palm oil, bananas
Major industries: food processing on small scale,
timber
Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1975); 5
million kWh produced (1975), 65 kWh per capita
Exports: $13 million (f.o.b., 1973); mainly cocoa
(70%), copra (12%), coconut, coffee, palm oil
Imports: $10 million (c.i.f., 1973); communications
equipment, light and heavy vehicles, food products,
beverages, fuels and lubricants
Major trade partners: main partner, Portugal;
followed by Netherlands, West Germany, African
neighbors
Aid: Portugal remains principal aid donor;
however, the PRC and UNDP have established
substantial programs of technical assistance and the
Romanians and Cubans have somewhat smaller
programs; the U.S. is providing some training for Sao
Tomeans under regional AID programs
Budget: total expenditures $6.4 million (1970);
balance on ordinary budget $0.7 million (1970)
Monetary conversion rate: 27.40 escudos=US$1
(January 1976)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Ports: 1 major (Sao Tome)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 2 permanent surface
runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal system; 657
telephones; 10,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, 1 FM, and
no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
A company of 150 local troops has been formed into
a fledgling army.
LAND
Estimated at about 2,331,000 km2 (boundaries
undefined and disputed); 1% agricultural, 1%
forested, 98% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 4,537 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus
6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 2,510 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,517,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.1% (current)
Nationality: noun-Saudi(s); adjective-Saudi
Arabian or Saudi
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian (est.)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: about 30% of population; 40%
agriculture and herding, 12% construction, 12%
service, 12% government, 11% commerce, 13% other
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh; foreign ministry and foreign
diplomatic representatives located in Jiddah
Political subdivisions: 18 amirates
Legal system: largely based on Islamic law, several
secular codes have been introduced; commercial
disputes handled by special committees; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: King Khalid (Al Saud, Khalid ibn Abd
al-Aziz) rules in consultation with royal family
(especially Crown Prince Fahd), and Council of
Ministers
Government leader: King Khalid
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITU, IWC-International
Wheat Council, OAPEC, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $31 billion (1975 est., 1975 prices), $5,530
per capita; annual growth in real GNP approx. 15%
(1973/75 average, non-oil)
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Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-
sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum production 8.8 million
b/d (August 1976); payments to Saudi Arabian
Government, $28.5 billion (1975 est.); cement
production and small steel-rolling mill and oil
refinery; several other light industries, including
factories producing detergents, plastic products,
furniture, etc.; PETROMIN, a semipublic agency
associated with the Ministry of Petroleum, has
recently completed a major fertilizer plant
Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity (1975); 3
billion kWh produced (1975), 210 kWh per capita
Exports: $28.6 billion (f.o.b., 1975 est.); 99%
petroleum and petroleum products
Imports: $6.5 billion (f.o.b., 1975 est.); manufac-
tured goods, transportation equipment, construction
materials, and processed food products
Major trade partners: exports-U.S., Western
Europe, Japan; imports-U.S., Japan, West Germany
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Saudi riyal = US$0.28
as of February 1976 (linked to SDR, freely
convertible)
Fiscal year: follows Islamic year; the 1973-74
Saudi fiscal year covers the period 30 July 1973
through 1 July 1974
LAND
196,840 km2; 13% forested, 40% agricultural (12%
cultivated), 47% built-up areas, waste, etc.
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 150 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 531 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,174,000 (January 1977), average
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 575 km standard gage (1.435 m)
Highways: 17,850 km; 10,750 km bituminous,
7,100 km gravel and improved earth, undetermined
kilometers of earth roads and tracks
Pipelines: 2,430 km crude oil; 386 km refined
products; 98 km natural gas
Ports: 3 major (Jidda, Ad Damman, Ras Tanura), 6
minor
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 107 total, 84 usable; 24 with permanent-
surface runways; 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 39
with runways 1,220-2,439 m, 3 with runways over
3,660 m
Telecommunications: excellent international tele-
communications; fair domestic service; 84,650
telephones; 255,000 radio and 150,000 TV receivers; 4
AM, 1 FM, and 11 TV stations; 2 submarine cables; 2
satellite ground stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,485,000;
821,000 fit for military service; about 64,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending I July 1976,
$7,460,820,900; about 23.7% of central government
budget
annual growth rate 2.5% (current)
Nationality: noun-Senegalese (sing.
adjective-Senegalese
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17.5% Fulani, 16.5%
Serer, 9% Tukulor, 9% Dyola, 6.5% Malinke, 4.5%
other African, 1% Europeans and Lebanese
Religion: 80% Muslim, 15% animist, 5% Christian
(mostly Roman Catholic)
Language: French official, but regular use limited
to literate minority; most Senegalese speak own tribal
language; use of Wolof vernacular spreading-now
spoken to some degree by nearly half the population
Literacy: 5%-10% (est.) in 14 plus age group
Labor force: 1,732,000; about 80% subsistence
agricultural workers; about 125,000 wage earners
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force
represented by unions; however, dues-paying
membership very limited
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic
Capital: Dakar
Political subdivisions: 7 regions, each subdivided
into 18 departments, 90 districts, and 34 communes
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Legal system: based on French civil law system;
constitution adopted 1960, revised 1963 and 1970;
judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court
(which also audits the government's accounting
office); legal education at University of Dakar; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: government dominated by President
who is assisted by Prime Minister, appointed by
President and subject to dismissal by President or
censure by National Assembly; 80-member National
Assembly, elected for 5 years (effective 1973);
President elected for 5-year term (effective 1973) by
universal suffrage; judiciary headed by Supreme
Court, with members appointed by President
Government leaders: Leopold Sedar Senghor,
President; Abdou Diouf, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: uncontested presidential and legislative
elections held February 1973 for 5-year term
Political parties and leaders: Union Progressiste
Senegalaise (UPS), ruling party led by President
Leopold Senghor; Parti Democratique Senegalaise
(PDS), legal "liberal democratic" party founded July
1974, and illegal parties include Communist-backed
"Marxist-Leninist" African Independence Party
legalized in August 1976 and Parti Communiste
Senegalais (PCS), a splinter group
Communists: a few Communists and sympa-
thizers; PAI is pro-Moscow; PCS in pro-Peking
Other political or pressure groups: labor unions
are controlled by party; students and teachers
occasionally strike
Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
OAU, OCAM, OMVS (Organization for the
Development of the Senegal River Valley), U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1.3 billion (1975 est.), $300 per capita; real
growth rate probably zero or negative since 1972
(1966-71)
Agriculture: main crops-peanuts, millet, sor-
ghum, manioc, rice; peanuts primary cash crop;
production of food crops increasing but still
insufficient for domestic requirements
Fishing: catch 357,030 metric tons (1974); exports
$21.7 million (1974)
Major industries: fishing, agricultural processing
plants, light manufacturing, mining
Electric power: 135,000 kW capacity (1975); 355
million kWh produced (1975), 80 kWh per capita
Exports: $340 million (f.o.b., 1975); approx. 35%
peanuts and peanut products; phosphate rock;
canned fish
Imports: $574 million (f.o.b., 1975); food,
consumer goods, machinery, transport equipment
Major trade partners: France, EC (other than
France), and franc zone
Aid: economic-France (1966-70), $115 million;
China (1975), $51.8 million; U.S. (FY61-75), $71
million; U.S.S.R., $7.6 million; EC (1961-73), $154
million; military-U.S. (FY61-75), $2.8 million
Budget: 1976-balanced at $535.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: francs; about 248.22
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs =US$1 as of
August 1976, floating
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,030 km meter gage (1.00 m); 64 km
double track
Highways: 13,330 km; 2,586 km bituminous, 456
km gravel, 10,288 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 1,505 km
Ports: 1 major (Dakar), 2 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 11 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 19
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: relatively advanced for
Africa; 36,400 telephones; 287,000 radio receivers;
1,800 TV receivers; 3 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV
station; 3 submarine cables; satellite ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 989,000;
512,000 fit for military service; 52,000 reach military
age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1976, $43,625,302; about 7.8% of central government
budget
LAND
404 km2; 54% arable land, nearly all of it is under
cultivation, 17% wood and forest land, 29% other
(mainly reefs and other surfaces unsuited for
agriculture); 40 granitic and 43 coral islands
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 491 km (Mahe Island 93 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 60,000, average annual growth rate
2.2% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Seychellois (sing. & pl.);
adjective-Seychelles
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SEYCHELLES/ SIERRA LEONE
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (admixture of Asians,
Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic
Language: English official; Creole most widely
spoken
Literacy: limited
Labor force: 22,000 agriculture
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Seychelles
Type: republic; member of the Commonwealth
Capital: Victoria, Mahe Island
Legal system: based on English common law,
French civil law system, and customary law
Branches: President, Council of Ministers,
Legislative Assembly
Government leaders: President, James Mancham;
Prime Minister, France Albert Rene
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: April 1974, held every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: Seychelles Demo-
cratic Party (SDP), James R. Mancham, President;
Seychelles Peoples United Party (SPUP), France
Albert Rene, President
Voting strength: SDP won 13 seats in Legislative
Assembly with 52.4% popular vote in 1974 election;
SPUP won 2 seats with 47.6% of votes; under
agreement reached in March 1975, each party named
five new members to the legislature
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions
which are appendages of political parties
Member of: OAU, WCL
ECONOMY
Agriculture: islands depend largely on coconut
production and export of copra; cinnamon, vanilla,
and patchouli (used for perfumes) are other cash
crops; food crops-small quantities of sweet potatoes,
cassava, sugarcane, and bananas; islands not self-
sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the supply
must be imported
Major industries: processing of coconut and
vanilla, fishing, small-scale manufacture of consumer
goods, coir rope factory, tea factory
Electric power: 10,880 kW capacity (1975); 5
million kWh produced (1975), 85 kWh per capita
Exports: $6 million (f.o.b., 1975); cinnamon (bark
and oil) and vanilla account for almost 50% of the
total, copra accounts for about 40%, the remainder
consisting of patchouli, fish, and guano
Imports: $33 million (c.i.f., 1975); food, tobacco,
and beverages account for about 40% of imports,
manufactured goods about 25%, machinery and
transport equipment, petroleum products, textiles
Major trade partners: exports-India, U.S.;
imports-U.K., Burma, India, South Africa, Kenya,
Australia
Aid: $32 million in aid during 1974-76 from U.K.;
US (FY53-75) $0.7 million
Budget: FY75-revenues $14.5 million, expendi-
tures $18 million
Monetary conversion rate: 5.4 Seychelles
rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 199 km; 143 km bituminous, 56 km
crushed stone or earth
Ports: 1 small port (Victoria)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable on (Praslin Island,
Astove Island, Bird Island, Mahe Island)1 permanent
surface 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: direct radiocommunications
with adjacent islands and African coastal countries;
2,860 telephones; 16,000 radio, and no TV sets; 2 AM,
no FM, and no TV stations; submarine cables to
Aden, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,000; 7,000 fit
for military service
SIERRA LEONE
LAND
72,261 km2; 65% arable (6% of total land area
under cultivation), 27% pasture, 4% swampland, 4%
forested
Land boundaries: 933 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 402 km
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PEOPLE
Population: 2,810,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.5% (7-73 to 7-74)
Nationality: noun-Sierra Leonean(s); adjective-
Sierra Leonean
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, rest
European and Asian; 13 tribes
Religion: 70% animist, 25% Muslim, 5% Christian
Language: English official, but regular use limited
to literate minority; principal vernaculars are Mende
in south and Temne in north; "Krio," the language of
the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area,
is used as a lingua franca
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of population
engages in subsistence agriculture; only small
minority, some 70,000, earn wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime since
April 1971
Capital: Freetown
Political subdivisions: 3 provinces; divided into 12
districts with 146 chiefdoms, where paramount chief
and council of elders constitute basic unit of
government; plus western area, which comprises
Freetown and other coastal areas of the former colony
Legal system: based on English law and customary
laws indigenous to local tribes; constitution adopted
April 1971; highest court of appeal is the Sierra Leone
Court of Appeals; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President; parliament consists of 100 authorized seats,
85 of which are filled by elected representatives of
constituencies and 12 by Paramount Chiefs elected by
fellow Paramount Chiefs in each district; President
authorized to appoint three members, of which two,
currently, are filled by the heads of the Army and the
Police independent judiciary
Government leader: Siaka Stevens, President,
heads APC government composed of members of his
political party
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: the maximum life of an elected
parliament is 5 years, but it may be dissolved earlier
by the President; parliamentary election held in May
1973; President is elected by parliament for 5 year
term; next presidential election 1981
Political parties and leaders: All People's Congress
(APC), headed by Stevens; Sierra Leone People's
Party (SLPP) is the opposition party
Communists: no party, although there are a few
Communists and a slightly larger number of
sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, AIOEC, Commonwealth,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $493 million (1974), $180 per capita; growth
rate 22% (1973-74)
Agriculture: main crops-palm kernels, coffee,
cocoa, rice, yams, millet, ginger, cassava; much of
cultivated land devoted to subsistence farming; food
crops insufficient for domestic consumption
Fishing: catch 51,300 metric tons (1974); imports
$3.1 million (1973)
Major industries: mining-diamonds, iron ore,
bauxite, rutile; manufacturing-beverages, textiles,
cigarettes, construction goods; 1 oil refinery
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1975); 235
million kWh produced (1975), 85 kWh per capita
Exports: $138 million (f.o.b., 1975); diamonds, iron
ore, palm kernels, cocoa, coffee
Imports: $185 million est. (f.o.b., 1975 est,);
machinery and transportation equipment, manu-
factured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.K., EC, Japan, U.S.,
Communist countries
Budget: (FY75) current revenues $106 million,
current expenditures $106 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 leone=US$1.12
(August 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: about 96 km narrow gage (1.067 m)
privately owned mineral line operated by the Sierra
Leone Development Company
Highways: 7,076 km; 1,148 km bituminous
(including some bituminous treatment), 2,096 km
laterite (some gravel), and 3,832 km earth
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Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable
year-round
Ports: 1 major (Freetown), 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 6 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph are
adequate; 10,300 telephones; 62,000 radio and 6,000
TV receivers; 1 AM station, no FM, and 1 TV station;
3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 649,000; 312,000
fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for year ending 30 June 1975,
$9,548,203; 6.97% of central government budget
SINGAPORE
LAND
583 km2; 31% built up area, roads, railroads, and
airfields, 22% agricultural, 47% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 193 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,297,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.4% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Singaporean(s); adjective-
Singapore
Ethnic divisions: 76.2% Chinese, 15% Malay, 7%
Indians and Pakistani, 1.8% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or
atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim; minorities include
Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists
Language: national language is Malay; Chinese,
Malay, Tamil, and English are official languages
Literacy: 70% (1970)
Labor force: 474,718; 0.5% agriculture, forestry,
and fishing, 0,4% mining and quarrying, 32.2%
manufacturing, 30.4% services, 5.2% construction,
21.5% commerce, 9.8% transport, storage, and
communications
Organized labor: 24% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth since
separation from Malaysia in August 1965
Capital: Singapore
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution based on preindependence State of
Singapore constitution; legal education at University
of Singapore; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: ceremonial President; executive power
exercised by Prime Minister and cabinet responsible to
unitary legislature
Government leaders: President, Dr, Benjamin
Sheares; Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew
Suffrage: universal over age 20; voting compulsory
Elections: normally every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: government-
People's Action Party (PAP), Lee Kuan Yew;
opposition-Barisan Sosialis Party (BSP), Dr. Lee Siew
Choh; Workers' Party, J.B. Jeyaretnam; Communist
Party illegal
Voting strength (1972 election): PAP won all 65
seats in parliament and received 70% of vote;
remaining 30% to four opposition parties
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis Party
infiltrated by Communists
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Colombo
Plan, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $5.62 billion (1975), $2,500 per capita;
10.7% average annual real growth (1966-75), 4.1%
(1975)
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor
importance in the economy, self-sufficient in pork,
poultry, and eggs, must import much of its other food
requirements; major crops-rubber, copra, fruit and
vegetables
Fishing: catch 19,236 metric tons (1974), imports-
41,300 metric tons (1973)
Major industries: petroleum refining, oil drilling
equipment, rubber processing and rubber products,
processed food and beverages, electronics, ship repair,
entrepot trade, financial services
Electric power: 1,109,000 kW capacity (1975); 4.2
billion kWh produced (1975), 1,894 kWh per capita
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Exports: $5.3 billion (f.o.b., 1975); 40% reexports;
petroleum products, rubber, manufactured goods
Imports: $8.1 billion (c.i.f., 1975); 18% goods
reexported; major retained imports-capital equip-
ment, manufactured goods, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-Malaysia, U.S.,
Japan, U.K., Indonesia; imports-Japan, Malaysia,
U.S., U.K.
Aid: U.K.-(1960 - September 1969) $254 million
disbursed, (1969-73) $120 million extended; IBRD-
(1963-74) $143 million committed, $61 million
disbursed; U.S.-(FY53-74) $102 million committed
Budget: (FY76/77) revenues $1.3 billion, expend-
itures $2.1 billion, deficit $800 million; 25% military,
75% civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 2.46 Singapore
dollars=US$1 (August 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 38 km of meter gage
Highways: 2,200 km (1975); 1,700 km paved, 500
km crushed stone or improved earth
Ports: 3 major
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic facilities;
good international service; good radio and television
broadcast coverage; 280,000 telephones; 356,000
radio and 269,000 TV sets; 2 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV
stations; SEACOM submarine cable extends to Hong
Kong via Sabah, Malaysia; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 628,000; 447,000
fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March
1977, $389.5 million; about 18.5% of central
government budget
LAND
637,140 km2; 13% arable (0.3% cultivated), 32%
grazing, 14% scrub and forest, 41% mainly desert,
urban, or other
Land boundaries: 2,263 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 3,025 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,265,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (7-65 to 7-72)
Nationality: noun-Somali(s); adjective-Somali
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hamitic, rest mainly Bantu;
30,000 Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800 Asians
Religion: almost entirely Muslim
Language: Somali (written form recently instituted
by government); Arabic, Italian, English
Literacy: under 5%
Labor force: 965,000 (1968 est.); very few are
skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomads, 30%
agriculturists, government employees, traders,
fishermen, handicraftsmen, other
Organized labor: law providing for government-
controlled labor union promulgated in June 1971, but
union so far not established
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Somali Democratic Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Mogadiscio
Political subdivisions: 16 regions, 60 districts
Organization: the Somali Socialist Revolutionary
Party, created on July 1, 1976, has become the new
executive body in the country; party has 74-man
central committee and 5-man politburo headed by
President Siad
Government leader: President and Prime Minister,
Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre
Communists: possibly some Communist sympa-
thizers in the government hierarchy
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, FAO, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $220 million (1973 est.), $70 per capita
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country; main
crops-bananas, sugarcane, cotton, cereals; livestock
Major industries: a few small industries, including
a sugar refinery, tuna and beef canneries, iron rod
plant
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January 1977
Electric power: 18,000 kW capacity (1975); 45
million kWh produced (1975), 15 kWh per capita
Exports: $62 million (f.o.b., 1974); bananas,
livestock, hides, skins
Imports: $129 million (c.i.f., 1974); textiles, cereals,
transport equipment, machinery, construction
equipment
Major trade partners: Italy and Arab countries;
$29 million imports from Communist countries (1973
est. )
Monetary conversion rate: 6.295 Somali shil-
lings = US$1
Fiscal year: 1 January - 31 December
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 13,541 km; 936 km paved, 770 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, 11,835 km
improved or unimproved earth
Ports: 3 major (Mogadiscio, Berbera, Chisimaio)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 56 total, 42 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 2 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m; 14 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone poor, telegraph
fair; 4,740 telephones; 68,000 radio receivers; 2 AM,
no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 768,000; 424,000
fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1972, 19,400,000; 25.3% of central
government budget
SOUTH AFRICA
NOTE: separate data on Transkei follows last entry
for South Africa
LAND
1,222,480 km2; (includes enclave of Walvis Bay,
1,124 km2); 12% cultivable, 2% forested, 86% desert,
waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 2,044 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 2,881 km
PEOPLE
Population: 26,493,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.7% (7-65 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-South African(s); adjective-
South African
AFKA BOTSWANtk
SOUTH LE
AFRICA
SOUTHERN
RHODESIA
MOXAtI, IUUE
Pretoria
SWAZILA
ilaiiskei
Ethnic divisions: 17.8% white, 69.9% African,
9.4% Colored, 2.9% Asian
Religion: primarily Christian except Asian and
African; 60% of Africans are animists
Language: Afrikaans and English official, Africans
have many vernacular languages
Literacy: almost all white population literate;
government estimates 35% of Africans literate
Labor force: 8.7 million (total of economically
active, 1970); 53% agriculture, 8% manufacturing,
7% mining, 5% commerce, 27% miscellaneous services
Organized labor: about 7% of total labor force is
unionized (mostly white workers); nonwhites have no
bargaining power
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of South Africa
Type: republic
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape
Town; judicial, Bloemfontein
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each headed by
centrally appointed administrator; provincial
councils, elected by white electorate, retain limited
powers
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and
English common law; constitution enacted 1961,
changing the Union of South Africa into a Republic;
possibility of judicial review of Acts of Parliament
concerning dual official languages; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President as formal chief of state; Prime
Minister as head of government; Cabinet responsible
to bicameral legislature; lower house elected directly
by white electorate; upper house indirectly elected
and appointed; judiciary maintains substantial
independence of government influence
Government leader: Prime Minister Balthazar
Johannes Vorster
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites over 18
(17 in Natal Province)
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Elections: must be held at least every 5 years; last
elections April 1974
Political parties and leaders: National Party, B. J.
Vorster, P. W. Botha, C. Mulder, M. C. Botha, Jan De
Klerk; United Party, Sir De Villiers Graaff;
Progressive-Reform Party, Colin Eglin, Harry
Schwarz, Helen Suzman; Herstigte Nasionale party,
Albert Hertzog
Voting strength: (1974 general elections) parlia-
mentary seats: 122 National Party, 41 United Party, 6
Progressive Party
Communists: small Communist Party illegal since
1950; party in exile maintains headquarters in
London; Dr. Yasuf Dadoo, Moses Kotane, Joe Slovo
Other political groups: (insurgent groups in exile)
African National Congress (ANC), Oliver Tambo;
Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), leadership in dispute
Member of: GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, IHO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC-International Whaling
Commission, IWC-International Wheat Council, -
U.N., UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $29.6 billion (1975), $1,190 per capita; real
growth rate 2.2% (1975)
Agriculture: main crops-corn, wool, wheat,
sugarcane, tobacco, citrus fruits; dairy products; self-
sufficient in foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 1.4 million metric tons (1974)
Major industries: mining, automobile assembly,
metalworking, machinery, textiles, iron and steel,
chemical, fertilizer, fishing
Electric power: 12,700,000 kW capacity (1975);
75.6 billion kWh produced (1975), 2,920 kWh per
capita
Exports: $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1975, excluding gold);
wool, diamonds, corn, uranium, sugar, fruit, hides,
skins, metals, metallic ores, asbestos, fish products;
gold output $2.9 billion (1975)
Imports: $7.7 billion (c.i.f., 1975); motor vehicles,
machinery, metals, petroleum products, textiles,
chemicals
Major trade partners: U.K. and other Common-
wealth nations, U.S., West Germany, Japan
Aid: no substantial military or economic aid
Budget: FY77-revenue $7.3 billion, expenditures
$9.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand =US$1.15 as
of September 1975, 0.87 SA Rand=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
NOTE: Foreign trade figures are official South
African data converted at $1.40
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 19,902 km; 19,196 km 1.065-meter gage
of which 2,456 km are multiple track; 4,472 km
electrified; 706 km 0.160-meter gage single track
Highways: 332,500 km; 52,100 km paved, 76,200
km crushed stone or gravel, 204,200 km improved and
unimproved earth
Pipelines: 836 km crude oil; 1,030 km refined
products; 322 km natural gas
Ports: 5 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 73 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 665 total, 532 usable; 60 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
3,660 in, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 129 with
runways 1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: the system is the best
developed, most modern, and highest capacity in
Africa and consists of carrier-equipped open-wire
lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; key centers are
Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg,
Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 1.9 million telephones;
2.5 million radio and 100,000 TV receivers; 13 AM, 60
FM, and 18 TV stations; 4 submarine cables; satellite
ground-stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,109,000;
3,568,000 fit for military service; obligation for service
in Citizen Force begins at 18; volunteers for service in
permanent force must be 17
Military budget: for year ending 31 March 1977,
$1.6 billion; 17.2% of central government budget
Transkei
NOTE: Formerly an autonomous tribal homeland
in South Africa, Transkei was granted independence
by South Africa on October 26, 1976, but has not been
recognized by any other government or any
international organization. It remains heavily
dependent on South Africa for administrative and
economic support.
LAND
44,000 km2 in one large and two small pieces
separated from each other by parts of South Africa
Land boundaries: 1,200 km
WATER
Coastline: 250 km
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SOUTH AFRICA/SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
PEOPLE
Population: 2,098,000, average annual growth rate
2.6% (9-60 to 5-70)
Nationality: noun-Transkeian(s); adjective-
Transkeian
Ethnic division: 98.9% African, 0.6% White, 0.5%
Colored (mulatto); Africans belong to Xhosa ethnic
group
Regligion: Whites and Coloreds predominantly
Christian; Africans either animist or Christian
Language: Whites, Coloreds, and educated
minority of Africans speak Afrikaans or English; bulk
of Africans speak Xhosa
Literacy: high for Whites and Coloreds; low for
Africans
Labor force: roughly 400,000 of whom only 50,000
are regularly employed in
Transkei; bulk are migrant workers in South Africa
Organized labor: no trade union, although some
White and Colored wage earners belong to South
African unions
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Transkei
Type: republic
Capital: Umtata
Political subdivisions: 28 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and
African customary law; decisions of Transkei Supreme
Court can be appealed to South African Supreme
Court
Branches: President as formal chief of state; Prime
Minister as head of government; Cabinet responsible
to National Assembly, which has 75 seats for
hereditary tribal chiefs and 75 seats for popularly
elected members
Government leader: Prime Minister Kaiser
Matanzima
Suffrage: Transkeian citizens over 21 years of age
Elections: must be held at least every 5 years; last
general election October 1976
Political parties and leaders: Transkei National
Independence Party, Chief Kaiser Matanzima;
Transkei People's Freedom Party, Cromwell Diko;
Democratic Party, Hector Ncokazi; New Democratic
Party, Knowledge Guzana
Voting strength: (1976 general election) National
Assembly seats; 142 Transkei National Independence
Party, 4 Transkei People's Freedom Party, 2
Democratic Party, 2 New Democratic Party
Communists: no Communist Party
ECONOMY
GDP: estimated at $150 million, $86 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops-tea, phormium tenax,
small amount of coffee; food crops-corn, sorghum,
dry beans; imports over half its foodstuffs from South
Africa; two-thirds of Transkei devoted to grazing-1.2
million cattle, 2.5 million sheep, 1.3 million goats
Major industries: forestry, textiles, tourism
Exports: timber, tea, sacks
Imports: foodstuffs, machines, equipment
Major trade partners: South Africa
Aid: South Africa, almost $500 million since 1970
Budget: $156 million (1976-77), about 70% of
which is provided by the South African government
Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African
Rand=US$1.15
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: less than 160 km
Highways: 725 km paved, 7,768 km unpaved
Ports: none; Transkei dependent on the South
African port of East London
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 215,000
Personnel: 254 army (including 7 officers)
Major ground units: 1 infantry battalion
SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
(Namibia)
LAND
823,620 km2; mostly desert except for interior
plateau and area along northern border
Land boundaries: 3,798 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6
nm (fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,489 km
PEOPLE
Population: 929,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.0% (7-68 to 7-74)
Nationality: noun-South West African(s);
adjective-South West African
Ethnic divisions: 14% white, 81% Africans, 5%
Colored (mulattoes); almost half the Africans belong
to Ovambo tribe; Damara tribe has almost 45,000
members; Herero, Okavango, Nama tribes have about
30,000 members each
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SOUTH-WEST
Windhoek
WALVIS BAY---+
IS.Afr.) AFRICA
Religion: whites predominantly Christian,
nonwhites either animist or Christian
Language: Afrikaans principal language of about
70% of white population, German of 22% and English
of 8%; several African languages
Literacy: high for white population; low for
nonwhite
Labor force: 203,300 (total of economically active,
1970); 68% agriculture, 15% railroads, 13% mining,
4% fishing
Organized labor: no trade unions, although some
white wage earners belong to South African unions
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Territory of South-West Africa
Type: former German colony of South-West Africa
mandated to South Africa by League of Nations in
1920; U.N. formally ended South Africa's mandate on
October 27, 1966, but South Africa has retained
administrative control
Capital: Windhoek
Political subdivisions: 10 tribal homelands, mostly
in northern sector, and zone open to white settlement
with administrative subdivisions similar to a province
of South Africa
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and
customary law
Branches: administrator, appointee of South
African Government, has jurisdiction over zone of
white settlement with white-elected Legislative
Assembly handling some local matters; white residents
also elect representatives in South African Parliament;
tribal homelands are under South African Department
of Bantu Administration and Development with tribal
ci' efs exercising limited autonomy; popularly elected
legislative councils for Ovamboland and Kavango-
land established in August 1973
Government leader: B. J. van der Walt,
Administrator
Suffrage: limited to white adults
Elections: last general election, 1974
Political parties and leaders: white parties-
National Party (NP), led in South-West Africa by A.
H. du Plessis; United National South-West Party
(UNSWP), J. P. Niehaus
Voting strength: NP (1974 election) won 5 of 6
seats in Republic legislature
Communists: no Communist Party, but some
influence by South African Communists and other
Communists on South-West African blacks outside
territory
Other political or pressure groups: nonwhite-
South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO),
almost exclusively based on Ovambo tribe led by Sam
Nujoma, in exile; South-West Africa National Union
(SWANU), primarily based on Herero tribe, leaders in
exile; National Unity Democratic Organization
(NUDO), primarily based on Herero tribe led by
Clements Kapuuo; Namibian National Convention,
an alliance of non-white groups that oppose separate
development for tribal homelands
ECONOMY
Agriculture: livestock raising (cattle and sheep)
predominates, subsistence crops (millet, sorghum,
corn, and some wheat) are raised but most food must
be imported
Fishing: catch 30,000 metric tons (1974)(processed
mostly in South African enclave of Walvis Bay)
Major industries: meatpacking, fish processing,
copper, lead, diamond, and uranium mining, dairy
products
Electric power: 155,000 kW capacity (1975); 535
million kWh produced (1975), 600 kWh per capita
Aid: South Africa is only major donor
Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African
Rand=US$1.15 (as of September 1975); 0.87 SA
Rand = US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,326 km 1.065-meter gage, single track
Highways: 3,379 km; 3,765 km paved, 354 km
gravel, remainder earth roads and tracks
Ports: 1 major (Walvis Bay), 1 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft (registered in
South Africa)
Airfields: 112 total, 88 usable; 13 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 3 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 37 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is a meager combina-
tion of open-wire lines, a single short radio-relay link,
and scattered radiocommunication stations; Wind-
hoek is the center; 43,000 telephones; unknown
number of radio receivers; no AM, 1 FM, and no TV
stations
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SOUTH-WEST AFRICA/SPAIN
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 216,000;
about 126,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of Republic of South Africa
SPAIN
LAND
505,050 km2. including Canary (7,511 km2)and
Balearic Islands (5,025 km2); 41 % arable and land
under permanent crops, 27% meadow and pasture,
22% forest, 10% urban or other
Land boundaries: 1,899 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4,964 km (includes Balearic Islands, 677
km, and Canary Islands, 1,158 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 36,161,000, including the Balearic and
Canary Islands; also including Alhucemas, Ceuta,
Chafarinas, Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la
Gomera (January 1977), average annual growth rate
1.1% (current)
Nationality: noun-Spaniard(s); adjective-
Spanish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous composite of
Mediterranean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects
Language: Castilian Spanish spoken by great
majority; but 17% speak Catalan, 7% Galician, and
2% Basque
Literacy: about 97%
Labor force (1974): 13,3 million; 23% agriculture,
37% industry, 40% services; registered unemployment
at end of 1975 was 2.8% of labor force, in reality
about 5%-6%
Organized labor: 90% of labor force in compulsory
government-controlled syndicates
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: (The) Spanish State
Type: a monarchy facing the problem of how to
liberalize the authoritarian regime of the late
Generalissimo Franco; proclaimed Juan Carlos King,
on November 22, 1975
Capital: Madrid
Political subdivisions: metropolitan, Spain,
including the Canaries and Balearics, divided into 50
provinces with governors appointed by the central
government; also 5 places of sovereignty (presidios) on
the Mediterranean coast of Morocco; transferred
administration of Spanish Sahara to Morocco and
Mauritania on February 26, 1976
Legal system: civil law system, with regional
applications of customary law; 7 basic laws including
Organic Law of the State of January 1967 serve as a
constitution; judges decide cases, no jury system; does
not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, with King's acts subject to
counter-signature, Prime Minister likely to dominate
all branches of government through his position as
chief of government; legislative with unicameral
Cortes dominated by executive (constitutional reform
underway to establish bicameral legislature); judicial,
independent in principle but generally limited to
interpretation of laws
Government leaders: King Juan Carlos I-Chief of
State, Commander in Chief of the armed forces, and
titular head of the National Movement (formerly
called the Falange), Prime Minister Adolfo Suarez
Gonzalez
Suffrage: universal in national referendums, over
age 21
Elections: only two types of direct election other
than referendum provided: heads of families and
married women choose one-third of the municipal
councilors for 6-year term with one-half of councils
chosen every three years (latest election November
1973) and, under new constitutional law of 1967, 104
members of the Cortes elected by heads of households
and married women for a 4-year term (last election
September 1971; September 1975 election postponed
probably until early 1977 after referendum on reform
of legislature is held)
Political parties and leaders: National Movement
lost its position as the unitary party when the law of
June 1976 authorized political parties; a number of
rightist parties have been approved; various
semiclandestine opposition groups who have thus far
refused to apply for legislation include-Christian
Democratic factions under Jose Maria Gil Robles and
Joaquin Ruiz Gimenez; the Socialists include the
Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), led by
"Young Turk" Felipe Gonzalez, the Popular Socialist
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Party under Enrique Tierno Galvan, and the small
new Spanish Social Democratic Union; the
Anarchists; Monarchists; smaller regional and
national splinter groups; the Spanish Communist
Party, whose secretary general, Santiago Carrillo
Solares, is in exile, as well as a small dissident pro-
Soviet faction led by exiled Enrique Lister Forjan; and
some small radical Communist groups which appear
and disappear under varying names; most of the
opposition groups joined one of two loosely-knit
coalitions-the Communist-dominated Democratic
Junta, formed in July 1974, and the Socialist-
Christian Democratic Platform of Democratic
convergence, established June 1975; these two groups
agreed in March 1976 to merge under name of the
Democratic Coordination or "Plata-Junta"
Voting strength: 561 seats, but somewhat fewer
members as some hold more than one seat-19%
representing the family elected directly; 45%
representing municipalities, syndicates, and profes-
sions elected indirectly under close regime control;
and 36% are appointed by regime or are ex officio
Communists: (est.) 50,000; sympathizers formerly
estimated at 20,000, probably have increased in
political activity since death of Franco; Communist
Party claims its newspaper has circulation of more
than 100,000
Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme
left, the illegal Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)
and the Anti-Fascist and Patriotic Revolutionary
Front (FRAP) use terrorism to oppose the government;
on the extreme right, the Guerrillas of Christ the King
carry out vigilante attacks on ETA members and other
leftists; the state-controlled organization of syndi-
cates, comprising representatives of management and
labor, is to be reorganized to permit free labor unions;
among several illegal but increasingly tolerated labor
groups are the Communist-dominated Workers'
Commissions; the Catholic Church; business and land
owning interests; Opus Dei; Catholic Action;
university students
Member of: ASSIMER, ESRO, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, OAS (observer),
OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO,
WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $102.7 billion est. (1976), $2,880 per capita;
72.4% consumption, 6.3% investment, 9,7%
government 1975; foreign demand -7.7%; real
growth rate 1.9% (1976 est.); typical growth rate
25.5%
Agriculture: main crops-cereals, oranges, grapes
for wine, potatoes, olives, sugar beets; virtually self-
sufficient in good crop years; caloric intake, 2,750
calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: landed 1,380,000 metric tons valued at
$1,090.5 million in 1975; 1,323,521 metric tons at
$938.7 million in 1974
Major industries: food processing, textiles and
apparel (including footwear), metal manufacturing,
chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles
Shortages: crude petroleum
Crude steel: 10.3 million metric tons produced
(1975), 330 kg per capita
Electric power: 25,429,500 kW capacity (1975);
82.4 billion kWh produced (1975), 2,168 kWh per
capita
Exports: $7,653 million (f.o.b., 1975); principal
items-oranges and other fruits, iron and steel
products, textiles, wines, mercury, ships, canned fruits,
vegetables, and footwear
Imports: $16,159 million (c.i.f., 1975); principal
items-machinery and transportation equipment,
petroleum and petroleum products, grains, cotton,
iron and steel
Major trade partners: (1975) 44% EC, 17% U.S.
and Canada, 6% Latin America, 2% CEMA
Aid: economic-U.S., $2.3 billion authorized
(FY46-75), IBRD, $427 million authorized (FY64-73),
$50.0 million authorized (FY73); military-U.S., $920
million authorized (FY53-75)
Budget: (1974) receipts $12,204 billion (704 billion
pesetas), expenditures $12,509 billion (721.6 billion
pesetas), deficit $305 million (17.6 billion pesetas)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peseta=US$0.0174
(1975 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 16,438 km; Spanish National Railways
(RENFE) operates 13,413 km 1.668-meter gage, 3,428
km electrified and 2,069 km double track; FEVE
(government-owned narrow gage railways) operates
2,016 km, 1,756 km meter gage (1.00 m) and 492 km
electrified; privately-owned railways operate 1,009
km, 736 km meter gage (1.00 m), 296 km electrified
and 56 km double track
Highways: 138,560 km national-56,280 km
bituminous treatment, 15,040 km crushed stone, 6,760
km bituminous, stone block and concrete; pro-
vincial-29,120 km bituminous treatment, 29,440 km
crushed stone, 1,920 km bituminous, concrete, and
stone block
Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor importance
as transport arteries and contribute little to economy
Pipelines: 386 km crude oil; 1,030 km refined
products; 98 km natural gas
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SPAIN/SRI LANKA
Ports: 23 major, 150 minor
Civil air: 188 major transport aircraft (including 3
registered but leased from a foreign country)
Airfields (including Balearic and Canary
Islands): 91 total, 83 usable; 48 with permanent-
surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,660 m, 18
with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 34 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern
facilities; 8.0 million telephones; 8.5 million radio and
6.7 million televisor receivers; 170 AM, 238 FM, and
738 TV stations; 10 coaxial submarine cables; 4
communication satellite ground stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 8,620,000;
6,631,000 fit for military service; 290,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $3,378,023,286; about 25.4% of the
proposed central government budget
SRI LANKA
(formerly Ceylon)
LAND
65,500 km2; 25% cultivated; 44% forested; 31%
waste, urban, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing, 12 nm plus pearling in the Gulf of Mannar,
and right to establish 100 nm conservation zone)
Coastline: 1,340 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,081,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.9% (7-68 to 7-73)
Nationality: noun-Sri Lankan(s); adjective-Sri
Lankan
Ethnic divisions: 71% Sinhalese, 21% Tamil, 6%
Moor, 2% other
Religion: 64% Buddhist, 20% Hindu, 9%
Christian, 6% Muslim, 1% other
Language: Sinhala official, spoken by about 70%
of population; Tamil spoken by about 22%; English
commonly used in government and spoken by about
10% of the population
Literacy: 82% (1970 est.)
Labor force: 4 million; 17% unemployed;
employed persons-53.4% agriculture, 14.8% mining
and manufacturing, 12.4% trade and transport, 19.4%
services and other; extensive underemployment
Organized labor: 43% of labor force, over 50% of
which employed on tea, rubber, and coconut estates
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Sri Lanka
Type: independent state since 1948
Capital: Colombo
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 22 administra-
tive districts, and four categories of semiautonomous
elected local governments
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English
common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim and customary
law; new constitution 22 May 1972; no judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at Sri Lanka
Law College and University of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: unitary parliamentary form of govern-
ment; unicameral legislature and independent
judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Sirimavo
Bandaranaike
Suffrage: universal over age 18, but most Indian
Tamils, who comprise 10.6% of population, are not
enfranchised
Elections: national elections, ordinarily held every
6 years; must be held more frequently if government
loses confidence vote; last election held May 1970,
but new constitution postpones deadline for next
election until May 1977
Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Freedom
Party, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike,
President; Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Trotskyite),
N. M. Perera, President; Tamil United Front, S. J. V.
Chelvanayakam, leader; United National Party, J. R.
Jayewardene; Communist Party/Moscow, Pieter
Keuneman, General Secretary; Communist Party/
Peking, N. Shanmugathasan, General Secretary;
Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front),
M. B. Ratnayaka, President
Voting strength (1970 election): 37% Sri Lanka
Freedom Party, 38% United National Party, 9%
Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 3.5% Communist
Party/Moscow, 5% Federal Party, minor parties and
independents accounted for remainder
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Communists: approximately 169,000 voted for the
Communist Party in the May 1970 general election;
Communist Party/Moscow approximately 5,000
members (1975), Communist Party/Peking 1,000
members (1970 est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist
clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; far-left violent
revolutionary groups; labor unions
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $3.1 billion in 1975 (1975 prices), $230 per
capita; real growth rate 3.6% (1975)
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about 32% of
GNP; main crops-rice, rubber, tea, coconuts; 60%
self-sufficient in food; food shortages-rice, wheat,
sugar
Fishing: catch 110,700 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: processing of rubber, tea, and
other agricultural commodities; consumer goods
manufacture
Electric power: 422,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.3
billion kWh produced (1975), 94 kWh per capita
Exports: $558 million (1975); tea, rubber, coconut
products
Imports: $737 million (1975); food, petroleum,
fertilizer
Major trade partners: (1975) exports-16.1%
China, 12.1% Pakistan, 10.9% U.K.; imports-15.8%
China, 15.2% Saudi Arabia, 10.7% Japan
Budget: 1975 est. revenue $573 million, expendi-
ture $853 million
Monetary conversion rate: 8.6759 rupees=US$1
(June 1976), official rate
Fiscal year: 1 January - 31 December (starting
1973)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,535 km; 1,395 km 1.676-meter gage,
140 km 0.762-meter gage; 102 km double track; no
electrification; government owned
Highways: 52,200 km (1975); 24,300 km paved
(mostly bituminous treated), 18,800 km crushed stone
or gravel, 9,400 km improved earth or unimproved
earth; in addition several thousand km of tracks,
mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-
draft craft
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1 leased)
Airfields: 14 total, 10 usable; 10 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: an inadequate telephone
and a less extensive but more efficient telegraph
system serves most areas, with greatest concentration
around Colombo and Kandy; all areas are served by
radio and/or wire broadcast; good international
service; 70,000 (est.) telephones; 530,000 radio sets, no
TV sets; 6 AM stations, 2 FM, and no TV stations;
submarine cables extend to India, Malaysia, Seychelle
Islands, and Aden; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,446,000;
2,596,000 fit for military service; 158,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $21.3 million, 2% of central
government budget
LAND
2,504,530 km2; 37% arable (3% cultivated), 15%
grazing, 33% desert, waste, or urban, 15% forest
Land boundaries: 7,805 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus
6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 853 km
PEOPLE
Population: 18,428,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.5% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Sudanese (sing. and pl. );
adjective-Sudanese
Ethnic divisions: 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 52% Negro,
2% foreigners, 1% other
Religion: 73% Sunni Muslims in north, 23%
pagan, 4% Christian (mostly in south)
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Language: Arabic, Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse
dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic
languages, English; program of Arabization in process
Literacy: 5% to 10%
Labor force: 5.8 million; 85% agriculture, 15%
industry, commerce, services, etc.; labor shortages
exist for almost all categories of employment
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Republic of the Sudan
Type: republic under military control since coup in
May 1969
Capital: Khartoum
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces, provincial and
local administrations controlled by central govern-
ment; limited regional autonomy in 6 southern
provinces
Legal system: based on English common law and
Islamic law; some separate religious courts;
permanent constitution promulgated April 1973;
Revolutionary Command Council established in 1969
dissolved in October 1971 with the installation
stallation of Ja'far al-Numayri as president and chief
executive; Numayri has reorganized government
through a series of Republican decrees; legal
education at University of Khartoum and Khartoum
extension of Cairo University at Khartoum; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Government leader: President Ja'far al-Numayri
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: most recent parliamentary elections held
in April 1968; presidential plebescite held in
September 1971; elections to constituent assembly
held in September-October 1972; elections for
southern regional assembly held in November 1973;
elections for People's Assembly held May 1974; next
scheduled presidential election is in October 1977
Political parties and leaders: all parliamentary
political parties outlawed since May 1969; the ban on
the Sudan Communist Party was not enforced until
after abortive coup in July 1971; the government's
mass political organization, the Sudan Socialist
Union, was formed in January 1972
Communists: party decimated following July 1971
coup and counter-coup, several top leaders executed;
actual hard-core membership down to lowest point in
years; party control over labor unions, professional
groups and university student groups ended;
Communists purged from government; party is being
reorganized underground under leadership of
Secretary-General Muhammad Nujud, 3,500 CP
members
Other political or pressure groups: Muslim
Brotherhood; Ansar Muslim sect, at odds with the
military regime since the May coup, defeated in
fighting in spring 1970; Sudan Opposition Front,
composed of former political party elements and other
disgruntled conservative interests, operates in exile
Member of: AFDB, APC, Arab League, FAO,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $43 billion (1975), $240 per capita; 8%
growth at current prices 1968-69
Agriculture: main crops-sorghum, millet, wheat,
sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not self-sufficient in
food production; main cash crops-cotton, gum
arabic
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles, brewery,
cement, edible oils, soap, distilling, shoes, phar-
maceuticals
Electric power: 225,000 kW capacity (1975); 655
million kWh produced (1975), 37 kWh per capita
Exports: $438 million (f.o.b., 1975); cotton (46%),
gum arabic, peanuts, sesame; $102 million exports to
Communist countries (FY71)
Imports: $887 million (c.i.f., 1975); textiles,
petroleum products, vehicles, tea, wheat; $75 million
imports from Communist countries (FY71)
Major trade partners: U.K., West Germany, Italy,
India, U.S.S.R., China
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Sudanese pound=
US$2.87 (official); 0.348 Sudanese pound=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,466 m; 4,754 km 1.067-meter gage,
716 km 1.6096-meter gage plantation line
Highways: 10,560 km; 310 km bituminous-treated,
1,100 km crushed stone or gravel, and 9,150 km
improved and unimproved earth roads; in addition,
there are an undetermined number of tracks
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
Ports: 1 major (Port Sudan)
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 74 total, 70 usable; 7 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 30
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: large system by African
standards, but still barely adequate for size of country;
consists of open-wire lines, radio-relay links,
multiconductor cables, radiocommunication stations
and a tropospheric-scatter link; principal center
Khartoum, secondary centers Al Fashir and Port
Sudan; 56,000 telephones; 650,000 radio and 100,000
TV receivers; 2 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV
station; 1 submarine cable; satellite ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,079,000;
2,500,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (18) annually, 180,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1976, $120,620,300; 9.6% of central government
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SURINAM
LAND
142,709 km2; negligible amount of arable land,
meadows and pastures, 76% forest, 8% unused but
potentially productive, 16% built-on area, wasteland,
and other
Land boundaries: 1,561 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 386 km
PEOPLE
Population: 431,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (1-64 to 1-72)
Nationality: noun-Surinamer(s); adjective-
Surinamese
Ethnic divisions: 31% Creole (Negro and mixed),
37% Hindustani (East Indian), 15.3% Javanese,
10.3% Bush Negro, 2.6% Amerindian, 1.7% Chinese,
1.0% Europeans, 1.7% other and unknown
Religion: Muslim, Hindu, Moravian, Roman
Catholic, other-in order of size (% figures unknown)
Language: Dutch official; English widely spoken;
Sranon Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-
Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the
younger population, and is lingua franca among
others; Hindi; Javanese
Literacy: 70% to 75%
Labor force: 130,000 (1973)
Organized labor: approx. 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Surinam
Type: Parliamentary Democracy
Capital: Paramaribo
Political subdivisions: 9 districts, each headed by
district commissioner responsible to Minister of
Internal Affairs
January 1977
Legal system: Dutch civil law system; constitution
adopted November 1975
Branches: Council of Ministers headed by a
Prime Minister constitutes the Cabinet; 39-member
Parliament popularly elected for 4-year term; court
system administered by Attorney-General under
Minister of Justice and Police
Government leaders: President, Johan H. E.
Ferrier; Prime Minister, Henck A. E. Arron
Suffrage: universal over age 23
Elections: every 4 years or earlier upon request of
Prime Minister; latest held November 1973 won by
National Party Combination (NPK), a creole-based
election coalition in which the National Party of
Surinam (NPS) is the largest party; new elections will
probably be held in 1977
Political parties and leaders: National Party of
Surinam (NPS), Henck A. E. Arron; Nationalist
Republic Party (PNR), Edward Bruma (principal
leftist party); United Hindustani Party (VHP), J.
Lachmon; Progressive National Party (PNP), Frank E.
Essed; Surinam Democratic Party (SDP), B. F. J.
Oostburg; United Indonesian People's Party (SRI), F.
Karsowidijojo; Javanese Farmers' Party (KTPI), H. I.
Soemita; United People's Party (VVP), led by
apolitical or Chinese businessmen
Voting strength (1973): NPK 22 seats, Opposition
17; the NPK had a two-vote margin as of early
September 1976 following defection from both
coastlines
Communists: small Democratic Peoples Front
(DVF) headed by H. Keerveld; PNP has some
Communist sympathizers
Member of: EC (associate), ECLA, IBA, ILO,
ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $395 million (1974); $850 per capita; real
growth rate 1974, 5.7%
Agriculture: main crops-rice, sugarcane, ba-
nanas; self-sufficient in major staple (rice); caloric
intake 2,350 calories per day per capita (1968)
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina and
aluminum production, lumbering, food processing
Electric power: 320,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.6
billion kWh produced (1975), 3,800 kWh per capita
Exports: $280 million (f.o.b., 1975); bauxite,
alumina, aluminum, wood and wood products, rice
Imports: $264 million (c.i.f., 1975); capital
equipment, petroleum, iron and steel, cotton, flour,
meat, dairy products
Major trade partners: exports-39% U.S., 2%
Canada, 14% Netherlands; imports-35% U.S., 22%
Netherlands, 18% Europe (1971)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY54-75),
$6.9 million in loans, $4.8 million in grants; from
international organizations (FY49-75), $56 million
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Monetary conversion rate: 1 Surinam guilder (S.
fl.)=US$0.565 (September 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 166 km; 86 km meter gage (1.00 m)
(government-owned) and 80 km narrow gage
(industrial lines); all single track
Highways: 2,500 km; 500 km paved, 200 km
gravel, 600 km improved earth, 1,200 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 4,500 km; most important
means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts
ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can navigate many of the
principal waterways while native canoes navigate
upper reaches
Ports: 1 major (Paramaribo), 6 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 30 total, 29 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: international facilities good;
domestic radio-relay system; 14,000 telephones;
110,000 radio and 35,000 TV receivers, 5 AM, 1 FM,
and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 100,000; 59,000
fit for military service
Ships: 3 river patrol craft
SWAZILAND
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MOZAMBIQUE
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Indian
Ocean
LAND
17,353 km2; most of area suitable for crops or
pastureland
Land boundaries: 435 km
PEOPLE
Population: 518,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.2% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Swazi(s); adjective-Swazi
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European, 1%
mulatto
Religion: 43% animist, 57% Christian
Language: English and Swati are official
languages; government business conducted in English
Literacy: about 25%
Labor force: 120,000; about 60,000 engaged in
subsistence agriculture; 55-60,000 wage earners, many
only intermittently, with 31% agriculture, 11%
government, 11% manufacturing, 12% mining and
forestry, 35% other (1968 est.); 7,900 employed in
South African mines (1969)
Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners are
unionized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Swaziland
Type: monarchy, under King Sobhuza II;
independent member of Commonwealth since
September 1968
Capital: Mbabane (administrative), Lobamba
(royal and legislative)
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: based on South African Roman-
Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi traditional law
and custom in traditional courts; legal education at
University of Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland
(located in Lesotho); has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: in April 1973 King abolished the
constitution, dismissed parliament, and assumed
personal rule; he has ruled under a King-in-Council
arrangement with the cabinet being retained as an
advisory council; a constitutional commission
submitted recommendations in June 1975, but King
has not authorized further action toward a new
constitution
Government leader: Head of State and govern-
ment King Sobhuza II; Prime Minister Maphevu
Diamini
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: first elections for Legislative Council
held in June 1964; latest for House of Assembly in
May 1972
Political parties and leaders: Imbokodvo, the
traditionalist party, controlled by King Sobhuza II;
the opposition Ngwane National Liberatory Congress
(NNLC), led by Dr. Ambrose Zwane, has been
dissolved
Voting strength: in 1972 elections, Imbokodvo won
21 seats, NNLC won 3 seats in the House of Assembly
Communists: no Communist Party
Member of: AFDB, FAO, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, ISO, ITU, OAU, U.N., UPU
ECONOMY
GDP: approx. $200 million (est. FY74), about $420
per capita; growth rate in current prices as much as
11% (FY71-74)
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Agriculture: main crops-maize, cotton, rice,
sugar, and citrus fruits
Major industry: mining
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1975); 125
million kWh produced (1975), 250 kWh per capita
Exports: $183 million (f.o,b., 1975); iron ore,
asbestos, sugar, wood and forest products, citrus, meat
products, cotton
Imports: $132 million (f.o.b., 1975); food products,
manufactured goods, machinery, fertilizer, fuel
Major trade partners: Japan, U.K., South Africa
Aid: economic-U.K. $14.7 million (budgeted,
1971-73), U.S. $9.4 million (FY61-75), others
approximately $1.3 million; no military aid
Budget: FY77-revenue $86 million, recurrent
expenditure $47 million, development expenditure
$39 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Lilangeni=US$1.15
(as of September 1975)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 222 km 1.065-meter gage, single track
Highways: 3,401 km; 241 km paved, 1,389 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, and 1,771 km
improved or unimproved earth
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 32 total, 26 usable; 1 with runway 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system consists of a few
open-wire lines and low-powered radiocommunica-
tion stations; Mbabane is the center; 6,970
telephones; 55,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or
TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 113,000; 65,000
fit for military service
LAND
448,070 km2; 8% arable, 1% meadows and pastures,
55% forested, 36% other
Land boundaries: 2,196 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 3,218 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,326,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.3% (current)
Nationality: noun-Swede(s); adjective-Swedish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population;
small Lappish minority
Religion: 92% Evangelical Lutheran, 7% other
Protestant, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, 1%
other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-
speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 4.0 million; 6.4 % agriculture, forestry,
fishing; 29.2% mining and manufacturing; 7.2%
construction; 13.6% commerce; 6.5% transportation
and communications; 29.8% services including
government; 5% banking, 2.2% unemployed
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Political subdivisions: 24 provinces, 624 com-
munes, 224 towns
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
customary law; Acts of 1809, 1810, 1866, and 1949
serve as constitution; legal education at Universities of
Lund, Stockholm, and Uppsala; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests with parlia-
ment (Riksdag); executive power vested in cabinet,
responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 6 superior
courts, 108 lower courts
Government leaders: King Carl XVI Gustaf; Prime
Minister Thorbjorn Falldin
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age
20
Elections: every 3 years (next in September 1979)
Political parties and leaders: Moderate Coalition
(conservative), Gosta Bohman; Center, Thorbjorn
Falldin; Liberal, Per Ahlmark; Social Democratic,
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Olof Palme; Left Party Communist, Lars Werner;
Swedish Communist Party, Gunnar Bylin; Com-
munist League of Marxist Leninists-Revolutionary
(KFML-R), Frank Baude
Voting strength (1978 election): 15.6% Moderate
Coalition, 24.1% Center, 11.0% Liberal, 42,9% Social
Democratic, 4.7% Communist, 1.7% other
Communists: 17,000; a number of sympathizers as
indicated by the 257,967 Communist votes cast in
1973 elections; an additional 17,274 votes cast for
Maoist KFML
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC
(Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC-International
Whaling Commission, IWC-International Wheat
Council, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $68.8 billion, $6,850 per capita (1975); 52%
consumption, 20.8% investment, 25% government;
2.0% net imports of goods and services (1973); 1974
growth rate 4.5% in constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates with
milk and dairy products accounting for 40% of farm
income; main crops-grains, sugar beets, potatoes;
80% self-sufficient; food shortages-oils and fats,
tropical products; caloric intake, 2,880 calories per
day per capita (1967-68)
Fishing: catch 193,300 metric tons (1974), exports
$27 million, imports $136 million
Major industries: iron and steel, precision
equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts,
armaments), shipbuilding, wood pulp and paper
products, processed foods, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers, potash,
salt
Crude steel: 5.6 million metric tons produced
(1975), 733 kg per capita
Electric power: 22,833,000 kW capacity (1975);
79.2 billion kWh produced (1975), 10,000 kWh per
capita
Exports: $17,394 million (f.o.b., 1975); machinery,
motor vehicles and ships, wood pulp, paper products,
iron and steel products, metal ores and scrap,
chemicals
Imports: $18,027 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery,
motor vehicles, petroleum and petroleum products,
textile yarn and fabrics, iron and steel, chemicals,
food, and live animals
Major trade partners: (1975) 15% West Germany,
11% U.K., 6% U.S., 9% Norway, 8% Denmark; 49%
EC-9; 5% U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe
Aid: economic-U.S., $349.8 million authorized
(FY46-75); $77.5 million in 1973; $24.7 million in
1972; net official aid to less developed countries and
multilateral agencies, $662.4 million (1960-70), $159
million in 1971, $198 million in 1972, $275 million in
1973
Budget: 1975-revenues $35.7 billion, expenditures
$35.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 kronor=US$0.241
average exchange rate 1974
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 11,931 km; Swedish State Railways
(SJ)-11,179 km standard gage (1.435 m), 6,959 km
electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-
meter gage; privately-owned railways-472 km
standard gage (1.435 m) and 300 km electrified; 158
km 0.891-meter gage electrified
Highways: 96,640 km; 67,680 km are crushed
stone, gravel, or improved earth; and 28,960 km are
bitumen, concrete, stone block, or cobblestone
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small
steamers and barges
Ports: 17 major, and 30 significant minor
Civil air: 60 major transports
Airfields: 242 total, 234 usable; 128 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-
3,659 in, 86 with runways 1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and
international facilities; 5.37 million telephones; 9
AM, 91 FM, and 240 TV stations; 5 million radio and
2.96 million TV receivers; 10 submarine cables,
including 4 coaxial; COMSAT ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,876,000;
1,670,000 fit for military service; 56,000 reach military
age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1977, $2.41 billion; about 9.6% of central government
budget
SWITZERLAND
LAND
41,440 km2; 10% arable, 43% meadows and
pastures, 20% waste or urban, 24% forested, 3%
inland water
Land boundaries: 1,884 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,415,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.1% (1-73 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun-Swiss (sing. & pl.); adjective-
Swiss
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Ethnic divisions: total population-69% German,
19% French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other;
Swiss nationals-74% German, 20% French, 4%
Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other
Religion: 53% Protestant, 46% Roman Catholic
Language: Swiss nationals-74% German, 20%
French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; total
population-69% German, 19% French, 10% Italian,
1% Romansch, 1% other
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 3.0 million, about one-fifth foreign
workers, mostly Italian; 16% agriculture and forestry,
47% industry and crafts, 20% trade and trans-
portation, 5% professions, 2% in public service, 10%
domestic and other; approximately 0.4% unemployed
in August 1975
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions: 22 cantons (3 divided into
half cantons); a local referendum held in Bern Canton
in 1975 indicated that three districts wished to form a
separate canton for a portion of the French-speaking
Jura region
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
customary law; constitution adopted 1874, amended
since; judicial review of legislative acts, except with
respect to Federal decrees of general obligatory
character; legal education at Universities of Bern,
Geneva and Lausanne, and four other university
schools of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Branches: bicameral parliament has legislative
authority; federal council (Bundesrat) has executive
authority; justice left chiefly to cantons
Government leader: Rudolph Gnaegi (1-year term
as President began on January 1976), President
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every 4 years; next elections 1979
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic
Party (SPS), Arthur Schmid, president; Radical
Democratic Party (FDP), Henri Schmitt, president;
Christian Conservative People's Party (CVP), Franz
Josef Kurmann, president; Swiss People's Party (SVP),
Hans Conzett, president; Communist Party (PdA),
Jean Vincent, leading Secretariat member; National
Action Party (N.A.), James Schwarzenbach
Voting strength (1975 election): 22.2% FDP,
20.6% CVP,25.4% SPS, 10.2% BGB, 2.2% PdA, 2.5%
N.A., 3.0% Rep, 6.2% LdU, 2.3% Lidus, 2.0% EvP,
1.3% POSH, 2.2% other
Communists: less than 60,000 votes in 1975
election
Other parties: Landesring (LdU); Republican
Movement (Rep); Liberal Democratic Union (Lidus);
Evangelical Party (EvP); Maoist Party (POSH/PSA)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
ICAC, ICAO, IEA, ILO, IMCO, IPU, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, OECD, U.N. (perma-
nent observer), UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $56.03 billion (1975, in 1975 prices), $8,590
per capita; 59.2% consumption, 20.8% investment,
13.0% government, net foreign balance 7.0% (1975);
1966-75 growth rate 2.2%, constant prices
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than
50% self-sufficient; food shortages-fish, refined
sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs,
fruits, vegetables, meat; caloric intake, 3,190 calories
per day per capita (1969-70)
Major industries: machinery, chemicals, watches,
textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw materials
except hydroelectric energy
Electric power: 12,700,000 kW capacity (1975);
41.8 billion kWh produced (1975), 6,550 kWh per
capita
Exports: $13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1975); principal
items-machinery and equipment, chemicals,
precision instruments, metal products, textiles,
foodstuffs
Imports: $13.3 billion (c.i.f., 1975); principal
items-machinery and transportation equipment,
metals and metal products, foodstuffs, chemicals,
textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners:
55%
EC (21% West
Germany, 11% France, 8%
Italy,
6% U.K.); 10%
EFTA (5% Austria); 7%
countries (1975)
U.S.;
4% Communist
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Aid: economic-authorized, U.S. $107 million
through FY74; net official economic aid delivered to
less developed areas and multilateral agencies $325
million (1962-74), $68 million in 1974
Budget: receipts, $4,739 million, expenditures
$5,246 million, deficit $507 million (1975)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5813 Swiss francs=
US$1 (average 1975, floating)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,098 km; 2,895 km government-owned
(SBB), 2,822 km standard gage (1.435 m); 73 km
narrow gage (1.00 m); 1,339 km double track, 99%
electrified; 2,203 km non-government owned, 710 km
standard gage (1,435 m), 1,418 km meter-gage (1.00
m), 75 km 0.790-meter gage, 100% electrified
Highways: 60,512 km, all paved
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,046 km natural gas
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River-Basel to
Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Constanz; in addition,
there are 12 navigable lakes ranging in size from Lake
Geneva to Haliwilersee
Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor
Civil air: 80 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 79 total, 73 usable; 40 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 8 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic, interna-
tional, and broadcast services; 3.96 million
telephones; COMSAT station; 2.09 million radio and
1.79 million TV receivers; 7 AM, 94 FM, and 332 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,539,000;
1,331,000 fit for military service; 49,000 reach military
age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $1,186 million; 19.7% of central
government budget
SYRIA
LAND
186,480 km2 including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-
occupied territory; 48% arable, 29% grazing, 2%
forest, 21% desert
Land boundaries: 2,196 km (1967) (excluding
occupied area 2,156 km)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus
6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 193 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,722,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.3% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Syrian(s); adjective-Syrian
Ethnic divisions:
90.3% Arab;
9.7%
Kurds,
Armenians, and other
Religion: 70.5%
Sunni Muslim,
16.3%
other
Muslim sects, 13.2% Christians of various sects
Language: Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian; French and
English widely understood
Literacy: about 40%
Labor force: 2 million; 67% agriculture, 12%
industry (including construction), 21% miscellaneous
services; majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Syrian Arab Republic
Type: republic; under left-wing military regime
since March 1963
Capital: Damascus
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city of
Damascus administered as separate unit
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law
system; special religious courts; constitution
promulgated in 1973; legal education at Damascus
University and University of Aleppo; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive powers vested in President and
Council of Ministers; legislative power rests in the
People's Assembly; seat of power is the Ba'th Party
Regional (Syrian) Command
Government leaders: President Hafiz Al-Asad
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: no electoral laws being drafted; last
elections in December 1961; presidential referendum
in 1971; local councils elected in March 1972
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the
Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) party; the
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"national front" cabinet is dominated by Ba'thists,
but includes independents and members of the Syrian
Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union
(ASU), and Syrian Communist Party (SCP)
Communists: mostly sympathizers, numbering
about 5,000
Other political or pressure groups: non-Ba'th
parties have little effective political influence;
Communist Party ineffective; greatest threat to
Ba'thist regime lies in factionalism in Ba'th Party
itself; conservative religious leaders
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU,
ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, OAPEC,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.4 billion, est. (1975), $330 per capita; real
GDP growth rate 12%, 1975 est.
Agriculture: main crops-cotton, wheat, barley
and tobacco; sheep and goat raising; self-sufficient in
most foods in years of good weather
Major industries: textiles, petroleum (est. 190,000
b/d production, refining capacity is 315,000 b/d),
food processing, beverages, tobacco
Electric power: 1.5 million kW capacity (1975);
1.7 billion kWh produced (1975), 230 kWh per capita
Exports: $890 million (f.o.b., 1975); petroleum,
cotton, fruits and vegetables, grain, wool, and
livestock
Imports: $1,500 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery
and metal products, textiles, fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports-U.S.S.R., Italy,
and Lebanon; imports-Lebanon, West Germany,
Italy, U.S.S.R., Japan, and France
Budget: 1976 est.-revenues $4.4 billion (including
Arab aid payments), expenditures $4.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.70 Syrian pounds=
US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,543 km; 1,281 km standard gage, 262
km narrow gage (1.050 m)
Highways: 11,500 km; 6,930 km paved, 1,300 km
gravel or crushed stone, 2,470 km improved earth, 800
km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little importance
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined
products
Ports: 3 major (Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas), 2 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 38 total, 33 usable; 24 with permanent-
surface runways; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 in, 2
with runways 1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: good international and
domestic service; 143,300 telephones; 1 million radio
and 224,000 TV receivers; 5 AM, no FM and 5 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,761,000;
984,000 fit for military service; about 93,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1975, $713,243,000; 25.2% of central
government budget
TANZANIA
LAND
939,652 km2 (including islands of Zanzibar and
Pemba, 2,642 km2); 6% inland water, 15% cultivated,
31% grassland, 48% bush forest, woodland, on
mainland, 60% arable, of which 40% cultivated on
islands of Zanzibar and Pemba
Land boundaries: 3,883 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 1,424 km (this includes 113 km Mafia
Island; 177 km Pemba Island; and 212 km Zanzibar)
PEOPLE
Population: 15,772,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.7% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Tanzanian(s); adjective-
Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions: 99% native Africans consisting of
well over 100 tribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab
Religion: Tanganyika-40% Animist, 30%
Christian, 30% Muslim; Zanzibar-almost all Muslim
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Language: Swahili and English official, English
primary language of commerce, administration and
higher education; Swahili widely understood and
generally used for communication between ethnic
groups; first language of most people is one of the
local languages
Literacy: 15%-20%
Labor force: under 400,000 in paid employment,
over 90% in agriculture
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Republic of Tanzania
Type: republic; single parties dominate both on the
mainland and on Zanzibar; government campaign to
unite two parties moving slowly
Capital: Dar es Salaam
Political subdivisions: 25 regions-20 on main-
land, 5 on Zanzibar islands
Legal system: based on English common law,
Islamic law, customary law, and German civil law
system; interim constitution adopted 1965; judicial
review of legislative acts limited to matters of
interpretation; legal education at University of Dar es
Salaam; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President Julius Nyerere has full
executive authority on the mainland; National
Assembly dominated by Nyerere and the Tanganyika
African National Union (TANU); newly restructured
National Assembly consists of 218 members, including
57 appointed from Zanzibar, 65 appointed from the
mainland, plus 96 directly elected from the mainland;
First Vice President Aboud Jumbe and the
Revolutionary Council still run Zanzibar despite the
efforts of Nyerere to integrate the islands into the
political system of the mainland
Government leader: President Julius Nyerere
Suffrage: universal adult
Political party and leaders: Tanganyika African
National Union (TANU), only mainland political
party, dominated by Nyerere with Prime Minister and
Second Vice President Rashidi Kawawa as his top
lieutenant; Afro-Shirazi Party, the only party in
Zanzibar
Voting strength (October 1975 national elec-
tions): over 5 million registered voters; Nyerere
received 95% of about 4 million votes cast; general
parliamentary elections scheduled for Fall of 1980
Communists: a few Communist sympathizers,
especially on Zanzibar
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, EAC, FAO,
GATT, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
Mainland:
GDP: $2,300 million at current prices (1975), about
$150 per capita; real growth rate, 4% (1970-75)
Agriculture: main crops-cotton, coffee, sisal on
mainland; imports food grains
Fishing: catch 167,700 metric tons (1974); exports
valued at $356,000, imports $1.4 million (1974)
Major industries: primarily agricultural processing
(sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond mine, oil
refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products
Electric power: 235,000 kW capacity (1975); 550
million kWh produced (1975), 35 kWh per capita
Exports: $390 million (f.o.b., 1975); coffee, cotton,
sisal, cashew nuts, meat, diamonds, cloves, tobacco,
tea
Imports: $800 million (c.i.f., 1975); manufactured
goods, machinery and transport equipment, cotton
piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports-China, U.K., Hong
Kong, India, Kenya, U.S.; imports-U.K., China,
Kenya, West Germany, U.S., Japan
Aid: about $160 million in aid is committed for
1976 from EC, China, IMF, U.S.; China has extended
$245 million in aid since 1967, primarily for Tan-Zum
Railway
Budget: (1976 est.) receipts $560 million,
expenditures $856 million
Monetary conversion rate: 8.4 Tanzanian
shillings = U S$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Zanzibar:
GNP: $35 million (1967)
Agriculture: main crops-cloves, coconuts
Industries: agricultural processing
Electric power: see Tanganyika (above)
Exports: $12.6 million (1968); cloves and clove
products, coconut products
Imports: $5.6 million (1968); mainly foodstuffs and
consumer goods
Major trade partners: imports-China, Japan, and
mainland Tanzania; exports-Singapore, China,
Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Pakistan
Aid: U.K. principal source of aid until 1964; U.S.
$86 million FY58-73; China is currently major source
Exchange rate: 1 Tanzanian shilling=US$0.14;
7.143 Tanzanian shillings= US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,555 km; 960 km 1.065-meter gage;
2,595 km meter gage (1.00 m), 6.4 km double track;
Tanzania portion of Tan-Zam Railroad completed
Highways: total 42,695 km, including 627 km on
Zanzibar Island and 445 km on Pemba and Mafia
Islands; about 2,625 km bituminous treated (595 km
on Zanzibar and Pemba); 40,070 km gravel, crushed
stone, or unimproved earth
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil; 225 km natural gas
Inland waterways: 730 mi, of navigable streams;
several thousand mi, navigable on Lakes Tanganyika,
Victoria, and Nyasa
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Ports: 3 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga)
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 107 total, 100 usable; 9 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 42
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph
good in main centers, only fair outside main towns;
58,000 telephones; 232,000 radio receivers; 4 AM, no
FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,557,000;
2,041,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1977, $154.9 million; 17% of central government
budget
THAILAND
YSIA
LAND
512,820 km2; 24% in farms, 56% forested, 20%
other
Land boundaries: 4,868 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 3,219 km
PEOPLE
Population: 43,736,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.9% (7-70 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Thai (sing. & pl. ); adjective-
Thai
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11%
minorities
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5%
Christian
Language: Thai; English secondary language of
elite
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 78% agriculture, 15% services, 7%
industry
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 71 centrally controlled
provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with
influences of common law; new constitution
promulgated 7 October 1974; legal education at
Thammasat University; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: King is head of state with nominal
powers; Prime Minister heads an 18-man cabinet;
unicameral legislature appointed by King; military-
staffed Prime Minister's office; judiciary relatively
independent except in important political subversive
cases
Government leaders: King Phumiphon Adundet;
Thanin Kraiwichian, Prime Minister; Chan Thrawichit,
Deputy Prime Minister for Civilian Affairs; Bunchai
Bamrung Phong, Deputy Prime Minister for Military
Affairs
Elections: suspended
Political parties: suspended
Communists: strength of illegal Communist Party
is about 1,000; Thai Communist insurgents
throughout Thailand total about 8,000
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC,
Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU,
SEAMES, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $14.5 billion (1975), $340 per capita; 7% real
growth in 1975 (6.3% real growth, 1969-74)
Agriculture: world's third largest rice exporter in
1974; main crops-rice, sugar, corn, rubber tapioca
Fishing: catch 1.5 million metric tons valued at
$420 million (1974); exports, 88,000 metric tons, $77
million (1974)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles,
wood and wood products, cement, tin and tungsten
ore mining; world's second largest tungsten producer
and third largest tin producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal, petroleum;
scrap iron, and fertilizer
Electric power: 2,440,000 kW capacity (1975); 8.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 200 kWh per capita
Exports: $2,251 million (f.o.b., 1975); rice, sugar,
corn, rubber, tin, tapioca, kenaf
Imports: $3,276 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery
and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, base
metals, chemicals, and fertilizer
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Major trade partners: exports-Japan, U.S.,
Singapore, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Malaysia;
imports-Japan, U.S., West Germany, U.K.; about
1 % or less trade with Communist countries
Budget: (FY76) receipts $2,433 million, expendi-
tures $3,134 million, deficit $701 million; 17%
military, 83% civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 20.0 baht=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,833 km meter gage (1.00 m), 97 km
double track
Highways: 28,806 km; 14,773 km paved, 4,731 km
crushed stone or gravel, 9,302 km earth and laterite
Inland waterways: 3,999 km mi. principal
waterways; 3,701 km with navigale depths of 0,9 m or
more throughout the year; numerous minor
waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 158 total, 157 usable; 55 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general public
improved, but inadequate; bulk of service to
government activities provided by radiocommunica-
tion stations and radio-relay network; satellite ground
station; 312,000 telephones; over 3 million radios; and
over 650,000 televisions; approx. 110 AM, 30 FM, and
10 TV stations in government-controlled networks
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 11,018,000;
6,707,000 fit for military service; about 462,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
September 1977, $604 million; 17.9% of central
government budget
TOGO
LAND
56,980 km2; nearly one-half is arable, under 15%
cultivated
Land boundaries: 1,646 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 56 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,304,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.4% (7-73 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Togolese (sing.
adjective-Togolese
UP EA
&A
6N$N#t
Lomb
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe in south and Cabrais in north;
under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese
Religion: about 20% Christian, 5% Muslim, 75%
animist
Language: French, both official and language of
commerce; major African languages are Ewe and
Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabie in the
north
Literacy: 54.9% of school age (7-14) currently in
school
Labor force: over 90% of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture; about 30,000 wage earners,
evenly divided between public and private sectors
Organized labor: 1 national union, the CNTT
organized in 1972
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Togolese Republic
Type: republic; under military rule since January
1967
Capital: Lome
Political subdivisions: 21 circumscriptions
Legal system: based on French civil law and
customary practice; no constitution; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: military government, with civilian-
dominated cabinet, took over on 14 April 1967,
replacing provisional government created after
January coup; no legislature; separate judiciary
including State Security Court established 1970
Government leader: General Gnassingb6
Eyadema, President, Minister of National Defense,
and Armed Forces Chief of Staff
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential referendum of January 1972
elected Gen. EyadEma for indefinite period
Political parties: single party formed by President
Eyadema in September 1969, Rassemblement du
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Peuple Togolais, structure and staffing of party closely
controlled by government
Communists: no Communist Party; possibly some
sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, CEAO (observer), EAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, OCAM,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $471 million (1975), about $210 per capita;
estimated real growth 1966-70, 5.3% average annual
rate
Agriculture: main cash crops-coffee, cocoa,
cotton; major food crops-yams, cassava, corn, beans,
rice, millet, sorghum, fish; must import some
foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, agricultural
processing, handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 30,000 kW capacity (1975); 100
million kWh produced (1975), 44 kWh per capita
Exports: $124 million (f.o.b., 1975); phosphates,
cocoa, coffee, palm kernels, and cassava
Imports: $150 million (f.o.b., 1975); consumer
goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: mostly with France and
other EC countries
Aid: 1975 disbursements-France, $13.6 million;
West Germany, $2.5 million; EEC, $1.5 million; U.S.,
$1.1 million; FY59-75 total commitments-EC, $62.9
million; U.S., $28 million; U,N., $16.8 million;
others, $24.6 million; China (1973), $45 million
Budget: 1976 revenues and expenditures, $217.5
million
Monetary conversion rate: Communaute Finan-
ciere Africaine 248.12 francs =US$1 as of August 1976
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 442 km meter gage (1.00 m), single track
Highways: approx. 7,172 km; 1,049 km paved,
6,123 km gravel/earth
Inland waterways: section of Mono River and
about 50 km of coastal lagoons and tidal creeks
Ports: 1 major (Lome), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system based on
skeletal network of open-wire lines supplemented by a
few radiocommunication stations; only center is
Lome; 6,100 telephones; 51,000 radio receivers; 2
AM, 1 FM radio station, 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 493,000; 260,000
fit for military service; no conscription
Supply: most military materiel obtained from
France
Military budget: Lfor fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $13,302,308; 6.3% of central
government budget
TONGA
Fiji TONGA
NEWS *Nukualafa
CALEDONIA
LAND
997 km2 (150 islands); 77% arable, 3% pasture, 13%
forest, 3% inland water, 4% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 419 km (est.)
PEOPLE
Population: 107,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.2% (7-67 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Tongan(s); adjective-Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, about 300 Europeans
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims
over 30,000 adherents
Language: Tongan, English
Literacy: 90%-95%; compulsory education for
children between ages of 6-14
Labor force: agriculture 10,303; mining 599
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Tonga
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Nukualofa
Political subdivisions: 3 main island groups
(Tongatapu, Haapi, Vavau)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: Executive (King and Privy Council);
Legislative (Legislative Assembly composed of 7
nobles elected by their peers, 7 elected representatives
of the people, 7 Ministers of the Crown; the King
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TONGA/TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
appoints one of the 7 nobles to be the speaker);
Judiciary (Supreme Court, magistrate courts, Land
Court)
Government leaders: King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV;
Premier, Prince Tu'ipelehake (younger brother of the
King)
Suffrage: granted to all literate adults over 21 years
of age who pay taxes
Elections: held perennially
Communists: none known
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth
ECONOMY
GNP: $39 million (1975), $380 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut and
banana production with subsistence crops of taro,
yams, sweet potatoes, and bread fruit
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1975); 7
million kWh produced (1975), 69 kWh per capita
Exports: $10 million (f.o.b., 1975); 65% copra, 7%
coconut products, 8% bananas
Imports: $28 million (c.i.f., 1975); food,
machinery, and petroleum
Major trade partners: (FY74) exports-25%
Netherlands, 22% Australia, 20% New Zealand, 11%
Norway; imports-63% New Zealand and Australia
Budget: (FY76) revenues $6.7 million, expenditures
$8.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Tonga dol-
lar=US$1.40 (1976)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 249 km (1974); 177 km rolled stone; 72
km coral base
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total; 4 usable, 1 with grass runway
1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: 1,090 telephones; 10,000
radio sets; no TV sets; 1 AM station
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
LAND
5,128 km2; 41.9% in farms (of which 25,7% cropped
or fallow, 1.5% pasture, 10.6% forests, 4.1% unused or
built-on), 58.1% outside of farms, including grassland,
forest, built-up area, and wasteland
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 362 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,033,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.3% (4-60 to 4-70)
Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean
Port
m Spain ' TRINIDAD
2~ AND TOBAGO
FRERG
SuNi$AM ur &Nn
Nationality: noun-Trinidadian(s), Tobagon-
ian(s); adjective-Trinidadian
Ethnic divisions: 43% Negro, 40% East Indian,
14% mixed, 1% white, 2% other
Religion: 26.8% Protestant, 31.2% Roman
Catholic, 23% Hindu, 6% Muslim, 13% unknown
Language: English
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: about 376,000 (1973 est.), about
15,4% agriculture, 18.7% mining, quarrying, and
manufacturing, 16.7% commerce; 16.2% construction
and utilities; 7.4% transportation and com-
munications; 21.8% services, 3.8% other
Organized labor: 30% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Trinidad and Tobago
Type: independent state since August 1962;
in August country officially became a republic
severing legal ties with British crown
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards,
Tobago is 30th)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution came into effect 1962; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative branch consists of 36-member
elected House of Representatives and 24-member
appointed Senate; executive is cabinet led by the
Prime Minister; judiciary is headed by the Chief
Justice and includes a Court of Appeal, High Court,
and lower courts
Government leader: Prime Minister, Dr. Eric
Williams
Suffrage: universal over age 21; to be lowered to 18
under new constitution
Elections: elections to be held at intervals of not
more than five years; last election held 13 September
1976
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO/TUNISIA
Political parties and leaders: People's National
Movement (PNM), Dr. Eric Williams; United Labor
Front (ULF),.Baseo Panday; Democratic Labor Party
(DLP), Vernon Jamadar; Democratic Action Congress
(DAC), Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson; West
Indian National Party (WINP), Ashford Sinanani;
Tapia House Group, Lloyd Best
Voting strength (1976 election): 56% of registered
voters cast ballots; PNM captured 24 seats in House of
Representatives, ULF 10, and DAC the two Tobago
seats
Communists: not significant
Other political pressure groups: National Youth
Congress (NYC); Oilfield Workers Trade Union
(OWTU); National Joint Action Committee (NJAC),
antigovernment, ex-tremist organization; United
Revolutionary Organization (URO), Marxist-led
amalgam; United Labour Front (ULF), loose
coalition of oilfield and sugar workers
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO,
GATT, IADB, IBRD, International Coffee Agree-
ment, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
ISO, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, OAS,
SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,500 million (1974), $1,500 per capita; real
growth rate 1974, negligible
Agriculture: main crops-sugarcane, cocoa, coffee,
rice, citrus, bananas; largely dependent upon imports
of food
Fishing: catch 3,380 metric tons (1974); exports
$1.1 million (1974), imports $4.5 million (1974)
Major industries: petroleum, tourism, food
processing, cement
Electric power: 335,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.2
billion kWh produced (1975), 1,250 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1975); petroleum and
petroleum products ($1.5 million), sugar, cocoa
Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1975); crude petroleum
($749 million), machinery, fabricated metals,
transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food
Major trade partners: (excludes trade under
petroleum agreement) exports-U.S. 37%, U.K. 11%,
CARIFTA 21%; imports-U.S. 34%, U.K. 23%,
CARIFTA 10% (1972)
Aid: economic-from U.S. (FY46-75), $40.5
million in grants; from international organizations
(FY53-75), $14.8 million
Budget: (1974) central government revenues $609
million, expenditures $285 million
Monetary conversion rate: floating with pound
sterling; in February 1975, TT$2.3682=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,750 km; 4,000 km paved, 2,750 km
gravel or otherwise improved
Pipelines: 430 km crude oil; 19 km refined
products; 209 km natural gas
Ports: 3 major (Port of Spain, Chaquaramars Bay,
Point Tembladora), 6 minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: excellent international
service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and
Guyana; good local service; COMSAT ground
station; 68,600 telephones; 300,000 radio and 102,700
TV receivers; 2 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 257,000; 183,000
fit for military service
Supply: mostly from U.K.
LAND
164,206 km2; 28% arable land and tree crops, 23%
range and esparto grass, 6% forest, 43% desert, waste
or urban
Land boundaries: 1,408 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing, 12 nm exclusive fisheries zone follows the 50-
meter isobath for part of the coast, maximum 65 nm)
Coastline: 1,143 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 5,975,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (7-74 to 7-75)
TUNISIA
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Nationality: noun-Tunisian(s); adjective-
Tunisian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less
than 1% Jewish
Religion: 95% Muslim, 4% Christian, 1% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official), Arabic and French
(commerce)
Literacy: about 32%
Labor force: 1.4 million; 45% agriculture, 19%
manufacturing and construction, 5% trade and
finance, 3% transportation, communications, and
utilities, 2% mining; 25% underemployed; shortage of
skilled labor
Organized labor: 10% of labor force; General
Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), subordinate to
Destourian Socialist Party
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Tunisia
Type: republic
Capital: Tunis
Political subdivisions: 17 governorates (provinces)
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and Islamic law; constitution patterned on Turkish
and U.S. constitutions adopted 1959; some judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint
session; legal education at Institute of Higher Studies
and Ecole Superieure de Droit of the University of
Tunis; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral
legislative largely advisory; judicial, patterned on
French system and Koranic law
Government leader: President Habib Bourguiba;
Prime Minister Hedi Nouira
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national elections held every 5 years; last
elections 2 November 1974
Political party and leader: Destourian Socialist
Party, Habib Bourguiba
Voting strength (1974 election): 100% Destourian
Socialist Party
Communists: 1,000 (1960's est.); Tunisian
Communist Party proscribed in January 1963
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, AIOEC, EC
(association until 1974), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU, IWC-Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $4.4 billion (1975 est.), $760 per capita; real
growth of 9% in 1975
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock herding
predominate; main crops-wheat, barley, olives,
fruits (especially citrus), viticulture, vegetables, dates
Major sectors: tourism, mining, food processing,
textiles and leather, light manufacturing, construction
materials, chemical fertilizers, petroleum
Electric power: 425,000 kW capacity (1975); 1.3
billion kWh produced (1975), 222 kWh per capita
Exports: $856 million (f.o.b., 1975); 34%
petroleum, 20% phosphates, 18% olive oil
Imports: $1,424 million (c.i.f., 1975); 36% raw
materials, 23% machinery and equipment, 14%
consumer goods, 19% food and beverages, 3% energy,
5% other
Major trade partners: exports-19% France, 19%
Italy, 13% West Germany, 10% Libya; imports-36%
France, 15% U.S., 9% Italy, 7% West Germany (1971)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.402 dinar=US$1
(trade rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,999 km; 473 km standard gage (1.435
m), 1,526 km meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: 16,093 km; 10,646 km bitimunous; 483
km gravel; 1,609 km improved earth; 3,355 km
unimproved earth
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 10 km refined
products; 72 km natural gas
Ports: 4 major, 8 minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 34 total, 29 usable; 11 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: the system is above the
African average in amount and capacity of facilities
which consist of open-wire lines with multiconductor
cable or radio relay on trunk routes; key centers are
Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 114,250
telephones; 401,000 radio and 100,000 TV receivers; 3
AM, 3 FM, and 7 TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,513,000;
833,000 fit for military service; about 60,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1975, $70,100,000; 5,2% of central
government budget
LAND
766,640 km2; 35% cropland, 25% meadows and
pastures, 23% forested, 17% other
Land boundaries: 2,574 km
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WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm except
in Black Sea where it is 12 nm (fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 7,200 km
PEOPLE
Population: 41,516,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.6% (current)
Nationality: noun-Turk(s); adjective-Turkish
Ethnic divisions: 90% Turkish, 7% Kurd, 3% other
Religion: 99% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 1% other
(mostly Christian and Jewish)
Language: Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy: 55%
Labor force: 13.8 million; 68% agriculture, 16%
industry, 16% service; substantial shortage of skilled
labor; ample unskilled labor
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republic
Capital: Ankara
Political subdivisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various continental
legal systems; constitution adopted 1961; judicial
review of legislative acts by Constitutional Court;
legal education at Universities of Ankara and
Istanbul; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: President elected by parliament; Prime
Minister appointed by President from members of
parliament; Prime Minister is effective executive;
cabinet, selected by Prime Minister and approved by
President, must command majority support in lower
house; parliament bicameral under constitution
promulgated in 1961; National Assembly has 450
members serving 4 years; Senate has 150 elected
members, one-third elected every 2 years, 15
appointed by the President to 6-year terms (one-third
appointed every 2 years), and 18 life members; highest
court for ordinary criminal and civil cases is Court of
Cassation, which hears appeals directly from criminal,
commercial, basic, and peace courts
Government leaders: President Fahri Koruturk;
Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel heads four-party
coalition government
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: National Assembly and Senate (1/3 of
seats), Republican People's Party won a plurality
October 1973, new elections must be held by October
1977; Presidential (1980)
Political parties and leaders: Justice Party (JP),
Suleyman Demirel; Republican People's Party (RPP),
Bulent Ecevit; Nationalist Salvation Party (NSP),
Necmettin Erbakan; Democratic Party (DP), Ferruh
Bozbeyli; Republican Reliance Party (RRP), Turhan
Feyzioglu; Natlionalist Action Party (NAP), Alpaslan
Turkes; Unity Party (UP), Mustafa Timisi;
Communist Party illegal
Communists: strength and support negligible
Other political or pressure groups: military forced
resignation of Demirel government in March 1971
and remains an influential force in government
Member of: ASSIMER, CENTO, Council of
Europe, EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO,
OECD, Regional Cooperation for Development,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $36.5 billion (1975), $860 per capita; 7.9%
real growth 1975, 7,8% average annual real growth
1970-75
Agriculture: main products-cotton, tobacco,
cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and livestock
products; self-sufficient in food in average years, 2,900
calories per day per capita (1972)
Major industries: textiles, food processing, mining
(coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel,
petroleum
Crude steel: 1.4 million tons produced (1975), 30
kg per capita
Electric power: 3,300,000 kW capacity (1975);
14.4 billion kWh produced (1975), 250 kWh per
capita
Exports: $1,400 million (f.o.b., 1975); cotton,
tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, livestock products,
textiles and clothing
Imports: $4,739 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery,
transport equipment, metals, mineral fuels, fertilizers,
chemicals
Major trade partners: exports-21% West
Germany, 12% U.S., 9% Switzerland, 6% Italy;
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TURKEY/T UVAL U/ UGANDA
imports-19% West Germany, 12% U.S., 11% U.K.,
11% Italy
Budget: (FY76) revenues $9.41 billion, expendi-
tures $10.21 billion, deficit $800 million
Monetary conversion rate: 16.0 Turkish liras=
US$1 (1 April 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 March - 28 February
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 8,253 km standard gage (1.435 m); 143
km double track; 72 km electrified
Highways: 60,000 km; 21,000 km bituminous;
28,000 km gravel or ccrushed stone; 2,500 km
improved earth; 8,500 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,689 km
Pipelines: 647 km crude oil; 2,055 km refined
products
Ports: 10 major, 35 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 119 total, 100 usable; 55 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over
3,660 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: new trunk domestic radio-
relay net, good international service; 1,023,000
telephones; 4.5 million radio and 900,000 TV
receivers; 40 AM, 4 FM, and 4 TV stations; COMSAT
station planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,411,000;
6,133,000 fit for military service; about 445,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 28
February 1977, $2,359.7 million; about 23.7% of
proposed central government budget
TUVALU
(formerly Ellice Islands)
NOTE: On October 1, 1975, by Constitutional
Order, the Ellice Islands were formally separated from
the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands, thus
forming the new colony of Tuvalu. The remaining
islands in the former Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony
were renamed the Gilbert Islands.
The new colony of Tuvalu includes the islands of
Nanumanga, Nanumea, Nui, Niutao, Vaitupu, and
those islands claimed by the United States: Funafuti,
Nukufetau, Nukulailai, and Nurakita.
LAND
26 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 24 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,000, preliminary total from census of
8 December 1973
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian
Religion: Protestant
Literacy: less than 50%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Tuvalu
Type: British crown colony with a large measure of
self-government
Capital: Funafuti
House of Assembly: eight members
Chief minister: Toalipi Lauti
Her Majesty's Commissioner (Governor):
Thomas Layng
ECONOMY
See Gilbert Islands for pre-separation economic
data
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 8 km gravel
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 total; 1 usable with runway 1,220-
2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: 1 AM station; about 250
telephones
LAND
235,690 km2; 21% inland water and swamp,
including territorial waters of Lake Victoria, about
21% cultivated, 13% national parks, forest, and game
reserves, 45% forest, woodland, and grassland
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
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PEOPLE
Population: 12,148,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 3.4% (current)
Nationality: noun-Ugandan(s); adjective-
Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European,
Asian, Arab
Religion: about 60% nominally Christian, 5%-10%
Muslim, rest animist
Language: English official; Luganda and Swahili
widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic languages
Literacy: about 20%-40%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million, of which
about 250,000 in paid labor, remaining in subsistence
activities
Organized labor: 125,000 union members
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Uganda
Type: republic independent since October 1962
Capital: Kampala
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34 districts
Legal system: based on English common law and
customary law; constitution adopted 1967; present
government rules despotically, has intimidated
judicial officials and has made constitution of no
consequence; legal education at Makerere University,
Kampala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: Field Marshall Amin rules by decree;
assisted by Council of Ministers and Defense Council,
a group of military officers
Government leader: Field Marshall Idi Amin,
President for life
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: none scheduled by military government
Political parties: none
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, EAC, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO,
IMF, ISO, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,700 million (1974, at current prices), $150
per capita; 0% real growth between 1970-74
Agriculture: main cash crops-coffee, cotton; other
cash crops-tobacco, tea, sugar, fish, livestock
Fishing: catch 167,500 metric tons (1974) million
(1971)
Major industries: agricultural processing (textiles,
sugar, coffee, plywood, beer), cement, copper smelter,
corrugated iron sheet, shoes, fertilizer
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1975); 850
million kWh produced (1975), 74 kWh per capita
Exports: $244 million (f.o.b., 1975); coffee, cotton,
tea, copper (1971)
Imports: $240 million (c.i.f., 1975); petroleum
products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals,
transport equipment
Major trade partners: U.K., U.S., Kenya (Uganda,
Kenya, and Tanzania form East African Economic
Community)
Monetary conversion rate: 8.4 Uganda shil-
lings = US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,216 km, meter gage (1.00 m ), single
track
Highways: 25,330 km; 2,064 km bituminous
surface treatment; 18,351 km crushed stone, gravel,
and laterite; 4,915 km earth roads and tracks
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert,
Lake Kyoga, Lake George, and Lake Edward (9,670
km); Kagera River and Victoria Nile (610 km)
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 53 total, 50 usable; 5 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 3 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph
services fair, intercity connections based on 3 or 12
channel carrier systems; 42,900 telephones; 275,000
radio and 70,400 TV receivers; 2 AM, no FM, and 6
TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 2,619,000;
about 1,439,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1972, $42.7 million; 16.6% of central government
budget
LAND
22,274,000 km2; 9.3% cultivated, 37.1% forest and
brush, 2.6% urban, industrial, and transportation,
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16.8% pasture and natural hay land, 34.2% desert,
swamp, or waste
Land boundaries: 20,619 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin)
PEOPLE
Population: 258,106,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 1.0% (current)
Nationality: noun-Soviet(s); adjective-Soviet
Ethnic divisions: 74% Slavic, 26% among some 170
ethnic groups
Religion: 70% atheist, 18% Russian Orthodox, 9%
Muslim, 3% other
Language: more than 200 languages and dialects
(at least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); 76%
Slavic group, 8% other Indo-European, 11% Altaic,
3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian
Literacy: 98.5% of population (ages 9-49)
Labor force: civilian 135 million (1976), 25%
agriculture, 75% industry and other non-agricultural
fields, unemployed not reported, shortage of skilled
labor reported
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Type: Communist state
Capital: Moscow
Political subdivisions: 15 union republics, 20
autonomous republics, 6 krays, 120 oblasts, and 8
autonomous oblasts
Legal system: civil law system as modified by
Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1936;
no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education
at 18 universities and 4 law institutes; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers (executive),
Supreme Soviet (legislative), Supreme Court of
U.S.S.R. (judicial)
Government leaders: Leonid I. Brezhnev, General
Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party; Aleksey N. Kosygin, Chairman of the Council
of Ministers; Nikolay V. Podgornyy, Chairman of the
Presidium of the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet
Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal
Elections: to Supreme Soviet every 4 years; 1,517
deputies elected in 1974; 72.2% party members
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of
the Soviet Union (CPSU) only party permitted
Voting strength (1974 election): 153,237,112
persons over 18; allegedly 99.98% voted
Communists: 15,694,000 party members
Other political or pressure groups: Komsomol,
trade unions, and other organizations which facilitate
Communist control
Member of: CEMA, Geneva Disarmament
Conference, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC,
ITU, IWC-International Whaling Commission,
IWC-International Wheat Council, U.N., UNES-
CO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
Universal Copyright Convention
ECONOMY
GNP: $865.3 billion (1975, in 1975 U.S. prices),
$3,400 per capita; in 1975 percentage shares were-
57% consumption, 29% investment, 14% government
and other, including defense (based on 1970 GNP in
rubles at adjusted factor cost); average annual rate of
growth of real GNP (1971-75), 3.8%
Agriculture: principal food crops-grain (espe-
cially wheat), potatoes; main industrial crops-
sugar cotton, sunflowers, and flax; degree of self-
sufficiency depends on fluctuations in crop yields;
given normal yields, U.S.S.R. is self-sufficient; caloric
intake, 3,000-3,200 calories per day per capita in
recent years
Fishing: catch 10.3 million metric tons (1975);
exports 491 thousand metric tons (1975), imports 26.7
thousand metric tons (1975)
Major industries: diversified, highly developed
capital goods industries; consumer goods industries
comparatively less developed
Shortages: natural rubber, bauxite and alumina,
tantalum, tin, tungsten and fluorspar
Crude steel: 154 million metric ton capacity as of 1
January 1976; 141 million metric tons produced in
1975, 550 kg per capita
Electric power: 218 million kW capacity (1975);
1,035 billion kWh produced (1975), 4,048 kWh per
capita
Exports: $33,401 million (f.o.b., 1975); fuels
(particularly petroleum and derivatives), metals,
agricultural products (timber, grain) and a wide
variety of manufactured goods (primarily capital
goods)
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U.S.S.R./UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Imports: $37,070 million (f.o.b., 1975); specialized
and complex machinery and equipment, textile fibers,
consumer manufactures, steel products (particularly
large diameter pipe), and any significant shortages in
domestic production (for example, grain imported
following poor domestic harvests)
Major trade partners: $70.5 billion (1975); trade
56% with Communist countries, 31% with in-
dustrialized West, and 13% with less developed
countries
Aid: economic-to non-Communist countries (total
extended 1975) $1,327 million; recipients included
Turkey $650 million, Afghanistan $437 million,
Somalia $62 million, Sri Lanka $57 million,
Bangladesh $46 million, Brazil $44 million; military-
(total extended 1975) $1,304 million; principal
recipients were Syria $300 million, India $204 million,
Afghanistan $125 million
Official monetary conversion rate: 0.7525
rubles=US$1; 1 ruble = US$1.3289 (September 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 138,362 km; 136,529 km broad gage
(1.524 m); 1,833 km narrow gage (mostly 0.750 m);
108,902 km broad gage single track; 89,600 km
electrified; does not include industrial lines (1975)
Highways: 1,425,200 km; 308,800 km paved;
360,400 km gravel, crushed stone; 856,000 km
improved or unimproved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 144,000 km navigable,
exclusive of Caspian Sea (1976)
Pipelines: 85,277 km crude oil; 12,872 km refined
products; 99,758 km natural gas
Ports: 63 major (most important: Leningrad,
Murmansk, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Ilichevsk, Vladivo-
stok, Nakhodka, Arkhangel'sk, Riga, Tallinn,
Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils, Nikolayev, Sevas-
topol); 116 selected minor (1976)
Freight carried: rail-3,621 million metric tons,
3,236.5 billion metric ton/km (1975); highways-19.6
billion metric tons, 312.3 billion metric ton/km
(1975); waterway-424 million metric tons, 220
billion metric ton/km (1975), excluding Caspian Sea
DEFENSE FORCES
Nuclear weapons: satisfies major requirements of
Soviet forces
Supply: fully supplies own needs and produces
large quantities of all types of materiel for export;
some light armored vehicles obtained from Eastern
Europe as an economic measure
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
LAND
82,880 km2; almost all desert, waste or urban
Land boundaries: 1,094 km (does not include
boundaries between adjacent U.A.E. states)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm for all
states except Sharjah (12 nm)
Coastline: 1,448 km
PEOPLE
Population: 656,000, preliminary total from 1975
census
Ethnic divisions: Arabs 72%; others include
Iranians, Pakistanis, and Indians
Religion: Muslim 96%, Christian, Hindu and other
4%
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 25% est. (1975)
Labor force: 203,000 (1975 est.); 85% in industry;
2% U.A.E. Arabs, 7% non-U.A.E. Arabs, 91%
Indians, Pakistanis, Iranians
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Arab Emirates (composed of
former Trucial States)
Member states: Abu Dhabi; Ajman; Dubai;
Fujairah; Ras al Khaimah; Sharjah; Umm al Qaiwain
Type: federation; constitution signed December
1971, which delegated specified powers to the United
Arab Emirates central government and reserved other
powers to member sheikhdoms
Capital: Abu Dhabi
Legal system: secular codes are being introduced
by the U.A.E. government and in several member
sheikhdoms; Islamic law remains very influential
Branches: Supreme Council of Rulers (7 members),
from which a President and Vice President are elected;
Prime Minister and Council of Ministers; National
Consultative Council; federal Supreme Court
Government leaders: Sheikh Zayid of Abu Dhabi,
President; Sheikh Rashid of Dubai, Vice President;
Sheikh Maktum of Dubai, Prime Minister
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES/UNITED KINGDOM
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Political or pressure groups: none; a few small
clandestine groups are active
Member of: Arab League, IBRD, ICAO, ILO,
IMF, OAPEC, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
Agriculture: food imported, but some dates,
alfalfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised
Electric power: 435,000 kW capacity (1975); 600
million kWh produced (1975), 3,000 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.3 billion ($7.0 in oil, $0.3 non-oil)
(f.o.b., 1976); crude petroleum, pearls, fish
Imports: $3 billion (f.o.b. , 1976); food, consumer
and capital goods
Major trade partners: U.K., U.S., Japan, India,
EC
Aid: 1974-75 foreign aid totaled $1 billion; the
1975-76 budget committed $875 million to direct
foreign aid; Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic and
Social Development in 1975 lent $175 million to
LDC's
Budget: total budget (1976), $1 billion, 70% from
Abu Dhabi
Monetary conversion rate: 1 U,A.E. Dir-
ham=US$0.25
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 282 km bituminous, undetermined
mileage of earth tracks
Pipelines: 282 km crude oil
Ports: 5 major, 3 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 56 total, 43 usable; 11 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 1 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1;220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is adequate; key
centers are Abu Zaby and Dubayy; 34,300 telephones;
52,000 radio and 25,000 TV receivers; 3 AM, 1 FM,
and 2 TV stations
UNITED KINGDOM
LAND
243,978 km2; 30% arable, 50% meadow and
pasture, 12% waste or urban, 7% forested, 1% inland
water
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 12,429 km
PEOPLE
Population: 56,043,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.0% (current)
Nationality: noun-Briton(s), British (collective
pl.); adjective-British
Ethnic divisions: 83% English, 9% Scottish, 5%
Welsh, 3% Irish
Religion: 27.0 million Church of England, 5.3
million Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterians,
760,000 Methodist, 450,000 Jews (registered)
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of
population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about
100,000 in Scotland)
Literacy: 98% to 99%
Labor force: (1974) 25.6 million; 1.6% agriculture,
1.4% mining, 30.7% manufacturing, 6.2% govern-
ment, 7,2% transportation and utilities, 5.2%
construction, 10.6% distributive trades, 25.3% all
services, 9.7% other; 2.1% unemployed
Organized labor: 40% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: London
Political subdivisions: 635 parliamentary constitu-
encies
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Legal system: common law tradition with early
Roman and modern continental influences; no
judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority resides in Parlia-
ment; executive authority lies with collectively
responsible cabinet led by Prime Minister; House of
Lords is supreme judicial authority and highest court
of appeal
Government leader: Prime Minister James
Callaghan
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister, but must
be held before expiration of a 5-year electoral
mandate; last election 10 October 1974
Political parties and leaders: Conservative,
Margaret Thatcher; Labor, James Callaghan;
Liberal, David Steel; Communist, Gordan Mc-
Lennan; Scottish National, William Wolfe
Voting strength (1974 election): Conservative 277
seats (35.9%); Labor 319 seats (39.3%); Liberal 13
seats (18.3%); Scottish National 11 seats (2.8%); Plaid
Cymru 3 seats (0.6%); other 12 seats (3.2%)
Communists: 29,000
Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union
Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National
Farmers' Union
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan,
Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EEC, ELDO, ESRO,
EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC,
IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-International Whaling
Commission, IWC-International Wheat Council,
NATO, OECD, UN., UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $226 billion (1975, in 1975 prices), $4,040 per
capita; 61.6% consumption, 19.8% investment, 22.4%
government, -1.1% inventories, -2.5% net foreign
balance, real growth 3% (1955-75)
Agriculture: mixed farming predominates; main
products-wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets,
livestock, dairy products; 50% self-sufficient; food
shortages-meat, fruits, vegetables, cereals, dairy
products; caloric intake, 3,170 calories per day per
capita (1970-71)
Fishing: catch 954 thousand metric tons (1974),
$355 million (1974); exports $128 million, imports
$304 million (1975)
Major industries: machinery and transport
equipment, metals, food processing, paper and paper
products, textiles, chemicals, clothing
Shortages: rubber, petroleum, timber and
woodpulp, textile fibers, nonferrous metals, foodstuffs
Crude steel: 20,3 million metric tons produced
(1975); 28.1 million metric tons capacity (1975), 360
kg per capita
Electric power: 82 million kW capacity (1975);
272 billion kWh produced (1975), 5,100 kWh per
capita
Exports: $41.7 billion (f.o.b., 1975); machinery,
transport equipment, chemicals, metals, nonmetallic
mineral manufactures, textiles, beverages
Imports: $48.8 billion (f.o.b., 1975); foodstuffs,
petroleum, machinery, crude materials, chemicals,
nonferrous metals
Major trade partners: 35% EC, 4% Ireland, 3%
South Africa, 22% Sterling Area, 2% U.S.S.R. and
Eastern Europe, 2% Australia, 3% Canada, 9% U.S.
Aid: economic-(authorized) U.S., $9.0 billion
(FY46-75), $26 million in FY73; 51.4 million in FY72;
net official economic aid to less developed areas and
multilateral agencies, $5,073 million (1960-69), $562
million in 1971; $609 million in 1972; military-U.S.,
$1.1 billion (FY46-75)
Budget (public sector): net expenditure planned
for FY77, $889 million
Monetary conversion rate: pound sterling floating,
average daily exchange rate 1975, 0.45 pounds = US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: Great Britain-18,500 km; British
Railways (BR) operates 18,225 km standard gage
(1.435 m) (3,806 km electrified, 11,410 km double
track, 2,366 km multiple track) and 19 km 0.597-
meter gage; 256 km of standard gage (1.435 m) and
several narrow gages are privately-owned; Northern
Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 327 km 1.600-meter
gage, 190 km double track
Highways: approx. 343,315 km and 23,175 km in
Northern Ireland
Inland waterways: 1,770 km of commercial routes
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insig-
nificant; 2,907 km refined products; 1,770 km natural
gas
Ports: 23 major, 350 minor
Civil air: 519 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: modern, efficient domestic
and international system; 22.4 million telephones;
41.7 million radio and 18.7 million TV receivers;
excellent countrywide broadcast; 97 AM, 118 FM and
300 TV stations; 45 submarine cables (42 coaxial); 3
earth satellite stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,685,000;
10,701,000 fit for military service; no conscription;
445,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
March 1977, $10.4 billion; about 9% of central
government budget
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LAND
274,540
cultivated,
uses
UPPER VOLTA
km2; 50% pastureland, 21% fallow, 10%
9% forest and scrub, 10% waste and other
Land boundaries: 3,307 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,300,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (current)
Nationality: noun-Upper Voltan(s); adjective-
Upper Voltan
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; principal
tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other important
groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and
Fulani
Religion: majority of population animist, about
20% Muslim, 5% Christian (mainly Catholic)
Language: French official; tribal languages belong
to Sudanic family, spoken by 50% of the population
Literacy: 5%-10%
Labor force: about 95% of the economically active
population engaged in animal husbandry, subsistence
farming, and related agricultural pursuits; about
30,000 are wage earners; about 20% of male labor
force migrates annually to neighboring countries for
seasonal employment
Organized labor: 4 principal trade union groups
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Upper Volta
Type: republic; military regime in power since
January 1966
Capital: Ouagadougou
Political subdivisions: 10 departments, composed
of 44 cercles, headed by civilian prefects
Legal system: based on French civil law system
and customary law; constitution adopted 1970,
suspended February 1974; a special commission to
draft a new constitution was appointed in May 1976;
judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President is an army officer; 57-man
National Assembly was elected in December 1970,
suspended February 1974
Government leader: Gen. Sangoule Lamizana,
President and Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: all political activity has been banned
Political parties and leaders: political parties
banned February 1974
Communists: no Communist party; some sympa-
thizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor
organizations are badly splintered, students and
teachers occasionally strike
Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, EIB
(associate), Entente, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO,
IMF, IPU, ITU, Niger River Commission, OAU,
OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $495 million (1974 est.), $80 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops-peanuts, shea nuts,
sesame, cotton; food crops-sorghum, millet, corn,
rice; livestock; largely self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 3,500 metric tons (1974)
Major industries: agricultural processing plants,
brewery, bottling, and brick plants; a few other light
industries
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1975); 57
million kWh produced (1975), 9 kWh per capita
Exports: $68 million (f,o.b., 1974); livestock( on the
hoof), peanuts, shea nut products, cotton, sesame
Imports: $194 million (c.i.f., 1974); textiles, food,
and other consumer goods, transport equipment,
machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: Ivory Coast and Ghana;
overseas trade mainly with France and other EC
countries; preferential tariff to EC and franc zone
countries
Aid: economic-France (1964-September 1970),
$46 million; EC (FY1960-72), $87 million; U.S.S.R.,
China, Ghana, West Germany, and Israel have also
extended aid; U.S. (FY61-75), $47 million;
international organizations (FY60-73), $175 million;
China, $51 million (1973-75); military-France, $3.7
million (1964-70); U.S., $0.1 million (FY1962-75)
Budget: (1976) balanced at $94 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 248.22 Com-
munaute Financiere Africaine francs = US$1 as of
August 1976, floating
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,172 km, 515 km meter gage (1.00 m),
single track; Ouagadougou to Abidjan, Ivory Coast
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Highways: 16,320 km; 520 km paved, 3,600 km
improved, 12,200 km unimproved
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 54 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: all services generally poor;
1,800 telephones; 100,000 radio and 6,000 TV
receivers; 2 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,419,000;
710,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Supply: mainly dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $18,243,900; 19.7% of central
government budget
URUGUAY
LAND
186,998 km2; 84% agricultural land (73% pasture,
11% cropland) 16% forest, urban, waste and other
Land boundaries: 1,352 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 660 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,788,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.5% (10-63 to 5-75)
Nationality: noun-Uruguayan(s); adjective-
Uruguayan
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% white, 5% Negro, 5%-
10% mestizo
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half
adult population attends church regularly)
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 90.5% for those 15 years of age or older
Labor force: 1,015,500 (1963 census); of those
employed in important sectors-25% government;
34% industry; 10% service; 23% other; 8%
agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining; no shortage
of skilled labor
Organized labor: about 25% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
Type: republic, government under strong military
influence
Capital: Montevideo
Political subdivisions: 19 departments with limited
autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system;
new constitution implemented 1967; judicial review
of legislative acts in Supreme Court, legal education
at University of the Republic at Montevideo; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, headed by President; since
1973 the military has had considerable influence in
policymaking; bicameral legislature (closed
indefinitely by presidential decree in June 1973),
Council of State set up to act as legislature; national
judiciary headed by Supreme Court
Government leader: President Aparecio Mendez
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: projected for 1980
Political parties and leaders: political activities are
proscribed
Voting strength (1971 elections): 40.8% Colorado,
40.1% Blanco, 18.6% Frente Amplio, 0.5% Radical
Christian Union
Communists: 35,000-40,000 including Communist
youth group and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Communist
Party (PCU), Rodney Arismendi (in exile in the
U.S.S.R.); Christian Democratic Party (PDC);
Socialist Party of Uruguay (PSU); Revolutionary
Movement of Uruguay (MRO) pro-Cuban Commu-
nist Party; National Liberation Movement (MLN-
Tupamaros) Marxist revolutionary terrorist group
Member of: FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA,
OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.8 billion (1975, in 1974 prices), $910 per
capita; 77% private consumption, 13% public
consumption, 12% gross investment (1969); net
foreign balance -2%; real growth rate 1975, 3.6%
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive
livestock grazing (17 million sheep, 9 million cattle);
main crops-wheat, rice, corn; self-sufficient in most
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URUGUAY/VATICAN CITY
basic foodstuffs; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day
per capita, with high protein content
Major industries: meat processing, wool and hides,
textiles, footwear, cement, petroleum refining
Crude steel: 13,000 metric tons produced (1972), 5
kg per capita
Electric power: 574,000 kW capacity (1975); 2.5
billion kWh produced (1975), 920 kWh per capita
Exports: $385 million (f.o.b., 1975); wool, hides
Imports: $548 million (c.i.f., 1975); fuels, metals,
machinery, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: exports-28% EC, 4% U.S.,
37% LAFTA; imports-30% LAFTA, 8% U.S., 18%
EC (1974)
Aid: economic-extensions from U.S. (FY46-75),
$138 million in loans, $29 million in grants; from
other Western countries (1960-74), $26 million; from
Communist countries-U.S.S.R. (1969-75), $52
million and Eastern Europe (1966-75), $25 million;
from international organizations (1946-75), $320
million; military-authorizations from U.S. (FY53-
75), $86 million
Monetary conversion rate: commercial rate, new
pesos 3.18=US$1, financial rate, new pesos
3.42=US$1 (May 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,992 km, all standard gage (1.435 m)
and government owned
Highways: 51,800 km; 6,000 km paved, 7,400 km
otherwise surfaced, 15,400 km improved earth, 23,000
km earth tracks
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and
shallow-draft river craft
Freight carried: highways 80% of total cargo
traffic, rail 15%, waterways 5%
Ports: 4 major (Montevideo, Colonia, Fray Bentos,
Paysandu), 6 minor
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 99 total, 61 usable; 10 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 11
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: most modern facilities
concentrated in Montevideo; 258,000 telephones; 1.5
million radio and 400,000 TV receivers; 75 AM, 3
FM, and 17 TV stations; 2 submarine cables;
COMSAT station planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 747,000; 602,000
fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $73.8 million; 16.4% of central
government budget
VATICAN CITY
LAND
0.438 km2
Land boundaries: 3 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1975)
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many
other nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian, Latin, and various modern
languages
Literacy: virtually complete
Labor force: approx. 700; Vatican City employees
divided into 3 categories-executives, officeworkers,
and salaried employees
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Capital: Vatican City
Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes St.
Peter's, the Vatican Palace and Museum and
neighboring buildings covering more than 13 acres; 13
buildings in Rome, although outside the boundaries,
enjoy extraterritorial rights
Legal system: Canon law; constitutional laws of
1929 serve some of the functions of a constitution
Branches: the Pope possesses full executive,
legislative, and judicial powers; he delegates these
powers to the governor of Vatican City, who is subject
to pontifical appointment and recall; high Vatican
offices include the Secretariat of State, the College of
Cardinals (chief papal advisers), the Roman Curia
(which carries on the central administration of the
Roman Catholic Church) the Presidence of the
Prefecture for the Economy, and the synod of bishops
(created in 1965)
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VATICAN CITY/VENEZUELA
Government leader: Supreme Pontiff, Paul VI,
(Giovanni Battista Montini, born 26 September 1897,
elected Pope 21 June 1963)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 in age
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life by
College of Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive
of influence exercised by other church officers in
universal Roman Catholic Church)
Member: IAEA, IWC-International Wheat
Council
ECONOMY
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is supported
financially by contributions (known as Peter's pence)
from Roman Catholics throughout the world; some
income derived from sale of Vatican postage stamps
and tourist mementos, fees for admission to Vatican
museums, and sale of publications; industrial activity
consists solely of printing and production of a small
amount of mosaics and staff uniforms
The banking and financial activities of the Vatican
are worldwide; the Institute for Religious Agencies
carries out fiscal operations and invests and transfers
funds of Roman Catholic religious communities
throughout the world; the Cardinal's Commission
controls the administration of ordinary assets of the
Holy See and a Special Administration manages the
Holy See's capital assets
Electric power: obtained from Rome city grid;
standby diesel powerplant with 2,100 kW capacity
(1975)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none (city streets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 1 AM and 1 FM radio-
broadcasting station; 2,000-line automatic telephone
exchange
DEFENSE FORCES
Defense is responsibility of Italy
VENEZUELA
LAND
911,680 km2; 4% cropland, 18% pasture, 21%
forest, 57% urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 4,181 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 2,800 km
PEOPLE
Population: 12,366,000, excluding Indian jungle
population (January 1977), average annual growth
rate 3.1% (7-74 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Venezuelan(s); adjective-
Venezuelan
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white, 10%
Negro, 2% Indian
Religion: 94% nominally Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 74% (claimed, 1970 est.)
Labor force: million (1975); 24% agriculture, 6%
construction, 17% manufacturing, 6% transportation,
18% commerce, 25% services, 4% petroleum, utilities,
and other
Organized labor: 45% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Venezuela
Type: republic
Capital: Caracas
Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal district, 2
federal territories
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system
with influence of U.S. law; constitution promulgated
1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation
Court only; dual court system, state and federal; legal
education at Central University of Venezuela; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature, judiciary
Government leader: President Carlos Andres Perez
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; last held 9 December 1973
Political parties and leaders: Accion Democratica
(AD), Carlos Andres Perez, and Gonzalo Barrios;
Social Christian Party (COPEI), Rafael Caldera and
Herrera Campins; People's Electoral Movement
(MEP), Jesus Angel Paz Galarraga; Union Repub-
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January 1977
VENEZUELA/VIETNAM
licana Democratica (URD), Jovito Villalba; Partido Monetary conversion rate: 4.285 bolivares=US$1
Comunista de Venezuela (PCV), Secretary-General (selling rate)
Jesus Faria; Movement to Socialism (MAS), Teodoro Fiscal year: calendar year
Petkoff, and Pompey Marquez
Voting strength (1973 election): 49% AD, 37%
COPEI, 5% New Force (MEP & PCV), 4% MAS, 3%
URD, 2% others
Communists: 4,000-6,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Fedecamaras
(a conservative business group); PRO VENEZUELA
(leftist, nationalist economic group); DESARROL-
LISTAS (group of wealthy, independent businessmen
led by former finance minister Pedro Tinoco and
historian Guillermo Moron)
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IPU, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council,
LAFTA, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational
Shipping Line-Naviera Multinacional del Caribe),
OAS, OPEC, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $27.3 billion (1975, in 1975 dollars), $2,280
per capita; 50% private consumption, 13% public
consumption, 29% gross investment, 8% foreign sector
(1975 est,), real growth rate 1975 est., 3.8%
Agriculture: main crops-cotton, sugarcane, corn,
coffee, rice; self-sufficient in rice and chicken, imports
wheat (U.S.) and meat (Colombia); caloric intake
2,600 calories per day per capita (1972)
Fishing: catch 162,400 metric tons (1974); exports
$14.4 million (1972), imports $9.5 million (1972)
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining,
food processing, textiles
struction
,
con
Crude steel: 1.1 million metric tons produced
(1973), 100 kg per capita
Electric power: 4,400,000 kW capacity (1975); 17
billion kWh produced (1975), 1,550 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.5 billion (f.o.b., 1975); petroleum $8.9
billion (1975), iron ore, coffee
Imports: $6.0 billion (c.i.f., 1975); industrial
machinery and equipment, chemicals, manufactures,
wheat
Major trade partners: imports-42% U.S., 13%
West Germany, 8% Japan; exports-41% U.S., 13%
Canada, 12% Aruba, 9% Argentina
Aid: economic assistance-extensions from U.S.
(FY46-75), $127.9 million loans; $72.6 million grants;
from international organizations (FY46-75), $658
ll' f om Communist countries (1954-75), $10
r
Railroads: 373 km standard gage (1.435 m) all
single track; 171 km government owned, 202 km
privately owned
Highways: 65,700 km; 19,600 km paved, 17,500
km gravel, 10,200 km improved earth, 18,400 km
unimproved (including trails)
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Orinoco River and
Lake Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels
Pipelines: 6,110 km crude oil; 400 km refined
products; 2,495 km natural gas
Ports: 6 major, 17 minor
Civil air: 67 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 292 total, 261 usable; 104 with
permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 78 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: modern expanding telecom
system; satellite ground station; 609,400 telephones;
3.2 million radio and 1.3 million TV receivers; 157
AM, 50 FM, and 43 TV stations; 3 submarine cables,
including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,628,000;
1,854,000 fit for military service; 134,000 reach
military age (18) annually
VIETNAM
in, ion,
million; military-assistance from U.S. (FY46-75), LAND
km2; 14% cultivated, 50% forested, 36%
$142 million
Budget: 1975-revenues $9.5 billion; expenditures, urban
Land boundaries: 4 562 km
$9.4 billion, capital $1.9 billion
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VIETNAM/WALLIS AND FUTNUNA
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed); 12 nm
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 47,101,000 (January 1977),
average annual growth rate 2.5% (current); Vietnam,
North, 25,070,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(current); Vietnam, South, 22,031,000, average
annual growth rate 2.9% (7-70 to 7-73)
Nationality: noun-Vietnamese (sing,
adjective-Vietnamese
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% predominantly
Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities include
Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Chain, and
mountain tribesman
Religion: Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism,
Catholicism, Animism, Islam, and Protestantism
Language: Vietnamese, French, Chinese, English,
Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-
Polynesian)
Labor force: approximately 15 million, not
including military; about 70% agriculture and 8%
industry
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Political subdivisions: 38 provinces
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory
and French civil law system; constitution enacted
1960
Branches: constitution provides for a National
Assembly and highly centralized executive nominally
subordinate to it
Party and government leaders: Ton Due Thang,
President of DRV; Le Duan, First Secretary; Truong
Chinh, Chairman, Standing Committee of National
Assembly; Pham Van Dong, Premier; Vo Nguyen
Giap, Minister of National Defense; Nguyen Duy
Trinh, Minister for Foreign Affairs
Suffrage: over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for national and
local assemblies; lastest election for National
Assembly held on April 25, 1976
Political parties: ruled by Lao Dong Party
(Communist) with membership of approximately
900,000; minor subordinate parties
Member of: WHO
F'":ONOMY
GNP: $4.6 billion (1975), approximately $100 per
capita; growth stagnant in recent years, but could
reach a moderate 5% in 1976
Agriculture: main crops-rice, rubber, fruits and
vegetables, mainly in the south; some corn, manioc,
and sugarcane; major food imports-wheat, dairy
products
Fishing: catch 728,000 metric tons (1974); dropped
in 1975 but should recover to near 1974 levels in 1976
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
machine building, mining, cement, chemical
fertilizer, glass, tires
Shortages: petroleum, capital goods and machin-
ery, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports-Japan, Hong
Kong, Singapore, Franch; imports-U.S., Japan,
France to April 1975; thereafter most trade with
Communist countries, primarily U.S.S.R. and China
Monetary conversion rate (nominal): 2.9
dong=US$1 (March 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 41,190 km; 5,471 km bituminous,
27,030 km gravel or improved earth, 8,690 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 17,072 km navigable;
more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels
up to 1.8-m draft
Ports: 9 major, 23 minor
Civil air: military controlled
Airfields: 205 total, 169 usable; 73 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-
3,659 in, 30 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 2 seaplane
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Supply: dependent on the U.S.S.R., Eastern
European Communist countries, and the PRC for
virtually all new equipment; produces negligible
quantities of infantry weapons, ammunition and
explosive devices (Vietnam possesses a huge inventory
of U.S.- manufactured weapons and equipment
captured from the RVN)
Military budget: no expenditure estimates are
available; military aid from the U.S.S.R. and PRC has
been so extensive that actual allocation of Vietnam's
domestic resorces to defense has not been indicative of
total military effort
NOTE: VN figures preliminary
WALLIS AND FUTUNA
LAND
About 207 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm
Coastline: about 129 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,000, official estimate for 1 July 1973
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WALLIS AND FUTUNA/WESTERN SAHARA
WESTERN SAHARA
(formerly Spanish Sahara)
Nationality: noun-Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or
Wallis and Futuna Islander; adjective-Wallisian,
Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islanders
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna
Islands
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Matu Utu
Political subdivisions: 3 districts
Branches: territorial assembly of 20 members;
popular election of one deputy to National Assembly
in Paris, and one Senator
Government leader: Superior Administrator
Jacques de Agostini
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years
ECONOMY
Agriculture: dominated by coconut production
with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas
Exports: negligible
Imports: $1.4 million (1972); largely foodstuffs and
some equipment associated with development
programs
Monetary conversion rate: 70 Colonial Franc
Pacifique (CFP) = US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 100 km of improved road on Uvea
Island (1972)
Ports: 2 minor
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with runway 1,220-
2,439 m, 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: 43 telephones
DEFENSE
No formal defense structure; no regular Armed
Forces
LAND
266,770 km2, nearly all desert
Land boundaries: 2,086 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,110 km
PEOPLE
Population: 117,000 (official estimate for 1 July
1975)
Nationality: noun-Saharan(s); adjective-
Saharan
Ethnic divisions: Arab, Berber, and Negro nomads
Religion: Muslim
Language: local Arabic or Hassania
Literacy: among Spanish, probably nearly 100%;
among nomads, perhaps 5%
Labor force: 12,000; 50% agriculture, 50% other
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT
Type: legal status of territory unresolved; territory
partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania; the
legal question of sovereignty over the area has yet to
be determined; both countries have established
political administration within their own zones of
influence; the line of partition begins at a point on the
coast where the Atlantic Ocean intersects the 24th
parallel, and extends in a southeasterly direction until
it intersects the 13th meridian
ECONOMY
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown
in nondrought years; fruit and vegetables in the few
oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and
goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy
exists largely for the garrison forces
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WESTERN SAHARA/WESTERN SAMOA
Major industries: phosphate mining, fishing, and
handicrafts
Shortages: water
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1975); 9
million kWh produced (1975), 84 kWh per capita
Exports: in 1975, up to $75 million in phosphates,
all other exports valued at under $1 million
Imports: $1,443,000 (1968); fuel for fishing fleet,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: monetary trade largely with
Spain and Spanish possessions
Aid: small amounts from Spain in prior years
Monetary conversion rate: see Moroccan and
Mauritanian currencies
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,100 km; 500 km bituminous treated,
5,600 kmunimproved earth roads and tracks
Ports: 2 major (El Aaiun, Villa Cisneros), 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 13 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph
poor; 1,000 telephones; 16,000 radio receivers; 1 AM
station, no FM or TV stations
WESTERN SAMOA
LAND
2,849 km2; comprised of 2 large islands of Savai'i
and Upolu and several smaller islands, including
Manono and Apolima; 65% forested, 24% cultivated,
11% industry, waste, or urban
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 403 km
PEOPLE
Population: 157,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (7-65 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Western Samoan(s); adjec-
tive-Western Samoa
Ethnic divisions: Polynesians, about 12,000
Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian
blood), 700 Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of
population associated with the London Missionary
Society)
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Literacy: 85%-90% (education compulsory for all
children from 7-15 years)
Labor force: agriculture 19,148;
manufacturing 1,716 (1961)
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: The Independent State of Western
Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief;
special treaty relationship with New Zealand
Capital: Apia
Legal system: based on English common law and
local customs; constitution came into effect upon
independence in 1962; judicial review of legislative
acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Head of State and Executive Council;
Legislative Assembly; Supreme Court, Court of
Appeal, Land and Titles Court, village courts
Government leaders: Head of State, Malietoa
Tanumafili 11; Prime Minister, Tupuola Efi
Suffrage: 45 Samoan members of Legislative
Assembly are elected by holders of matai (heads of
family) titles (about 5,000); 2 European-members are
elected by universal adult suffrage
Elections: held triennially, last in February 1976
Political parties and leaders: no clearly defined
political party structure
Communists: unknown
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, IBRD,
IFC, IMF, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $45 million (1974), $280 per capita
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple foods
include coconut, bananas, taro, and yams
Exports: $7 million (f.o.b., 1975); copra 38%, cocoa
26%, timber 3%
Imports: $36 million (c.i.f., 1975); food,
manufactured goods, machinery
Major trade partners: exports-43% New Zealand,
10% Netherlands, 14% West Germany, 12% U.S.;
imports-33% New Zealand, 19% Australia, 12%
Japan
Aid: New Zealand, $7 million (est. 1972-76)
Budget: 1975 est., revenues 14 million tala,
expenditures 22 million tala
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WESTERN SAMOA/YEMEN (ADEN)
Monetary conversion rate: WS Tala=US$1.30
(December 1975), 0.77 WS Tala=US$1
Major industries: timber, tourism
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 784 km; 375 km bituminous, remainder
mostly gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, all usable; 1 with permanent
surface runway 1,220-2,439 to
Telecommunications: 2,600 telephones; 20,000
radio receivers; 1 AM station
YEMEN (ADEN)
LAND
287,490 km2; (border with Saudi Arabia un-
defined); only about 1% arable (of which less than
25% cultivated)
Land boundaries: 1,802 krn
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus
6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 1,383 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,764,000, excluding the islands of
Perim and Kamaran for which no data are available
(January 1977), average annual growth rate 2.9%
(5-73 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Yemeni(s); adjective-Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indians,
Somalis, and Europeans in Aden
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: probably no higher than 10%; Aden 35%
(est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Peoples Democratic Republic of
Yemen
Type: republic; power centered in ruling National
Front Party
Capital: Aden; Madinat ash Sha'b, administrative
capital
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for personal
matters) and English common law (for commercial
matters); highest judicial organ, Federal High Court,
interprets constitution and determines disputes
between states
Branches: Presidential Council; cabinet; Supreme
People's Council
Government leaders: Chairman of Presidential
Council, Salim Rubayyi Ali; Prime Minister Ali Nasir
Muhammed al-Hasani; NF Secretary General Abd
Al-Fattah Ismail
Suffrage: granted by constitution to all citizens 18
and over
Elections: elections for legislative body, Supreme
People's Council, called for in constitution; none have
been held
Political parties and leaders: National Front
(NF), only legal party
Communists: few known
Member of: FAO, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $100 million (1974 est.), $60 per capita
Agriculture (all outside Aden): cotton is main cash
crop; cereals, dates, kat (qat), coffee, and livestock are
raised and there is a growing fishing industry; large
amount of food must be imported (particularly for
Aden); cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish are
exported
Major industries: petroleum refinery (production
150,000 b/d) mid-1971; capacity 178,000 b/d at
Little Aden operates on imported crude; oil
exploration activity
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1975); 125
million kWh produced (1975), 75 kWh per capita
Exports: $20 million (1975 provisional), excluding
petroleum products but including re-exports
Imports: $154 million (1975 provisional)
Major trade partners: Yemen, East Africa, but
some cement and sugar imported from Communist
countries; crude oil imported from Persian Gulf,
exported mainly to U.K. and Japan
Budget: (FY1974-75, est. )-revenues $42 million,
expenditures $75 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 S. Yemeni dinar =
US$2.90
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
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YEMEN (ADEN)/YEMEN (SANA)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,311 km; 322 km bituminous treated,
290 km crushed stone and gravel, 4,699 km motorable
track
Ports: 1 major (Aden)
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 95 total, 57 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 32
with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: small system of open-wire
line, multiconductor cable, and radiocommunications
stations; only center Aden; 9,900 telephones; 250,000
radio and 31,000 TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM and 3
TV stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 398,000; 220,000
fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March
1971, $15,816,000; about 34.4% of central govern-
ment budget
YEMEN (SANA)
LAND
194,250 km2 (parts of border with Saudi Arabia and
Southern Yemen undefined); 20% agricultural, 1%
forested, 79% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,528 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus
6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 523 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,791,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.6% (7-71 to 7-72)
Nationality: noun-Yemeni(s); adjective-Yerheni
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab
(mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: almost entirely agriculture and
herding
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Yemen Arab Republic
Type: republic; military regime assumed power in
June 1974
Capital: Sana
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law,
and local customary law; first constitution
promulgated December 1970, suspended June 1974;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Military Command Council, Prime
Minister, cabinet
Government leaders: Head of Military Command
Council, Col. Ibrahim Hamdi; Prime Minister
Abd al-Ghani
Communists: few known
Political parties or pressure groups: Yemeni
Union, a small inactive government party formed in
February 1973; some pro-Iraqi Baathists, other small
clandestine groups supported by Yemen (Aden)
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $780 million (1974 est.), $130 per capita
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild
narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits and vegetables; largely
self-sufficient in food
Major industries: cotton textiles and leather goods
produced on a small scale; handicraft and some
fishing; small aluminum products factory
Electric power: 15,000 kW capacity (1975); 25
million kWh produced (1975), 4kWh per capita
Exports: $15 million (1974 est.); qat, cotton, coffee,
hides, vegetables
Imports: $259 million (1975 est.); textiles and other
manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products,
sugar, grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement
Major trade partners: China, Yemen (Aden),
U.S.S.R., Japan, U.K., Australia, Saudi Arabia
Aid: bilateral pledges received-$167 million 1974,
multilateral-$36 million through 1972, $170 million
drawn through 1970; major donors include U.S.S.R.,
China, U.S., West Germany, Saudi Arabia; mili-
tary-$78 million from U.S.S.R.; $30 million from
Eastern Europe; $7 million western military aid
through 1973
Budget: (1974/75 est.) $711 million expenditures
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Monetary conversion rate: 1 Yemeni rial=
US$0.22 as of October 1973
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,477 km; 467 km bituminous; 435 km
crushed stone and gravel; 2,575 km earth, sand, and
light gravel
Ports: 1 major (Al Hudaydah), 2 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 18 usable; 6 with permanent-
surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system among Mideast's
worst; consists of meager open-wire lines and low-
power radiocommunication stations; principal center
Sana, secondary centers Al Hudaydah and Taizz;
4,600 telephones; 87,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, no
FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,585,000;
876,000 fit for military service; about 72,000 reach
military age (18) annually; univeral military
conscription law (10 January 1963) makes military
service obligatory for all Yemeni males 18-30
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June
1975, $50,402,000; 54.6% of central government
budget
Coastline: 1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,414 km
(offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 21,650,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.9% (current)
Nationality: noun-Yugoslav(s); adjective-
Yugoslav
Ethnic divisions: 39.7% Serb, 22.1% Croat, 8.4%
Muslims, 8.2% Slovene, 5.8% Macedonian, 2.5%
Montenegrin, 6,4% Albanian, 2.3% Hungarian, 4.6%
other (1971 census)
Religion: 41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Roman
Catholic, 12% Muslim, 3% other, 12% none (1953
census)
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian,
Albanian, Hungarian, and Italian
Literacy: 80.3% (1961)
Labor force: 13.5 million (1970); 49.6%
agriculture, 16% mining and manufacturing, 34.4%
other nonagricultural activities; reported unemploy-
ment averaged 8% of registered labor force (social
sector) in 1967
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in form
Capital: Belgrade
Political subdivisions: 6 republics with 2
autonomous provinces (within the Republic of Serbia)
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and
Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1974;
legal education at several law schools; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: parliament (Federal Assembly) constitu-
tionally supreme; executive includes cabinet (Federal
Executive Council) and the federal administration;
independent judiciary; the State Presidency is a
collective policymaking body composed of a
representative from each republic and province, Tito
presides as President of the Republic
Government leader: Josip Broz Tito, President of
Republic and President of League of Communists of
Yugoslavia
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every 4 years
by a complicated, indirect system of voting
Political parties and leaders: League of
Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; leaders are
President Tito and influential presidium members
Edvard Kardelj, Vladimir Bakaric, and Stane Dolanc
Voting strength: voter participation in national
elections has declined, as follows-1963, 95.5%; 1965,
93.6%; 1967, 89%; 1969, 88%; 1974, no data
available
Communists: 1,119,000 party members (January
1975)
LAND
255,892 km2; 32% arable, 25% meadows and
pastures, 34% forested, 9% other
Land boundaries: 3,001 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 10 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
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Other political or pressure groups: Socialist
Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY),
the major mass front organization for the LCY;
Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia
(CTUY), Union of Youth of Yugoslavia (UYY),
Federation of Yugoslav War Veterans (SUBNOR)
Member of: ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but
participates in certain commissions), EC (5-year non-
preferential trade agreement signed in May 1973),
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, OECD
(participant in some activities), U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $39.19 billion (1975 est., at 1975 prices),
$1,840 per capita; real growth rate 5.9% (1971-75)
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with many
small private holdings and large agricultural
combines; main crops-corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar
beets, and sunflowers; generally a net exporter of
foodstuffs and live animals; self-sufficient in food
except for tropical products, cotton, wool, and
vegetable meal feeds; caloric intake, 3,210 calories per
day per capita (1967)
Major industries: metallurgy, machinery and
equipment, textiles, wood processing, food processing
Shortages: electricity, fuels, steel, textile fibers,
chemicals
Crude steel: 2.9 million metric tons produced
(1975), 140 kg per capita
Electric power: 9 million kW capacity (1975); 40
billion kWh produced (1975), 1,870 kWh per capita
Exports: $4,072 million (f.o.b., 1975); 12%
foodstuffs and tobacco; 17% raw materials, fuels, and
chemicals; 28% machinery and equipment; 43% other
manufactures
Imports: $7,697 million (c.i.f., 1975); 7% foodstuffs
and tobacco; 33% raw materials, fuels, chemicals;
26% machinery and equipment; 34% other
manufactures
Major trade partners: 68% non-Communist
countries (35% EC, 6% U.S., 27% other non-
Communist countries), 32% Communist countries
Aid: postwar credits extended mainly by, the U.S.
(about $3.6 billion, including grants and $0.7 billion
in military aid); Western Europe (more than $22
billion); IBRD ($1.1 billion); IMF (more than $730
million); Communist countries extended credits
totaling $464 million in 1956 ($125 million drawing
balance suspended in 1958) and $576 million during
1962-70 and $540 million in 1972; $173 million in
1974; Yugoslavia has extended credits totaling about
$850 million to 27 less developed countries of Africa,
Asia, and Latin America
Monetary conversion rate: 17.0 new dinars =US$1
Fiscal year: same as calendar year (all data refer to
calendar year or to middle or end of calendar year as
indicated)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 10,319 km; 9,353 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 966 km narrow gage; 794 double track;
2,116 km electrified (1974)
Highways: 98,372 km; 550 km concrete, 33,729 km
bituminous, 1,101 km stone block, 37,522 km gravel,
25,470 km earth (1974)
Inland waterways: 1,970 km (1976)
Freight carried: rail-81.5 million metric tons,
23.1 billion metric ton/km (1974); highway-80.7
million metric tons, 9.8 billion metric ton/km (1975);
waterway-19.4 million metric tons, 5.4 billion metric
ton/km (incl. intl. transit traffic) (1974)
Pipelines: 322 km crude oil; 660 km natural gas
Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split,
Koper, Bar), 24 minor (1976)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1976, 32 billion dinars; about
6% of estimated GNP
LAND
2,343,950 km2; 22% agricultural land (1%
cultivated), 45% forested, 33% other
Land boundaries: 9,902 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 37 km
PEOPLE
Population: 25,960,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.8% (7-74 to 7-75)
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Nationality: noun-Zairian(s); adjective-Zairian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups,
the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes-Mongo,
Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande
(Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population
Religion: 51% Christian, 45% animist, 4% other
Language: French, English, Lingala, Swahili,
Kikongo, and Chiluba are all classified as official
languages
Literacy: 5% fluent in French, about 35% have an
acquaintance with French
Labor force: about 8 million, but only about 13%
in wage structure
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Zaire (until October 1971
known as Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Type: republic; constitution establishes strong
presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa
Political subdivisions: 8 regions and federal district
of Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system
and tribal law; new constitution promulgated 1967,
revised 1974; legal education at National University
of Zaire; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: president elected 1970 for seven-year
term limited to two five-year terms, thereafter;
National Legislative Council of 210 members elected
for five-year term; the official party is the supreme
political institution
Government leaders: Lt. Gen. Mobutu Sese Seko,
President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: presidential and legislative elections in
October and November 1970
Political parties and leaders: Mouvement
Populaire de la Revolution (MPR), only legal party,
organized from above with actual grassroots
popularity not clearly definable
Voting strength: MPR slate polled 96.3% of vote in
1970 elections
Communists: no Communist Party; U.S.S.R. and
People's Peoples Republic of China have diplomatic
missions in Zaire
Member of: AFDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA, EIB
(associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, OAU, OCAM,
UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.1 billion (1975 prices), $80 per capita; 4%
annual growth 1970-75
Agriculture: main cash crops-coffee, palm oil,
rubber; main food crops-manioc, bananas, root
crops, corn; some provinces self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 124,000 metric tons (1974); imports
$25 million (1972)
Major industries: mining, mineral processing, light
industries
Electric power: 1,100,000 kW capacity (1975); 5.0
billion kWh produced (1975), 200 kWh per capita
Exports: $825 million (f.o.b., 1975); copper, cobalt,
diamonds, other minerals, coffee
Imports: $1,057 million (c.i.f., 1975); consumer
goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery,
transport equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, U.S., and West
Germany
Aid: economic-U.S. (FY61-75), $685 million;
(1971 estimated disbursements) Belgium, $31.4
million; France, $6.6 million; other bilateral aid $5.4
million; U.N., $9.4 million; EC, $18.9 million; China
(1973), $100 million; military-U.S., $61 million
(FY62-75); IMF, $155 million (1976)
Budget: 1976 proposed-revenue and expenditures,
$720 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 zaire=US$1.17
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,149 km; 3,870 km 1.065-meter gage,
126 km meter gage (1.00 m); 136 km 0.610-meter
gage, 1,017 km 0.600-meter gage, 851 km 1.065-meter
gage electrified
Highways: 141,600 km; 2,000 km bituminous,
18,210 km gravel or crushed stone, remainder earth
Inland waterways: comprising the Zaire, its
tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the waterway
system affords over 15,000 km of navigable routes
Ports: 2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor
Pipelines: refined products, 740 km
Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 387 total, 300 usable; 20 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
3,660 m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 56 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited, barely adequate
telephone service, telegraph service good; 25,000
telephones; 100,000 radio receivers; 7,100 TV
receivers; 12 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 satellite
ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,677,000;
2,835,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1976, $72.3 million; 13% of central
government budget
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LAND
745,920 km2; 5% under cultivation, 5% arable, 10%
grazing, 13% dense forest, 6% marsh, 61% scattered
trees and grassland
Land boundaries: 6,003 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,099,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 2.7% (7-72 to 7-75)
Nationality: noun-Zambian(s); adjective-
Zambian
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% European,
0.2% other
Religion: 82% animist, about 17% Christian, and
under 1% Hindu and Muslim
Language: English official; wide variety of
indigenous languages
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: 402,000 wage earners; 375,000
Africans, 27,000 non-Africans; 15% mining, 9%
agriculture, 9% domestic service, 19% construction,
9% commerce, 10% manufacturing, 23% government
and miscellaneous services, 6% transport
Organized labor: 100,000 wage earners, primarily
in industrial sector, are unionized (early 1968)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Zambia
Type: republic since October 1964
Capital: Lusaka
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces
Legal system: based on English common law and
customary law; new constitution adopted September
1973; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc
constitutional council; legal education at University
of Zambia in Lusaka; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: modified presidential system; unicam-
eral legislature; judiciary
Government leader: President Kenneth Kaunda;
Prime Minister Elijah Mudenda
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last general election December 1973
Political parties and leaders: United National
Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth Kaunda;
former opposition party banned in December 1972
when 1 party state proclaimed
Voting strength (1973 election): in first
presidential and parliamentary elections under single-
party system, 43% of eligible voters went to polls;
Kaunda was only candidate for President; National
Assembly seats were contested by members of UNIP
Communists: no Communist Party, but sympa-
thizers of socialism in upper levels of government,
UNIP, and labor unions
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, GATT
(de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFC,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF,
IPU, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.3 billion (1975), $470 per capita; real
annual growth rate, 3% (1970-73)
Agriculture: main crops-corn, tobacco, cotton;
net importer of most major agricultural products
Fishing: catch 37,000 metric tons (1974); imports
$3.3 million (1973)
Major industries: copper mining and processing
Electric power: 1,100,000 kW capacity (1975); 6.4
billion kWh produced (1975), 1,300 kWh per capita
Exports: $780 million (f.o.b., 1975); copper (95%),
zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
Imports: $845 million (c.i.f., 1975); consumer
goods, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs,
fuels
Major trade partners: U.K., South Africa, Japan,
Western Europe
Aid: economic-China (1967-75), $304 million;
U.K. (1964-67), $63 million; IBRD (1965-75), $432
million; U.S. (FY53-75), $99 million; U.S.S.R., $9
million; Eastern Europe, $50 million; military-$9
million (1964-69), mainly U.K. and Canada; $12
million, Communist
Budget: 1975-revenue $690 million, expenditures
$932 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Zambia kwacha=
US$1.24 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,014 km, all narrow gage (1.065 m); 13
km double track
Highways: 31,671 km; 5,000 km paved, 2,694 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; remainder
improved and unimproved earth
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ZAMBIA/UNITED STATES
Inland waterways: 2,250 km including Zambezi
River, Luapula River, Lake Kariba, Lake Bangweulu,
Lake Tanganyika; principal port on Lake Tanganyika
is Mpulungu (of only local importance)
Pipelines: 724 km crude oil
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 168 total, 167 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
3,660 m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: all services being modern-
ized and increased; presently adequate but must be
expanded to permit growth; high-capacity wire and
radio relay connect centers of Kitwe in northern
mining region and Lusaka along axial north-south
route; 68,000 telephones; 100,000 radio and 22,500
TV receivers; 4 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1
satellite ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,125,000;
583,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1972, $70,000,000; 11.6% of central
government budget
UNITED STATES
This "Factsheet" on the U.S. is provided solely as a
service to those wishing to make rough comparisons of
foreign country data with a U.S. "yardstick."
Information is from U.S. open sources and
publications and in no sense represents estimates by
the U.S. intelligence community.
LAND
9,363,396 km2 (contiguous U.S. plus Alaska and
Hawaii); 19% cultivated, 27% grazing and pasture,
32% forested, 22% waste, urban, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, 12 nm)
Coastline: 19,924 km
PEOPLE
Population: 215,966,000 (January 1977), average
annual growth rate 0.8% (current)
Ethnic divisions: 87.2% white, 11.3% negro, 1,4%
other
Religion: total membership in religious bodies,
131,434,000; Protestant 71,649,000, Roman Catholic
48,460,000, Jewish 6,115,000, other religions
3,841,361
Language: English, predominantly
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: 92 million (1974)
Organized labor: 23.4% of total (1972)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United States of America
Legal system: based on English common law; dual
system of courts, state and federal; constitution
adopted 1789; judicial review of legislative acts;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Voting strength (1976 presidential election):
Democratic Party (Carter), 40,291,626 (51%);
Republican Party (Ford), 38,563,089 (48%); minor
parties, 826,258 (preliminary figures)
Communists: party membership, 10,000-11,000
(est.); General Secretary, Gus Hall
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, CENTO, Colombo
Plan, DAC, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC,
ITU, IWC-International Whaling Commission,
IWC-International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS,
OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,516 billion (1975); 64% private
consumption, 12% private investment, 24% govern-
ment; $7,100 per capita; 1975 growth rate -1.8%
(constant 1972 dollars)
Fishing: catch 2.2 million metric tons (1974),
valued at $898 million; imports $1,478 million, edible
products (1974); exports $195 million, edible products
(1974)
Crude steel: 106 million metric tons produced
(1975), 500 kg per capita
Electric power: 504,969,265 kW capacity (1975);
1,912 billion kWh produced (1975), 8,912 kWh per
capita est.
Exports: $107.6 billion (f.o.b., 1975); machinery
and transport equipment, chemicals, cereals, mineral
fuels
Imports: $103.4 billion (c.i.f., 1975); transport
equipment, machinery, mineral fuels, steel, nonfer-
rous metals, metal ores
Major trade partners: 21% Canada, 10% Japan,
5% West Germany, 4% U.K. (1975)
Official development assistance (aid): obligations
and loan authorizations (FY75), economic $7.7
billion, military $2.3 billion
Budget: National Accounts Basis, expenditures
$323.7 billion, revenues $287.6 billion
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 277,686 km (1973)
Highways: 6,059,200 km (1972)
Inland waterways: 40,416 km of navigable inland
channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes; freight carried
951 million short tons (1970)
Pipelines: petroleum, 279,966 km (1972)
Ports: 25 major
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Merchant marine: 600 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 9,982,730 GRT, 14,722,666 DWT; includes 3
passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 163 cargo, 119
container, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 234 tanker, 1
liquefied gas, 17 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil, 23
LASH Seebee and barge carriers, 19 specialized
carriers; in addition there are 178 ships in reserve fleet
Civil air: 5,214 major transport aircraft (1973)
Airfields: 15,257 (1976)
Telecommunications: 4,398 AM, 3,151 FM, 940
TV broadcast stations (1974); 147,000,000 telephones
(1975), 65 telephones per 100 population (1975); 360
million radio and 110 million TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: army 1,148,000, navy and marines
1,065,000, air force 942,000 (1973)
Military budget: $80.6 billion (1974 est.)
230
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I Canada
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II Middle America
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(U.K.)
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0 c e a n
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Ja~eaica `,~
?Barbados
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?OUNOARY REPRESENTATION IS
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,_
Haiti Bow. Puerto
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IV Europe
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V The Middle East
J Egypt
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0 500 Kilometers
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sau -I-
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are nut necessarily authoritative
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Yerev;
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-Chinese line C h i n a (Sian)
of rnnbol Shang-hai
~Wu-han Jt/ 3
Kuang-ch/o
(Cantoh)
Macaaj.li g Kong
{r,IMS (U.K.)
United
States
NAMES AND BOUNDA FRY REPRESENTATION
ARE NOT NECESSARILY AUTHORITATIVE_
Approved For Release 2005/04/22 : CIA-RDP79-01051A000800010006-3
 Approved For Release 2005/04/22 : CIA-RDP79-01051A000800010006-3
VIII Oceania
kas Hong Kong 'Taiwan
{Pat} (U.K.)
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
I (U.S.)
;;7
Kwajalein
Asti
C9
20
s
Bougainville
Solomon islands
Choiseul (U.K,)
Santa Isabel
Honiara, Malaita
Guadalcanal Zan Cristobal
a Rennell
Johnston
(U.S.)
Tuvalu
(U.K.)
(U.K.)
Administered b y New Zealand-,.
? !Chine ct/S.)
American
Wallis and Futuna Western (U.S.)
Fiji Samoa
(Fr.) Pago
FIJI ISLANDS
Vanua Levu~?,;.'
Viti Levin
";tsuva:, 0
Howland (U.S,)
Baker (U.S.)
Kauai
Oahu"
HAWAIIAN .Maui
ISLANDS Hawaii
(United
States)
Kingman Reef, Palmyra (U.SJ (U.S.t I!j
Washington
Fanning
j,Chrisbnas
(11.S.-U.k..jointadmin.) Jarvis
(U.S.)
Canton,- PHOENIX IS.
Phoenix (U.K.. admin., U.S. claim)
Gardner' Huff '
Gilbert Island s
Apidr 'ago
Tutuila
Cook Islands
(New Zealand)
F1P
< Papeete
'0'
S Tahiti
Icesl'UBo4I FrenehMunu~a
P0Iynesia
Rapa .
lies Gambier
Pitcairn Island
(U.K.)
Line of separation
(not a formal international
boundary or territorial limit)
BOUNDARY REPRESENTATION IC
NOT NECESSARILY AUTHORITATIVE
SANTA
CRUZ
IS.
Santob o
NewHebndes
A. g; -Press( Candns nvm; ~,
New
Caledonian
New Caledonia
(Fr.)
Approved For Release 2005/04/22 : CIA-RDP79-01051A000800010006-3