NIS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01055A000200060001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 50
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 7, 2005
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1951
• Content Type: NIS

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Security Information
RECORD COPY
II LGURD COPY
NATURE, PURPOSE, AND SCOPE
OF THE NIS PROGRAM
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
Chi
wutort
RECORD COPY
CBRB CBPY
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington, D. C.
DOCUMENT NO.
NO CHANGE IN CLASS P
t DECLASSIFiFD
CL_ASF . Ci IA aEp TO- TS S C
NEXT REVIEW DATE:
AUTH? HF3 '10-2
DATE: _-
25X1
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Nature, Purpose, and Scope of the NIS Program
Authority for the NIS Program
The National Intelligence Survey (NIS) Pro-
gram was established pursuant to National Secu-
rity Council Intelligence Directive No. 3, 13 Janu-
ary 1948. This directive provides that:
An outline of all basic intelligence required
by the Government shall be prepared by the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency (CIA) in collaboration
with other appropriate agencies.
This outline shall be broken down into
chapters, sections, and subsections which shall be
allocated as production and maintenance respon-
sibilities to CIA and those other Government agen-
cies best qualified by reason of their intelligence
requirements, production capabilities, and domi-
nant interest to assume these responsibilities.
This basic intelligence shall be compiled and
continuously maintained in National Intelligence
Survey to cover foreign countries, areas, or broad
special subjects, as appropriate.
The NIS shall be disseminated in such form
as may be determined by the Director of Central
Intelligence (DCI) and the agencies concerned.
The DCI shall be responsible for coordinat-
ing the production and maintenance and for ac-
complishing the editing, publication, and dissemi-
nation of the NIS and shall make such requests
on the agencies as are necessary for the proper
development and maintenance of the NIS.
Departments or agencies to be called on
for contributions to this undertaking may include
agencies other than those represented permanently
in the Intelligence Advisory Committee (IAC).
Basic Concepts of the NIS Program
The NIS is a concise digest of basic intelli-
gence required by the Department of Defense for
strategic planning and high level operational plan-
ning, and by the Department of State for use in
formulating and executing U.S. foreign policy. It
also serves other Government agencies which re-
quire it for the accomplishment of their missions.
In general, the intelligence contained in NIS is
concerned with the relatively permanent features
and fundamental characteristics of a country, area,
or broad special subject, and covers such fields as
the geographical, political, economic, military,
scientific, and sociological aspects of the country
or area or the fundamental aspects of the broad
special subject.
The NIS Program has two phases: 1) the initial
production of NIS on countries or areas in accord-
ance with JCS priorities and Intelligence Agency
capabilities and 2) the continuous maintenance
of such NIS.
The objective of the first phase is to pro-
duce integrated basic intelligence studies of all
pertinent aspects of the countries or areas within
the limits of available information and intelligence
on countries or areas.
The objective of the second phase is to keep
up to date the basic intelligence contained in
the published NIS, to fill gaps in this intelligence,
and to improve the presentation of material in NIS
originally produced. It is the responsibility of
agencies having dominant interest to place each
NIS element actively on a maintenance basis as
soon as the element has been initially produced.
This phase of the program is to continue indefi-
nitely. Revisions will be published as required.
Both phases of the NIS Program require an
over-all collection effort covering all important
foreign countries and areas of the world simul-
taneously.
If information is available to undertake an
NIS of lower priority than one on which ade-
quate material is not available, the NIS of lower
priority will be produced and will not be held in
abeyance pending the availability of material for
the NIS of higher priority.
While the aim of the collection effort will
be to enable the production of complete and re-
liable published NIS, it must be recognized that
the production and maintenance program requires
information in greater detail than the intelligence
which appears in the published NIS.
New information will be continuously processed
so that the intelligence on hand will be constantly
up to date and ready for use.
The NIS Program must be flexible in order
to meet the basic intelligence requirements of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff. To this end it may be neces-
sary to produce and disseminate separate chapters
or sections of any NIS.
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NATURE, PURPOSE, AND SCOPE JUNE 1951
Standard Instructions for NIS
The Standard Instructions for National Intelli-
gence Surveys contain outlines of basic ;intelligence
requirements, allocations of responsibility for pro-
duction, and instructions for the production of this
intelligence. These Standard Instructions were
prepared by a joint committee of representatives
of the Director of Central Intelligence and the
Chiefs of Intelligence Agencies of the Departments
of State, the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force;
were concurred in by the Intelligence Advisory
Committee; and were approved by the National
Security Council.
The outlines and outline guides are so drafted
as to cover all the basic intelligence aspects of the
most complex foreign country or area. However,
the appropriate treatment of any topic; included in
the outlines and outline guides is determined by
the sense in which and the extent to'which that
topic applies to the particular country or area
under consideration. Thus, the outlines and out-
line guides should be adapted to the country -or
area on which the NIS is being produced.
The Standard Instructions prescribe the basic
procedures to be followed in producing and main-
taining all NIS. They cannot, however, cover all
contingencies. Hence, when cogent reasons exist,
the instructions may be modified or supplemented
to permit appropriate treatment of any! topic.
Content of an NIS
An NIS is divided into chapter, each of
which treats a major functional aspect of the coun-
try or area under consideration. Thee chapters
are divided into sections, each of which treats a
major subdivision of the field covered by the chap-
ter. The section is so designed as to permit it to
serve as the basic unit of production and mainte-
nance and so enhance the flexibility of the NIS
Program. The NIS chapters are as follows:
Chapter I Brief
Chapter II Military Geography
Chapter III Transportation and Telpcommunica-
tions
Chapter IV Sociological
Chapter V Political
Chapter VI Economic
Chapter VII Scientific
Chapter VIII Armed Forces
Chapter IX Map and Chart Appraisal]
Certain topics involving numerous details
are given general treatment in appropriate sections
of NIS chapters and full treatment in supplements.
Supplements are prepared only if the topic in ques-
tion is sufficiently important in an 14IS Area to
warrant this detailed treatment. There are, at
present, the following five supplements :
NIS Supplement No. I Ports and Naval Facilities
NIS Supplement No. II Air Facilities
NIS Supplement No. III Telecommunications
NIS Supplement No. IV Urban Areas
NIS Supplement No. V Petroleum
The Special NIS on Marine Climate and
Oceanography divides the world sea areas into
ocean basins. These ocean basins are further sub-
divided into Parts, each of which is comparable to
a chapter in the other NIS. The production unit
is a Part, each of which will consist of three sec-
tions. Ocean basins are designated as follows :
NIS 104
Atlantic Basin
12 Parts
NIS 105
Pacific Basin
12 Parts
NIS 106
Indian Basin
4 Parts
NIS 107
Arctic Basin
1 Part
NIS 108
Antarctic Basin
1 Part
A gazetteer will be published for each NIS
Area.
The geographic areas covered by the NIS
are generally defined by political boundaries. In
CHAPTERS II (Military Geography), however, areas
are determined in terms of natural geographic
units.
In some instances, it is desirable to define
the geographic area in terms of natural boundaries.
For example, since the Iberian Peninsula, includ-
ing the approaches into the Pyrenees from France,
forms a natural geographic concept, it should be
considered geographically as a whole. Thus, the
geographic treatment of this area would serve as
CHAPTER II for both NIS Portugal and NIS Spain.
Conversely, the area included within politi-
cal boundaries may be so extensive as to embrace
several natural geographic units. Examples of
such areas are the U.S.S.R. and China. CHAPTERS
II for these areas would consist of several Parts,
each treating a natural geographic unit.
In addition, it will be necessary to transcend
political boundaries in many instances in order
to obtain comprehensive treatment of certain
functional aspects, such as transportation and
ports and naval facilities; and such procedure
should be followed wherever necessary.
The scope of each chapter, supplement, and
Special NIS is outlined in detail under the Outline
Guides in this volume. Chapter and section out-
line guides in general include initial comments
relative to content of the unit as a whole which are
not repeated with but are pertinent to the detailed
outlines for individual sections and subsections.
The following standard definitions apply explicitly
to CHAPTERS II-IX and by implication to CHAP-
TER I:
a) The first section of each chapter is uni-
formly entitled Introduction. This section is not
a summary of the basic intelligence contained in
the remainder of the chapter or an explanation of
the organization of the chapter. Rather, it pre-
sents an analysis of the basic intelligence contained
in the chapter. It also presents general aspects
which cannot be treated adequately elsewhere in
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JUNE 1951 NATURE, PURPOSE, AND SCOPE
the chapter. For example, the organization and
functions of the high command are covered in SEC-
TION 80 (Introduction to CHAPTER VIII, Armed
Forces) because this topic cannot be adequately
treated in the subsequent sections of CHAPTER VIII.
The chapter outline guides indicate the nature and
scope of the treatment to be accorded the Intro-
duction of each chapter.
b) The first subsection of each section is
uniformly entitled General. This subsection is
provided to permit a proper approach to the treat-
ment of material contained in the remainder of
the section.
c) The last subsection of most sections is
uniformly entitled Comments on Principal
Sources. This subsection is to serve the following
purposes :
To provide an evaluation of the principal source mate-
rial used in preparing the section and thereby in-
form the user of the general credibility to be ac-
corded the intelligence contained in the section.
To indicate those aspects of the subject about which
information is deficient or unavailable and thereby
provide collectors of information with collection
targets. In this connection, the principal sources
(not necessarily all sources) actually used should
be indicated.
Summary of agency functions
1. GENERAL
Where one agency is responsible for a sec-
tion of a chapter or a subsection of a section which
is being coordinated by another agency, working
level liaison shall be maintained. All communica-
tions of a policy or requirements nature to the
agency preparing the section or subsection will be
passed through intelligence command channels.
In all instances working level coordination
among agencies concerned will include the follow-
ing :
Exchange, where applicable, of drafts of completed
draft sections in order to resolve inconsistencies
among sections and detect gaps in over-all cover-
age.
Informal coordination in compiling specific subsec-
tions which are assigned as the responsibility of
one agency but impinge upon the field of interest
of another.
2. NIS COMMITTEE
The NIS Committee consists of represent-
atives of the Director of Central Intelligence and
the Chiefs of the Intelligence Agencies of the De-
partments of State, the Army, the Navy, and the
Air Force. The representative of the Director of
Central Intelligence is ex officio, chairman of the
committee. It also includes an advisory member
from the Joint Staff who shall be thoroughly
familiar with the basic intelligence requirements
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), keep the JCS
informed of the progress of the NIS Program, and
keep the NIS Committee informed of changes in
the JCS requirements.
The NIS Committee performs the following
functions :
Considers and recommends for Intelligence
Agency approval over-all policies for the NIS Pro-
gram.
Determines the scope and treatment of each NIS
to be produced.
Allocates responsibility for production and main-
tenance of NIS in accordance with the intelligence
requirements, production capabilities, and domi-
nant interest of the Intelligence Agencies con-
cerned.
Establishes NIS production and maintenance
schedules based upon JCS priorities and agency
capabilities.
Promulgates procedures and instructions for the
preparation, review, editing, and submission of NIS
contributions.
Recommends to CIA measures necessary for the
coordination of the NIS Program.
3. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
The Central Intelligence Agency performs the
following functions:
Provides over-all coordination of the NIS Pro-
gram.
Produces those elements of NIS allocated to it for
production by the NIS Committee.
Furnishes certain common services which can
best be done centrally.
Edits NIS contributions, provides advisory sub-
stantive review, and arranges for the publication
of NIS.
Disseminates NIS in accordance with Intelligence
Agency agreements.
4. IAC AGENCIES
The IAC Agencies (State, Army, Navy, and Air
Force) perform the following functions:
Provide a member and alternate members
of the NIS Committee. This member repre-
sents, and speaks for, the Chief of the Intelligence
Agency of the Department from which he is ac-
credited.
Produce and maintain the NIS elements which
have been allocated by the NIS Committee
as production responsibilities.
Implement collection effort which may be re-
quired for NIS production and maintenance.
5. NON-IAC AGENCIES
The non-IAC Agencies perform the following
functions:
Produce and maintain portions of NIS when
explicitly assigned that responsibility by the
NIS Committee or by an Intelligence Agency with
the approval of that Committee.
Furnish Intelligence Agencies with material
for integration into NIS by those agencies.
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Security Information
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR
PREPARATION OF NIS
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington, D. C.
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JUNE 1951
Allocation of Responsibility for Preparation of NIS
Neither the following allocations nor any interpretation thereof shall negate
the basic principle that each department is responsible for the production
of that intelligence which is responsive to its departmental mission.
Section 10-Introduction
11-Strategic Significance of the NIS Area
12-Military Geography
13-Transportation and Telecommunications
14-Sociological
15-Political
16-Economic
17-Scientific
18-Armed Forces
19-Map and Chart Appraisal
Section 20-Introduction
21-Military Geographic Regions
22-Coasts and Landing Beaches
23-Weather and Climate
24-Topography
25-Urban Areas
Section 30-Introduction
31-Railway
32-Highway
33-Inland Waterway
34-Petroleum Pipeline (treated in Sub-
section 62, C and Supplement V)
35-Ports and Naval Facilities
36-Merchant Marine
37-Civil Air
38-Telecommunications
Section 40-Introduction
41-Population
42-Characteristics of the People
43-Religion, Education, and Public Information
44-Manpower
45-Health and Sanitation
46-Public Welfare
CIA
CIA (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
State (with joint assistance)
State
State (with joint assistance)
CIA (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
CIA (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
Army
Navy (with Army assistance)
Joint Meteorological Committee
Army
Army
Army (with joint assistance)
Army
Army
Army
Joint Army-Navy
Navy
Air Force (with Navy participation)
Army
State
State (with Army assistance)
State
State
State
Army
State
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ALLOCATIONS JUNE 1951
Section 50-Introduction
51-The Constitutional System
52-Structure of the Govern~nent
53-Political Dynamics
54-Public Order and Safety
55-National Policies
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Section 60-Introduction
61-Agriculture and Food
D. Electric power
63-Minerals and Metals
F. Construction materials
64-Manufacturing and Construction
A. General
B. Industrial machinery and equipment
C. Motor vehicles (incl4ding tanks, self-pro-
pelled guns, etc.)
D. Aircraft production
E. Shipbuilding
F. Explosives, industrial and military
G. Guns, explosive devices, and ammunition
H. Other military equ~pment and supplies
(including war g is and smoke prep-
arations)
I. Telecommunications; signal and lighting
equipment
J. Chemical industries
K. Agricultural processing industries
L. Fibers, fabrics, and ~ubber
M. Construction industries
N. Other industries
0. Comments on principal sources
CHAPTER VII-SCIENTIFIC
Section 70-Introduction
State
State
State
State
State
State (with ioint assistance)
State (with joint assistance)
State (with the assistance of the De-
partment of Agriculture and the
Fish and Wildlife Service, Depart-
ment of the Interior)
State (with assistance of the Depart-
ment of the Interior)
Army
State (with the assistance of the De-
partment of the Interior)
Army
State
State (primary responsibility)
Army
Air Force (with Navy participation)
Navy
Army (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
State
State
State
State
State
State .(with joint assistance)
CIA is to produce final draft with con-
tributions from Navy and Air Force;
guidance from Army and State.
CIA to coordinate through the JEIC
the final draft based upon contribu-
tions from all intelligence agencies.
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ALLOCATIONS JUNE 1951
STATE (with assistance of the Depart-
ment of the Interior)
SPECIAL NIS-MARINE CLIMATE AND OCEANOGRAPHY NAVY
Section 1-Introduction
2-Marine Climate
3-Oceanography
Navy
Navy (with assistance of the Air
Force)
Navy
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Next 7 Page(s) In Document Exempt
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-1. M"PPOMba
Security Information
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington, D. C.
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JUNE 1951
EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
CONTENTS
Page
A. Transmittal of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Letter of transmittal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Manuscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3. Graphic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. Text specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Typing of text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Text headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. References to figures and text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4. Quotations and extract matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5. Sample pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
6. Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
7. Reference to sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
C. Tabular specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. Tabulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Typing of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Titles and figure numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. Stubs and column headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6. Footnotes and source references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7. Conventional entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
8. Statistical totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9. Table construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
D. Graphic specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
E. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1. NIS Supplement specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. Classification and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Treatment of names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Technical terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Statistical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Return of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Editorial style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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JUNE 1951
Editorial Instructions
NIS material delivered to the Basic Intelligence
Division (D/B), CIA requires a letter of transmit-
tal (original and 2 copies). The letter itemizes
the number of pages of text and table manuscript,
table of contents and other typed material sub-
mitted, and indicates any omission of material or
other deviation from standard procedure. The let-
ter specifies control aspects of material involved.
The letter of transmittal also indicates the number
of extra copies of insert maps which the contrib-
utor desires run without NIS reference lines (the
number not to exceed 10 copies of each map except
by special arrangement), the minimum classifica-
tion for each map if run without the NIS refer-
ences, and any special restrictions concerning ad-
ditional runs and distribution by CIA for other
than NIS purposes.
2. MANUSCRIPT
NIS manuscript is submitted in 5 complete as-
sembled copies. Each of the 5 assembled sets of
manuscript includes in sequence 1) title page, 2)
table of contents, 3) text, 4) tables, 5) caption list,
and 6) list of any border information.
Pagination begins with the first page of text of
each Section and is consecutive throughout the
manuscript (including each page of the tables,
which follow the text in sequence of figure num-
bers). Pagination is by other means than a num-
bering machine, which is reserved for use in D/B
processing.
Manuscript with more than nominal alterations
is not acceptable. Text or tabular material Photo-
statted or similarly reproduced from printed or
other material must be in positive print form and
legible in approximately typewriter elite size.
The supporting items, typed triple space, are as
follows :
TITLE PAGE, containing Chapter or Supplement
number and title, Section number and title, and
the statement: "This is a preliminary draft of
Section , NIS . It has not been finally
edited or reconciled with other NIS sections and
should not be reproduced. This Section has been
approved for use in the NIS by the (agency),
(month, year). This is the uniform date for the
entire section and will appear on each page of the
published section."
TABLE OF CONTENTS for each section, including all
headings and subheads used in text according to
the style given in "Text specifications." For Sup-
plements, or when entire chapters are submitted,
a separate table of contents extending through No.
2 heads of all sections also is included. Each sec-
tion table of contents is immediately followed by
a LIST OF FIGURES which lists in sequence all figures
with the following details for each: Figure number
as determined by sequence in tentative placement,
category identification (Table, Photo, Aerial, Chart,
Diagram, Plan, Map), and the caption as it ap-
pears with the figure or in appropriate short-title
form. This LIST OF FIGURES is immediately fol-
lowed by a contributor statement, as approved by
the NIS Committee, showing the agency or agen-
cies contributing to and responsible for prepara-
tion of the material.
CAPTION LIST (required for typesetting of all cap-
tions), Figure numbers for all tables and graphics
are listed in sequence with exact wording of the
caption as attached to the figure. When appli-
cable, the list of captions is followed by a border
information list, listing in sequence each insert
map figure number with exact wording of the
border information as specified in "Graphic specifi-
cations," and indicating which maps have apron
material.
3. GRAPHIC MATERIAL
Graphic material, including photographs, is as-
sembled separately from manuscript, in 4 complete
sets with each item in sequence. The 4 copies of
each item consist of an original and 3 copies of all
black and white material, and 4 color proofs for
multicolor graphic material. The original plates
of multicolor maps are retained by contributor
until receipt of memorandum from D/B. These
originals are then forwarded as directed by D/B for
final reproduction.
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EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS JUNE 1951
B. Text specifications
1. TYPING OF TEXT
Text is submitted in 5 copies, typed on one side
only, with the original on substantial 8 x 121/2
bond paper. Duplicating process may be used if
submitted copies are thoroughly legible. Text is
typed triple space. All paragraphs without head-
ings begin with 5-space indent. Normal capital-
ization is used throughout (including headings),
without use of continuous capitalization or of un-
derlining except for foreign or other terms to be
italicized. The last word of a typed line is always
a complete word, avoiding ending any line with
a hyphen. Manuscript conforms to the sample
pages, with margins as shown. Each. manuscript
page, as shown, includes in top margin the name of
the agency of primary responsibility, date (manu-
script completion date, for processing control pur-
poses only), classification, NIS number and sec-
tion number. The first page of text includes the
section number and title. Text pages are num-
bered consecutively within each section (not using
a numbering machine, which is reserved for D/B
processing).
2. TEXT HEADINGS
Headings used in NIS text material are as fol-
lows :
(Grade of head,
not typed in ms.)
II. Military Geography (Chapter title)
22. Coasts and Landing Beaches (Section title)
A. General (No. 1)
1. Coasts (No. 2)
a. Northern peninsula -Text follows ...... (No. 3)
(1) Williams Bay-Text follows ........ (No. 4)
(a) Vicinity of Port Smith-Text ..... (No. 5)
1) Seaward Approaches-Text ..... (No. 6)
Chapter and section titles are centered. No. 1
heads are typed flush with left margin of text; in-
ferior heads are successively indented 5 typewriter
spaces. No. 1 and No. 2 heads stand alone; text
begins on nextline with indentation of 5 spaces and
thereafter flush left. Remaining heads each end
with space, two hyphens, space; text follows im-
mediately on same line, with succeeding lines be-
ginning flush with left text margin.
Each standard heading includes a title in ad-
dition to letter or number. Titles are as brief as
feasible. In No. 1 through No. 5 heads, common
nouns are not capitalized. No. 6 heads are initial
caps except for prepositions, articles, etc.
Headings may stand alone when immediately
followed by the next grade of head. For certain
material (as in Coasts and Landing Beaches), a
heading may be followed on the next line or lines
by coordinates, hydrographic chart references, etc.
No. 5 and No. 6 headings may be modified when
used to introduce a series of similar subsidiary
topics (such as a series of brief descriptive para-
graphs on smaller ports).
Numbers used to itemize a series of items within
text carry a single parenthesis, e.g., 1).
3. REFERENCES TO FIGURES AND TEXT
Figures (including both tables and graphic ma-
terial) must be adequately referred to in the re-
lated text, using figure numbers assigned by the
contributor. Reference may be integral in a sen-
tence, ". . . as shown in FIGURE 32-16 . . . ", or
parenthetical, ". . .(FIGURES 42-3 through 42-
6). . .". It is often desirable to use the reference
flexibly to differentiate types of figures, e.g.,
".. . tabulated in FIGURE 42-7 . . ." or ". .
shown on the map, FIGURE 42-8 . . .". Statements
such as ". . . in the following table . . ." or
". . . in the table above . . ." are undesirable be-
cause the relationship may not be retained in
printing. Because figure numbering is subject to
change in publication or maintenance, reference to
tables or graphic material in other sections or
chapters is by abbreviated caption, type of material
and section number in which it appears, e.g., " (see
population density map, SECTION 41) ".
Tentative placement within text of tables and
appropriate graphic items (e.g., line cuts) is in-
dicated by large carets with figure numbers on the
right margin of text pages (see sample pages).
Each figure is caretted only once. Figures expect-
ed to follow printed text, such as half-tone illus-
trations and fold-in maps, are itemized after the
last line of manuscript text.
Because subsection numbering and titles are sub-
ject to change in publication or maintenance, cross
references are made to the highest order of text
topic which will adequately indicate where the ref-
erenced material will be found. Within sections
and especially within lengthy sections, however,
references to subsections may be quite detailed if
desirable. Another section of the same chapter
is referred to by ". . . (SECTION 81, this chapter)
or ". .. (See section on Ground Forces)
. . ." Reference to a section of another chapter is
as follows: ". . . (CHAPTER III, SECTION 31) . . ."
or ". . . (See Railway) . . ."
The words Chapter, Section, and Figure, when
followed by identifying number are typed in capi-
tals and lower case.
4. QUOTATIONS AND EXTRACT MATTER
Quotations up to approximately 3 typewritten
lines are included in text within quotation marks.
Longer quotations, and subordinate material like-
wise to be printed as "extract" in smaller type, are
without quotation marks, indented 5 spaces for all
lines and typed double space.
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Margin
ARMY-January 1948 M 21 1
~1 (CLASSIFICATION) Sec-38
A. General
During the Japanese occupation telecommunication facilities in
B. Domestic facilities
Manchuria were rapidly expanded. New radio stations were...
Prior to 1933, telecommunication facilities in Manchuria were
under the control of several agencies and companies licensed by the
'Chinese, Japanese, and Russian governments.
a. Location of routes of lines -- Telephone land lines
form a rather close pattern around Mukden, Chang-ch'un (Hsinking),
and Harbin, and radiate to all parts of the country (Figure 38-1)..
b. Type of construction -- Construction was completed for I
an underground 28-pair nonloaded telephone cable between Mukden and
Antung in 1937 (Figure 38-2). In December 19112....
3. Telegraph and cable
!parallel to railways and highways; lines are also built along the
[valleys. Practically all the major circuits and most of the other.. I
Bottom
Margin
ti
4 n
( age number)
p
(CLASSIFICATION)
Appidved
Left I
 EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS JUNE 1951
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Top
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FAR MY-January 191-8 - - - - - NIS 21
(CLASSIFICATION) Sec-38
Left Right
Margin --J The offices and agencies that provided telegraph service in thel Margin
u
Telegraph and telephone service 244
Telephone stations 232
Telegraph agencies 403
Wireless agencies 62.
Total 91-1
Imajor radio communications stations were operated by....*
b. Type of construction -- In general, construction of..
a. Radio communications stations -- From 1933 to 1945 the
N
ri
entirely based on captured Japanese documents, but the significant
Itotals are confirmed by U.S. official reports.
b. Broadcasting -- There are several of the more powerful I
broadcasting stations listed in Figure 38-3.
(1) Number of installations -- The number of these
installations is considerably smaller than the total given by the
that, even with full allowance for the new facilities only a few have)
p939 telegraph offices and agencies' tabulations. It is now believed)
short-wave transmitters. There is very little information about... I
Bottom
Margin
Jill
(page number)
-- - ------ - -----
8n
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JUNE 1951 EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
5. SAMPLE PAGES
The accompanying two pages are sample pages
of text manuscript for the guidance of typists.
When several works by the same author or
agency are listed, the author's name is not repeated
but is replaced by dashes in subsequent listings.
6. FOOTNOTES
Footnotes to text matter are kept to a minimum.
When footnotes are considered necessary, up to
3 asterisks per page may be used. In manuscript
the footnote is inserted on the line following the
reference, separated from the text by solid lines
above and below; the footnote begins indented 5
spaces from left margin, and is typed double space
(see sample pages).
In the numbered listing of principal sources,
each item is typed double space and is continuous
in the following order and typewriter style:
Author, authors, editor or agency; last name
first, capital and lower case, period. Title of book
or other separate publication; capitals and lower
case, underlined, followed within parentheses by
capitals and lower case translation if required,
period. Title of article from periodical in quotes,
capitals and lower case, comma; followed by name
of periodical, underlined, comma; edition, series,
part, volume, number, selected pages, year of peri-
odical as necessary, separated by commas in that
order, with capital only at beginning of series of
items, abbreviated as ed., ser., pt., vol., no., p.,
period. Arabic numerals used throughout except
Roman after pt. Place of publication in capitals
and lower case, followed by colon and publishing
agency if given, otherwise period. Date, period;
n.d. if not dated, period. Total pages if desired.
Classification in parentheses, capital and lower
case, without period.
C. Tabular specifications
1. TABULATIONS
Relatively simple tabular presentations, gener-
ally with no stubs, less than 3 columns of data, and
not requiring more than a printed column width,
are treated as tabulations. Tabulations are incor-
porated in text manuscript without figure number
or title (see sample pages). They are typed double
space, with no continuous capitalization or under-
lining.
2. TABLES
More complex tabular presentations, generally
with stub and 3 or more vertical columns of data,
are treated as tables. Each table has a descrip-
tive title (caption) preceded by a figure number.
Each table is constructed to stand as an entity,
because of possible separation from text in publica-
tion or use.
3. TYPING OF TABLES
Each table is typed in 5 copies, on one side only,
original on substantial bond paper. Duplicating
process may be used if submitted copies are thor-
oughly checked for legibility. Tables are typed
double space, with no continuous capitals or under-
lining in caption, stubs, column headings, or data
entries. Tables are typed on 8 x 121/2 bond paper
whenever practicable. For more extensive presen-
tations, larger paper may be used, if possible re-
taining the 121/2 inch vertical dimension. Several
separate 8 x 121/2 pages may be used to continue
a table. When more than one page is used to
present a table or when there is significant relation-
ship between columns in separate tables, in typing
it is important to maintain alignment and space
relationship of columns on all pages. Each page
includes in the margin, as in text pages, the name
of the agency of primary responsibility, date, clas-
sification, NIS number and section number.
4. TABLE TITLES AND FIGURE NUMBERS
Table titles (captions) are as brief as possible
consistent with adequate indication of table con-
tent. Date or dates are included in the title un-
less table content is generalized or in itself provides
adequate date information. The area or political
name is incorporated when feasible, in adjective
form ("Value of French imports, 1945-1950") or
in noun form after substance of caption ("Land
use, France, 1950").
The figure number which precedes each table
title is comprised of the section number followed
by a hyphen and the serial number of the table in
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the sequence of all figures (including all tables 7. CONVENTIONAL ENTRIES
and graphic items) within a section, according to
caretted location in the submitted manuscript.
5. TABLE STUBS AND COLUMN HEADINGS
Stubs (horizontal descriptive entries normally
to the left of vertical columns of data) and column
headings are carefully worded and coordinated.
Proper selection and description of categories min-
imizes footnotes and exceptions which require ex-
planation.
In general, the heading at the top of a column
covers all material presented in the column with-
out insertion of additional headings farther down
the column. The same applies to side heads and
lines of data. Where intermediate headings seem
necessary, the material generally is presented as
separate tables. However, related categories of
items (such as apply to various weapons) may be
usefully combined in a single table by making col-
umn headings more comprehensive and using sub-
headings in columns and/or indicating a general
change in category. Preliminary consultation
with D/B on such matters is advisable.
6. TABLE FOOTNOTES AND SOURCE REFER-
ENCES
Footnotes to tables are indicated by up to 3
asterisks and thereafter by up to 3 daggers (the
typewriter symbol .$ is used for a dagger). These
symbols are placed at the left of numerical column
data, and at the right of headings, stubs, mixed or
reading column data. Footnotes generally are
typed double space, under the table, starting in-
dented five spaces from left margin of table. The
number of footnotes to tables is minimized by in-
corporation of the material into related text when
feasible, by careful phrasing of stubs and headings,
by consolidation in a reduced number of footnotes,
or by consolidation in a single NOTE carried as a
footnote without symbol.
When source reference or references are con-
sidered necessary and apply for a table as a whole,
they are indicated by "Data from Source 13 . . ."
beginning at the left text margin and typed two
spaces below a line at the bottom of the table
proper. If a NOTE item is used it precedes the
conventional abbreviation n a and explanation, if
used (see conventional entries below), which in
turn precedes any symbol footnotes. An entire
table taken verbatim from a source (sometimes as
the only available data, and not necessarily fully
accepted by the contributor), is so indicated in re-
lated text, by explanation within the table, or by
footnote; in such cases it is generally desirable, so
far as feasible, to follow the detailed format of the
original material.
To avoid blank spaces in columns of data, the
following conventional entries are made as ap-
propriate in table columns :
not applicable; no footnote used
n a data not available, inadequate data, etc;
n and a separated and underlined; until
conventional is well established, explained
as "Data not available", etc., in footnote
0 indicates zero quantity or reading in col-
umns of uniform data such as weather
statistics; no footnote used
none used instead of 0 when data are not uni-
form, e.g., to indicate known lack of pro-
duction of a significant commodity;
underline; no footnote used
insig quantity too insignificant to record;
underline; no footnote used ,
When exceptional items in a column are esti-
mated they are preceded by est in underlined lower
case, unless symbol and footnote are preferable be-
cause of an otherwise appreciably narrower column
or exceptional items can be feasibly covered in
other footnotes.
Ditto marks are not used in tables. For this pur-
pose do in underlined lower case is used. Gener-
ally, identical entries in figure columns are re-
peated. It is likewise desirable to repeat word en-
tries which have significance.
8. STATISTICAL TOTALS
When n a or insig are included with vertical or
horizontal data entries for which a total is given
that only moderately exceeds the sum of the specific
entries, no footnote explanation may be required.
However, when the total is exactly the sum of the
specific figures, generally it is advisable to indicate
that n a or similar items are not reflected in the
total, e.g., " Totals are of known data" or
"approx." When totals are not identical with the
sum of specific entries, because of rounding or dif-
ferent sources, indicate by note, e.g., "(Tonnage)
figures rounded to nearest (thousand) are not ad-
ditive".
9. TABLE CONSTRUCTION
Optimum clarity and usefulness require the care-
ful construction of all tables in terms of the nature
and purpose of the material and the characteris-
tics of the NIS format.
Column headings normally are typed and printed
horizontally. They may be vertical when heading
narrow columns of data or generally to facilitate
publishing a table in minimum width. Superior
or consolidating headings are centered over the
appropriate individual column headings.
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JUNE 1951 EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
To avoid repetition of units of measurement after
items of latitude, longitude, time, distance, weight,
etc., units of measurement (abbreviated as appro-
priate) are put at the head of column, or centered
over appropriate columns. Units common to an
entire table (e.g., thousands of metric tons, or per-
centage of population) are placed in parentheses
beneath the table title.
It is desirable, so far as practicable, for a series
of tables dealing with common or closely related
topics to be expressed in a uniform order of magni-
tude of units of measurement, e.g., all in thousands
of tons or hundreds of tons.
Entries in all columns align horizontally with
top line of the corresponding stub.
Vertical columns of figures are aligned on the
decimal point, dissimilar figures are centered in
the column, and zeros precede the decimal in num-
bers of less than 1. Examples of various figure
items are :
1500
0.15
15.5-17.0
insig
30 (daily)
Generally it is not desirable to carry a column
in which there are no entries. Use of a column
for isolated entries may be avoided by carrying the
entries in a "Remarks" column or by consolidation
in an explanatory note to the table.
Tables generally should be constructed to avoid
extensive use of full-length lines or rules between
columns and particularly between horizontal en-
tries. Lines or boxes around column headings pref-
erably are omitted by contributors unless format
is well established.
Although contributors are not required to con-
form to printing requirements when constructing
tables, general consideration of such requirements
facilitates publication of table material. A printed
NIS single-column width accommodates approxi-
mately 55 units of characters or spaces. A two-
column page width takes approximately 115 units.
A two-page spread takes approximately 230 char-
acters or spaces. Two-page spreads tend to present
page make-up problems in publication, including
separation of tables from related text. Tables
which must be viewed from the side of the page,
and extended tables on fold-in inserts, generally
are not desirable and are used only by arrangement
with D/B. In constructing tables for normal col-
umn or page-width publication, space allowance
must be made for column headings which may be
wider than figure entries in columns, and for stubs.
When it is apparent that the maximum horizontal
lines (allowing for column entries, column head-
ings, stubs, footnote symbols, and adequate space
between columns) will occupy more than the ap-
proximate number of spaces available but will not
utilize more than a nominal additional width, re-
arrangement of the table warrants consideration.
Vertical printing of heads is one device. When the
number of columns exceeds the number of stub
entries, the lay-out often may be reversed to make
a longer but narrower table. When tables present
problems not previously encountered, contributors
are requested to consult D/B before final typing.
D. Graphic specifications
1. GENERAL
All graphic materials, such as photographs,
maps, charts, graphs, and sketches, regardless of
size, are (in addition to numbered tables) desig-
nated as figures. Each figure carries a separate
figure number comprised of the section number
followed by hyphen and serial number of the figure
in the sequence of all figures within the section.
The page size of the printed NIS, including
binding and other margins, is 91/4" by 121/8". The
type is set in two 31/2" columns spaced 1/4" apart.
Figures of column width are printed 31/2" wide,
and 2-column figures are 71/4" wide. The maxi-
mum height of such figures including space for
caption is 93/4".
All graphic items larger than page size are
treated as fold-in inserts. The maximum paper
size used for NIS inserts is 231/4" V x 393/4" H. The
horizontal dimension normally includes a 91/4"
apron.
Figures are prepared to fit NIS indicated dimen-
sions. Care is required in laying out correct pro-
portions and in selecting sizes of symbols, patterns,
lines, and lettering to allow for reduction com-
mensurate with that permitted by other features
of the figure. When a specific amount of reduc-
tion is desired, it is so marked outside the border.
Otherwise, the amount of reduction will be decided
by D/B.
All charts, graphs, maps and other graphic ma-
terial to be printed with text are constructed as
black and white linecut figures of page size or less.
Photographs and other figures requiring halftone
reproduction normally will be published on coated
paper inserts of page size (excepting large pano-
ramas or mosaics which may be run as fold-in in-
serts), grouped immediately following text and
table manuscript of each section. Multicolor
graphics normally will be inserted at the end of
each section.
All figures, except insert maps, are accompanied
by captions (in lower case and normal word capital-
ization) which are carefully worded to be briefly
but adequately descriptive. The first line of the
caption carries the figure number followed by iden-
tification of the subject or brief descriptive phrase;
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CuIrprBypow"a EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS JUNE 1951
succeeding lines add appropriate amplification, in-
cluding direction of view and indication of the date
(or absence thereof, by "Date unknown") of photo-
graphs. Captions are firmly attached to figures,
affixed to permit reading of the caption while view-
ing the figure but not obscuring the figure image.
Captions must be legible but need not be drafted
since all captions are set in type.
Charts or graphs do not carry titles or caption
material (as distinct from explanatory legend ma-
terial) within the figure image. In the case of a
specially constructed chart or graph, source and
date of information may be drafted within the
figure.
All insert maps carry the title, legend, source
and date of source, and other essential caption in-
formation drafted within the title box or neatline.
Border information, indicated outside the map bor-
der in non-photographic blue but not drafted be-
cause it will be set in type, is as follows: Upper left
corner-agency responsible for map content, and
date to be carried by the section as a unit; center
top-NIS Area number; upper right corner-classi-
fication; lower left corner-file number and agency
responsible for actual map construction (unless
the latter is identical with material in upper left
corner) ; center bottom-abbreviated map title;
lower right corner-figure number.
It is not necessary that all maps or photographs
be oriented with north at the top, but the position
of north is clearly indicated by means of a north
arrow, coordinates, or caption. Names, symbols,
and similar details of figures are oriented for read-
ing from the bottom of the page. In exceptions
where figures must be viewed from the side of the
page, details of the figure are oriented for reading
from the right-hand side of the page.
Printed "stick-up" is preferred for symbols and
lettering. However, Leroy lettering is permissible.
Freehand lettering and symbols are to be avoided
except in such instances as the inclusion of an ex-
istent, printed map or sketch.
It is frequently desirable for graphic material,
such as large-scale aerials of airfields, to be ac-
companied by small-scale line-cut orientation or
location maps.
2. PHOTOGRAPHS
Only clear and distinct photographs are accept-
able, and original prints are supplied insofar as
possible. Except where the original is unwieldy,
prints are supplied at the same scale as originals,
including suggested cropping to be undertaken in
D/B processing.
High-altitude aerial photographs carry a north
arrow and bar scale drafted on the face of the print.
When a photograph originally has foreign annota-
tions on the face of the photograph, the annota-
tions are retained and accompanied by translation
or explanation. Where feasible, the translation is
added to the face of the print in the form of a key
or legend; where space is not available or a key or
legend is not adequately descriptive, the transla-
tion or explanation appears in the caption or on
a separate typed sheet attached to each copy of
the print.
Instructions for selection and preparation of
photographs are set forth in NIS supplementary in-
structions.
3. MAPS
All NIS maps are carefully selected and con-
structed in terms of the purpose and subject ma-
terial of a map or plan, content and positional in-
tegration with text, suitability of color or other
differentiation, and all feasible uniformity in lay-
out, lettering, and other drafted elements.
All maps have a neatline and border, a legend
centered under the map title, a bar scale centered
beneath the legend, and the classification centered
beneath the scale. Legends clearly define all sym-
bols not self-explanatory or generally understood
from common usage. A direction indication, either
coordinates or a north arrow, is included. Maps
prepared as a series (e.g., port and town plans)
have consistent treatment throughout in type style,
zipatone patterns, title and legend layout. Non-
varying plastic (e.g., dyrite, vinylite) is preferable
for the construction of color plates, to facilitate
accurate registry in printing.
A map designed as a black and white line draw-
ing, page size or less, is preferable for many NIS
purposes because it can be printed adjacent to the
related text. When information cannot be ade-
quately presented in black and white, limited use of
one additional color for such maps is possible, upon
consultation with D/B.
A Standard Base Map for each NIS Area is pre-
pared and distributed by Geographic Division,
(D/G), CIA in the following forms : Black and
white and composite color copies on paper; compos-
ite black line and black line copies of each color
separation plate on plastic (dyrite). Specific in-
structions concerning reduction, sizes, etc., are dis-
tributed with the base map for each NIS Area.
Contributors are responsible for drafting their
own overlays, which are keyed to the base plates of
NIS Standard Base Maps.
In addition to the Standard Base Map a small-
scale Page Size Base Map is prepared for each NIS
Area. This map is available to contributors in
black-line and non-photographic blue, paper copies.
Black-line maps or color overlays are prepared by
drafting directly on these bases.
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JUNE 1951 EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
For purposes where base maps are not applicable
(such as port plans), contributors are responsible
for compiling and constructing their own maps.
Contributors lacking necessary cartographic facili-
ties should consult D/B.
Fold-in maps are printed with a page-size apron,
to permit full view of the map as the text is read.
This apron can be used for printing information
additional to that contained in the legend, such
as lists of installations or regions. Such informa-
tion is submitted on a separate typewritten sheet,
a copy of which is attached to each copy of the
map. Printed material is not carried on the back
of a map.
E. General
1. NIS SUPPLEMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Preparation of text and graphic material for
NIS Supplements generally conforms to the indi-
cated procedures for other NIS material, with such
modifications as are developed to meet the require-
ments of the Supplements.
2. CLASSIFICATION AND CONTROL
NIS textual material is classified independently
by section. All pages of each section uniformly
carry the highest classification of material in the
section. All material, however, carries at least
a RESTRICTED classification. Tables of contents,
caption lists, all tables, and all graphics intended
to be printed within text, carry the uniform section
classification and are so stamped when submitted.
Insert maps or other insert graphic items (includ-
ing photographs) are not governed by the over-all
classification, but are individually classified as ap-
propriate.
The agency of primary responsibility is required
to indicate any control aspects of submitted ma-
teriAl
specifying control, and the control requirements
also are indicated in the letter of transmittal.
When any element or portions of NIS material
(other than Comments on Principal Sources) are
controlled for reasons other than the approved con-
trol character of the Area, the entire section in-
volved is controlled. Each page of manuscript and
each unit of graphic material is appropriately
stamped, top and bottom. All such material de-
livered to D/B carries a cover sheet specifying con-
trol, and the nature of and occasion for the con-
trol requirements are indicated in the letter of
transmittal.
3. TREATMENT OF NAMES
Geographic names used in the NIS are those
approved by the United States Board on Geo-
graphic Names (BGN). Preliminary gazetteers
are issued to contributors for use in the preparation
of text and graphic materials. Pending publica-
tion of a pertinent gazetteer, or in the case of
names not covered by a published gazetteer, lists
of names are submitted according to NIS supple-
mentary instructions.
English conventional names are used insofar as
they are approved by BGN. The approved native
name is added in parentheses the first time the
conventional name is used in a section, and there-
after as desirable for clarity. It is desirable to use
the native name in parentheses after the conven-
tional name on maps whenever practicable.
Approved native names are used where conven-
tional English names are not provided. Transla-
tion of generic parts of native names (except when
the meaning is apparent) is given, in parentheses
or in running text if feasible, the first time a ge-
neric appears in any segment of text. As a reader
aid, English generics may be interspersed in text.
All terms referring to man-made features, such
as Small Boat Harbor, are in English. Military
regions or other regions arbitrarily designated for
convenience in presentation are in English and
are not required to be identical with BGN approved
versions.
Consistency in the use of the conventional or
the native name for the same feature is maintained
throughout each chapter.
In lists of towns and cities, coordinates are given
for each of two or more places having identical
names.
4. TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY
When scientific names are appropriately used in
the interest of accuracy, if possible they are pre-
ceded by a common name or common name ge-
neric; e.g., the colon bacillus (Escherichia coli),
malaria mosquitoes (Anopheles maculipennis, A.
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hyracanus). The scientific names are enclosed in
parentheses and marked for italics in every case.
In a paragraph discussing malaria mosquitoes,
however, italicized scientific names may be used
without a preceding common name or generic.
Scientific family names (names ending in -idae, as
Stomatidae) are capitalized but not italicized.
Special-use terms, such as names of military
regions, are capitalized (e.g., the Kazakh Hill
Country) to clearly maintain identity.
5. STATISTICAL DATA
Statistical data normally are expressed either
in U.S. units of measure or in the metric system,
and are consistent within a section or the largest
NIS unit feasible, except to conform with common
usage, as in discussing 75 mm and 3" guns. All
contributions, should clearly indicate what system
is used, in tables as well as text. When different
measurement systems unavoidably appear together
in text (e.g., statute and nautical miles) they must
be clearly differentiated. In the case of areas
where available maps or charts use varying meas-
urement systems, the text is expressed in U.S.
units with metric conversion following in parenthe-
ses, and accompanying maps using extensive
metric annotations in their original form carry a
conversion table. Both U.S. and other measure-
ments may be given, as in the case of a table, when
contributing to utility.
Measurements are expressed in terms consistent
with the inherent or required degree of accuracy,
(e.g., 2,340 miles of coast, 16' 61/4" bridge clear-
ance). Conversions are exact when appropriate;
a rounded original figure is not converted into an
inconsistently exact figure; rounded conversions
may be used with a modifying "about" or "approxi-
mate". Units of measurement with varying mean-
ings are clearly defined, e.g., statute miles or nau-
tical miles, short tons or long tons. Both quan-
tity and value may be given when useful for indi-
cating relative importance. In financial data,
conversion factors with date are included.
6. RETURN OF MATERIAL
Detailed procedures governing the return of sub-
mitted material are established in NIS supple-
mentary instructions.
7. EDITORIAL STYLE
Development of style for all forms of NIS content
is a continuing and coordinated result of contribu-
tor and D/B processing of the various types of ma-
terial. For all matters of style not so developed,
and not indicated by specific D/B instructions, the
current Government Printing Office Style Manual
governs.
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JUNE 1955-
C IMP ER V
PCL-IT7 4L
Section 50
Section 51
Section 52
Section 53
Section 54
Section 55
Introduction
The Constitutional System
Structure of to e Government
Political Dynamics
Public Order and Safety
National Polinies
25X1
25X1
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YJ 1955 P0LITICAM -1.1
The Section- should serve as a political introduction both to the
country and the chapter, drawing upon chapter content but not presenting
a summary. It should show the strategic significance of the political
aspects of the country. Include a brief overall evaluation of the
political strength and international influence of the nation in terms
of degree of national unity, will to independence, strength of purpose,
fighting spirit., relative stability and efficiency of the political system,
locus of power, the nature and significance of the relationships between
the military and political systems, and basic objectives of the government
e'aa the nation at home and abroad.
Historical factors affecting present day political attitudes and
institutions should be woven into the above discussion to the extent
necressarz, to explain these attitudes and institutions. (Political back-
g:rou.nd material in Section 50 should be so correlated to the discussions
of historic setting in. Sections 40 and 60 that together they will give
a rour..ded picture of significant social, economic, and political a_story.)
1 11111101110111111111-10 PAGE V-2
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Section 50. Introduction
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Section 51. The Constitutional System
A. General
B. Constitution
1. Origin and development
2. Principal features
C. Constitutional position of the legislative, executive, and
judicial branches
D. Civil and religious rights and privileges
E. Comments on principal sources
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:i.9i5 POLITICAL
Section 51. The Constitutional System
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the
treatment of the material contained in the remainder of the Section.
It should be brief and should show the significant historical background
of the nationts constitutional system, taking into account such factors
as traditional respect for and adherence to constitutional processes
and civil rights. Features which differentiate the present constitution
from those of the past and of other countries may also be considered
briefly. The subsection should indicate the relationship between the
conoti;;,.it one.2. system and the degree of national political stability and
r ff"iciency. Include an estimate of the degree of popular support of the
constitution.
1. Origin and development
Discuss the immediate background of the formation of the constitution,
the political, economic, and social groups dominant in ;.ts adoption, the
foreign influences present, and the extent to which it represented public
opinion at the time of adoption.
2. Principal features
Delineate the features of the constitutional system needed to grasp
its character, including a definition of the type of government established,
the relationship between the provisions of the constitution and the actual
practices of the government, its economic and social provisions, and
unusual provisions. Attention should be given to the degree of flexibility,
to constitutional and. legal provisions for amendment compared with actual
practices in order to indicate popular control over constitutional change,
and to provisions for, and actual practice in, handling disagreement in
interpreting the meaning of the constitution.
C. Constitutional position of the legislative, executive, and judicial
branches
Briefly compare the constitutional and legal position and powers
with actual practice. (Reserve description of organization and procedure
of executive, legislative, and judicial agencies for Section 52.)
D. Civil and religious rights and privileges
Give the constitutional and legal provisions and a statement of the
actual situation in respect to civil and religious rights and privileges,
considering especially freedom of speech, press, radio, assembly,
organization, and religion, but also including other rights arid privileges
peculiar to the country. The rights and privileges of foreigners, particu-
larly Americans, should be examined and compared with those of nationals.
With respect to the suffrage, only law and practice concerning the
qualificatt.ons of electors, such as age, sex, and property should be considered.
(Percentage of the population excluded from voting and extent of actual parti-
cipation in elections should be left to Section 53, Subsection C.)
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J' NE 1955 P(LITICAI _
E. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following prrposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material
used in preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of
g neral r;redib? lity to be accorded the intelligence contained in tiie
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which informa-
tion is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of
inic:nnation with collection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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J~..L 1;.> POLITICAL
A. General
B. Central government
C. ) gional government
U. Local government
E. Dependencies and associated states
F. Co:arents on principal sources
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JUNE 1955 POLITICAL
Section 52. Structure of the Government
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to ti., treat-
ment of material contained in the remainder of the Section and should be
brief. It should take into consideration conditions, situations, and
practices which alter operation or organization of government as provided
for in the constitution. There should be a discussion of the relationship
of he central, regional, and local governments. (Include an orientation
map) showing administrative boundaries.) It might also indicate the
extent to which the framework for regional and local government differs
from that established for the nation as a whole. Indicate the nature
a'.ld degree of popular participation at all levels of government and
the extent to which government officials are political leaders. Describe
brief'_y -fie general characteristics, qualifications, and perfor;aence of
the bure ueracy as a group. Note any significant regional or other
varia .io.,s .
B. Central government
Describe briefly the legislative, executive, administrative, and
judicial organizations and procedures of operation, including a limited
stud-7 of the major agencies of each. Character of personnel should be
included, with specific reference to significant individuals. (Correlate
with Section 59.)
Any significant demands for change on the part of influential groups,
e.g., the military, should be pointed out with cross-reference to Section
53. The material should be presented in such a way as to give the reader
a clear conception of the effectiveness of the agencies and the actual
locus of power in formation and administration of public policy.
In discussing the judicial organization characterize the body of law,
written or unwritten, upon which the system is based. Point out any
significant deviations from the code in actual practice. In this and
other subsections, avoid excessive quotations from laws and regulations
(Refer to Section 54 for discussion of the penalL:code,)
C. Regional government
Delineate the major political subdivisions, e.g., states in the
United States, and describe structural organization and procedures of
operation. It may be essential to include some data given above in
cases where an understanding of the nature of the regional governments
is necessary to an understanding of the operations of the political
system as a whole.
D. Local government
The considerations applicable in subsections B and C above are
applicable here.
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1. -1 % J POLITICAL __--
E. Dependencies and associated states
Discuss types of dependencies (colonies, trust territories)
protectorates), their governmental organization and relation to the mother
country, and the extent of internal conflict and its domestic and. inter-
national implications. (Tabular treatment may be used to supplement
discussion.) Illustrate with map if appropriate. Describe the structure
;.ps and internal relationsh of associations of states (e.g., British
Commorwealth of Nations, French Union, etc.) which have grown out of
previous colonial relationships. Where a country has no dependencies,
omission of this subsection is appropriate and such lack of dependencies
would then be mentioned in Subsection A.
F. Ccimilents or. princi.o4:l sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used in
preparing the Section and thereby inform. the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources
(not necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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JUT-175 1955 PnLITIC/ -101
Section 53. Political Dynamics
A. General
B. Political parties
C. Electoral procedures
D. P"eE'sure groups
1'. Coiriments on principal sources
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uP_ 19550 POLITICAL
Section 53. Political Dynamics
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the material
contained in the remainder of the Section. It should outline the salient
features of the political system, indicating the locus of political power,
the nature of political leadership and the manner in which it is exercised,
the extent to which political power is used within or outside of the
constitutional system, and the degree of governmental and consituticnal
stability and instability arising out of the political system. It should
discuss the development and extent of political awareness among the people
and should indicate the degree to which education and past experience pre-
pare them for political responsibility. Throughout the subsection an
effort should be made to relate political surface phenomena to underlying
social, economic, and cultural forces, with cross-references to the appro-
priate Sections in Chapter IV. In this connection attention should be
given to the political effects of such social tensions as class struggles,
labor-management tensions, the aspirations of minority groups, religious
beliefs, and similar factors. Finally, the subsection might compare the
system of political dynamics and its leadership with those of the United
States or other appropriate countries.
B. Political parties
This subsection should set Forth the constitutional and legal pro-
visions defining a party, regulating membership, governing collection and
expenditure of money, and controlling.-campaigns. These should be compared
with actual conditions and significant proposals for change. The major
existing parties should be described -- including economic, social, and
religious interests represented, internal organization, avowed program,
position on major issues of national policy, attitudes toward the United
States, U.S.S.R., and other foreign nations, propaganda and propaganda
methods, finances, recruitment, rank-and-file control, and intraparty
disputes. Mention should be made of the outstanding national leaders
and their major influence on party policies. (Correlate with Section 59.)
The function of the parties in the formation of public opinion as well
as their own susceptibility to propaganda, both foreign and domestic,
should be analyzed. A brief account of the history of political parties
should be included where necessary to explain trends in political
alignments and objectives. There also should be a comparison of party
strength at the national, regional, and local levels. Significant con-
centrations of strength should be noted, and an effort should be made
to estimate the role played by each party in regional and local govern-
ment as well as in national affairs. Quasi-political parties or groups
having political influence to an extent greater than that normally
attributed to pressure groups should be discussed here. Portray the
distribution of the major party (or other significant parties). Include
the ratio of party strength to the population, urban and rural, and
the extent and location indicating where there has been a significant
turnover in party membership at any level. As appropriate use graphics.
or tabular presentation.
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TJNE 1955 PC'LiTIC)L
C. Electoral procedures
this subsection should describe in detail the mechanics of important
elec-U-..oo..q, evaluating thorn as representr,tive procedures. It shot.:"-A, include
the important constitutional and legal provisions governing the character
of the ballot, guarantees of secrecy, accurac:, of counting, and a
discussion of actual practices. It should also note any significant demands
for change. With respect to the suffrage, the groups excluded, percentage
of population excluded, and the extent of actual participation should be
discussed in detail.
D. P1-essure groups
This subsection should examine in detail the function of pressure group;.
in the political system, the manner in which political pressure is exercised,
and its effect upon the political process. It should discuss the
constitutional and legal position with respect to lobbying, propaganda,
expenditure of rxoney, and participation in elections, as well as the extent
to wh-tc.h public opinion sanctions, tolerates, or disapproves the exercise
of T)01,-:ti cal pressure by private groups. It should identify the groups or
orgazi .:lions of major importance, indicating for each the race, size, and
character of their membership, organization, financial resource,,, media
habits, and relation (if any) to foreign governments. When feasi"_.,j, this
in:"'ormation should be presented in tabular form. Mention should be made of
the outstanding national leaders and their major influence on the groups with
which they are associated. (Correlate with Section 59.) An effort should be
mad: to estimate the influence of each group in national and local affairs,
and its overall ability to affect U. S. interests. In addition, the
discussion should bring out the position of these groups on major issues of
nati)nal policy, their attitudes toward the United States, the U.S.S.R.,
and other foreign nations, their propaganda and propaganda methods, and the
role they play in molding public opinion, as well as their own susceptibilit-
to propaganda, both foreign and domestic. Whenever appropriate, cross-refer,
should be made to Section 58. The treatment of pressure groups should
differentiate between groups specifically organized for the purpose of
influencing government policies and activities other than through elections
or subversive action, and those special interest groups that are primarily
organized for other purposes, but that may act as political pressure groups
when the occasion demands. Only the former are to be given primary treatment
in this subsection; the latter, which may include labor unions, employerst
organizations, consumer cooperatives, veteranst groups, youth movements,
and similar organized groups whose membership, organization, finances, etc.
have been discussed at length in other Sections of the NIS (notably Sections
42) 44, and 46), should be treated merely in connection with the issues on
which they become pressure groups, making cross-references to the appropriate
NIS Sections,
E. Comment on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
l)To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used
in preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general
credibility, to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources (not
necessarily all sources) acts ally used should be indicated.
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JUN 1955 POLITICAL
Section 54. Public Order and Safety
A. General
B. Police system
C. Penal system
B. Comments on principal sources
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JUNE 1955 POLITICAL
Section 54. Public Order and Safety
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to t:e
material contained in the remainder of the Section. It should include a
brief discussion of the conditions affecting the maintenance of public
order and safety, including public attitudes toward the administration
of justice. The subsection should indicate any significant aspects of
tho L,'-ice and penal system as a whole, such as size, adequacy, extralegal
proc.-.,.tare, or importance as a political, social, or economic force,
which distinguish it from those of other areas.
B. Police system
A brief description should be given of the organization and
operation of the police system, including a discussion of the rca.ation
to ot:.ea: parts of the government. Also describe briefly the ,-r .--!`.nological
facilities (such as fingerprinting and fingerprint files), tecrr :.-ass of
riot-couUrol, organization and jurisdictions of forces for suppression
of crime (including traffic in narcotics), and the extent of use of police
infcrTers. that are the attitudes of the public toward the police system?
tidhtt =..s the general ability of the police to preserve public order and
safetty? Illustrate, where applicable, with recent incidents that have
left a mark on the minds of the people.
Discuss the police personnel, with respect to honesty and efficiency,
the social base from which the personnel are recruited, the attributes of
leadership, the type of indoctrination and training received, relations
between officers and men, intraservice rivalries, discipline, incentives,
and in general any factors affecting the morale of i;;he police and the
spirit in which they approach their task. The social. standing of the
police and the extent to which police officers can become national leaders
should be discussed.
0. Penal system
A brief description should be given of the organiza'tion and operation
of the penal system including its basic position in the :Legal system,
relation to other parts of the government, honesty and of 'iciency of
administration, and the public attitude toward it. Indicate abuses of
ethical jurisprudence from the standpoint of the society 12nder discussion.
This subsection should include a discussion of the criminal codes and
procedure, types of offenses and punishments, legal or constitutional
rights of the individual (with a cross reference to Section 51,? Subsection
D), and the extent to which these rights are respected in practice, the
incidence of crime, and the prison and reform system. In d i_scr.s,:i nn the
rehabilitation of former criminals special attention should be given to
women and juvenile delinquents. Explain the differences, if any, in the
handling of criminals and. others sentenced to forced labor for major
or minor criminal or pol_it_i.eal offenses.
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JUNE 1955 POL.TTIC.i ,
In discussing the penal institutions, including forced labor and
concentration camps, note the governmental agency responsible for overall
administration and control,, and the ccmponent exercising local ju."isd:ic-
tion. Depict by map, where feasible, the number and location of penal
institutions and camps. Give the name, location, and size of each,
distribution of estimated total in such institutions by main categories
of inmates, such as political prisoners, criminals, et nic groups,
religious sects, foreigners, etc. Note work conditions and morale,
effectiveness of indoctrination system, policy in regard to length of
sentence, term of actual service, and screening for return to private
.life, What are the restrictions placed on released prisoners?
(Ce :4 mate with Section 44.)
D. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used
in preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general
credibility to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources (not
necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
CO
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JUE', 195 POLITICAL
Section 55. National Policies
A. Gerieral
B. Domestic policies
C. Foreign policies
E. 3aional defense pc? .cies
E. Comments on principal sources
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JUNE, 1955 POLITICAL
Section 55. National Policies
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the material
presented in the remainder of the,,.Section. It should be used to discuss
briefly the fundamental political;. psychological, economic, and social
factors necessary to understand national policies as a whole -- e.g.,
their origins and the major factors conditioning their formulation and
itrp)....nentation, including characteristics of individual policym rs
? (w.'' cross-reference to Section 59). In some instances, it may be
r_tccary to emphasize the impact of history upon the development of
national policies. This subsection might also set forth the important
interrelationships among domestic, foreign, and defense policies,
especially as to cause and effect, disproportionate emphasis, and
inconsistencies and conflicts. The popularity of national policies as
a whole and their significance to the political system might be discussed.
Any significant differences in the extent of public awareness, ].nterest,
and level of understanding of national, in contrast to international,
problems and policies should be noted. Detailed discussion of domestic,
foreign, and defense policies should be left to the following subsections.
B. Domestic policies
This subsection should provide a general statement on domestic
policy as a whole and an analysis of major issues and individual policies
that are fundamental to the stability of government, that preoccupy
public opinion, or that strongly affect foreign and defense policies.
Important domestic issues or policies treated in detail elsewhere in
the NIS, especially in Chapters IV and VI and in other Sections of
Chapter V, should be discussed briefly here with appropriate
cross-.reference. Such discussions should emphasize long standing and
probably continuing trends, and should include a brief consideration
of the characteristic political reactions of the people (mistrust
of power, informal political forums, etc.), the implementation of
'policies, and the effects of domestic policies upon the political
system. In individual instances, it might be advisable to show the
extent to which the domestic policies are patterned after or integrated
with those of another. government. T.he.attitudes of the :principle
opinion-forming groups toward important individual issues or policies
should be discussed in some detail. Whenever such groups have been
given primary treatment in other Sections of the NIS (e.g., political
parties and pressure groups in Section 53, social organizations in
Section 42, religious groups in Section 43, labor unions in Section 44)
cross-reference should be made to the appropriate Section.
C. Foreign policies
This subsection should present as concisely as possible the
important relations of the country to and its alignment with individual
countries and major power blocs, the extent of participation in
international organizations,'and the extent* of popular satisfaction with
foreign policies and their conduct. The organization and powers of
foreign policymaking components and their relations to othef, agencies
of the government should supplement, ar necessary, the treatment given
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JU!1 1955
POLITICAL
in Section 52. The subsection should treat such 'actor's as evidence of
desire for rectification of borders, measures for exchange of popu__rtion,
a:eazur.?es of emulsion of c-thnic groups, extent of adoption of imrriigr?r Lion
quotas, and efforts to extend control over foreign areas. A jiscur.iori
of major treaties and a. r er,!e !ts of a strategic nati~re, part:`.eular:'.y
those with the United Votes, should be included. Thee show]d be a
brief disczssion of the attitudes of government leaders and various
groups of the people toward foreign nations (partdsular]y the U.S.S.R.,
and the United States and Americans) and toward internotional organiza-
tion; (especia_Jly the United Nations or regional groupings for def^r:.se
or other purposes), and toward foreign investments and forei,;n aid and
the causes underlying these attitudes. Public attitudes and popular
support for policy in this and the following subsection should be
d .s usced primarily in relation to specific, current issues, leaving
the sociological and psychological analysis of basic ar.d more lasting
attitudes to Section 42, to w- ch reference should be made. While the
discussion should indicate whether the attitude of a group or of the
public at large on a specific issue is deeply-rooted or of a more
ephemeral nature and whether it can more or less easily be influenced
by propaganda, it should not attempt a detailed analysis of the processes
of opinion formation or of prevalent social values of the society.
D. National defense policies
This subsection should discuss the present defense policies of
major political importance, including civil defense, and the influence
of these policies upon domestic and foreign policies. A discussion
of World War II policies and postwar changes may be included to provide
necessary perspective. The subsection should describe the role of the
defense establishment and of the armed forces in the government as far
as it affects defense policies. Differences in viewpoint between the
military establishment and the civilian policynaking bodies which are
significant in the formulation of defense policies should be pointed
out. The subsection should also discuss wartime morale and the influence
upon defense policies of official and popular reactions toward war,
rearmament, and compulsory military training. It should identify
important organized groups (such as veterans' organizations) that
seek to influence the government, the legislature, or public opinion
on issues of national defense. It should estimate the impact of
action by these organizations on specific policies, but it should
leave the primary treatment of these groups to appropriate other
Sections of the NIS such as Sections 53, 42, 43, and 44..
E. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material
used in preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the
general credibility to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources (not
necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT:Revised Section 58 Outline
Substantial changes in the June 1955 version of the Section 58
Outline were authorized by the NIS Permanent Committee on March 27,
1956 (see Minutes of the 217th reeting, Item 3). Attached are
copies of Page V-23 of the revised :-section 58 Outline, incorporating
the above changes, which ii to be substituted for Page V-23 of the
mimeographed Chapter V Outlines dated June 1955.
Please note that the NIS Permanent Committee on March 27th also
approved changes in the Sections 42 and 57 Outlines as follows:
Section 420 E2, c: In first sentence, substitute "toward
compulsory or volunteer military service" for "toward military service,,"
Section 57, C: Add, at the end of paragraph, "Special attention
should be given to any organized resistance to military service;
with statistics on evasion cases, if available."
"State - FD - Wash., P. C."
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JUNE 1955 POLITICAL
Z~lTl~?_a_~- .,m-r A T
3) Content. Describe, wherever possible, specific message content
used to put themes across, such as use of slogans, e.g., "Asia for
Asiatics," catchwords, e.g., "Iron Curtain," and symbols, e.g., "capitalism,"
etc.
1) Communication methods used. Describe in some detail, where
possible, the methods and media used by the agency concerned covering
the extent, kind, and effectiveness of use of: press and periodicals,
books and libraries, information centers, exhibits, posters, radio and
TV, motion pictures, and person-to-person communications, e.g., planted
rumors, whispering campaigns, lectures, paid agitators, etc,
(Correlate with section 43, Public Information.)
5) Effectiveness. Where possible, analyze the effectiveness of
coverage and the degree of penetration.
0. Propaganda directed abroad
Deal fully with the domestic orga'uzation and functioning of the
major governmental and nongovernmental agencies or groups involved in
directing propaganda abroad, including headquarters' organization, source
and extent of funds, facilities, control, leadership, objectives, and
nature and extent of foreign influence on operations. A discussion and
graphic presentation showing the proportion of the national propaganda
effort being expended toward various countries or general geographic areas
should be included. Target audiences, organization and methods abroad,
and effectiveness will be dealt with in detail by the 1IS on the recipient
country(s) (see below, under Propaganda by Foreign Countries) and will be
treated here only to the extent necessary to place in perspective the
domestic operations involved in dissemination of propaganda abroad.
D. Propaganda by foreign countries
Deal fully with the major efforts within the area of both friendly
and unfriendly governments and foreign nongovernmental agencies or groups,
including target audiences, organization, methods (such as 'tf riendship"
campaigns, visits by official or unofficial delegations, etc,,) and facilities
within the area for the dissemination of their propaganda. Assess the
effectiveness of each major effort (except that of the U. S. Government).
Organization and functioning in the countries of origin of the major foreign
agencies and groups involved will be treated here only to the extent
necessary to explain their operations within the recipient country, detailed
treatment being reserved for the NIS on the originating countries (see above,
under Propaganda Directed Abroad),
E. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used in
preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is ?eficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources (not
necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Security Information
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
CHAPTER V
POLITICAL
Section 50
Section 51
Section 52
Section 53
Section 54
Section 55
Section 56
Introduction
The Constitutional System
Structure of the Government
Political Dynamics
Public Order and Safety
National Policies
Intelligence and Security
25X1
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington, D. C.
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CHAPTER V JUNE 1951
OUTLINE GUIDE
The following outline guide indicates substance and general arrangement.
In preparation and typing of manuscript, D/B Editorial Instructions are
to be followed in detail.
Section 50. Introduction
This Section should show the strategic signifi-
cance of the political aspects of the country. It
should include a brief over-all evaluation of the
political strength and international influence of
the nation in terms of degree of national unity,
will to independence, strength of purpose, fighting
spirit, relative stability and efficiency of the politi-
cal system, locus of power, and basic objectives of
the government and the nation at home and
abroad. It should include a brief political history,
the specific purpose of which is to show the im-
pact of history upon present-day political attitudes
and institutions. (Political background material
in SECTION 50 should be so correlated to the dis-
cussions of historic setting in SECTIONS 40 and 60
that together they will give a rounded picture of
significant social, economic and political history.
The Section should serve as a political introduc-
tion both to the country and the chapter, drawing
upon chapter content but not presenting a sum-
mary.)
Section 51. The Constitutional System
A. General
This Subsection should provide an appropriate
approach to the treatment of the material con-
tained in the remainder of the Section. It should
be brief and should show the significant historical
background of the nation's constitutional system,
taking into account such factors as traditional
respect for and adherence to constitutional proc-
esses. Features which differentiate the present
constitution from those of the past and of other
countries may also be briefly considered. The Sub-
section should indicate the relationship between
the constitutional system and the degree of na-
tional political stability and efficiency.
B. Constitution
1. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
This Subsection should present the immediate
background of the formation of the constitution,
the political, economic and social groups domi-
nant in its adoption, the foreign influences present,
and the extent to which it represented public
opinion at the time of adoption.
2. PRINCIPAL FEATURES
This Subsection should give a summation of the
features of the constitutional system needed to
grasp its character, including a definition of the
type of government established, the relationship
between the provisions of the constitution and the
actual practices of the government, its economic
and social provisions, and unusual provisions. At-
tention should also be given to the degree of flex-
ibility and to constitutional and legal provisions
for amendment compared with actual practices so
as to indicate the popular control over constitu-
tional change, and to the provisions for, and ac-
tual practice in, handling disagreement in inter-
preting the meaning of the constitution.
C. Constitutional position of the legislative,
executive, and judicial branches
Briefly compare the constitutional and legal
position and powers with actual practice. (Re-
serve description of organization and procedure of
executive, legislative, and judicial agencies for
SECTION 52.)
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JUNE 1951 POLITICAL
D. Civil and religious rights and privileges
This Subsection should include constitutional
and legal provisions and a statement of the actual
situation in respect to civil and religious rights
and privileges, considering especially freedom of
speech, press, radio, assembly, organization, and
religion, but also including other rights and privi-
leges peculiar to the country. The rights and
privileges of foreigners, particularly Americans,
should be examined and compared with those of
nationals. With respect to the suffrage, only law
and practice concerning the qualifications of elec-
tors, such as age, sex, and property should be
considered. (Percentage of the population ex-
cluded from voting and extent of actual participa-
tion in elections should be left to Subsection
53, C.)
E. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following pur-
poses :
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal
source material used in preparing the Section and
thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about
which information is deficient or unavailable and
thereby provide collectors of information with col-
lection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used
should be indicated.
Section 52. Structure of the Government
A. General
This Subsection should provide an appropriate
approach to the treatment of material contained
in the remainder of the Section and should be
brief. It should take into consideration condi-
tions, situations and practices which alter opera-
tion or organization of government as provided
for in the constitution. It might also indicate the
extent to which the framework for regional and
local government differs from that established for
the nation as a whole.
B. Central government
This Subsection is to describe briefly the legisla-
tive, executive, administrative and judicial organi-
zation and procedure, including a limited study of
the major agencies of each. Structural organiza-
tion, character of personnel, extent of popular con-
trol and procedures of operation should be in-
cluded. Any significant demands for change on
the part of influential groups should be pointed
out. The material should be presented in such
a way as to give the reader a clear conception of
the effectiveness of the agencies and the actual
locus of power in formation and administration of
public policy.
C. Regional government
This Subsection deals with major political subdi-
visions, e.g., states in the U.S.
The necessity for Subsection 52, C, and the ex-
tent of coverage will vary from country to coun-
try. It may be essential to include some parts of
B above in cases where an understanding of the
nature of the regional governments is necessary to
an understanding of the operation of the political
systems as a whole. Where important, there also
should be a discussion of the relation of the re-
gional to the central and local governments (e.g.,
Canada and Australia).
D. Local government
The considerations applicable in Subsections B
and C above are applicable here. Where impor-
tant, the discussion should include an examina-
tion of the relation of the local to the regional
(if any) and central governments.
E. Dependencies and associated states
This Subsection should include a classification
of dependencies (colonies, trust territories, protec-
torates), their governmental organization and rela-
tion to the mother country, the extent of internal
conflict and its international and domestic impli-
cations. The Subsection should also discuss the
structure and internal relationships of associations
of states (e.g., British Commonwealth of Nations,
French Union, etc.) which have grown out of pre-
vious colonial relationships. Where a country has
no dependencies, omission of this Subsection is ap-
propriate and such lack of dependencies would
then be mentioned in Subsection A.
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V JUNE 1951
F. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following pur-
poses :
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal
source material used in preparing the Section and
thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about
which information is deficient or unavailable and
thereby provide collectors of information with col-
lection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used
should be indicated.
Section 53. Political Dynamics
A. General
This Subsection should provide an appropriate
approach to the material contained in the remain-
der of the Section. It should be brief and should
discuss the development and extent of political
awareness among the people. It should also show
the extent to which education and other factors
prepare them for political responsibility, with ap-
propriate cross reference to the Subsections on
Education, Public Information, and Cultural Char-
acteristics in CHAPTER IV. The locus of political
power in the system of political dynamics and the
extent to which political power is exercised within,
or outside of, the constitutional system should be
indicated. The Subsection might compare the
system of political dynamics and its leadership
with those of the United States or other appro-
priate countries.
B. Political parties
This Subsection should set forth the constitu-
tional and legal provisions defining a party, regu-
lating membership, governing collection and ex-
penditure of money, and the control of campaigns.
This should be compared with actual conditions
and significant proposals for change. The major
existing parties should be described-including
economic, social, and religious interests repre-
sented, internal organization, avowed program,
propaganda and propaganda methods, finances,
and rank and file control. A brief account of the
history of political parties should be included where
necessary to explain trends in political alignments
and objectives. There also should be a compari-
son of party strength. Quasi-political parties or
groups having political influence to an extent
greater than that normally attributed to pressure
groups should be discussed here.
C. Electoral procedures
This Subsection should describe in detail the
mechanics of important elections, evaluating them
as representative procedures. It should include
the important constitutional and legal provisions
governing the character of the ballot, guarantees
of secrecy, accuracy of counting and a discussion
of actual practices. It should also note any sig-
nificant demands for change. With respect to the
suffrage, groups excluded, percentage of popula-
tion excluded, and the extent of actual partcipa-
tion should be discussed in detail.
D. Pressure groups
This Subsection should discuss briefly the con-
stitutional and legal position with respect to lob-
bying, expenditure of money, participation in elec-
tions and relations to the parties. This should be
followed by a description of the groups or organi-
zations of major importance and should include
their names, size, internal organization, charac-
ter of membership, relation (if any) to foreign
governments, influence in national and local af-
fairs, and over-all ability to affect U.S. interests.
It should not be restricted to pressure groups of
Western type, but should include all major organi-
zations endeavoring to influence government pol-
icies and activities other than through elections
and through subversive activities.
E. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following pur-
poses:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal
source material used in preparing the Section and
thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about
which information is deficient or unavailable and
thereby provide collectors of information with col-
lection targets. In this connection, the princi-
pal sources (not necessarily all sources) actually
used should be indicated.
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JUNE 1951 POLITICAL
Section 54. Public Order and Safety
A. General
This Subsection should provide an appropriate
approach to the material contained in the re-
mainder of the Section. It should include a brief
discussion of the conditions affecting the main-
tenance of public order and safety. The Subsec-
tion should indicate any significant aspects of the
police and penal system as a whole, such as size,
adequacy, extra-legal procedure, or importance
as a political or economic force, which distinguish
it from those of other areas.
B. Police system
A brief description should be given of the or-
ganization and operation of the police system in-
cluding a discussion of the relation to other parts
of the government, honesty and efficiency of per-
sonnel, attitude of the public toward it, and its
general ability to preserve public order and safety.
C. Penal system
A brief description should be given of the or-
ganization and operation of the penal system in-
eluding its basic position in the legal system, rela-
tion to other parts of the government, honesty and
efficiency of administration, and the public atti-
tude toward it. This Subsection should include a
discussion of the criminal codes and procedure,
the incidence of crime, and the prison and reform
system.
D. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following pur-
poses :
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal
source material used in preparing the Section and
thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about
which information is deficient or unavailable and
thereby provide collectors of information with col-
lection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used
should be indicated.
Section 55. National Policies
A. General
This Subsection should provide an appropriate
approach to the material presented in the re-
mainder of the section. It should be used to dis-
cuss briefly the fundamental political, economic,
and social factors necessary to understand na-
tional policies as a whole-e.g., their origins and
the major factors conditioning their formulation
and implementation. In individual instances, it
may be necessary to emphasize the impact of his-
tory upon the development of national policies.
This Subsection might also set forth the impor-
tant interrelationships among domestic, foreign,
and defense policies, especially as to cause and
effect, disproportionate emphasis, and inconsisten-
cies and conflicts. The popularity of national poli-
cies as a whole and their significance to the politi-
cal system might be discussed. Detailed discus-
sion of domestic, foreign, and defense policies
should be left to the following subsections.
B. Domestic policies
This Subsection should provide a general state-
ment on domestic policy as a whole and analyses
of major issues and individual policies not dis-
cussed elsewhere in the NIS that are fundamental
to the stability of government, or that strongly
affect foreign and defense policies. Important
domestic issues or policies treated in detail else-
where in the NIS, especially in CHAPTERS IV and
VI and in other sections of CHAPTER V, should
be discussed briefly here with appropriate cross
reference. Such discussions should emphasize
long-standing and probably continuing trends,
and should include a brief consideration of the
characteristic political reactions of the people (mis-
trust of power, informal political forums, etc.),
the implementation of policies, and the effects of
domestic policies upon the political system. In
individual instances, it might be advisable to show
the extent to which the domestic policies are pat-
terned after or integrated with those of another
government.
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CHAPTER V JUNE 1951
C. Foreign policies
This Subsection should present as concisely as
possible the important relations of the country to
individual countries and major power blocs, the
extent of participation in international organiza-
tions and the extent of popular satisfaction with
foreign policies and their conduct. The organiza-
tion and powers of foreign policy-making compo-
nents and their relations to other agencies of the
government should supplement, as necessary, the
treatment given in SECTION 52. The subsection
should treat such factors as evidence of desire
for rectification of borders, measures for exchange
of population, measures for expulsion of ethnic
groups, extent of adoption of immigration quotas,
and efforts to extend control over foreign areas.
A discussion of major treaties and agreements of
a strategic nature, particularly those with the
United States, should be included. There should
be a brief discussion of the attitudes of the gov-
ernment and of the people toward foreign nations
(particularly the United States and Americans)
and international organizations (especially the
United Nations or regional groupings for defense
or other purposes), and toward foreign invest-
ments, with appropriate references to detailed dis-
cussions of attitudes in CHAPTER IV.
D. National defense policies
This Subsection should discuss the present de-
fense policies of major political importance, in-
cluding civil defense, and the influence of these
policies upon domestic and foreign policies. It
should describe the role of the defense establish-
ment and of the armed forces in the government as
far as it affects defense policies. Differences in
viewpoint between the military establishment and
the civilian policy-making bodies which are signif-
icant in the formulation of defense policies should
cial defense policies, including wartime morale and
the influence upon defense policies of official and
popular reactions toward war, rearmament and
compulsory military training.
E. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following pur-
poses:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal
source material used in preparing the Section and
thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about
which information is deficient or unavailable and
thereby provide collectors of information with col-
lection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used
should be indicated.
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