GEODETIC GRAVIMETRY IN THE USSR

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01083A000100010001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
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• Document Page Count: 49
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 18, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 18, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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FOR RESEARCH ANL) REPORTS
Y INFORMATION
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
EXTERNAL RESEARCH STUDIES
CIA/RR ER-1
GEODETIC GRAVIMETRY IN THE USSR
25X1A5a1
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18 OCTOBER. 1951
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25X1A5a1
Series A
Reports on the Problem of Soviet Capabilities
in Geodesy, Cartography, Photogrammetry, etc.
Number 1
GEODETIC GRAVIMETRY IN THE USSR
(CIA/RR ER-1)
(CIA Project (RR 63-51)
25X1A5a1
25X1A5a1
18 October 1951
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FOREWORD
This publication, "Geodetic Gravimetry in the USSR," issued as
ORR External Research Study, Number 1 (CIA/RR ER-1), represents the
initial report originating from the project entitled "The Problem of
Soviet Capabilities in Geodesy and Cartography" (CIA Project ORR
63-51). The proje2D118611 carried out for the Office of Research
and Reports, CIA,
The ultimate objective of the project is to provide a systematic
, analysis of Soviet capabilities in geodesy and cartography in their
relation to the current and future military requirements of the USSR and
to determine whether the Soviet Union possesses any advantages over the
United States in scientific and organizational resources in the fields
concerned.
For publication in the External Research Study series, individual
reports originating from this project will be divided into two groups,
as follows:
Series A: Reports on geodesy, cartography, photogrammetry,
etc., pertaining to the main subject of the
project.
Series B: Intelligence notes on geophysics, oceanography,
aerology, etc., consisting of significant materials
and information on developments, trends, and new
theories and techniques uncovered in the course .of
research on the main subject of the project.
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2-Ergrt7fri
CONWITS
?
(Introduction)
1
Status of Gravimetric Survey . . ? ? 4 ? ? ? OOOOOOO ?
?
?
3
Agencies Performing Gravity Work
7
Applications of Gravimetry ? ? ?
?
?
-11
-krailability of Gravity Material .?????????????
The Problem of Reliability
16
Theory . .
17
Instrumenta-Aon
18
Astronomic Positions
19
Sources of Astronomic Positions
28
Conclusion
.32
Appendix
ADDendixes
I. List of Areas with Gravity Anomaly Maps
Published in Russian Sources
Appendix II.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
List of Gravity Profiles
Published in Russian Sources
35
39'
Dal
USSR, Gravity Anomaly Coverage (CIA 12152)
USSR Available Pendulum Determinations of Gravity (CIA 12153)
USSR Distribution of Astropoints (CIA 12154)
USSR, Distribution of Available Astropoints (CIA 12155)
27E-a-E-E-I
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REPORT NO. A 1
GEODETIC GRAVIMETRY IN THE U.S.S.R.
The term "geodetic gravimetre was introduced by the Russian
geodesists. It means the application of gravimetric data to problems
of geodesy. It may be said that this application is essentially a
Russian development, although both the theoretical foundation and even
some practical applications of this method can be found in the works
of geodesists of many countries, such as Stokes, Poincare, Helmert,
Vening Meinesz, de Graaf Hunter, Heiskanen and others. Among the
Russian geodesists F. N. Kraeovekiy, J.A. Kazanskiy, 3.V. Dulovalcoy
and M.S. Molodenskiy have been especially active in this field. The
latter gives the most complete exposition of the method in his monograph,
"Basic Problems of Geodetic Gravimetre ("Osnovnyye Voprosy Geodezicheskoy
Gravimetrii", Trudy Ts.N.I.I.G.A.i.K.,Vyp. 42, 1945). In his paper reasons
for the development of this branch of geodesy in the U.S.S.R. are indicated
as follows:
(1) Availability of a systematic gravity survey of the U.S.S.R. which
began in 1932.
(2) The great expanse of the country which makes impossible its
thorough geodetic coverage by old conventional methods.
(3) The urgent need of cartography for regions only recently settled
and not connected with main geodetic arcs.
In regard to these statements we should note that the gravity survey
is but one of the numerous systematic surveys of the territory, such as
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magnetic, water resources, mineral resources, etc., initiated in 1932
by the Council of Labor and Defense (Sovet Truda i Oborony).
Acco:rding to B. N. Rabinovich (Osnovy Postroyeniya Opornykh
Geodezichaskikh Betsy, 1948), the geodetic basis for cartographic
work in tbe U.S.S.R. covers 11,000,000 sq. kilometers, or someWhat
less than 50 percent of the territory. Considering that the geodetic
network it:European Russia and Central Asia is much denser than in
Siberia we may assume that the geodetic coverage in Siberia does not
extend for more than 03 percent of -its territory. In fact, north
of latitude 55? only detached triangUlations of low order along the
Arctic Coast are known to exist. The main Siberian network has only
three considerable extensions, one along the Yenismy-River northward
to the city of Yeniseyak, another along the Lena River to about
Olekminsk and another along the Okhotsk Seacoast. The remainder of
the territory is dotted with astronomical and gravity determinations.
In the opinion ofitussian geodesists, the combined use of these two
types of data provides the necessary control for cartographic uses.
The purpose of this report is:
(a) to give the present status Of our knowledge of Russian
gravimetry and astronomic determinations.
(b) to ascertain what Russian material is available.
(c) to ascertain what Russian material is in existence and
what material is of sufficient importance to warrant a systematic
search for it.
The amount of Russian material covering these subjects is
enormous. On the subject of gravity along a bibliography has been
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collected of 309 items actually found and examined amounting to
over 6,000 pages. This is, of course, an incomplete list, as
many papers are known to have been published but are not yet
located. A thorough coverage of Russian gravimetry would
un-
doubtedly include at 'least 400 papers, comprising some 8,000 or
more pages.
STATUS 07 GRAVIMETRIC SURVICY
The beginning of a systematic gravity survey in the U.S.S.R.
was made in 1932. In the spring of that year the Gosplan (the
main agency of planning) called a geologic-geodetic conference
which adopted a resolution to obtain at least one pendulum gravity
measure per each 1,000 sq. klm. of territory or roughly 23,000
measures for the U.S.S.R. This resolution was approved by the
government on September 20, 1932. The supervision of this as
well as of all geodetic work, was given to an organization directly
under the jurisdiction of the Council of Ministers. The present
.name of this organization is Glavnoye Upravleniye Geodezii i !Carta-
grafii (Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography).
- Row successful have the Russian gravimetrists been in putting
this resolution into effect? Molodenskiy anf 7edynekly (Izv. Ak.
NaUk, Ser. Geol. i Geof. Vol. 11, 1947. pp. 395-408)-state that by
1947 a territory of 15 mill. sq. klm. has been uniformly covered by
15,000 measures.
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Prom this figure, and the figures given for the catalogues
of 1.933 and 1938 (see below) we find the annual rate of accumulation
of gravimetric data to be 1,500 for the period'of 1933-38, and 650
for the period 1938-47. The latter figure undoubtedly reflects war
conditions, although gravity and magnetic surveys continued unin-
terruptedly even during the worst period of the war. Accepting the
lower figure as the annual rate of production for the period 1947-51,
we estimate that as oi the beginning of the year 1951, some 18,500
'pendulum measures were available for the whole territory of the U.S.S.R.,
by accepting the latter higher _figure, 21,000 measures. The time true
value probably lies between these two figures.
The same authors give a detailed description of the progress of
this survey. They distinguish thefollowing periods in Russian groxi-
metry:
(1) Beeore 1932. Measures without any general plan, much
/ _poor work, lack of experts and technical personnel.
Daim mostly from Ural, Caucasus and European Russia.
Complete dependence on foreign instrumentation.
(2) 1932-1938. Center of field-gravimetric work moving
eastward into Kazakhstan, =Western Siberia and the
Arctic. Extensive training of new personnel. Definite
plan of survey. Construction of instruments.
(3) 1938-1947. Intensive measurement program in Eastern
Siberia, in newly acquired-territories in the West
and in the Arctic.- Revision of previous determinations.
Complete independence of foreign instrumentation.
L.
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four classes:
class - mean error less than 1 mlg.
II class mean error between 1 and 2 sag.
III class - mean error between 2 and 3 mlg.
IV class mean error greater than 3 mlg.
Sudakov (Geodezist, 1940, No. 11 pp. 5-12) in his article on
the status of gravimetry in 1940 gives the following detailed data
for the number of pendulum determinations of different precision:
?
Class Before 1917
1917-25
1926-32
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
Total
I
-
Mar
Mb
ml.
,=?
MO
-
2
2
4
II
-
-
..
...
6?11
4=
Mr
".?
25
45
70
III
3
8
130
121
85
166
380
231
383
583
2090
Error 3-5 mlg.
170
63
630
444
496
623
1088
1288
-
-
4802
Error 5-7 fig.
49
-
340
183
491
252
284
322
-
-
1922
Error 8-10 mlg.
14
-
53
16
116
37
35
49
-
-
320
No est.avail.
188
75
837
117
35
226
138
354
-
-
1970
Total by year
424
146
1990
881
1223
1305
1925
2244
410
630
11178
The gradual increase in precision is very strikingly portrayed
in this table. At the present time the following five first class
stations are considered fundamental and all field measures are based
on one of them (Potsdam system):
Moscow 981559.0 0.74 fig. (Sternberg Astr. Inst.)
Pulkovo 981900.5 ? 0.54 mlg. (Astr. Observatory)
Kazan' 981558.7 ? 0.68 mlg. (Univ. Astr. Obs.)
Poltava 981006.4 ? 0.67 mlg. (Gravimetric Observatory)
Tbilisi 980177.7 ? 0.90 mlg. (Geophysical Institute)
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Very thorough work was done by Pariyskiy and others in evaluating
the gravimetric measures for these stations and reducing them to the
-Potsdam Systom.
There are also a number of other first-class stations which have
been determined recently. The following have come to my attention:
Moscow 981546.8 ? 0.75 mig. (Gray. Lab. of Geoph. Inst.)
Leningrad 981930.8 ? 0.58 nig. (Institute of Metrology)
Kiyev 981072.3 ? 0.78 mlg. (Astron. Observatory)
Obi-Gars 979536.3 ? 0.78 nig. (Seismol. Station, 38?431 N,
69?421 /0).
The following first-class stations have been established in Siberia
but no Precise data on them are yet available.
Novo-Sibirsk
Khabarovsk
Yakutsk
Irkutsk
Of especial interest are gravity measures made in submarines in the
seas,' (Black, Okhotak, Caspian, Japan), on the ice of large lakes like
Bakal, and on drifting vessels and ice-floes in the Arctic. According
to Mikhaylov (Sbornik NTiP8, TYp. 5. 1944. pp. 49-59) by 1944 over 450
measures of-this sort had been mad*.
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AGENCIES PERFORMING GRAVITY WORK
There is a very large number of organizations in the U.S.S.R.
connected with gravity work, either in actual surveying or in theo-
retical and instrumental development. The following list includes
the most important agencies:
(1) Glavnoye Upravleniye Geodezii i Kartografii (Main Directorate
of Geodesy and Cartography, abbreviation GUGIC), present head
S.G. Sudakov. General supervision of all gravimetric work
done by any agency, as well as field work, construction of
instruments, and theoretical development.
(2) Glavnaya Astronomicheskaya Observatoriya v Pulkovo (Main
Astronomical Observatory at Pulkovo). Not much field work
at present but its director, A. Mikhaylov, is one of the
foremost gravimetrists in Russia.
(3) Tsentrallnyy Nauchno-Issledovatellskiy Institut Geodezii
Kartografii (Central Research Institute of Geodesy and
Cartography, abbreviation TsNIIGIX), very active. Its
present head, A.S. Tatevlyan, appears to be a political
nominee.
(4) Moskovskoye Aerogeodezicheskoye Predpriyatiye (Moscow
Aerogeodetic Establishment, directly under 1, above).
(5) Soyuznyy Geofizicheskiy Trest (Union Geophysical Trust),
mostly gravimetric surveys for oil (P. A. Pospelov).
(6) Glavnoye Geofizicheskoye Upravleniye (Main Geophysical
Office in the Ministry of Geology): N. M. Stupak.
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Service of Coal Prospecting): A.A. Devyatkin.
(8) Institut Geofiziki (Institute of Geophysics at
the Ac.Sc., U.S.S.R., a merger of two former
Institutes of Theoretical Geophysics and of Seis-
mology), Director, O. Y. Shmidt, very active in
theoretical anf field work.
(9) Nauchno-Isdedovateliskiy Institut Prikladnoy
Geofiziki (Research Institute of Applied Geophysics):
V.V. Fedynakiy, very active.
(10) Vsesoyuznyy Institut Rasvedochnoy Geofiziki (All Union
Institute ofProspecting Geophysics, at Leningrad):
A. A. Logacher.
(11) Astronomicheskiy Institut im Shternberga (Sternberg
Astronomical Institute, Moscow).
(12) Astronomicheskiy Institut (Astronomical Institute at
Leningrad, now Institute of Theoretical Astronomy,
U.S.S.R. Ac.Sc.). Formerly very active in fieldwork
Rumerov, A.M. Gizhitskiy, Zhongolovich), now
mostly theoretical work.
(13) Poltavskaya Gravimetricheskaya Observatoriya (Poltava
Gravimetric Observatory), very active in surveys in
the Ukraine and Caucasus (A. Y. Orlov, V.A. Yelistratov,
D. V. Pyaskovskiy).
(14) Tashkentskaya Astronomicheskaya Observatoriya (Tashkent
Astronomical Observatory): P. A. Savitskiy, very active
in Central Asia.
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APPritedireRIVIRAK
%q2 t: RAe ElliTa7d9a1Pe8r3AK9111 MUT,
surveys mostly in Central Asia.
(16) Moskovskiy Universitet (Moscow University). This group
(Sorokin) made numerous submarine determinations of
gravity.
(17) Kazanskiy Universitet (Kazan' University with its
two astronomical observatories, (Engelhardt and the
University): Y. A. Dyukov. LA. Chadovichev. Surveys
of the Ural regions and Kazakhstan.
(18) Vsesoyuznyy N.I. Arkticheskiy Institut (A11 Union
Research Arctic Institute and other organizations of
the Glavsevmorput"): Gravity Surveys in the Arctic.
Fedorov, Zhongolovich, Voroblyev.
Al]. these organizations are publishing a tremendous amount of
material in professional journals, reports, books. etc. Only a few
of the most important of these publications are mentioned here:
(1) Geodezist, a professional journal devoted to geodesy and
allied subjects. Gravimetry occupies a prominent place.
The journal started in 1925. Only Vol. 1-16 (1926-1940)
are available at DLO OtE 296.R813.
(2) Sbornik Nauchno-Tekhnicheskikh i Proizvodstvenvkh Statey
po Geodezii, Kartografii, Topograf ii, Aerosuyemke i Gravi-
metrii. 301.B8, Vol. 1-24 (1941-49). Vols. 1-8; 16;
20-24 available. Much useful material here, but no actual
data on surveys.
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to: I; 21: * 1.1b
? 275.m64, vols. 1-59 (1931-50. Vols. 1-8; 11-13; 15-18;
20-26; 32-33; 36; 38; 42; 45; 48; 50-51; 59, are available.
Some of these volumes are wholly devoted to gravinetry.
(4) Ebornik of sane Institute.
4=.?????!IIW...
Vols. 1-10 (1939-41) are available.
(5) Trudy Geofizicheskogo Instituta Ak. N. QE 531.A45
(Before No. la Trudy Seysmologicheskogo Instituta).
Available 1-105; 118-19; 121; 130-132; 135; 138 (1930-50).
Theoretical and reports of gravity expeditions.
Vulleteno Astronomicheskop Instituta (since No. 53
Byull. Inst. Teoret. Astronomii) Vyp. 1,61 (1923-50).
All available. Many data on gravity surveys.
Various publications of universities of Moscow, Leningrad,
(6)
(7)
(8)
Kazan', etc. The best source of detailed gravity data.
Especially important are the publications of the Poltava
?Gravimetric Observatory which have not been found to date.
Publications of various expeditions and. survey reports
on separate regions. Many hundreds of volumes which will
have to be examined for gravity data.
The most important centers of training in gravimetry
axe the following:
Universities of Moscow and Leningrad.
Moscow and Novosibirsk Institutes of Engineers
in Geodesy. Photogrammetry and Cartography.
Moscow Geologic Prospecting Institute.
Moscow Oil Institute.
Livov Polytechnical Institute
Military Engineering Academy.
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In view of the centralization of all gravimetric surveys in Russia
and free accessibility to foreign data, the Russians must have a mach
clearer idea of the status of gravimetry the world over than we have.
According to Molodenakiy and Fedynskiy they maintain a card catalogue
of all pendulum measures which by 1947 contained 25,000 stations. They
also mention their gravity map of the world and a gravity map of Europe
and of the U.S.S.R. on a scale of 1:1,000,000. This latter must have
been a very large undertaking.
Variometric determinations of gravity for mineral deposit surveys
run into many hundreds of thousands. The same authors give the status
of variometric surveys for oil alone as of 1945 as follows:
1925-1930
11,600 measures
1931-1935
47,700
1936-1940
76,000
1941-1945
81,900,
Total
,
217,200
There is also much material dealing with the application of gravity
data to geodetic problems. As an example we may take a paper by Dubovskoy
(Geodezist, 1940, No. 11, pp. 12-30) who considers the area Just south of
the Aral Sea, 40? - 44? N, 57? - 62? E, where gravity stations are situated
70-100 klm. apart. There are five astropoints in this region. It is
calculated that the astronomic-geodetic differences in this area can be
represented by formulae:
dt 0 = +6V03 - 0.705 (4)?- 40?) + 0.369 (V.- 50?)
dl 0 = -039 + 0.045 (4?- 400) - 0.195 (2C- 500)
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APPORIL.2EcgePae alaltgt93 t:i9 WNW -9APs 3021%911 iglinPel
mean errors:
= ? 1V56 or 48 meters
e= - 1168 or 51 meters
which is considered satisfactory for the control of 1:200,000 maps tied
to the main Siberian geodetic network. The author points out that a
few more gravity determinations In the vicinity of astropoints would
reduce the mean errors to OV6 - 0Vg, quite satisfactory for maps of the
scale 1:100,000. It is to be remembered that an error of 1 mlg. in the
determination of gravity usually corresponds to an error of only ? OU].
Ph or 1, or that for this purpose the gravity measures need not be
extremely precise.
AVAILABILITY Or GRAVITY MATERIAL
Analysie of Russian material relating to gravity makes it quite
evident that most of the original data have never been published. There
is frequent Teference to a card catalogue maintained by the Moscow
Establishment of the Main Directorate of State Survey and Cartography
(Moskovskoye Predpriyatiye Glavnogo Upravleniya Geodezii i Kartografii),
which appears to be the central office for the collection of gravimetric
data. The arailable material at the present time consists of:
(a)
Reports of original pendulum observations published mostly
by purely scientific institutions such as the Astronomical
InBtitute (Leningrad), astronomical observatories of Kasen',
TaBlakent, Moscow, etc. Of such sources over 60 have been
located. They cover the situation up to about the year 1935,
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.Caucasus, Ural, Central Asia and. parts of Southern Siberia.
Altogether data on2594 points have been located in such -
sources..
(b) Maps of gravity anomalies based on pendulum measures.
These are.published usually in connection with problems
of geology. Over 50 of such main have been located and
some of the are of quite recent origin (1950). They
indicate not only the structure of the gravity field in
particular areas but some of them give- also numerical
(c),
values of anomalies. These can be easily extracted to
supplement our information. There are also a number of
maps based on variometer observations and restricted to
small areas. While source (a) has been largely exhausted
and only a few hundred more gravity points can be expected
to be found in a more intensive search, source (b) has been
hardly touched.
Theoretical and descriptive papers which often quote more
recent information otherwise not available.
In sources (b) and (c) we find sometimes gravity pro?
files, that is the distribution of gravity approximately
along the great circle often to the extent of several hundred
kilometers. 21 of such profiles have been found and they
sometimes supply more exact information than source (b).
(d) From time to time the Russians publish official catalogues
of pendulum gravity data reduced to a common system accord?
ing to a definite plan. Of these catalogues three are known
to be in existence;
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'all determinations up to the year 1922: 532 points.
(2) Catalogue of Kazanskiy. Mikhaylov and NuMerov
containing all determinations up to the year
(3)
1933. Published in 1934: 2,488 points.
Catalogue of all determinations uj, to the year
1938 published in 1944 by the Glavnoye Upravleniye
Geodezii i Kartografii: 10,125 points.
Of these catalogues only (1) is available. and (2) covers
approximately the same period of time as covered by original
obscrirations. Catalogue (3) on the other hand would be a
very significant addition to our knowledge of the gravi-
tatonal field of the U.S.S.R. and all effort should be
made to obtain it.
We have further available a catalogue of N. F. Zhuravlev published
in 1940 in which gravimetric data for 10.712 points are given- distributed
throughout the world. Of these 6.253 points fall into the territory of
the U.S.S.R. ia its pre-war boundaries. The Zhuravlev catalogue is sub-
stantially complete up to the year 1936.
This catalogue even though published by the Sternberg Astronomical
Institute, one of the most active institutions in gravimetric survey, is
not an official catalogue. It is merely an appendix to an article on the
shape of the earth determined from gravimetric observations. The data
were copied from the card catalogue of the Moscow Establishment.
As usual with catalogues of this size there are numerous misprints
and errors some of which are quite evident. but some others are of a
-kind that can be ascertained only after considerable labor.
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The primary sources examined so fat give iniormation on 2,244
points entering into the Zhuravlev catalogue. They indicate an
abundance of misprints and errors thus advising considerable caution
in the use of this catalogue.
We have then at present the following pendulum gravity data in
the territory of the U.S.S.R.:
From Zhuravlevls catalogue 6,253 points
Others not in the catalogue 350 points
Total 6.603 points
The distribution of these data is given in Figure 1 with the
number of pendulum points for each rectangle 5 latitude x5? longi-
tude. As has been said before, the Russian gruvimetrists consider one
pendulum observation per 1,000 square klm. the minimum density necessary
to insure the correct tracing of gravity anomalies. In Figure 2 the
rectangles have an area approximately 150,000 sq. klm. Thus to satisfy
the above criterion we should have about 150 points in each rectangle.
A glance at the map shows that only 16 rectangles, and that mostly in
European Russia, have the sufficient density of points. Roughly speaking,
the territory south and west of the great circle Leningrad-Irkutsk can be
considered as fairly well covered. There is of course no doubt that North-
ern and Eastern Siberia is well covered by gravity measures (as follows
from a discussion in 1947 of such things as the great Yakutsk gravity
anomaly) but at present at least they are not available to us.
The coverage by the gravity anomaly maps (figure 1) is also restricted
to the same area of the U.S.S.R., that is south and west of the great circle
Leningrad-Irkutsk as that of pendulum measures, with a few exceptions east
of Lake Baykal (areas 39, 40 and 41). For many of the areas, however, the
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complete than from individual measures. Nevertheless at the
present time practically nothing is available cln the structure
of the gravity field in Northern and Eastern Siberia, the Pacific
-Coast and Kamchatka.
The lists of available maps of gravity anomalies and gravity
profiles are given in Appendix I and II which identify the areas
and indicate the year when they were published.
THE PROBLEM 07 RELIABILITY
With the use of many measures made by different observers
with different equipment and often many years ago the problem of
reliability -of such measures is of-the greatest importance. As
usual in such cases no-general statement can safely be made. Each
case must le considered separately. It is known, for instance,
that some of the measures made by ZaIesskiy in Central Asia about
50 yare ago are badly in error, but on the whole this observer
has an excellent reputation. Errors are quite often due to wrong
value for altitude or improper connection with the primary station.
Some elucidation on this point can be found in an article by
Yu. D. Bulanzhe on the secular variation of the force of gravity
(Trudy Soveshchaniya po Metodam Izucheniya Dvizheniy i Deformatsiy
Zemnoy,Kory, 1948, pp. 175-182)_. Previously M. S. Abakelia had
published a, paper in uhich he compared the old and new determinations
in the Caucasus and came to the conclusion that there is a definite
variation in time in the value of the force of gravity in this region.
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pld observations could be reliably identified and shows that with
proper reduction of the older data, the new values are in complete
agreement with the old ones, although the elapsed time interval
was in some cases 32 years. From this and other examples given
by the author there is no reason to suspect secular variations
of gravity within the precision of observations. This result also
indicates the dependability of Older measures at least for the
regions considered in this paper. Thus for Tbilisi we have:
Determinations 1903 - 1909 g 980177.5 mlg. ? 1.8 mlg. mean error)
Determinations 1931 - 1936 g 980177.1 mlg.. ? 1.0 mlg. mean error)
TORT
The development of the theory of gravimetry in its various
aspects in the U.S.S.R. has been phenomenal. Apparently there is
no restriction on the publication of this material, and our coverage
in this respect is nearly complete. In the interval 19306.51 at
least 300 papers on theory were published as well as a dozen text-
books.
The topics most frequently discussed are:
(a) general theory of the gravitational field of the earth.
?(b) applications to the determination of the shape of the earth.
(c) applications to the determination of the deflection of the
vertical.
(d) study of systematic errors of pendulum and other
observations.
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INSTRUMENTATION
The manufacture of torsion-balance variometers was begun in
/1925 at the Academy of Sciences. The manufacture of suspension
threads for these instruments was not organized until 193S. In
1947 variometers were made at the plant, Naeologorazvedka" (Geo-
logical Survey) and pendulum apparatus at the plant, l'Aerogeopribor"
(Aerial-Geodetic instruments).
There has been considerable activity in the design and manu-
facture of auxiliary apparatus to increase the precision of pen-
AmIummeasures. Especially active in this respect was L. V. Sorokin
(resonance relay, chronoscope, optical counter, etc.). Further
improvements An the design of the Vening-Meinesz apparatus for sea-
measurements were made by S.E. Aleksandrov at the Leningrad Astro-
nomical Institute.
First gravimeters of the Lejay type were constructed at the
TsNIIGLiK under the direction of G. I. Rudakovakiy. They were very
successfully used in carrying out the general gravity survey.
At, the same institute a new type of a spring gravimeter was
developed by E. S. Molodenskiy. Even the first instruments of
this type gave a precision of determination of 1-2 mlg.
In 1943 further progress. in the construction of the Molodenskiy
gravimoter was made at the NIIPG (Institute of Applied Geophysics).
In 1947 several dozen of these instruments were in operation in
variama,parts of the U.S.S.R.
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improvement ofThgravimeters of the Lejay and spring type and,
in general, a drift from free-pendulum instruments is indicated.
This work is carried on at the LRG (Institute of Prospecting
Geophysics) and the Geophysical Institute of the Academy of
Sciences.
Russian gravimetrists express the opinion that the greatest
obstacle in the gravimetric survey is not so much in the limitations
. of the graviMetric instruments as in the absence of a simple and
reliable instrument for the determination of altitude of field
gravimetric stations. Work to solve this problem is going on in
a number of research institutes.'
ASTRONOMIC POSITIONS
Astronomic determination* of latitude gives the direction of the
local vertical Which is not necessarily normal to the adopted surface
of the reference ellipsoid. The angle between the normal to the
ellipsoid and the direction of the astronomical zenith is the deflec-
tion of the vertical.
The determination of longitude involves the knowledge of the
local time and some standard time. In general, determinations of
longitude are differential, that is the longitude of a place from
Greenwich is found as a sum of several differences of longitude.
Astronomic positions can be used for a variety of purposes requir-
ing different degrees of precision. It is usually necessary to take
into account the following factors:
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(1) Deflection of the astronomical vertical produced by the
distribution of masses above and below the garface of the geoid.
This is by far the most important reason why astronomic determinations
seldom can be used for cartographic controls as given by the obierver.
We define the differences
where a stands for astronoisical, and 5, for geodetic coordinates.
For most plain regions in the U.S.S.R. the quantities and rt are
in the neighborhood of 30, but there are several regions for which
they reach amounts 20 times the above. These are also the regions
of gravity anomalies, (and often alto of magnetic anomalies) the
best known of which is centered around Moscow.
The *scow anomaly has been studied in great detail, and we
have forit about 200 astronomic determinations of latitude and
about 150 cravity determinations. In this region, as is usually
the case, the deflection of the vertical changes very rapidly, yet
in A very definite pattern. At the University Observatory in Moscow
is equal to +10V5, but 20 klm. north of it is -310, the total
variation being 13V5.
.Similar anomalies exist in the region of Kursk and Ohernigov.
In Asia we have the well studied Fergana Valley anomaly and probably
the mostromarkable of all, the Lake Baykal anomaly. Nothing definite
is known about the latter one, except that it is very large, and the
deflection of the vertical may be as great as 50g.
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? ?
the earth. This may attain an amplitude of OV6 and consists of
both periodic (that is predictable) and secular terms. There is
mach material on this subject published by the Russian writers
and it is now being studied in detail.
(3) Variation.in longitude not depending on the variation
of the pole. In 1926 and 1933 the International 'Astronomical
Union and the International Association of Geodesy organized a
working plan to make new determinations of longitude at selected
observatories throughout the world. The results are hardly en-
couraging since most observatories showed much larger variations
in longitude than could be explained by accidental errors. The
longitude of Pulkovo, for instance, has changed by 0009, that is
in angular measure 011135, and this is a small variation. For
Potsdam this variation i$ 0016 and for Melbourne, 0148. The
variation is not consistent with the theory of continental drift
(Wegener's hypotheses) and is not generally considered as real.
It probably has something to do with the transmission of radio
signals. In fact, the French astronomer, Stoyko, found distinct
periodicity in the difference of longitude between various plates
with a period of 11 years and amplitude 006, that is, OV9. This
suggests the influence of the sun-spot cycle on the ionosphere but
at the present time the whole problem is still debated.
In any precise treatment of astronomic longitudes a knowledge
of the Russian time service is necessary. Fortunately there is an
abundance of material on this subject and necessary studies are
being made.
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used for geoietic purposes. These may affect the determinations
of place positions by 0V1 and possibly more.
(5) Ylnally, in the combination of geodetic and astronomic
positions the warping of the selected ellipsoid of reference in
respect to the geoid must be considered. This may introduce
serious errors. The Russians have found that the Bessel spheroid
used before 1942 gives for the center of Siberia discrepancies of
over 900 meters, or something like 30" in latitude. This was one
of the reasons that the recomputation of a reference ellipsoid
became necessary. Now they claim (M.S. Zverev, Astr. Zh. S. U.
Vol. 28, 1951, pp. 123-138) that recomputation of the elements
of the ellipsoid based on up-to-date material on the triangulation
of the U.S.A. pee values of the major semi-axis (a) and flattening
(5) much nearer to the Krasovskiy ellipsoid than that of Hayford.
The elements of the most commonly used spheroids are as
follows:
6
Bessel 1841
63773'97 met
1:299.2
U.S.S.R. before 1942
Clarke 1866
6378206
1:295.0
U.S.A.
Clarke 1880
6378249
1:293.5
Hayford 1909
6378388 ? 18
1:297.0 ? 0.5
International
Krasovskiy
6378245 t 10
1:298,3 I 0.3
U.S.S.R. after 1942
The introduction of a new ellipsoid of reference differing so
mach from the ellipsoid previously adopted has introduced much con-
fusion in Lussian cartography. This confusion is bound to exist
for some years yet until all maps based on Bessel 's spheroid have
been re-issued.
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problem of the spheroid they admit themselves (Bulanzhe, Izv.
Ak. N.. Ser. Geogr. i Geof.. Vol. 11, 1947, pp. 509-510) that
more recent measures of gravity in the Arctic show the geoid
to be 50 to SO meters below the surface of Xrasovskiyis ellipsoid.
In regard to the use of astronomical determinations for
cartographic purposes we must distinguish between two kinds of
errors: (a) chance or internal errors resulting in scattering
of observed values and (b) systematic or external errors dis-
torting the obtained result. The systematic errors are very
difficult to evaluate as they require a simultaneous adjustment
of a long series of observations for which the necessary details
are sometimes lacking. They are much more important in the deter-
mination of longitude than in the determination of latitude.
For the evaluation of internal errors we have simple mathe-
matical criteria based on the amount of departure of the arithmetic
mean from individual results. Such are mean errors and probable
errors. Probable error has a definite physical meaning: it is the
50 percent probability that the true value is within the limits
indicated by the probable error.
The relation between these two kinds of error is very simple:
probable error = 0.675 mean error.
The Russians sometimes divide their astronomical points into
9 classes according to the size of mean errors, but this classification
has little significance and is not generally adopted.
For cartographic purposes astropoints should posses (a) a certain
accuracy depending on the scale of the map and (b) be referred to a
recognizable geographic object such as a church, shore of a lake. etc.
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but also )n arbitrary assumptions. As defined in the U. S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey Topographic Manual, 1949, p. 2:
"For maps published at scales larger than 1:20,000, not
more than 10 percent of the points tested shall be in
error more than 1/30 inch, measured at publication scale;
for maps published at scales of 1:20,000 or smaller, this
tolerance is 1/50 inch.n
Translated into the latitudinal scale of magnitudes (which for
longitudes should be multiplied by a secant of latitude) we have
the following requirements:
Scale
Tolerance
Corresponding Probable Error
1:1,000,000
17V6
7112
1:200,000
3e5
1144
1:100,000
1VIS
0172
1:20,000
014
0114
-Whereas a competent observer using only a sextant can determine
latitude within a minute of arc, the determination of longitude has
always been much more difficult. Before 1920 practically all longi-
tude determinations were based on transportation of chronometers.
Observations in the Arctic regions are farther complicated by low
temperatures in the winter and lack of dark sky in the summer. Yet
here again much depends on the observer. Some of the observers even
a hundred years ago obtained good material using such cumbersome
methods as occultation of stars by the moon for the determination
of longitude.
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The observailOns by the famous Arctic explorer, F. Vrangel',
made in 1820-1g24 were checked in 192g by Agafonov-Who used radio
forthe determinatiOn of lOngitudes-with the following results:
Nizhne-Koliif& 'Iltangell' 1.824 68?31'48" N; 160 56.350?
Agafen*- 12;31.1.1111.J; 160?55.1,3,913.-E.
fterenCe 6114 140417
Thus even in' 1824 some points in Eastern 'Siberia Were determined
within half a Mile precision.
However, no general statement can be made in this respect. Some
observations are got;d, While others are obviously wrong. In order' to
make the best cartographic use of astrOnomical determinations in the
U.S.S.R. a syetetatid study of the material already obtained ia
necessary. This includes in the first place the older longitude
determinations (100-1920) by means of telegraph and more recently
by radio, Of such, airier 1,200 are already known with the probable
error I" or better (represented in figure 3). In some meet; even
the deflections of the vertical are known, in others they can be
computed. Such determinations can be used for the control Of maps
on a scale of 1:100,000 or even larger.
It is to be distinctly understood that the material already
found (about 8,000 astropoints represented in figure 4) is the raw
-
material which is, on the whole, good enough for the control of the
charta'and Maps" On the scale of 1:1,000,060 or smaller. For the
control of maps of larger scale a careful discussion of all
longitudes in the U.S.S.R. determined with necessary precision is
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c 421 pfs Wit e d Evoern %lee p Topa - 01117.9 ;mop Imps) 000l oo 01-7
satisfy such requirements is not an easy matter.
An attempt to adjust astronomical longitudes in the U.S.S.R.
was made by A. Berroth in 1921 in his article "Ausgleichung des
russischen Lamgennetzes nebst Gewichtsbestimmung", (Astronomische
Nachrichten, Vol. 215, 1922, pp. 19-27). His adjustment is based
only on 28 points the easternmost of which is Orsk, longitude
58?33? E. Not even Tashkent is included in this scheme. Furthermore,
for practically every one of Berrothls points we have more recent
determinations of longitude, and can extend adjustment to Vladivostok
and connect the latter with Tokyo.
Without such careful adjustment the small probable errors of
longitude determinations are deceptive.
To illustrate the point, let us take a specific example. The
coordinates oX the city of Blagoveshchensk on the Amur (cross on the
belfry of the Polkovo-Nikollskaya church) were determined telegraphi-
Cally by:
Sharnhorst 1873 50015431197 N 1270301501:00 E
'Akhmametlyev 1911 2.1!3_5212.22
Mean 50015143M 127?3)149V77
Probable error OVO8 ? 01.115
Can we conclude from this that the coordinates of this point in respect
to Greenwich are known with a probable error of only 8 feet? We certainly
cannot. We have to see how this point was connected with Pulkovo and
what longitude of Pulkovo Was adopted in the final derivation of the
longitude of Blagoveshchensk.
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On the basis of Berrothls adjustment of longitudes the fundamental
point of Sharnhorst in Sverdlovsk is in error by - OV675, so that all
points in Siberia determined by Sharnhorst should be moved westward by
that amount. This procedure would then result in longitudes of
-Blagoveshchensk by:
Sharnhorst 1873 127?30149133
Akhmametlyev 1911
Mean 127?30149V44 ? 010B
Thus, in spite of the original probable error of OU15 the dis-
crepancy between the two means is 01.133. This, of course, is only
half of the story. We must consider the relative weights of the
determinations of 1873 and 1911, use modern values of the difference
In longitude between intermediate points and develop a more compre-
hensive treatment of the subject than was given to it by Berroth.
Once the position of this main point in Blagoveshchensk is settled,
the position of half-ap-dozen other points in this city become known
with the same precision as the differential measures of these points
in reference to the church are known. The same situation obtains in
practically every Russian city. In this connection the value of old
Russian maps should be emphasized. A map of the city of Blagoveshchensk
of, say 1870, may seem to be of very little use in 1951. However, the
original astropoints, as well as various features of the city based on
such astropoints can be identified only by using such old maps, which
then can be compared with more recent material.
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Astronomic and geodetic positions in the U.S.S.R.. are sometimes
given in catalogues arranged either according to the International Map
of the World System or according to geographic regions.
The -following general remarks can-be made about all these catalogues.
(1) They are of very unequal value. In some of them observed
coordinates are those given .by the observer, in some others an attempt
was made to work out a rational system of longitudes. Even then such
an attempt was made the results cannot be accepted without further in-
quiry.
Thus we have a determination for Kushkinskiy:
35?17103V0 ? 0V27 N, 62?20?50V0 ? OV61 E.
On the basis of probable errors it would seem to be a very precise
observation. However, the probable errors refer only to the difference
in longitude between Kushkinskiy and Tashkent. The longitude of Tashkent
in this example depends on the longitude of Omsk, etc. We have here the
following chain of differences in longitude:
.Kushkinsk4-4ashkent-Omsk-SVerdlovsk-Pulkovo-Greenwich with each
step subject to an error.
When we deal with longitudes determined by transportation of
chronometers the chain, may include ten and more links.
(2) The catalogues seldom include an adequate description of the
astropoipt to make it usable for cartographic work. It is necessary to
go to the original publication for a detailed description and for a
sketch.
(3) The :atalogues often contain errors and misprints.
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Ap 04A417o r IR% i6att 19I 1-7
in which these catalogues are based. This is, of course a time
consuming work but it is absolutely necessary if we want to obtain
reliable information.
The catalogues and original observations run into hundreds of
references. Only the most important catalogues will be mentioned
here:
(1) LN_P_IICataioOsnovl_P_Riaonomioheskiee_y_
Punkty.
These catalogues arranged in the International Map of the World
System were being published in the period 1927-1930 by the Vyssheye
Geodezicheskiye Upravleniye (Supreme Geodetic Office). They consist
of three parts:
I Astronomical Points
II Triangulation Points
III Leveling Data
Detailed -references only to Part I have been found, 41 RUSS1s4
literature. It is not known whether part Nand III were ever pub-
lished. Of Part I 64 catalogues were published up to 1939 01, D.
Bonch,-Bruyevich, Geodeziya, Vol. 6. p. 122). No further information
on these catalogues is available and perhaps the whole edition (planned
to consist of 214 volumes) has been discontinued.
These oatalogups have a definite system of. longitudes based on
Berroth"sadjustment. At best they represent theoldermaterial, up
to about 1925, and are incomplete. The desCriptiona Of astropoints
reference to original material As still
is good but for sketches
necessary.
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21 catalogues have been found:
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0-42,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46, 47, 48
N-42,
43,
44,
45,
46
M-40,
43,
44
45
J-41,
42,
43
1-41
The following 39 catalogues are referred
literature; but have not been faund by us:
to in Russian geodetic
gr_39, 40,
41, 42,
43,
44,
45,
46, 4748
P-36, 37,
3g, 39,
40,
41,
43?
0-39, 31,
39, 50
IT-40, 41,
47
14-41,
42
L-40,'
41,
42,
4,3, 44,
45
K-40,
41,
42,
L3, 44
1-42,
43
This leaves unaccounted for four other cataloguesthat are known to
have been
Each
published.
of these catalogues contains about 100 astropoints.
(2) Regional catalogues. Of these the most important are:
(a) Sergoyevskiy, Kara Sea Region, material up to 1935.-841 astropoints
(b) Bukh, Far East Region material, up to 1928.....603
(c) Glazonap. The Pechora River Basin, up to 1925 470
(d)' Glazonap, Yakutia. up :to 1929 750
(e) Belyayev and Kopylov, Kazakhstan, up to 1928 1532
(1) Vasillyev, Chukotsk Peninsula, up to 1934 100
(g) Zaleaskiy. Turkestan (partly overlapping e),up to1911 956
(h) Anert, Transbaykalia, up to 1913 2i51
Total
5705
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etc. Of such sources, about 160 have been found so far. They yield
about 1600 astropoints.
We have then the total number of astronomic positions in the U.S.S.R.:
(1) Systematic Catalogues 2,000
(2) Regional Catalogues 5,700
(3) Original Sources 1,600
_Total 9,300
Considering that there is some overlapping in these three sources
we may put the final figure at 8,000 astropoints.
We aust note that here again as was noted previously in respect to
gravity determinations, our information stops at about 1935. Apparently
at about this time the Russian Government realized the strategic importance
of such information and took measures to prevent its leakage abroad.
It ts known, however, that results of astronomic determinations (as
contrasted with gravity determinations) continued to be published. Up to
the year 1923 the bulk of astronomic determinations was made by the Korpus
Voyennykh Topografov (Corps of Military Topographers). Comparatively few
were made by other agencies such as the Hydrographic Office, Pereselencheskoye
Upravleniye (Resettlement Office), scientific expeditions, etc.
After 1923 we have four volumes on astronomic observations covering
the years 1924, 1925, 1926 and 1927 published by the Geodezicheskiy Komitet
and its successor, Glavnoye_Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye. All this material
is available, and our knowledge up to 1928 is probably complete.
After 1932 two agencies were prominent in this work:
(1) The Arctic Institute and The Hydrographid Office of the
Glavsevmorput" covering the territory north of the 600
parallel. Numerous reports on their activity have been
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f#043rtaittaffiFte4bRieftkisesi 9049/624,3 fAuPOPITe lott.oemeettoepitfo p 1-7
observations are not available' although known to have been published,
(2) Glavnoye Upravleniye Geodezii i Xertografii is publishing
reparts of astronomic as well as other'observatione. None
of this material has been found.
The reports on astronomic observations Are evidently -a continuation
of the similar reports by the Glevnoye Geodezicheskoye Upravleniye
(1924-27). They give material for each year (published two or three
years later) and constitute Series A (astronomic). Volume A-1 con-
tains the material for the year 1928, and Volume for the year
T
' 1940. AF-XIV for the years 1941-42, was published in 1948, and is the
latest to whi,ch a reference has been found. The Russian title of
these reports is "Otchet po Astranomicheskim Opredeleniyam".
There are three other aeries published by the same agency:
Otchet ]o Triangulyatsii I-Xlassa (Triangulation L-order),
last known volume T-XXVI.
Otchet po Nevilirnym Rubatam I i II Xiassov
(Leveling of I and., II order), last known volume 11,-X
Otchet po Izucheniyu Bazisov (Base Lines)) last known
volume 15? XIV.
CONCLUSION
In order to utilize the geodetic gravimetry method for the
improvement of our knowledge of cartography of the U.S.S.R., as
well as for other problems of importance from the point of view
of national defense, we must deal with the following situation:
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astronomic positions in the U.S.S.R. is on. the level of 1935-36.
Only the acquisition of certain printed (as described in the text)
but now not available materials will bring our knowledge in these
matters to the present level of science in the U.S.S.R.
(b) Our knowledge of progress of such work, theoretical
investigation, and instrumentation in the U.S.S.R. is probably
nearly complete and up-to-date.
(c) In regard to numerical data we have at our disposal
about 6,600 determinations Of gravity, and about 8,000 deter-
minations of astronomic positions. The gravity data are supple-
mented by 56 gravity anomaly maps some of which are of quite
recent origin.
(d) The gravity data and most astronomical points cover
the region South and West of the great circle Leningrad-Irkutsk.
For this region an application of the ICaanskiy-Molodenskiy method,
or similar methods developed by Heiskanan and others will undoubtedly
improve our knowledge of the deviation of the vertical. In particular,
a preparation of gravity anomaly map with a contour interval 10 mlg.
is quite feasible. This map should allow the determination of the
deflection of the vertical with the precision 10, or better. North
and East of this great circle we have astronomical determinations
mostly along the course of rivers, but practically no gravity data.
(e) The available astronomical data are the raw material
which can be used as given only for the control of maps of a scale
1:1,000,000 and smaller. A careful study and reduction of this
material into a homogenous system is necessary to make it usable
for any precise control.
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joreign work is very detailed and up-to-date.
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LIST OF AREAS WITH GRAVITYANUMALT MAPS
PUBLISHED IN RUSSIAN SOURCES
1. Caucasus 41? - 44? N; 400 - 400 E. Contour interval 50 mlg.
Yevseyev 1948.
2. Western Ukraine 48? - 51?30' N; 22? - 26? E. Contour interval
25 mlg. Bogdanov 1950.
3. Ukraine 44?30 - 52? N; 26? - 41? E.
(a) Contour interval 25 mlg. Orlov 1931.
(b) Contour interval 10 mlg. Galushko 1938.
(c) Contour interval 10 mlg. Nechiporenko 1935.
4. Carelia and Leningrad Oblast 54? - 660 N; 300 - 400 E. Contour
interval 10 mlg. Andreyev 1938.
5. Ural 54 - 57? N; 48? - 540 E. Contour interval 10 mlg. Baranov 1934.
6. Moscow region 54?15' - 57?101 N; 35040' - 39?20' E. Contour interval
10 mlg. and 1. Kazanskiy 1936; Bulanzhe 1938.
7. Baku region 380 - 42? N; 47? - 5)? E. Contour interval 25 mlg.
Bonch-Bruyevich 1949.
8. Turkestan region 41?30' - 44? N; 67?3' - 70?13' E. Contour
interval 10 mlg. Yeremeyev 1945.
9. Ishimbayevo region 53?15' - 53?301 N; 560 - 56?30' E. Offman 1946.
10. Ural region 530 - 56? N; 560 - 62? E. Contour interval 10 mlg.
Yevseyev 1937.
11. Middle Volga 500 - 520 N; 44? - 4$?E. Contour interval 10 mlg.
Yevseyev 1937.
12. Kazakhstan 40? - 440 N; 570 - 62?151 E. Contour interval 1".
Dubovskoy 1940.
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13.
Erola 1941.
14. Dossor region 47?15' - 47?40' N; 52?3P - 53?151 E. Numerov 1931.
15. Lake Baskanchak 48?05' - 48?201 N; 46?15' - 47? E. Contour interval 2 mlg.
Numerov 1931.
16. Groznyy region 43? - 45? N; 44? - 47 E. Numerov 1931.
17. Ural 520 - 57030t N; 5g - 700 E. Contour interval 10 mlg. Gizhitskiy 1931.
18. Solikamsk region 590381 N; 56?45' E. Numerov 1931.
19. UstlFort region 69?30' - 69042 N; 840151 - g50 E. Contour interval
1 mlg. Fotiadi 1937.
20. Yurang-Tumus 73057# - 74?04' N; 1110 - 111?40' E. Contour interval
1 mlg. Fotiadi 1935.
21. Kozhevnikova Bay 730351 - 730451 N; 110?30' - 111? E. Contour
interval 1 nag. lotiadi 1937.
22. Lower Volga 47?451 - 48015' N; 45?50' - 46?251 E. Contour interval
1 mlg. Stepsnov 1934.
23. Volga 47?50' - 49?201 N; 46?30' - 48? E. Contour interval 10 mlg.
Bogdanov 19344
24. Lake Elton 490051 - 49?20' N; 46?401 - 47?10' E. Contour interval
5 mlg. Bogdanov 1934.
25. Ural 470 - 530 N; 56? - 64030' E. Contour interval 25 mlg.
Arkhangeliskiy 1932.
26. Central Asia 430 N - border; 640 - 750 E. Contour interval 25 mlg.
Mudretsova 1948.
27. Dnepr-Donets area 480301 - 52?301 N; 300 - 370 E. Contour interval
10 mlg. Galuchko 1938.
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interval 10 lag. Zavistovskiy 1938.
29. N. W. of- Azov -Sea. fromA4elitopoll-to XTurmenl. -Contour interval
1 mlg. Zavistovskiy 1938.
30. European Russia. Contour interval 50 mIg. Arkhptge1'skiy1936.-:
31. laddle;Volgaaratov-Euybnahev. COntour;interval.10,m1g.
Lukavehenko 1947.
32. EUban1BlackSea 44? - 48? N;- 34?30 - 40030' E. Contour interval
-10 mig 1,12kavchenko 1947.
33. Aserbaydzhan. Contour interval 10 mlg. Lukavchenko 19474
34. Irtysh River, 51? - 49? N; 80030' - 85? E. Gorshkoir 1936.
35. Makat Region 47040' N; 53?16' E. Contour interval 2 mlg Gubkin 1936.
36. Blyauli Region 47?14' N;. 520551 E. Contour interval 2 mlg. Gubkin 1936.
P. Caucasus 380 - 460 N; 360 N.-Caspian Sea. Contour interval 20 mlg.
Alakelia 1936.
38. European Russia, Central Asia, Central Siberia. Contour interval 25 mlg.
Arkhangeliskiy 1937.
39. Irkutsk area 51? - 53? N; 1030 - 108? E. Contour interval 25 mlg.
Arkhange1lskiy-1937.
40. Chita area 52? N.-China boundary; 1110 - 116? E. Contour interval 25 mlg.
Arkhangeliskiy 1937.
41. Blagoveshchensk area 52? N. - China Boundary; Amur - 138? E.
Contour interval 25 mlg. Arkhangellakiy 1937.
42. Pamir Region 45? N. - boundary; 650 N. - boundary. Contour interval
25 mlg. Arkbangeliskiy 1936.
43. Central Asia. Contour interval 25 mlg. Arkhangellakiy 1935.
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44. 345%6111eiitiffittRektaW9BRaila22ciihRDiaasalkAti0P0399P10001-7
45. Azerbaydzhan. Contour interval 25 mlg. Arkhangellskiy 1932.
46. N. W. Caucasus 43? - 440 N; 40030' - 410301 E. Contour interval
50 mlg. Gorshkov 1947.
47. European Russia. Contour interval 25 mlg. Arkhangellskiy 1932.
48. Ukraine and Caucasus. Contour interval 25 mlg. Arkhangellskiy 1932.
49. Kursk Region 50?51' - 51?52' N; 36?30' - 37?341 E. Aksenov 1928.
50. Mouth of the Yenisey. Contour interval 25 mlg. Arkhangellskiy 1937.
51. Temir Region 48?45' - 49030' N; 55* - 57? E. Contour interval 2 mlg.
Bazyuk 1931.
52. Romny Region 50036' - 50056' N; 31?05' - 31?20' E. Contour interval
1 mlg. Subbotin 1935.
53. Ukraine 460 - 520 N; 370 - 440 E. Contour interval 10 mlg. Andreyev 1941.
54. North of Caspian Sea - 450 - 540 N; 430 - 600 E. Contour interval
10 mlg. Andreyev 1941.
55. Emba Region - 46?15' - 480 N; 52?30' - 530451 E. Contour interval 4 wig.
Andreyev, 1941.
56. Central Bashkiria - 53?10' - 53?301 N; 55?45' - 56?15' E.
Contour interval 2 wig. Andreyev, 1941.
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LIST OF GRAVITY PROFILES
PUBLISSND IN RUSSIAN SOURCES
1.
Lsvov-Uzhgorod
Bogdanov
1950
2.
L'vov -Mukachevo
Bogdanov
1950
3.
/Must -Rakov-Galich
Bogdanov
1950
4.
Karaganda-Semipalatinsk
Gorshkov
1936
5.
Sviyazhsk-Sverdlovsk
Dyukov
1931
6.
Ufa-Petropavlovsk
Dyukov
1931
7.
Sokolki-Kotelinich
Dyukov
1931
8.
Kritsnovidovo-Yelabuga
Dyukov
1931
9.
Moscow Meridional section
Pariyskiy
1932
Kazanskiy
10.
Sverdlovsk-Omsk
Gorshkov
1931
11.
Zlatoust -Omsk
Gizhitskiy
1931
12.
Kotelinich-Molotov
Gizhitskiy
1931
13.
Kirov-Kotlas
Gizhitskiy
1931
14.
Priluki-Romny
Galushko
1938
15.
Ovruch-Mogilev
Zavistovskiy
1938
16.
Vyborg-Kursk
Andreyev
1938
17.
Aland Isl.-Perch Navolok
Andreyev
1938
18.
Pori-Veroruksa
Andreyev
1938
19.
Bogorak-Sarykamysh
Madretsova
1948
20.
Kurgovad-Andizban
Mudretsova
194g
21.
Surkhan-Chaadag
Mudretsova
1948
22.
Allagrevato-Smokayevo
Andreyev
3.941
23.
Manych-Baklanovka
Andreyev
1941
24.
Kamenolomya-Persianovka
Andreyev
1941
25.
Rostov Lishi
Andreyev
1941
26.
Kamyshbosh-Gava
Andreyev
1941
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? ?,a? . aim iii II III III
.
Al CM if ? V/ :4 ? E au go Lvi L:r.: F=1:111_.. w '.. . . . . . . . . .
? Virr-lir: : 17 11( Illiiilli" 1 W
\ ,,,
6 ISLAND
U. S. S. R.
(Including Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Tan. Ta, a.nd island possmions)
FIGURE 1
GRAVITY ANOMALY COVERAGE
A
Areas covered by anomaly maps Profiles
200
400 600
SECRET
STATUTE MILES
400 600
KILOMETERS
Approved For Release i999109102 : CIA-RDP79-01083A000100010001-7
anduclingLavia,Lithuania,Enonia,TannuTuva,andidand,memegon0
FIGURE 2
AVAILABLE PENDULUM
DETERMINATIONS OF GRAVITY
50-100
100-150
More than 150
400 .0 800 1000
SECRET
KILOMETERS
ADDroyedfor
(Including Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Tannu Tuva, and island possessions)
FIGURE 3
DISTRIBUTION OF ASTROPOINTS
With a probable error of one
second of arc or less
400 600 BOO 1000
SECRET
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(Including Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Tannu Tuva, and island possessions)
FIGURE 4
DISTRIBUTION OF
AVAILABLE ASTROPOINTS
0 200
SECRET
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(Including Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Tannu Tuva, and island possessions)
FIGURE 4
DISTRIBUTION OF
AVAILABLE ASTROPOINTS
0 200
SECRET
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