LAW OF THE SEA COUNTRY STUDY ROMANIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01054A000300030001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 31
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 28, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1975
• Content Type: STUDY

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Secret
No Foreign Dissem
Law of the Sea Country Study
Ronzanut
Secret
GCR LOS 75-4
January 1975
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NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
Unauthorized Disclosure Subject to Criminal Sanctions
Classified by 019641
Exempt from General Declassification Schedule
of E.O. ?11 565 , exemption ( category:
Automatically declassified on:
date impossible to determine
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No Foreign llissem
The Law of the Sea Country Studies are prepared to support
the NSC Interagency Task Force on the Law of the Sea. The
countries to be included in the series are selected on the
basis of priorities suggested by the chairman of the Task
Force.
Each study has two parts. Part I is an analysis of the
primary geographic, economic, and political factors that
might influence the country's law of the sea policy, the
public and private expressions of that policy,
ove es
II
pr
involved. Part
asic data and information bearing on law of the sea matters.
was prepared by the Office of Geographic
This stud
y
and Cartographic Research. was provided by
the Central Reference Service. The s u y as coordinated
within the Directorate of Intelligence and with the Depart-
ment of State. Comments and questions may be directed to the
LOS Country Studies Working Group, Code 143, Extension 2257.
SECRET
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No Foreign Dissent
CONTENTS
Part I - Law of the Sea Analysis
Summary .... 1
Factors Influencing LOS Policy ............ 2
Law of the Sea Policy . 6
Key Policy Makers. LOS Negotiators and Advisers
Part II - Background Information
Basic Data ................................... 17
Conventions ..... . ............... 18
Membership in Organizations Related to LOS Interests 19
Present Ocean Claims ........
. 20
Action on Significant UN Resolutions ........................ 21
UN LOS draft articles submitted by Romania
Maps: Regional map
Theoretical Division of the World Seabed
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No J ore7gn Dissem
Part I - Law of the Sea Analysis
A. SUMMARY
Romania's primary Law of the Sea (LOS) ARp
concerns are international recognition of SWEDEN
the supremacy of the maritime jurisdictional
rights of continental landmasses over those
of small islands and the adoption of treaty
provisions that ensure preferential fishing
rights for landlocked and other geographi-
cally disadvantaged states in the economic
zones of neighboring coastal states. These
concerns derive from the presence of Ostrov
Zmeinvv. a small Soviet island about 22
TURKEY
LiR rA EGYPT ApA eA
miles* offshore, the poor fishing grounds A?
in Romanian coastal waters, and Romania's
expanding distant-water fishing interests. Because of its very
short coastline and location on a semienclosed sea, as well as its
poor fisheries, Romania considers itself a geographically dis-
advantaged nation.
Included in Romania's LOS position are:
-- a 12-mile limit for the territorial sea,
-- an unimpeded passage regime for merchant ships
through international straits overlapped by
12-mile territorial seas,
-- establishment of coastal state control over
an economic zone as much as 200 miles wide,
-- coastal state enforcement of vessel-source
pollution controls in the economic zone,
-- a coastal state consent regime for scientific
research in areas under national jurisdiction,
and
* Distances and areas throughout this study are in nautical miles
unless specified otherwise.
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-- a deep seabed regime that would give strong
powers to an international Authority to control
the exploration and exploitation of seabed
mineral resources beyond the areas under
national jurisdiction.
B. FACTORS INFLUENCING LOS POLICY
Special Geographic Features
Romania's only coastline borders on the semienclosed Black Sea
and stretches a mere 140 statute miles from the U.S.S.R. in the north
to Bulgaria in the south. Romania considers this short coastline a
distinct disadvantage, since it limits the area for tourism and
leaves a relatively limited area for offshore oil drilling. The
continental margin is narrow -- 45 to 80 miles wide -- and the
shelf is only 30 to '70 miles wide at the 200-meter isobath. Access
to the seas beyond the Black Sea is limited to the Turkish straits.
Uses of the Sea
Mineral Resources -- Romania produced 14.3 million metric tons
of crude oil in 1973. The fields, all onshore, have been in produc-
tion since before World War II. Land reserves are estimated at 165
million metric tons -?- equivalent to about 11 years of production
at the 1973 rate. The annual gain in production has been small and
is declining; since the mid-1960s the annual gain had averaged 1.6%
but it dropped to less than 1.0% in 1973.
Since 1968 Romania has concentrated on increasing the production
capacity of its petroleum refineries, now estimated at 20 million
metric tons annually. Refinery capacity now exceeds domestic crude
production; Romania has been importing crude to be refined and
exported to increase foreign hard currency earnings. In addition
to imports from Saudi Arabia, Iran, Libya, and Venezuela, which
amounted to about 3.8 million metric tons in 1973, Romania reportedly
is receiving crude from Iraq. A 1974 agreement with Libya provides
for crude oil imports of about 3 million metric tons annually through
1977. Romania, however, is the only net exporter of petroleum in
Eastern Europe.* It exported about 5.5 million metric tons of
petroleum products in 1973, principally to the United States, West
Germany, France, and Italy. Romania is also a leader in petroleum
technology -- it is the world's third-ranking producer and second-
ranking exporter of drilling equipment.
* Eastern Europe is defined here as Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.
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Romania is the only member of the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (CEMA) that does not import crude from the Soviet Union.
While the price of Soviet oil in early 1974 was about 25% of the
world market price, economic and political factors made it desirable
for Romania to continue to import from the Middle East and Venezuela.
Romania is willing to cooperate with the CEMA countries as long
as its sovereignty is not threatened but feels that too many
cooperative projects would hinder its national economic develop-
ment.
Oil is known to be present in the Black Sea but until the recent
increase in world oil prices, Western experts believed that exploita-
tion was not economically feasible. The Five-Year Plan for 1976-80
provides for an expansion of oil production to 15.5 million metric
tons per year with about 1 million from the Black Sea. Presently,
the activity in the Black Sea is at the geological exploration stage.
In 1973 Romania's natural gas production, all onshore, was 29.2
billion cubic meters. About 98% was used to fill domestic needs, and
the remainder was exported, primarily to Hungary by pipeline. Pro-
duction, however, has been declining in recent years and it is
expected that the annual production will be less than 26.0 billion
cubic meters by 1980 -- insufficient to meet domestic needs. The
shortfall in natural gas will necessitate purchases from the Soviet
Union. Romania will tap into the Orenburg Pipeline, now under con-
struction. Unlike the other CEMA countries who trade domestic labor
and technology for Soviet gas supplies, Romania will trade a scrubbing
plant, purchased with hard currency from France, for Soviet gas.
Among the Communist Eastern European countries, Romania ranks
third, after Poland and Bulgaria, in the production of copper. In
1973, Romania mine production of copper amounted to 20 thousand
metric tons, or 0.3% of the world total.
Living Resources -- Because of the paucity of fisheries off the
Romanian coast, the fishing industry is largely involved in distant-
water operations, primarily off Mauritania and the Atlantic coast
of the United States. Domestically, fishing is of minor importance
and does not supply a significant part of the Romanian diet. However,
during the past decade the industry has become an important source
of foreign hard currency. Factory ships have been purchased from
Poland and a number of contracts have been negotiated with private
U.S. firms to market the Romanian catch. By the early 1970s the volume
of the Romanian catch off the U.S. coast had reached such a level that
a formal agreement was deemed necessary; a fishing treaty was signed
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by the two countries in 1973. Another bilateral agreement with an
important role in the expansion of the Romanian fishing industry is
the 1974 agreement with Mauritania for a cooperative fisheries program.
Romania is party to a number of multilateral and regional
fisheries agreements, including the 1967 International Convention
on North Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF), the 1959 Tripartite Black Sea
Fisheries Agreement with Bulgaria and the U.S.S.R., and the 1962
Convention for the Development of High Seas Fisheries with Poland,
East Germany, and the U.S.S.R.
Romania plans continued development of its fishing industry but
lacks sufficient resources within its coastal zone. Consequently,
it advocates giving landlocked and geographically disadvantaged
countries access to the living resources of the economic zones of
neighboring states.
Marine Transport -- Romania's seaborne trade is primarily with
Western European and Mediterranean countries and is largely carried
in foreign-flag ships. Its merchant marine fleet is small but modern.
Between 1966 and 1974 total deadweight tonnage increased over 300%,
due to the purchase of new ships from Japan and Eastern European
countries and to the expanded production of the Romanian shipbuilding
industry. Trade carried by the Romanian merchant marine, however,
has remained at about 20% of the total seaborne trade.
Naval Considerations --? While the Romanian Navy is small (fewer
than 200 patrol ships and craft), has obsolete equipment, and is
suitable only for operations within a few miles of shore, recent
additions have been made to improve it.
Political and Other Factors
Romania is a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
and the Warsaw Pact, but since 1962 has become increasingly more
nationalistic and independent of other Communist Eastern European
countries and the U.S.S.R. The organizational form of the Romanian
Government was quite similar to that of the U.S.S.R. until a new
constitution was promulgated in 1965 and the country was renamed
the Socialist Republic of Romania. These actions were preceded by
a growing split between Romania and the other CEMA members over
Romania's role in that organization. Romania felt that the economic
integration encouraged by CEMA wo uld undercut its political and
economic freedom, hamper its industrialization, and relegate it to
a position of supplier of raw materials for the more developed
members. Romania also refused to put its armed forces under a
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centralized command within the Warsaw Pact and has not fully
participated in Warsaw Pact troop maneuvers since 1962. At a 1964
Party Central Plenum, Romania issued what has come to be known as
its "declaration of independence." This document asserts the equality
of all socialist nations and their right to develop national policies
in light of their own needs and interests. At the opening of the
Romanian 11th Party Congress on 25 November 1974, President
Ceausescu returned to this theme, delivering one of the most
forceful reaffirmations of his country's independent course since
the 1964 declaration.
Romania demonstrates its independence in a variety of ways.
Bucharest, for example, has refused to take sides in the Sino-Soviet
dispute and maintains good relations with Albania. In 1967, it
broke ranks with Moscow and established diplomatic relations with
West Germany, much to the anger of East Germany. In 1968 Party Boss
Ceausescu bitterly denounced the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
and the Brezhnev Doctrine of limited sovereignty for socialist states.
Romania maintains good relations with nonaligned Yugoslavia
despite the fact that Bucharest does not share Belgrade's staunch
pro-Arab stand on the Middle East conflict. Romania recognizes the
potential significance of the lesser developed countries (LDCs) as
a counter to the great powers, a source of raw materials, and a
market for its exports. Efforts to cultivate friendly relations with
the LDCs have included a number of goodwill tours by the Romanian
head of state, including tours of Africa in 1972 and Latin America
in 1973. The Latin American tour was not as productive as hoped
since invitations were not extended by Brazil, Argentina, Mexico,
and Panama, and Latin America's only socialist government, the
Allende regime in Chile, was overthrown during the President's
stay on the continent.
Romania requested observer status at the 1973 Group of 77
Nonaligned States meeting in Algiers. Despite its claim to LDC status,
it was refused admittance on the basis of its Warsaw Pact membership.
At the 1974 Caracas session of the LOS Conference, Gheorghe
Saulescu, head of the Romanian delegation, expressed regret that the
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
was not invited to attend. He also stated that the representatives
of Prince Sihanouk, and not the envoys from Phnom Penh, were the
legitimate representatives of Cambodia and that his delegation
favored inviting the representatives of the national liberation
movements to attend the LOS meetings.
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C. LAW OF THE SEA POLICY
Territorial Sea
Romania claims a 12-mile territorial sea as a result of a 1964
reciprocal agreement with its Black Sea neighbors, Bulgaria and the
U.S.S.R., and will support inclusion of the 12-mile limit in an LOS
Convention. Prior to the 1974 Caracas session of the LOS Conference
Romanian Seabed Committee representatives spoke in favor of the 200-
mile territorial sea claims of some Latin American states. While
Romania realized that widespread application of this regime could
hinder or damage its fishing and commercial development, it took the
position as a part of a larger plan to gain LDC acceptance. At
Caracas, however, the Romanian delegation supported a 12-mile
territorial sea regime.
Straits
Romania supports a "free navigation" regime for international
straits overlapped by 12-mile territorial seas. The delegation to
Caracas spoke of the need to establish a straits regime that strikes
a balance between the security interests of the straits states and
the need for free movement of international traffic, especially
merchant shipping. While the Romanians are very interested in securing
a straits regime that would allow unimpeded passage of merchant ships
through straits overlapped by 12-mile territorial seas, they have
not expressed any views on the passage of warships, nor have they
commented on the status of treaties in force, such as the Montreux
Convention, which covers the Bosporus and Dardanelles. Romanian
seaborne trade to Mediterranean and Western European countries must
pass through these Turkish straits.
Fisheries
Romania has distant-water fishing interests, and although it
supports coastal state control of living resources within the
200-mile economic zone, it feels coastal states that do not exploit
their fisheries to the maximum sustainable yield should be obliged
to allow landlocked and other geographically disadvantaged states
to fish in their economic zones. Romania considers itself a geographi-
cally disadvantaged state, partly because of the poor fisheries
in its coastal waters, and feels preference should be given to
such states, particularly those striving to develop their fishing
industries. However, because of its past success in securing
distant-water fishing rights through bilateral negotiation and its
anticipation of opposition from many coastal states to detailed
LOS treaty provisions on fisheries sharing, Romania advocates
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the LOS treaty contain only a general statement of principles
concerning the obligation of coastal states to share their
fisheries, leaving the details of access and exploitation to
negotiation between the countries concerned.
Coastal State Jurisdiction Beyond the Territorial Sea
According to the Romanian delegation to the 1974 Caracas
session, the establishment of coastal state control over an
economic zone adjacent to its coast that extends as much as 200
miles offshore is an essential part of a new LOS convention. Both
living and mineral resources would be under the control of the
coastal state and navigation through the zone would be "absolutely
free," subject only to whatever pollution controls are imposed by
the coastal state. The coastal state would have sole access to
the mineral resources but provisions should be made for landlocked
and other geographically disadvantaged states to share in the
living resources.
Regime of Islands and Continental Shelf
Romania is deeply concerned with the issue of continental
shelf rights for islands -- a concern derived from the presence of
Ostrov Zmeinyy, an uninhabited .17 square kilometer Soviet islet
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located about 22 miles off the Romanian coast. Romania maintains
that the existing LOS doctrine on islands, as stated in the 1958
Geneva Conventions, is vague and incomplete. The new LOS convention
should clarify the rights of islands to maritime jurisdiction to
avoid divergent interpretations of which islands should or should
not be accorded such rights. Romania has introduced a number of
draft articles on the regime of islands in the U.N. Seabed Sub-
committee II meetings and at the 1974 Caracas session (see Annex).
These articles propose that maritime jurisdictional rights not be
accorded to the following types of insular landmasses:
-- an island less that 1 square kilometer in
area (referred to in the Romanian draft
articles as an "islet"), and
-- an island "more than one square kilometre
but less than ... square kilometres in area,
which is not or cannot be inhabited (per-
manently) or which does not or cannot have
its own economic life" (referred to in the
Romanian draft. articles as an "island similar
to an islet").
For security reasons these islands may have a "maritime zone" or a
territorial sea, provided that the zone or territorial sea does not
affect the marine space of neighboring states. To support its views,
Romania cites the 1969 decision of the International Court of Justice
in the North Sea case, which stated that small islands should not have
maritime jurisdictional rights that infringe on the rights of larger
states.
The Romanian draft articles include the proposal that the delimita-
tion of maritime space between neighboring states be based on agree-
ment in accordance with equitable principles, taking into account all
relevant geological, geographic, and other factors, but excluding
"islets" and "islands similar to islets." The articles' provisions
would not apply to the islands of insular or archipelagic states.
At the 1974 Caracas session of the LOS Conference, the Romanian
delegation stated that the new LOS convention should recognize the
exclusive and sovereign right of the coastal state to the mineral
resources found on the continental shelf. However, a well-defined
boundary should be established to delimit the areas under national
and international jurisdiction. Romania feels that the exploitability
clause of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf is
outdated by technological advances and favors a boundary coincident
with the outer limit of the economic zone, i.e., 200 miles.
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It has indicated, however, that it will accept a boundary based on
either depth or distance.
Deep Seabed
Romania holds the prevailing LDC suspicion that the developed
countries will use their advanced technological capability to strip
the deep seabed of its mineral wealth before the developing states
are able to obtain the technology necessary to mine the area. It
upholds the 1971 UN Declaration of Principles Governing the Deep
Seabed, which embodies the "common heritage of mankind" concept and
favors a strong international agency charged with the direct explora-
tion and exploitation of seabed resources. The agency would include
an assembly with universal, equal membership and broad powers to
make all important decisions, and an executive council that would
reflect the composition of and be responsible to the assembly to
regulate recovery activities.
All members of the assembly would share the revenues derived from
the exploitation but the needs and interests of the LDCs would be
considered first in the distribution of benefits. There should be
provisions for the transfer of technology to the developing states,
the establishment of a bureau to acquire and disseminate technical
and scientific information, and preferential treatment of landlocked
states with regard to access to the international area and revenue
sharing.
Romania feels there is no need to establish an interim regime to
administer the exploration and exploitation of the deep seabed resources.
However, if such a regime is needed, it should be a prototype of the
proposed permanent agency so that its effectiveness can be judged.
Marine Pollution
Romania feels that coastal state sovereignty over the economic
zone should include the right to prevent pollution, whatever its
source; to establish standards, based on general international rules
and regulations; and to enforce all marine pollution controls in areas
under national jurisdiction. With regard to LOS treaty provisions
for controlling pollution from continental shelf activities, the
Romanians favor the double standard approach; i.e., less stringent
standards for the LDCs to avoid limiting their economic development.
The double standard should be maintained for an indefinite period
of time, presumably until the economies of the LDCs show marked
improvement.
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Of particular interest to Romania is the inclusion in the LOS
treaty of special pollution rules for the Black Sea. The rules should
reflect the provisions set forth at the 1973 Inter-Governmental
Maritime Consultative Organization meeting, where Romania, together
with Bulgaria and the U.S.S.R., succeeded in having the Black Sea
defined as a "special area" -- an area in which "any discharge of oil
or oily mixture from any oil tanker and any other ship of 400 tons
gross tonnage and above other than an oil tanker shall be prohibited."
Scientific Research
At a 1973 Seabed Subcommittee III meeting, Romania, together with
20 other countries, cosponsored a draft article calling for a consent
regime for scientific research (see Annex). The document proposes that
the coastal state have complete control over research conducted in
areas within its jurisdiction and that scientific activity not begin
without the explicit consent of the coastal state. The coastal state
should be obliged to respond to research requests within a reasonable
amount of time.
Romania plans to participate with other members of CEMA in a
geological research program of the world's oceans. The proposed
research will begin in the Atlantic Ocean and may at a later date
include the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Landlocked and Other Geographically Disadvantaged States
The Romanian delegation to the 1974 Caracas session of the LOS
Conference spoke favorably of preferential rights for landlocked and
other geographically disadvantaged states in the areas of national
and international jurisdiction. The delegation advocated the right
of such states to share the living resources of the economic zones of
neighboring coastal states. Special attention should be given to those
states that wish to develop their fisheries industries but are dis-
advantaged because of poor fishing grounds off their coasts. Land-
locked states should have access to the sea. Romania feels, however,
that the LOS treaty provisions on preferential rights for geographically
disadvantaged states should be general principles; details, such as
a landlocked state's access route through the transit state, should
be relegated to negotiation between the countries concerned. In the
international area, geographically disadvantaged states should be
given special consideration in the distribution of benefits derived
from deep seabed mining.
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D. KEY LOS POLICY MAKERS, LOS NEGOTIATORS AND ADVISERS
The government of the Socialist Republic of Romania is based on
the 1965 Constitution that established a unicameral legislature and
collective executive known as the Council of State. The Romanian
Communist Party controls elections and the government; its leaders
serve concurrently as high-ranking government officials. The Party
secretary general, Nicolae Ceausescu, is also head of state. The
Council of State was weakened by the recent establishment of the
office of the President of the Republic. That office was also assumed
by Ceausescu.
LOS affairs are handled through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
particularly its Juridical and International Relations Directorate.
Tudor Mircea and Gheorghe Saulescu, two of the top three Romanian
delegates to the 1974 Caracas session of the Third UN LOS Conference,
are members of that Directorate.
A listing of the officials who attended the 1974 session of the
LOS Conference in Caracas, the New York organizational session of
the Conference in December 1973, and/or one or more of the prepara-
tory sessions for the Conference follows:
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Name and Title
Seabed Co -.J. u
mmittee Session LOS Conf.
Liviu BOTA
Second Secretary
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Alexandru BUTAC
Engineer
Ministry of Mines, Petroleum,
and Geology
Dumitru CEAUSU
First Secretary
Permanent Mission to the
United Nations
Traian CHEBELEU
First Secretary
Permanent Mission to the
United Nations
Nicolae CHILIE
Third Secretary
Permanent Mission to the
United Nations
*Costache CIUBOTARIJ
Counselor
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Aureliu CRISTESCU
Assistant Director
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ion DATCU
Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary
Permanent Representative to the
United Nations
Mar Aug Mar
71 71 72
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Third
LOS Conf.
Florica DINU
Second Secretary
Permanent Representative
to the United Nations
Constantin ENE
Ambassador
Permanent Representative to
the United Nations
Valeriu FLOREAN
Second Secretary
Permanent Mission to the
United Nations
Paul GOGEANU
Professor
Law Faculty, Bucharest University
Virgil IORDANESCU
Director
Romanian Institute for Marine
Research-Constantza
*Tudor MIRCEA
First Secretary
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
*Gheorghe SAULESCU
Minister-Counselor
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ioan VOICU
Assistant Director
International Organizations
Directorate
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mar
71
Jul
Aug
71
Feb
Mar
72
Jul Mar
Aug Apr
72 73
Jul
Aug
73
Dec
73
Jun-11
Aug
74
X
x
x
X
x
X
X
X
x
x
x
X
x
x
x
x
x
X
X
x
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ROMANIA
Part II - Background Information
Geography
World Region: Eastern Europe
Category: coastal
Bordering states: U.S.S.R., Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary
Bordering bodies of water: Black Sea
Bordering semienclosed sea: Black Sea
Area of continental shelf: 7,100 sq. mi., shared with U.S.S.R.
Area to 200 mi. limit: 9,300 sq. mi., shared with U.S.S.R.
Area to edge of continental margin: 9,300 sq. mi.
Coastline: 140 statute mi.
Land: 91,700 sq. statute mi.
Population: 21,161,000
Industry and Trade
GNP: $34.1 billion (1973, at 1972 prices), $1,630 per capita
Major industries: machinery, metals, fuels, chemicals, textiles,
food processing, timber processing
Exports: $3,738 million (f.o.b., 1973); 36o fuels, raw materials,
semifinished products; 24o machinery and equipment; 21o foodstuffs;
19o consumer goods (1973)
Imports: $3,505 million (mixture f.o.b., and c.i.f., 1973); 470
fuels, raw materials, semifinished products; 425,' machinery and
equipment; 6 a foodstuffs; 5a consumer goods (1972)
Major trade partners: $7,243 million in 1973; 53o non-Communist
countries, 47o Communist countries (1973)
Merchant marine: 76 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 570,900
GRT; includes 1 passenger, 55 cargo, 5 tanker, 15 bulk
Marine Fisheries
Catch: 85,000 metric tons (1972)
Economic importance: minor domestically, important for trade
Other fishing areas: U.S., Mauritania
Marine fisheries techniques: modern, factory ships
Other countries fishing off coast: Bulgaria and U.S.S.R. through
tripartite agreement
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Petroleum Resources
Petroleum: production -- 1.06.0 million 42-gal. bbl. (14.3 million
metric tons) onshore; proved recoverable reserves -- 1,241.4
million 42-gal. bbl. (165.0 million metric tons) onshore (1973)
Natural gas: production - 1,030.8 billion cubic feet (29.2 billion
cubic meters) onshore; proved recoverable reserves -- 8,825.0
billion cubic feet (250.0 billion cubic meters) onshore (1973)
Navy
Ships: 52 coastal patrol ships, 38 river/roadstead patrol types,
22 minesweepers, 7 auxiliaries, 70 service craft
Government Leaders and LOS Policy Makers
Chairman of the Council of Ministers, head of government: Manea Manescu
President of Socialist Republic, head of state: Nicolae Ceausescu
Foreign Minister: George Hacovescu
Conventions
Multilateral:
Bulgaria-Romania-U.S.S.R. Convention concerning Fishing in the
Black Sea, 1959.
Reciprocal Agreements with Bulgaria, Turkey, and U.S.S.R. on
Width of Territorial Sea in Black Sea, 1964.
Geneva Conventions:
Convention on Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, 1961.
Convention on High Seas, 1961.
Convention on Continental Shelf, 1961.
Conventions Concluded Under Auspices of IMCO:
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS),
1967.
1966 Amendments to the Convention, 1970.
1967 Amendments to the Convention, 19 70 .
Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions of Vessels at Sea,
1964.
International Convention on Load Lines, 1971.
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Conventions (Cont'd)
Conventions Regulating Fisheries in North Atlantic and North Sea:
Convention for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 1967.
Protocol to Convention on Holding of Annual Meetings, 1967.
Declaration of Understanding regarding Convention concerning
Mollusks, 1967.
Protocol to extend the Convention Provisions to Harp and Hood
Seals, 1967.
Protocol relating to Entry into Force of Commission Proposals,
196 7.
Protocol on Panel Membership and Regulatory Measures, 1967.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963.
Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organiza-
tion, 1965.
Convention for the Development of High Seas Fisheries (Poland, East
Germany, Romania, U.S.S.R.), 1962.
Membership in Organizations Related to LOS Interests
CEMA ...................... Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
FAO ....................... Food and Agriculture Organization
GATT ...................... General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IAEA ...................... International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD ...................... International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
ICAO ...................... International Civil Aviation Organization
ILO ....................... International Labor Organization
IMF ....................... International Monetary Fund
Seabeds Committee ......... United Nations Committee on the Peaceful
Uses of the Sea-Bed and Ocean Floor
beyond the Limits of National Jurisdic-
tion
UN ........................ United Nations
UNESCO .................... United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization
Warsaw Pact
WHO ....................... World Health Organization
WMO ....................... World Meteorological Organization
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Present Ocean Claims*
Type Date Terms
Territorial
Sea
Source, Notes
1951 12 mi. Decree No. 176 of Sept. 29, 1951,
also Decree No. 39 of Jan. 28,
1956 (UN Legis. Ser. (TS)
ST/LEG/SER. B/6, p. 238)
Party to Territorial Sea Con-
vention (Dec. 12, 1961) with
re.ervation
Continental 1961 Law on Continental Shelf
Shelf Party to Continental Shelf
Convention (Dec. 12, 1961)
Exclusive 12 mi. In Black Sea as a matter of
Fishing reciprocity
* Principal Source: Limits of the Seas, National Claims to Maritime
Jurisdictions, 2d Revision, State Dept./INR, April 1974
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Action on Significant UN Resolutions
Moratorium Resolution
(A/RES/2574 D, XXIV, 12/15/69)
Pending establishment of international regime,
States and persons are bound to refrain from
exploiting resources of or laying claim to any
part of the seabed and ocean floor beyond the
limits of national jurisdiction.
LOS Conference
(A/RES/2750 C, XXV, 12/17/70)
Convene in 1973 a Conference on Law of the Sea
to deal with establishment of international
regime for the seabed and ocean floor, and
enlarge Seabed Committee by 44 members and
instruct it to prepare for the conference draft
treaty articles embodying international regime.
LOS Conference, Timing and Site Adopted w/o vote
(A/RES/3029 A, XXVII, 12/18/72)
Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace
(A/RES/2992, XXVII, 12/15/72)
Called upon littoral and hinterland states of
Indian Ocean area, permanent members of the
Security Council and other major maritime users
of Indian Ocean to support concept that Indian
Ocean should be zone of peace.
Landlocked/Shelf-Locked Study Resolution
(A/RES/3029 B, XXVII, 12/18/72)
Called for study of extent and economic signifi-
cance in terms of resources, of international
area resulting from each proposal of limits of
national jurisdiction presented to Seabed Committee.
Peruvian Coastal State Study Resolution
(A/RES/3029 C, XXVII, 12/18/72)
Called for study of potential economic signifi-
cance for riparian states, in terms of resources,
of each of the proposals on limits of national
jurisdiction presented to Seabed Committee.
Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources
(A/RES/3016 XXVII, 12/18/72)
Reaffirmed right of states to permanent sovereignty
over all their natural resources, wherever found.
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UNITED NATIONS
THIRD CONFERENCE
ON THE LAW OF THE SEA
Distr.
LIMITED
A/CONF.62/C.2/L.18
23 July 1974
ENGLISH
ORIGINAL: FRENCH
ROMANIA. QUESTIONS OF THE DELIMITATION OF MARINE AND OCEAN
SPACE BETWEEN ADJACENT AND OPPOSITE NEIGHBOURING STATES;
VARIOUS ASPECTS INVOLVED
(Items 2.3.1; 3; 5.3; 6.7.2; 19 (b))
The delimitation of all the marine or o-?ean space between two neighbouring States
shall be effected by agreement between them in accordance with equitable principles,
taking into account all the circuiastances affecting the marine or ocean area concerned
and all relevant geographical, geological or other factors.
1. The delimitation of any marine or ocean space shall, in principle, be effected
between the coasts proper of the neighbouring States, using as a basis the relevant
points on the coasts or on the applicable baselines, so that the areas situated off the
sea frontage of each State are attributed thereto.
Islands which are situated in the maritime zones to be delimited shall be taken
into consideration in the light of their size, their population or the absence thereof,
their situation and their geographical. configuration, as well as other relevant factors.
3. Low-tide elevations, islets :end islands that are similar to islets (of small size,
uninhabited and without economic lift) which are situated outside the territorial
waters off the coasts and which constitute eminences on the continental shelf - whether
light-houses or other installations bu?re been built on them or not - and man-made
islands - regardless of their dimensions and characteristics - shall not be taken into
consideration in the delimitation of marine or oce n space between neighbouring States.
4. The naturally formed areas of land referred to in paragraph 3 may have around them
or around some of their sectors maritime safety areas or even territorial waters,
provided they do not affect marine spaces belonging to the coasts of neighbouring States.
5. The provisions of the present article shall not be applicable to islands and to
other naturally formed areas of land which constitute part of an island State or of an
archipelagic State.
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English
Page 2
The delimitation of space between two neighbouring States, whether they be adjacent
or opposite, or whether they have both of these two geographical characteristics
simultaneously, shall be governed by the method or combination of methods which provides
the most equitable solution. For example, neighbouring States may use, exclusively or
Jointly, the geographical parallel or the perpendicular line from the terminal point of
the land or river frontier, equidistance, or the median line of the'points closest to
the coasts or their baselines.
The terminal point of a river frontier shall be considered as the immediate
confluence of the river and the sea, irrespective of whether the river flows into the
sea in the form of an estuary.
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UNITED NATIONS
Distr.
LIMITED
THIRD CONFERENCE
ON THE LAW OF THE SEA
A/CONF.62/C.2/L.53
12 August: 19T4
ENGLISH
ORIGINAL: FRENCH
Romania: definition of and regime applicable to islets
and islands similar to islets
(Item 19 (b))
Article 1
1. An islet is a naturally formed elevation of land (or simply an-eminence of the
sea-bed). less than one square kilometre in area, surrounded by water, which is above
water at high tide.
2. An island similar to an islet is a naturally formed elevation of land (or simply
an eminence of the sea-bed) surrounded by water, which is above water at high tide,
which is more than one square kilometre but less than ... square kilometres in area,
which is not or cannot be inhabited (permanently) or which does not or cannot have
its own economic life.
Article 2
1. In principle, a State may not invoke the existence, in one of its maritime zones,
of islets or islands similar to islets, as defined in article 1, for the purpose of
extending the marine spaces which belong to its coats.
2. Where such elevations of land are situated along the coast of the same State, in
immediate proximity thereto, they shall be taken into consideration, in accordance
with the provisions of this Convention, for the purpose of establishing the baseline
from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
3. Where an islet or island similar to an islet is situated in the territorial sea
of the same State but very close to its outer limit, the State in question may
reasonably extend its territorial waters' seaward or establish an additional maritime
zone for the protection of lighthouses or other installations on such islet or island.
The additional zones thus established shall in no way affect the marine spaces
belonging to the coasts of the neighbouring State or States.
4. Islets or islands similar to islets which are situated beyond the territorial sea,
on the continental shelf or in the economic zone of the same State, may have around
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English
Page 2
them or around some of their sectors security areas or even territorial waters in so
far as this is without prejudice to the marine spaces which belong to the coasts
of the neighbouring State or States.
Where such eminences of the sea-bed are situated very close to the outer limit of
the continental shelf or of the economic zone, the extension of their security zones
or their territorial waters shall be established by agreement with the neighbouring
State or States, or, where appropriate, with the authority for the international zone,
having regard to all relevant geographic, geological or other factors.
Article 3
The marine spaces of islets or islands similar to islets situated in the
territorial sea, on the continental shelf or in the economic zone of another State
shall be determined by agreement between the States concerned or by other means of
pacific settlement used in international practice.
The marine spaces of such elevations of land situated in the international zone
of the sea-bed shall be, established by agreement with the international authority
for that zone.
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UNITED NATIONS
Distr.
VtINtKP-PL
ASSEMBLY
CUI ITTE:E ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF TIE
S&1-BE AND TEE OCEAN FLOOR BEYOITD
THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL U?JSDICTIOLT
SUB- Oo :i..ir. III
G/1C.'?o SC.III/L. 55
17 August 1913
Original: TGLISH
Algeria, Brazil, China Ethiopia, EPYpt Iran,
Kenya, Pakistan, Pere Philippines, Romania,
Sona1_a, Trinidad and Tobago, Tanisia Yugoslavia:
Draft article on consent to conduct marine
scientific research
Whenever, according to this Convention, the consent of a coastal State is requested
for unaertaking marine scientific research in the areas under its soverei~;:,ty and
national ?urisdiction the explicit consent of that State shall be obtained before
such activity is underta;:cn.
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Secret
Secret
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