THE CAUSTIC SODA AND CHLORINE INDUSTRIES IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A000100040003-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 42
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 19, 1998
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: December 12, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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moimetemeeI1TI
ArL7
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SECURRY INFORMATION /7
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND :WORTS
PROVISIONAL REPORT NO. 4
(CIA/RR FR.4)
THE CAUSTIC SODA AND CHLORINE INDUSTRIES IN THE USSR
12 Decamber 1951
Thin document is a working paper, The data and conclu-
sions contained herein do not necessarily represent the
final position of ORR and should be regarded as provi-
sional only and subject to revision* Additional data
or comment which may be available to the user is solic-
ited. Thiu report contain: information available to
ORR as of 1 Septedber 1951*
WARNIM
THIS DOCUNEMTCONTARIS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES, MITHIN THE MEANING -OF TITLE
la, SECTIONS 793 AND 794 OF THE U.S. CODE, AS AMENDED.
ITS TRANSMISSION OR REVELATION OF ITS CONTENTS TO OR RE,r,
CEIPT BY AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.
DO ENT NO. ?LW*
NOTH CLASS. 1
DECLASt-,
CLASS. CHANG
NEXT REVIEVV DATE: TS S ti ol/
AUTHA Help A)
UATELAW ImlfREVIEWER.
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Infordisi ?
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coNFIDENTIAlk
=A=
This report is divided into two partss Part X, The
Caustic Soda Industry in the USSR, and Part II, The Chlorine
Industry in the 'USSR.
Although these two Soviet industries are discussed sepa-
rately, they are included in the same report for two reasons,
First, the principal process used to produce caustic soda and
chlorine is the seias namely, the electrolytic decomposition
of a solution of common salt. In this process, caustic soda
and chlorine are therefore coproducts and are produc simpl-
taneously, Second, since the USSR has never published figures
on chlorine production and since individual plant information
is generally inadequate, the best approach to an estimate of
the Soviet chlorine production is through those caustic soda
statistics which have been published by the USSA.
ENTIA
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?
4
=ma
PART X
THE CAUSTIC SODA INDUSTRY IN THE USSR
fags
Summary . 0000
3.
I.
Introduction
2
1. Nature and Uses ? 0 ? 0 ????????
. 0
?
?
0
?
?
.
2
2. History of the Industry ? ? ? ?
2
II.
Operation ? OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ?
. .
?
0
?
?
?
0
5
1.
Technology
a. Electrolytic Process ?
. . 0 . .
?
???
0?0
?
?
5
b0 Lime.soda Process ? O ?
OOOOO
0
. ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
5
2.
Input Requirements
6
a. Rai! Materials
6
b. Fuel and Paver
6
c.... Transport and Manpower
6
III. Avallabilities 4 0 0 O 00000000000 0
00
?
0
6
?
6
10
Domestic Production 0 . oo ....... . 00?40 ?
' 7
2.
Ekternal Sources . . .. . .... ? . . . 0 ? . . ? .
/0
Satellites ........... . ? . 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
b. Konmaloc Countries .??...?..,?????
11
3.
,
Stockpiles
12
40
Substitutes
12
XV.
Requirements .
12
V.
Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions . 0
13
1.
Capabilities
13
2.
Vulnerabilities ? . ,.. ?000.
13
3.
Intentions ?,....
14
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Appendix A. Method of Estimating Caustic Soda Requirements in
the USSR....?.. ?. ?
1. Soap . . . ? . ......... 0. . . . . . . . . .
2. Chemica1s15
.... ... . . . ........? . . .
3. Rayon . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ..... .
4.. . . .
. . . .
5. Lye and Cleansers . . . . . a ?000es0000 e ? .
6. Textiles. . . . ....?... ........ 0 .
. .
7. Pulp and Paper . a amaeoea? 00000.0 0E90 0
(10 Vegetable 011s . .,.. ..... . . ?000000 0
0 0 0
9. Reclaimed Rubber . . *000000?000000 G 0
10. Other? o ? o
. . eeeom mo 0000eemos
a e o
Appendix B. Sources . .17
. 400? 004Q? ?0000? 0004,
bE.2.
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
PART
THE CHLORINE INDUSTRY IN THE USSR
ary0 ?e? ?0000 Oe? WI 0 000?00 0
18
I.
Introduction ? 000?0?00000000?0?0??00
18
1.
Nature and Uses
18
2.
Technology 0?00? OOOOOOO 0 ?00? 00?0
19
a. Brine Electrolysis Process O OOOO . 0 OOO . OO 0
19
b. Other Processes . . . . . OOOOOOOOOO ?
19
3.
History of the Industry ' . . ?06.?00 00?00
20
Ix
Input Requirements . . eo?emoecoom000meomo
24
a. Rau Materials 00?0000 , 0 0 000000000
24
b. Fuel and Power ?......?......?
25
c. Transport . 41)00000000M?00000000 0
25
d. Mant?wnr . 0.? ?..........?...?
25
Availabilities ?.....? 0 ? ?..?
25
1.
Domestic Production w0000?000? 0 0 ?
25
2.
External Sources . . 0 ? 0000? ?0?0?000?00
28
S-Brg-R-B-1T
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gam
a. Satellites . ........ 000???
28
b. Non=Bloc Countries . ......... . ? ? 400
29
3.
Stockpiles
29
4.
Substitutes
29
IV.
Requirments
30
1.
Dc tic . . ....... 0?0?094
30
2.
&ports
006???00
33.
V.
Capabilities Vulnerabilities and Intentions 49.? 06
33.
1.
Capabilities . .???.?????..?........
31
2.
Vulnerabilities ? 0.060?400??06000000.4 0
31
30
Inteati02180400090?????6?000000?00
32
Appendix A.
Appendix Bo
Method of Estbsating 1950 Chlorine Requirements in
the USSR .
Sources . .
O69000?00?090400400
?0?900???00
a7gra-a-z-z
? 0000
33
37
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4.1
CIAAR
PART
ZEILR.AXMO Jgalt.4212=LEULEME,
?
Caustic 001a# ODO of the basic inorganic chemicals -espential in many in..
dustrial process:oasis believed tO be in abort cupply in the UBSRp and the
use oramy !melon substitute would not greatly reduce Soviet requirements.
Efforts probably are being -made to expand output within the Bice.
Soviet production of caustic soda in 1951 is estimated at 325,000 ,metric
tons, about two tinea the 1940 output of 1380000 .to 185,000 tons. PrOdUction
bas not increaoed according to plan, however, as the Five Year Plan .goal for
cauatic soda production in 1950 wa .390,000 tons. Output of the Satellite
countries in 1951 is estimated at 3111;000 metric tons, giving a total Bloc
production of 636,000 tons in contra/A to estimated US production for 1951 of
2.8 million metric tone. Although small quantitioa of caustic soda sre
ported by the Satellite countriee from Western Europe, these amounts are not
sufficient to alleviate the existing shortage of this chsmical it the Bloc.
Despite the Shortage, however, the USSl Is believed to have aceismalated caustic
soda stockpiles, the aizes of which are not known.
In the,ovent of a major wait utilitation of these etoekpiles would be
necessary to meet eapential military demands. Although the preeemt supply
of cauctic soda might be sufficient to meet the requirements of limited military
operation or of a major war of short duration, a major war of long duration
wnuld demand construction of additional production facilities in order to
maintain the output of commodities essential to the Nei effort. The Soviet
caustic? soda industry apparently .is not vulnerable to oconomac warfarea but
the bombing ,of a feu key inctallations probably would effectively restrict ctppLtoc
4,20UMW.PMW=0476(.0.1V
Wad.2,13.06-.1113414.
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? . leeettga.
f 1,, Uaej.
Caustic sodas or eodium hydroxide (Na011)2 is a brittle white solid?
extremely hygroscopic and readily soluble in water. A basic inorganic
chemicale among the alkalis it is second in importance only to soda adh. Used
In tonnage lots, it is essential in many industrial processes the nost ime
portant of vihich is the manufecture of rayon and cellulose film and of other
chemical products such as military explosive:3s synthetic phenols and plastics.
Caustic soda also ie essential for petroleum refining; for treatment of textiles;
for manufacture of vegetable oils, soape and cleaneeres and pulp and paper;
and for tbe reclaiming of rubber.
Production of caustic coda is based on two processes: (a) the electroe
lytic decomposition of a solution of common salt in either diaphragm or mercury
electrolytic cells and CO the causticization of soda ash with slaked limes
usually called the lime-soda proceme The electrolytic process also producer
chlorine and hydrogen; the lime-soda process does not. From the point of view
of quantity produced$ the lime-soda proceoss formerly the more importants now
has been displaced in most? countries by the electroeytic method because of a
more rapid increase in the demand for chlorine than for caustic ooda. US produc-
tion of electrolytic caustic soda exceeded output of the lime-soda type for the
first time in about 1937; in 19e8s 67 percent of the total US output was pro-
duced by the electrolytic process?
2. AlgtarListrja.ftllemitrz?
.Development of the caustic meda industre in the USSR pro oded slowly.
Output fell sharply during and after the Revolution, dropping from a reported
53p000 metric tons in 1913 to 36,000 tonsein 1924-25.2eb The First Five Year
Plan (1928-32) apparently placed little emphasis on expansion of the industry,
and production in 1932 probably did not exceed 55s000 tons. The Second Five
Tear Plan (1933-37) provided for the construction of seven caustic soda plants.
The annual planned roduction :sale for this period have been reported 'by
25X1X7
* Footnote references in arabic numerals refer to sources listed in Appendix B.
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S.E.onnnritai
Planned Soviet Production of Caustid Soda
1933e37
01111i...111M14?11'llidattgIUMITSMSLIDEPOCAGFAZIkil
Is=
rQ
1933
58,500
1934
63,500
1935
699000
1936
830000
1937
1269000
It is not known whether or not the seven new plants were installed during this
period; however, the 1936 output ie estimated at 112s000 metric to7s9 and
production in 1937 is estimated at about 118 000 tones only 80000 tons short
of the Plan goals 25X1X7
The Third Five Year Plan (1938-42) called for a 50-percdnt increase
in the production of caustic sodas which Was stated to be one of the most de-
ficient chemical products." This planned increase established the 1942 Plan
goal at about 1779000 metric tone. A Soviet chemical industry periodical in
1947 reported that autput in 1940 was 2.6 times greater than output in 1913 lh
consequently' production in 1940 may have been about 1389000 metric tons. On
the other hand, another source stated that in the Fourth rive Year Plan (1946-50)
"It is proposed to increase the production of caustic soda 2.1 timee over the
prewar level," W It appears from this information, that /940 production wao
about 1859000 metric tons instead of 138,000 metric tons since the planned goal
for caustic soda production -in the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946...5o)was 390,000
tons.
The Plans for 1941 and 1942 were not fulfilleds the German invasion in
1941 causing the evacuation and destruction of the lime-soda plants at Lisichanek
and Slavyansk and the electrolytic plants at Stalinogorsks Yoacou9 Tatbav,
Leningrads and Deketovka. The cessation of operations at these plants is reports&
to have resulted in a 70,-percent decrease in caustic soda production, which wauld
, have amounted to a less of from about 96,500 to 1309000 metric tons, leaving
only about 419500 to 55,000 tons available to the Soviets in early 1942. 2/
The otatus of the industry during the war is obscure; but Lend Lae
shipments of nearly 1009000 short tons of caustic soda to the USSR from 1942
to 1945 attest to the shortage of this harslet chemical. .1/ The extent to which
the Soviets were able to remove and re-install caustic soda equipment in plant
farther east, as well as the rem/to achieved in empanding facilities and in-
creasing production in existing plants, is unknown. Assuming that production
In 1942 was between 419500 and 55s000 metric tones it appears, from evidence
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contained in the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946.50), that considerable effort
vas directed toward rehabilitation of the industry from 3.942 to 1945.
The Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) visualized a production of 3900000
metric tonsof cauetic soda in 1950 and stated that "factories for the production
of caustic soda 4th a capacity of 278,000 tons are to be put into operation.'
It can be deduced from this statement that production at the end of 1945 was at
the rate of 1120000 tons a year, or about 62.81 percent of the 1940 output.
Since 1945, percentage increases over each previous year os production have been
reported, indicating that output in 1950 VUB 277,000 metric tons, a figure 1/30000
tons short of the planned goal.
The Soviet production or caustic soda since prerevolutionary times is.
estimated as follows:
Estimated Soviet Production of Caustic Soda
19130 1924-25, 1932, 1936.50
OD..ftw'ms??????..men..mocassamosgorammoomca.mesm.=..a?weasomelciaTatiesau
1913
1924.25
1932
1936
1937
193$
1939
1940
1941
53,000
369coo
55,0130
1120000-
1180000
1260000
1320000
138,000 to 1850000
1000000 to 1200000
s . '
...2101s1A9mm.
1942 41,500 to 55000
2943 N.A.
3.944 N.A.
1945 1120000
1946 122,000 jki
1947 15200002f
1948 1900000 ji
1949 241*000 a/
1950 277,000 4,/
jil Published percentage increases over the previous yeares
output are 9 percent for 19460 25 percent for 1948, 27 pare
cent for 1949, and 15 percent for 1950. 2/ No figure for
1947 re pub1ished0 although the State P1anning Ccomisaion
reported the quarterly production indez aa being 121i 1230, and 126
(the oorresponding quarter of the previous year equals 100)
in th first, second!, and third quarters of 1947, respeCtively.W
No figures are available for the fourth quarter. It is therefore
estimated that the 1947 increase over 1946 was abolit 25 percent
inetead of the Plan goal of 36 perm:n-602V ?
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IL
922K1ti2R-
10 219111212gZo
a. ladataa.
A saturated solution of common salt (aodium chloride) is heated,
treated with soda ash, caustic soda, and sometimes barium chloride, to re-
move impurities =oh as calcium, magnesium and sulphate compounds. The
purified solution after neutralization with hydrochloric acid, id- reheated
and fed to specially designed electrolytic cells. In these cello the salt
solution la decomposed .by electric current to form a solution of cauetic
soda, chlorine gas and hydrogen gas being formed simultaneously as coproductso
Two general type of cells, the mercury cathode_ and the diaphragm,
are-the only cauntic soda cells of camerae' importance at the preaent time.
Mercury cells are more expencive to operate. because of the high initial ine
vestment in mercury and because of the higher voltage required. They have,
however, the advantage of producing, directly from the cell, a concentratea
solution of caustic soda of high purity. Diaphragm cells produce a rather
impure 10- to 12-percent solution of caustic soda, which must beaconcentrated
and purified before shipment.
b;)
A 20iTercent solution of soda ash (sodium carbonate) is treated
with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) at about 850C to produce an ageeous solu-
tion of caustic oda (sodium hydroxide) and a precipitate of calcium carbonate.
The insoluble calcium carbonate is removed, and the aolution of caustic soda is
purified and concentrated.
The caustic soda produced by the electrolytic diaphragm cell and
be the lime-eoda process is in too diluted a form for shipment. It ucually is
concentrated to approximately 50-percent NACU (sodium hydromide) in multieffect
evaporators. Many plante also produce solid ftsed and fleke forms, end recently
the use of a 73-percent solution in the US hes been increasing. Shipment to
large consumers usually is in the liquid form in tank cars at a concentration
of either 50 or 73 percent. Less water is chipped with the higher concentrated
solutlen, but certain disadvantages arise. The 73epercent caustic sodae for
example, solidifies at about 1449F, Whereas 50-pereent caustic soda remains -
liquid above 519F. Moreover, although the 50-percent solution can be Shipped
in iron tank cars, for 73epercent solution a nickel lining or special plastic
lining must be used. Tank care for either concentration must be fitted with
steam coils to allow remelting of solidified caustic sodae
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Caustic soda generally is sold on the basis of its sodium oxIde
(Na20) content. Seventy-sixepercent Na2O (98.06-percent Na011) ie considered
to be commercial caustic soda, and prices aro quoted per pound or per kilopem
of 76-percent Na200
20 11210.,3317=1.
2471X142.44.4*
The manufacture of 177,000 metric tons- of electro. de caustic
soda in 1950 in the USSR required 285,000 metric tons of salt and 4500 metric
tons of soda ash (58epercent Na20). In producing 1002000 tons of ceostic poia
by the lime-soda process the industry consumed 150,000-mctric tone of coda
ash and 8,250 tons of lime (90-percent CaO), Salt and lime are found it bundance
in many localities in the USSR,. and sufficient eupplies are available for =-
pension of the industry. Any increase in capacity of the lime-soda proceeep
however, will require a correspondirg increase in production of m.o.& ash.
b. 0:aj...AgleFost.
The production of caustic soda by the electrolytic proceee requiece
large amounte of electricity. Soviet produation of 177,000 mstric tons in 1950
consumed about 515 million kilowatt-houre of electricity. On the other hando,
only 2 million kilowatt-hours were used in the production of 1004)00 tons of
caustic soda be the lime.soda process. Further increa000 in electric payer
capacity will be necessary if electrolytic caustic node capacity is to be
nificantly expanded.
The industryoe fuel requirements have-not yet been calculated, Sue,'
calculations depend on a determinatiozt of the of power supplied by
hydroelectric and thermal plants. .
. 04 SZ2Eri.2.r.L2Zit V,2,112,Ke
No effort ha u been made to determine transport and manpower require.
manta for the Soviet eaustic soda industry. As in all chaeicel plants, howevee,
manpower requirements are comparatively small.- A limited number of skilled
workers and technical .pereonnel are required for this industry... It is believed
that they are available in the USSR.
?Aeagek2=11.2,11.4
Soviet Bloc production of caustic soda in 1951. is estimated at 636000 metric
tons. (renge, frac 6000000 to 7500000 tone). This outputt, plus upknaRn quaatitios
of imports and stock, constitutes the total supply available to .the Mee in .
1951. In contrast; US production of cauetic seda far 1951 is estimatsd at
&ID-2+1K
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approximately 2.8 million metric tons.
1.asistAl&e.I.I.t&A1.911.
'Soviet production of caustic soda is estimated as follows:
Estimated Soviet Produotion of Caustic Soda
/950-5/
Probable Range of
Inn 12..mftstiss Lag.2,301-Qtti
A
1950 2779000 250,000 to 325,000
1951 325,000 300,000 to 400,000
Information on the individual caustic soda plants in the USSR is not
adequate to determine accurately the production of each region. Rased on avail-
able information,? however, the estimated production of caustic soda by regions
in the USSR during 1950 was approximatelY as follows;
Estimated Soviet Production of Caustic Soda by Regions
1950
Northwest
Wept
South
Southeast
Transcaucasus
.Volga
Central industrial
Urals
West Siberia
ESSakhstan
East Siberia
Soviet Far Ea:A
&ma=
23,200
o,
sl000
o
139400
45,000
470700
64,000-
1,350
0
2,500
o
TWO
LamLet...WA
29
5'
16
17
23
1
0
1
0
Total
2714452 2g2
. 7 .
,?HP1H2EHE'i
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54111414?iE4.
The lecationa.and estimated capacitios of the caustic soda plants in
the USSR are as follows:
Eatimated Cap,,cities of Cauatie Soda Planta in the USSR
2951
ifinfmAtaissierantaatn il
?gutiaagba
Lisichanak
Slavyanak
Gorlovka .12,/
22DItaLbtiagaat
Kineahma
Y.WALIZi23
Berezniki
ElmtalWalrgago
Iadk.nrIZAta
Arkhangelsk
Enao
Kailas
Leningrad
Pitkyaranta
1234ei
92
Rubezhneye
Slavyanak
Donsoda
Slavsoda
Atz ?
Chemical Plant Dmitri
Soda Plant
402000 to.502000
25,000 to 35,000
220e0
252000 to 350000
Solombalski Cellulose Cobbine 5,600
Paper and Cellulose Plant 4,000
Cellulose Cor*ine 52600
Okhtinski Chemical Combine 62200
Cellulope Plant 12800
Rubezhansky Chemical Combine
Krasny Khimlk or Slavseda
5,600
52700
T sItga20
Sumgait Y.A. 70400
Yerevan Synthetic Rubber Plant Kirov 62000
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Estimated Capacities of Caustic Soda Plants in the USSR
2.951
(Continued)
Malorroassmatemp.atall-,..asumacamwenourenatausraeramignmasa.
tilltommtimmosmeneeparatan:14294.tautamerftwomaesuomme.low
"ales _Its jas
Chapayevsk
Beketovka
,,.......1,111719 TOIL(
Chemical Plant No, 102
Chemical Plant No. 91
11,000
34,000
lontra_Xndudenl_Bestgo
Dzerzhinak Chemical Plant Kalinin 6,100
Dzerzhinsk Chemical Plant Zavod 3tr0,7 10,000
Dzerzhinsk Chemical Plant Zavod Stroy 89400
Moscow Chemical Plant Ugreahakiy 6,100
Stalinogorsk Chemical CoMbine Stalin 6,700
Tambov Pomder Factory Krasny Oktyabr 10,000
agelendsta
Berezniici
EfilaSiberlan Zsagla
Tomsk
Chemical Combine Voroshilov
Chemical Warfare Plant Princess
Gagarin
34,000
19350
-31?-.L.1.4Laa?Rgagn
Usolys Chemical Plant No 9? 29500
....011.1C?104,1.11. 11.12.11116.}...COMILMTOPOWIAffird,1%...1.1., -
40 Thelollowing plants have bean reported as being planned, under construction, or
In operation but production has not been confirmed for any:. Volkbnyv, Leningrad
Oblast, Nortgwest Region; Sumgait, Azerbaijan SSR0 Tranacaucasup Region; Sterlitamak9
Bashkir ASSR, Urals Region; Kulunda Altai Krai9 West Siberian Region; Aralsk? Kyil-
Orda Oblast, Kazakh. SSR, Central Asla; KararBogaz-Gol, Turkmen Sa40 Central Asia;
Balkhash, Karaganda Oblast, Kazakh SSR, Central Asia.: A plant at Ivanove? Ivanovo
Oblast, Central Industrial Region, reportedly Is producing caustic soda, soap, and
other products. 12/
b.:. Them may be ?a nuMber of such Small -plants in the USSR, but,unloss this nudber
.tleWG large, mhich avidenne does not indicator their contribution to total cavntic
.soda production mould not be significant.
O., The total capacity of the electrolytic prodoss plants listed (continued on next page)
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SeEeCeRen
Since all plants aro believed to be operating at. neer-capacity 1evele0.prod1e-
tion erstieteted for 1950 also indicate capacity estimates. The lack of idle .
capacity, homeer, will prevent the USSR fran achieving eignificant expansion
of output in the event of a general war in 1951.
The USSR never has published statiaties concerning the dietributicn.
of caustic eoda production between the ling.-coda and the electrolytic processes,
and the available infcaumtion coneerniza inavidual plant is not sufficient to
nake reliable estimates of the quantity of caustic soda produced bec each .process.
Aneanalysis of the data available concerning those plants believed to be emplgr--
ing the limeeeoda process, hemmer, Inmost-es a probable Soviet autpub of 1000000
metric tons in. 1950 by this procoso. In that event the probable 1950 output by
the electrolytic process woad be about 17/0000 tons, or 66 percent of total
caustic soda production.
Caustic coda is believed to be in dhort supply it the Soviet Union',
Despite the lack of information regarding eorvatruction of mit prorlection facil-
ities, efforts probably are being made to expand output. A eoda nah plant re-
portedly was under conetruction in 1948 at Sterlitmak in the Urels0 and Soviet
press articlee have ?tate thatthie will ta the lergtot-soda cceobine in Europe.
Undoubtedly this plant will have caustic soda production facilitiee? but no
formation has been received to indicate that production has beoun.
? It is not -possible to increase production capacity for caustic.sodalve
the divereion of plants from other usece because of the epee/al/zed nature of
the equipment required. The only other product manufactured with thio type of
equipment is caustic potash, _Which is produced in such omen volume that it would
not be practical to divert caustic potadh producing facilities to the production
of caustic soda.
2. Edguejggsw.
The production of caustic soda in the Satenitee in 1951 is ectimoted
MA follows
CFLgli?yaa..cOWO..41aUaW.OVV..P........r..~.II,PIIDWXRMCP?va?GPIOVrTrirZr.r0ricCaeae4.~WFOr4Z. palLiMilanciitilVit.sight?IUMHIWPWAS"..^M...-aRtrair.,,,AVEMYININVIKOUMn.........YUKIDVAIP1, ?
e, (continued). le 178,050 metric tons a year, a figure closely agree:121g with the
estimate of 177,000 to of Caustic ooda prodUced by thisTrooere daring 1950. Current
plant 1nformation0 however, is inadequate, and there is no- aeouranee that this liet See-
eludes all electrolytic process plants or that eatimates of capacitioe are aecurata.
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Estimated Satellite Production of Caustic Soda
1951
. .
4t.4 ? a A.
East Germany
150,000
Poland
60,000
Czechoslovakia
55,000
Rumania
23,000
Chinas,/
14,000
Hungary
9,000
Total
2214221
01111.1.01CPX.CmiAROZaratavie.a46.n.V.717MiliftigriNI.,
aS Including only Manohuria and the
territory north of the Yellow River
but excluding the Shantung peninstla
areao
1). baigp,..cmaidos
There is no information on Soviet imparts of caustic soda from rot
Bloc sourcoe. East Germany, Csechodlovakia, and China, however, receive audh
imports, principally from Western EUrope, and some of these supplies possibly
are transshipped to the USSR. The amount of -Bloc imports from nons@loe sources,
however, is unknowns
Large but undetermined aupplien of caustic soda ars assilable in
those Western Eurppean countries which might be invaded by the USSR, Chiefly
West Germany, France, the UK, Italy? and Boagtom.
It is not believed that Western ean countries have controlled
experts of caustic soda to the Soviet Blo0.. The US, however, has placed caustic
soda (in package of over 50 pounds net) on its Positive list, and this action
has prevented direct Shipments of significant quantities of caustic soda to
the USSR from the VS. Were this restriction not in force. the USSR could at
least partiaIly satisfy its caustic soda requirements with US imports and there-
by release -engineering skills and equipment-manufacturing facilities for tho
deVelopmont of other industries.
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Both working inv ntorleaand strategic reserves of cauctioasoda aro,
. maintained in the Scvlet Union. Although believed to be sizable,. the aracunt
of these stocks is unknown*
40' St.A_Dst.ttligli.
4oda ash and caustic potash can be sUbstituted in same applidations
of caustic soda, butt in practice, use of these substitutee would not sign17
ficantly reduce the requirements for caustic sodca, Seda.ash cannot be used .
'when a strong alkali of cauaticizing action is required, and cauptie potash
cannot be substituted in large volune? because it iB produeedin muen smaller
quantities than caustic soda. TUrthermore? substitution of esuatic'potash
for eauatic soda would not be practical? -since both products re protuced in
the-same type of plant.
IV,- 1112a-1.' 2111?
Domestic industry censumes virtually the entire output of cauetie soda
in the USSR. Small exports are made to Communist China and Bulgaria,- but
the. tight Supply situation in the Soviet Bloc prevente'tho use a caustic
-
soda in waging economic warfare or in securing exsential importa. ? No study
hae been made of military consumption? 'but it 'appears that, in th event of
a general -wary the .USSR would face a serious caustic Soda ahortage even if
civilian consumption were cut to a miniMum.
Domestic Consumption in 1950 is eitimated-as follows, the ioap dhemialg
and rayon industriee being the chief users*
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Estimated Soviet Domestic Consumption of Caustic Soda IV
1950
Consumption
ilialLig-222Alt
52,000
44,000
35,000
23,000
14,000 ?
14,000
11:350
4,500
110800
67,350
br2Satigstakta
19
16
13
8
5
5
4
2
4
24
Soap ?
Chemicals
Rayon
Petroleum Refining
Lys and Cleansers
Textiles
Pulp and Paper
Reolaimed Rubber
Vegetable 011s
Metallurgy, Bleaching, Dyes,
Drugs, Food, and Others
:Total
32;Ls2g9 24212
a, The methods used in arriving at these estimates are presented in
Appendix A.
v.2sipALL.71
1. azttilAtim.
- Caustic soda reportedly is in *hart supply in the Soviet Bloc at the
present time, and, in the event of a majorwar, utilization of the stockpiles
would be neCeasary to meet essential military demands. While the supply of
this basic chemical might be sufficient to meet 'the requirements of a limited
campaign or of 4 major war of short duration, however, a major war of long
duration would demand construction of additional production facilities in order
to maintain the output of commodities essential to the War effort.
20 A111211=1,210
The Bloc imports small quantities of caustic soda fro m non-Bloo countries,
but for all practical purposes this Soviet industry in self-eufficient and not
vulnerable to economic warfare. The control* which are now exercised by the US
over export of this commodity.? however, prevent the USSR from diverting at least
mama of the induatryos resources to production of other commodities.
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No study has been made regarding the vulnerability of caustic soda
producing installations to strategic boMbing? but the bombing of a few such
key installations, :as those at Lisichansk? Slavanak, and Dereznikl in the
USSR and Schkopau and Ritterfeld in East Germany, would effectively restrict
supplies. A further restriction of caustic soda supplies would result from
the bombing of important dhemical producing centers such as Dzerihinsk and
Stalinogorsk in the USSR, where caustic soda plants probably would be "bonus"
targets. Since the size of the Soviet caustic soda stockpiles is not known,
it is impossible to state how soon the disruption of output would affect the
Soviet economy.
3- kalina4liy
Accurate knowledge of actual and potential supplies of caustic soda
would not be an indication of Soviet intentions. Unless detailed information
regarding allocations of this chemical to Soviet consumers were available, it
is doubtful Whether any conclusions concerning. Soviet Intentions could be
drawn from a study of the caustic soda industry alone.
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APPEND:a A
)20102.9LI:aptATAT.G.ZUS
ir
-EStimates of domestic consumption of caustic soda in the USSR in 1950p
presented on page 33, were made in the following manners
1. A.M.
The 1950 Plan goal for soap production in the Soviet Union ealloi
for nn output of 870p000 metric tons. Assuming fulfillment of thig
the tmount of caustic soda required WM about 520000 metric tons.
2. ZIS4257a0
-Caustic soda enters into tho mandfacture of ouch a great variety of
chemicals that it is impossible to .estimate roquiTements directly frcat
chemicals Production. Therefore-, the problem must be approaChed by. zila -in-
direct and inferior method. In the US the consumption of caustic coda in
the manufacture of chemicals from 1935 to 1939 averaged about 16 percent
of the total output of caustic soda in those years. le Assuming that a
similar percentage of the Soviet production.of caustic soda in 1950 vas con?
sumed In the manufacture of chemicals, the quantity required waa about 44000
motric tons.
3- IbiLen
Production of rayon filament yarn and staple in the USSR in 1950'is
estimated- at 77 million poundsp or 40 million pounds of filament and 37 million
pounds of staple. The quantity of caustic socla required 1,7 nbout 35400
metric tons.
4. kalsgpmal1944nep
The 1950 output of crude oil in the USSR 5_0 estimnted at tabolit 37
million metric tonsc, The quantity of caustic soda roquimil for reln,ng this
output probably was about 239000 metric tons.
50 kiLatid-,?91154a2M.
Since no figures on Sotiet production of lye and cleansers am avallable,1
tha indirect method employed in estimating the reTo.lireconts of ths acimicza.
industry it bs used in estimating. egustic scids nonsunrition In thT. US the
connumptins of cau0J..,, pc.da In the manufaoturo of .171 rad cle!tnters Prom 1935
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to 1939 averaged about 5 percent of total caustic soda production. Id If
the same percentage is applied to Soviet production in 19500 the amount of
caustic soda used in the manufacture of lye and cleanaers waa about 14,000
metric tons.
6. &Daus.
The treatAent of textiles required about 5 percent of total US pro..
duction of caustic soda from 1935 to 1939. 12, Assuming that the Soviet
textile industry required a (similar percentage, the industryls caustic soda
consumption in 1950 is .estimated at 140000 metric tons.
7. agaeende.ranez.
The Fourth Five Year Plan (1946..50). referred to the-paper industry am
follous: "The rehabilitation of the industry Shall be completed 1y.1948 and
its further development underteken, so that by 1950 the output of paper exe
ceeds the prewer level by 65 percent* provision being made for a far greater
proportionate increase in the output of highegrade bleadhed:paper." On the
basis of this information it is eatimated.that the 1950 production goal wets
1.34 million metric tone of papers but actual production is believed to have
been about 1.19 million tons., In 1940 the US produced 7.3 million tons of
paper and coneumed 710000 tons ofcaueticesoda in the manufacture of pulp
and paper. 22/ Since Soviet paper production in 1950 wee 16 percent of US
production in 19400 Soviet Caustic soda requirement in 1950 are estimated
at 16 percent of US requirements in 1940s or 110350 metric tone.
80 IRSItg12.911,80
The 1950 goal for vegetable oil production eat 00000 metric tone,
but actdal output is estimated at about 9000000 tons. Caustic mode, require-
ments for thin production are estimated at about 110800 metric tons.
9. PjelgksLaatsz.
Cauatic &oda reqoirements for the estimated Soviet output of opproxie
mately 45,000 metric tons of reclaimed raber in 1950 aro estimeted at about
4000 Metric tons.
10. 921D,
The remaining 670350 metric tons of caustic soda probably were consumed
In metallurgy; bleaching; the nanufacture of dyeaa drugs, and foods; and other
minor 1111084, A small part of this quantity may have been exported to China and
Bulgaria, but the USSR imports caustic soda from Po/and, Bumaniaa'and Ceochoe
slovakia ani possibly was a net importer in 1950.
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APPENDIX B
MEM
1. CIA working paper, 20301,1,e_404,144.241,prille JAAlict_WA., 1948.
2. INA.; FD B &aviary No. 4, auga.,16twarduzALLsz? 17 Oct 1947.
3,
4. 11-. Denisov, Coamissar of the Chemical Industry of the Soviet Union,
ARCC Bulletin No. 690, May 1948. .
6. D.avda, 18 Mar 1946.
7.
FB Summary No. 40 sst.
8. Report on War Aid Fbruiahed by the US to the USSR0 Dept. of State,
2eW1945*
9, az. 211.; State Desp. 12400 Moscow, 27 Apr 1950;
State Desp. 143, Moscow, 20 Jan 19481 Monthly EconaLc Report, Jan 1950.
10.ggeadjUse. eg,..ALciagrfp the USSR, jat.; ilarealys No. 89,
.15 Apr 1947; USSR Information Bulletin 0.20 Aug 19470
U. kiLeAllUg 902.
25X1A6a12. WDGS Report No. R-135..51. PIA 581829, 26 Jan 1951.'
' 13.
14. 9.122gal
/5, zimuutemo, Jun 1950.
16. 912/46-91A1742WabEigaa.,?&81D-Mingt
17. Dia,
VoL 51, No. 8, p. 115, 1944.
18. ma.; Consus of Forest Products, Dept of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, 1940.
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gr-B4A7E-21
PART II
IIIQ1PUSL1L1U?
Summary.
Chlorine, one of the basic inorganic chomicals eesential In the produc-
tion of many iodispeneable commodities, is believed to be in short supply in
the So let Bloc although all plants are apparently producing at near maximum
capacity. Prob;bly because of requirements of Western oountries for pressure
containers In whicif,ehlorine must be shipped, Western export controls on
chlorine haveenot been necessary, and no chlorine is known to be imported by
the Bloc. The only known. exports of the Bloc are ee-11 quantities from the
USSR to Finland, probably for use in th bleaching of wood pulp to be de-
livered to the USO
Production of chlorine in the uspa ineast from about 8,CCO metric tone
in 1917 to an estimated 220, 04 to 250,000 metric tons in 1951, equivalent to
about 12 resat of US 1950 production. Output in the Satellit untries In
1951 is estAnated t 220,000 metric tous? giving a 1951 total chlorine-output
An the Sit B1 .c of from 440,000 to 00,000 metric tons.
In the event f a major ear in the near future, construction r.f additiopal
production faciliti 0 probably would be necessary to sure enough chlorine else-
sential to the war effort. The chlorine iodumtry of the Soviet Bloc. is not
vulnerable to economic warfare, but the bombing of a limited number of ths Bice&
chlorine-producing plants and/or their power installations probably woUld ef-
fectively restrict production.
nALICtIZI
Ig IRIEW19-1192.
1, BeturtoenCjeeet?
Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas with a disagreeable odor and is ex-
tremely poisonous when inhaled in large amounts. A basic inorganic chemical,
it is used in tonnage lots for a great :variety of industrial purposes, In its
el ental state, chlorine is used in bleaching operations and in the prevention
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of dizease the sterilisation of unter supplies and wag e wastes. By far
the great r part of the chlorine produced, however, is used in the manufacture
f eh lea end-producto and chemical intermediatee? the int sdiates ing
fUrther prooessed into a wide range of and products. Some of the any out-
atanding chemical products derived from ehlorine aro tetraethyl lead, synthetic
rubber, pleptics? synthetic fibers ethylene glycol (antifreeze), picric acid,
chemical]. warfare agents and screening lass, synthetic glycerine, metal de-
greasers, solvents, dry cleaners insecticides and fungicid s iciness, sDG-
cial paints, adhesives, bleaching powder, aniline, phenol, chiorinat rubber
and aluminum chloride.
TociApipgy.
Chlorine is produced oommercially by several processee? the ost im-
portant being the brine electrolysis process, which consists of the electro-
lytic decomposition of a solution of coo0?11 salt in an electrolytic cell.; Other
methods of chlorine production include (a) electrolysis of fused chlorid s of
sodium, potassium, and magnesium, producing as coproducts etallie sodium,
potassium and magnesium, respectively, and CO the nitrosyl chloride process,
Chlorine Ilso may be produced by the oxidation of hydrochloric acid with man-
ganese dioxide or by, air in the presence of a suitabi catalyst.. This latter
methOd, however, is now outdated.
ao itek2eK122101I21RefE2i2REs
The brine electrelysis process supplies by far the great r part of
chlorine in the USSR and elsewhere in the world and, in additi n, producee
ciustic soda and hydrogen as coproducts. A purifie* saturated solution of
common salt le heated and fed to the lectrolytic coils, which, by an of
electrie current, decompoee the solution into chlorin , caustic soda,
drogen. The hot chlorine gas, as it evolves from. the anodes of these cells,
contains considerable water vapor, which is partially r oved by cooling and
id then cw,pletely removed by scrubbing with concantrat sulphuric acid in
a packed stoneware tower.
b. 1.009r....12-MV212R.
In the metallic sodium, potassium, snd magnesium processes, elec-
trolytic decomposition of the fused chloride yi lds chlorine as a coproduct in
addition to the respective metal. The chlorine -produced by electrelysis of
fused chlorides is dry and quite pure,
In the nitrosyl chloride process, chlorine and sodiun nitrate are
produced by treating salt with nitric acid, This procees has the economic ad,
vantage, peculiar cnly to the US, of producing sedium nitrate rather than caustic
soda as a poproduct of chlorine, No plants of this typo are known to he installed
in the USSR.
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The anhydrous Chlorine gas produce% by any of these processes is
either piped to adjacent installations for the manufacture of chlorinat
products or livened by compression and cooling.
Liquid chlorine is shipped toeomall consumers in steelpreesure
cylinders (84 pule at wor) of 10, 15, 25, 100, and 150 pounds 'capacity each.
Consumers of larger quantities sometimes receive cylinders of 29000 pounds
capacity on ultiple-unit flatcars. In the US the major part of the chlorin
produced is shipped in high-pressure, single-lit tank cars of 15, 30, and 55
to,s capacity each. Information =methods of chipping liquid chlorine in
the USSR is scant, but it is knoen that shipments are made in cylinders 1-ton
containers, and tank cars. It Is believed that most of the chlorine peelduc
in the Soviet Union is not liquefied but is piped as a g to adSacent instal-
lations for conversion to the desired product.
3. Liasaa_shubs4pszgaze.
The USSR has never published statistics concerning the production of
chlorine. A few scattered facts revealed by theSoviets from time to time,
however, give a general idea of the develo ant of the chlorine i ustry in
the USSR. Accerding to a Soviet ch-eical industry periodical of 1949, there
were only two Chlorine manufacturing plants in the USSR in 19/7; end a iber
of new plants for the electrochemical preparation of chlorine and ?emetic s a
were esteblished in 1930, 'an original Soviet chlorine cell being dowel?
p.
about that time. 1/0* The production from the two plants in 1917 peobably did
not exceed 8,000 metric tons per year. Apparently there Walg little developm t
in the Soviet chlorine indusetry until 1930, its backwardn es during the 1917--
30 peri ing shown by the relative sive of the US chlorine indite:try, In the
US in 1917, for ee ple, 31 plants were producing at an annual rate of eleaut
180,000 etric tons; in 1930, 38 plants ware producing approximately 330,000
metric tons per year. 2/
Detailed information on the Soviet chlorine industry from 1930 to 1940
is lacking. Estimates of output, based upon a knowledge of the eauetic soda,
caustic potash, magnesium, and sodium induetries during this period, are as
follows:
Pounds per square inch, gauge pressure.
Footnot references in arable numerals refer to sources listed in Appendix B.
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Estimated Soviet Annual Production of Chlorine
1931-40
1931-33
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
atrig.,22,g2
10,000 to 20,000
20,000 to 30,000
30,000 to 45,000
45,000 to 55,000
55,000 to 75,000
75,000 to 95,000
90,000 to 100,000
100,000 to 110,000
An interesting :check an the above estimates was provided by a US
graphite .manufacturer who calculated chlorine p. uction from shipments of
graphite. anodes from his company to the USSR during the period from 1934 to
1946. Graphite anodes are consumed in the process of producing chlorine, and
this source states that during this period his company was the sole source of
anodes purchased outside the USSR and that Soviet domestic production of anodes
was not substantial. His figures for the average annual Soviet production of
chlorine are as follows ys
Estimated Soviet Average Annual Production of Chlorine
1934,39 and 1942-46
--------
Ion Ai
kgrkd
LY-TMg9-4LWLPZ2431,9t
1934,36
53,000
1935-37
S9,000
1936-38
123,000
1937-39
104,000
1942-44
138,000
1943-45
157,000
1944-46
159,000
a. Probably short tons.
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The figures do not include chlorine production from magndsium and
sodium plants. Nevertheless for the prewar years they are reasonably ac-
curate, if somewhat high, end serve as a good cheek on the chlorine production
estimatea in this report. For the period from 1942 to 1946 the figures of the
above source are based on the assumption that all of the anod s shipped to the
USSR during those years were consumed, but this is not necessarily true. Thews
figures are believed to be too high, particularly since it is unlikely that
production increased during the war years with the destruction of the plants
. at Leningrad, Neicow? Pitkyaranta, Slavyanak, Beketovka, Stalinogorsk, Tambov,
and Zaporoshye.
Production during the VUT years is unknown and almost inpoasible to
eatimate because of such unknown factors as the capacity of the detroyed
plants, the removal and reinstallation of equipment, and the increaae of pro-
ducing in existing plants. Production estimates for 1945 of 112,000 metric
tons of caustic soda (about 82,000 electrolytic and 30,0100 lime-soda), of
about 5,000 tons of magnesium, and of about 3,000 tons of metallic sodium in-
dicate that the output of chlorine in 1945 was from 90,000 to 100?Ces tons.
The 1950 Soviet output of chlorins produced fro electrolytic caustic
soda plants is estimated at about 157,000 metric tons (as compared with an
electrolytic caustic soda production of about 177,000 tons). In addition,
about 43,000 tone of chlorine wore produced by the titanic sodium plants at
Beresniki, Chirchik, and Dserahinak; by the magnesium plants at Solikamak and
Zaporoshye; by the caustic potash .plant at Rubeshnoye; and by the lead-sodium
alloy plant at Dsershinsk.? Thus it is estimated that the total Soviet output
of chlorine in 1950 was about 200,000 metric tons, or between 190?000 and
220,000 tons. The 1951 production is estimated at from 220,000 to 250,000 tons,
although this estimate does not take into account any conetruction of new
chlorine plants on which there is little information.
Summarising, the production of chlorine in the USSR in 1917 and since
1930 is estimated as follows, using t'S production data during certain years for
comparison pinwales:
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Estimated Soviet Production of Chlorine
As Compared with US Production
1917,-193041
Tear
Soviet Production
jmetrio 2921.
US Production
1800000
330,000
Soviet Production ae
Fbrcent of
US production
.96.0
4
2
1917
1930
8,000
8,000
1931-33
10,000 to 20,000
1934
200000 to 30,000
1935
30,000 to 450000
1936
45,000 to 55,000
1937
55,000 to 750000
1938
75,000 to 95,000
1939
900000 to 1000000
1940
1000000 to 110,000
6000000
1941414
N0A0
1945
900000 to 100,000
1946
100,000 to 110,000
1947
110,000 to 120,000
1948
1200000 to 1500000
1949
150,000 to 190,000
1950
1900000 to 220,000
1,7000000
'
12
1951
220,000 to 250,000
The relatively undeveloped state of the Soviet chlorine industry as
of 1947 was disclosed in a Soviet article enUtled "PINAAems of the
Chlorine Industry in the Fourth Five Tear .an,'1 hi which stated aa
follows:
Nis believe that in the next few yearn it will be possible
to carry out in good time the recommendations made by our
specialists a long time ago to have in the Soviet Union
several installations based on the Mrcury method.."
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Ihus it ie apparent that in 1947 the USSR had no installations for
production of chlorine by the mercury method of electrolysis. It is
reported, however, that a mercury cell plant, allegedly-built with
dismentled German equipment, was put into operation at aserzhinsk about
May 1949. g/ Other information confirm o this report and further states
that, at the end of 19480 dbaut 120 dismantled Carman mercury *ells were
eent from Dzerzhinsk to Moscow and that:, a feweeeks later, about 100 more
were sent from Dzershinsk to the eastern part of the USSR? 6/ Therefore,
at least tuee more mercury cell plants may be in operation in the USSR.
The Soviet article quoted above also revealed that the outstanding
weakneeses of the Soviet chlorine industry in 1947 were lack of skill in
operation and meintenamce of plants, shortege of graphite anodes and
Shipping containers, poor quality of asbestos paper ueed in diaphragm cells;
and insufficient production of liquid chlorine? In addition, the aeticle
implied that expansion of the chlorine industry was limited by th
availability of electric power as well as by the lack of demand for chlorine,
indicating that the Soviet organic chemical industry was not well-developed?
These and other comments in this article are proof of the backward etate'
of the Soviet ehlorine industry in 19470
ImeLavarmlonta.
a, Raw Materials.
Salt ie the palm:met-raw material required for the production of
chlorine and is found in abundance in many localities in the USSR,
Sufficient supplies are available for expension of the chlorine tadustrye
The amount of each principel raw material required for the
manufaoture of approximately 200,000 metric tons of chlorine during 1950
was about as fellows:
Salt (Sodium Chloride) 4/
Soda Ash (for Brine Purification)
Sulphuric Acid (660130)
Metric Tont
370,000
40400
3.8000
a. A relatively small quAntity of potasalum chloride
mas undoubtedly sUbstituted for some of the sodium
chloride in order to produce caustic potaah rather than
caustic soda-
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ow we Am eel wva
be Mei/ and lyeeer,
Ineotricity is the principal Romer required for the production of
chlorine? Because of the large quantities of electeicity required, any
significant increase in chlorine production must be accompanied by a
coeresponding increase in electric power supply. About 650 million
kilowattehours of electricity were required in 1950 for the manufacture of
approximately 2000000 metric tons of ehlorine,
In order to calcu/ate fuel raquiremente0 a detailed study to
determine how much of the electric weer is supplied by hydroelectric
plenty aed houemuch by therm/ power plante uould be necoaserye
o0
- No effort has been nsde to date to determine transport reqeirements
tor thie industry, As stated previously., chlorine must be Shipped imepressure
container? (tank *ore, leton coetainers on multiple-unit flatcars, or
cylindere of varying capacities), Soviet transport requirementa for the
Chlorine induetry probably are smalls in it is believed that nose .of.
the chlorine produced is net liquefied but is piped as a gaa to adjacent
installations for coneersion to other chemieel producte,
de Es:?pter,
. No effort has been mad e to elate to determine neepouer requirements
or supplies for the Soviet chlorine induntrye As in all chemical p1ants0
however, !ampouler requirements ere comparatively mane A limited number
of. skilled workera and technical perscene10 believed to be available,
ere required. for thie industry,
III. Availebklitieqp
10 Daneltic "...reduction..
As previously stated, Soviet estimated chlorine production ranged
from 1:903000 to 220g000 metric tons in 1950 and gram 220,000 to 250,000
metric tons in 19510 WIth Satellite production estimated at 220,000
metric tone for 1951, tho total supply of chlorine amenable to the Bloo
Roe 1951 is estimated at fram 4400000 to 4700000 metric tons. It is
bele rod that ti e suppZy does not at preeent fully cover needa.
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Although available information on the individual Soviet chlorine
plants is inadequate, their location and capacities are estimated
as follows:
Location and Estimated Capacities of Soviet Chlorine Plante
Location
Northweet
Arkhangelek
EhISO
Kotlas
Leningrad'
Pitkyaranta
South
Plant
Metric Tone per Year
Csacity
Solombalski Cellulose Combine
Paper and Cellulose Plant
Cellulose Combine
Okhtinski Chemical Combine
Celluloee Plant
5,000
3,500
50000
5A500
1,600
Rubezhnoye Rubezhaneky Chemical Combine 5?000
Slavyansk Krasny Khimik or Slavsoda 5,000
Plant
ZaporoZhyto Magnesium Plant 14,000
Tranecaucaeus.
Sumgait .N.A0 60600
Yerevan Kirov Synthetic Rubber Plant 5,,400
y2kal
Chapayevek Chemical Plant No. 102 9,800
Beketovka Chemical Plant No 91 300000
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location and Estimated Capacities of Soviet Chlorine Plants
(Continued)
4.161X011616.0.1.13.2..R.S.
Location
Central Industrial
Dzerzhinsk
Dzorzhinek
MOsoow
Stalinogorsk
Tambov
Urals
Berezniki
??
Solikamak
West Siberla
Temsk
Kazakhstan
Chirchik
Plant
/Istria Tons per Year
.10410.0.0...111.5.?
Kalinin Plant
(Krebe Cell Installation)
Plant Noo 96 (Stray)
Vorce Cell Installation
Mercury Cell Installation
Lead.sodium Alloy Cell
Installation
. Sodium Cell Installation
Ugreshskiy Chemical Plant
Stalin Chemical Combine
Krasny Oktygbr Powder Factory
'Veroshilov Chemical Combine
--Siemene.Billiter Plant
Sodium Plant
Carnallite-Magnesium Plant
9.2219.M
5,400
9,000
71,500
6,500
1,500
50400
6,000
9,000
30,000
.
3,000
140000
Princess Oagarin Chemical Warfare 1,200?
Plant
Stalin Electrochemical Combine 10500
(Sodium Plant)
East Si ria
Usolye Chemieal Plant Noo 97 '292ao
TOtal 98 492 W
17-ErrEfkae checks closely with the statistioally derived 1950 production
figure of from 190,000 to 2200000 tons, As etated previously0 however, the
plant information is inadequate, and there is no assurance that the above
lint includes all of the plants or that the capacities listed aro accurate.
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Estimated Soviet chlorins capacity by region is given in the
following tablet
Estimated
OISMAMINOtt
Soviet Chlorine Capacity by Region
ntity
Northwest
2oa600
West
South
24,000
Southeast
Transcauoasus
12,000
Volga
39,800
Central Industrial
50,300
Urals
47,000
West Oiboria
1,200
Kazakhstan
1,500
East Siberia
2,200
Soviet Far East
0
Total
12.8A...00 il
Sum total of estimated plant capacities.
Percent of Total
10.
0
12
0
6
20
25
24
1
1
1
100
2d Ext nal Sources,,
Satel4tello
It is estimated that chlorine will ba produced in the Satellite
eountries in the following quantities during 1951:
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e.g. Wm +1m 'Am mrn mM
Ccumtrv
Metrp Tens.
Best Germany
1562000
Czechoslovalda
400000
Poland
8s000
Rumania
6,000
Hungary
52000
Bulgaria
0
Manchuria
1,000
North China
4013oo
Teta
b, Non-Bloc Countrles,
Controls on exports of chlorine from Western countries have
not boon necesnery, probably because it is not feasible for these
countries to ship ohlorine in view of Western requirements for the preesure
containers in which chlorin? must be transported? This would explain
largely whys deapite the short aupply within the Soviet Bloc, no chlorine
is known to be imported There are %totem export controls, howovers on
chlorine-derived products *doh are important militarily to the Soviet
Blocs sereh aa chlorates, perchloratess phenols, chlorbonsenes, anilines
aluminum? chlorides ailiconos, and freone,
Accurate knowledge of the chlorins auppliea available in
European countrlea Which Bdght be occupied by tho USSR is not available
since this would be based largely on a study of the chlo du
rine instry 511
Western Europe Which has not yet boon completed. Reliever', large
quantities are known to be available in West Germany, Franco,' England,
Italys Belgium, and other European countries?
3. .....gaStstmiles?
Because of the large requirements for high-pressure tank storage
facilitios? it can be-assumed that there aro ILO reaerves of chlorine in
the Soviet Blocs with the exception of a relatively small quantity in the
industrial pipeline*
4. Substitutes,
There are no economical substitutes for chlorine in its principal
app time,
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I170
19 Domestic.
Little information is available concerning the distribUtion of
chlorine among consuming industries in the USSR. Since about one.shalf
of the chlorine produced goes into the manufacture of chemical
intermediates and products about utlich no quantitative information is
available regarding Soviet production, it is impossible to arrive at an
accurate consumption pattern? With a few exceptions0 it has been necessary
to make some broad assumptions in order to estimate the distribution of
Chlorine among Soviet chemical industries for 19500 This distribution is
given in the following table, the methods used to calculate this distribution
being described in Appendix A:
Estinmted Chlorine Consumption by Induatry in the ussa
1950
aspil.1192.1t1010.11.1"..114..2011....tisalpmnsceelsr?allonIMAMPIMNOMIrnevatIelatealleprOglaptIgalpfternin~....???miteasiSN,
Quantity
PA W.1 2m).
..........--lM ...........
Percent of
MTotal
?Rifaw...16.9MEISPIDUSW,SAII04111.
Organic Chemicals
100,000
511, 0
Bleaching Compound
200011V
10,0
? Pulp and Paper
Textiles and Cellulose
22,000
10,000
11.0
500
Sanitation
7,000
305
Bromine
50000
205
Aluminum Chloride
5'000
205
Synthetic Hydrochloric Acid
2,0000
2,0
Miscellaneous
29,000
4405
Total .ELso La/
100.0
The above table includes all Soviet chlorine requirements9
Information is lacking on which to estimate civilian needs as opposed to
militarye In the event of a general war, however, the USSR undoubtedly
will suffer a considerable shortage of chlorine? Chlorine now allocated
? for bleaching and for the manufacture of non:cadential products would be
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diverted 'to the manufacture of explosives (picric acid), chemical
warfare agents, screening smokes, and other military uses.
2? INFiee)
Small quanttties of chlorine are believed to have been exported
during 1950 to Finland, Bulgaria, and Hungary. In 1948 and in tho first
halt of 1949 the USSR reportedly eepeeted 583 awl 790 metric tons of
chlorine, respectively, to Finland. No data on exports are avellable for
the speond half of 1949 or for 1950. The purpose of these shiestente of
chlorine to Finland ie thought to be for the bleaching of wood pulp for
-delivery to the USSR. Quantities of chlorine exported to Tungary and
Bulgaria aro not known but are believed to be eaall.
Requirements for hienepronsure storage tank facilities and the limited
supply or chlerire in the USSR eakeit very unlikely that chloriee would
heueed by the Soviete either for economic warfare purposes or even for
export treeecure eseential imports.
VQ E1241talottleese Irgnerabilitiesa and Intentions.
aaabilities.
The supply of chlorine available to Soviet Bloc- countriete during
1951 will amount to on emtimated 440,000 to 470&000 metric toner,. or only
about 26 to 28 percent of the 1950 production in the US. Chlorine is
believed to be in short supply in the Soviet Bloc at the present time, and2
in the event of t major war, civilian and nonoesential industrial 11446
vould ha me to be elieetnated in order to meet military requirements. While
the supply of this basic chemical might be eufacient to moot the
requirements of a limited caepaign or of a major war of ;Short duration, it
is believed .that a major war of long duration ueuld require construction
of additional production facilitioe in order to avoid limitation of
production tangential to the military effort.
2. Vtamerabilities
?eiwiramwaro.,"MaiMaaavear..?
An chlorine ie not imported into the Scviet Bloc, restriction of
supplies throuel the use of economic; warfare is not possible. Eepension
in the USSR of thie industey is being retarded, ho'', by the Weetern
enbargo on exports of ehlorineeprodueing equipment.
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No studies have been made regarding the vulnerability of the
chlorinoproducing installatione to -strategic bombings but it is believed
that the bombing of a limited number of important installations arid/or of
their power plants would effectively restrict production of chlorine?
Thin would have an almost immediate effect on chlorine aupplies, since it
is not practically possible for the Soviet Bloc to maintain stockpiles of
chlorine or of all chlorine-derived ohemicale essential for military use?
30 Intentions*
UMINGIMMLIMILOONOWISH
It is unlikely that any conclusions regarding Soviet intentions
could be drawn front the operation of the chlorine industry unless detailed
information regarding allocations of chlorine to Soviet consumers were
available?
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1?atmiHE
APPENDIX A
METHOD OF IISTIMAila2125.9.__RAUZMO IN TOK.USM
The estimated 1950 chlorine consumption by industry in the USSR as given
in a table on page 30 is repeated as follows:
Estitated Chlorine Consumption by Industry in the USSR
1950
?
Quantity
.ft.t112.3.%121
ARAft :rat' 1,
Emmt....aUsts1,
Organic Chemicals
100,000
50.0
Bleaching Ccmpound
20,000
1000
Pulp and Paper
22,000
2100
Textiles and Cellulose '
10,000
5.0
Sanitation
Bromine
7,000
5,000
3.5
2.5
Aluminum Chloride
5,000
2.5
Synthetic Hydrochloric Acid
2,000
1.0
Miscellaneous
29,000
14.5
Total
MEP
? The following method wee used to reach an estimate for each induotry.
.11re-gbilgrega,.
The organic chemicals industry in the USSR is the largest eenelemar
of chlorine. The principal ehlorine-derived organic chemicals are an
fellows
a. Ethylene glycol, the principal antifreeze motor coolant.
b. Carbon tetrachloride, a solvent and the raw material used for
DDT and Freon.
e. Chlorinated benzenes, used as intermediates for dyes, synthetic
phenol, medic1eel80'14gh-preesure lubricants* moth replalants, ete.
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d. Dichlorethane, trichlorethane, trichloroethylenes
tretrachloroethylenes perchloroethylene? haxechlorethanee
solvents for motel degreasing vegetable oil extractions etc,
e. Ethyl chloride, ueed in the Immeufacture of tetreetbyl lead,
f. Vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride; which are monomers
for production of plastics and synthetic rubber,
go Many other chevicals, dyes, chemical warfare agents, sareeningt
smokees plastics, etc,
? At present an accurate calculation of the chlorine consomed.in tha
manufacture of the above producta in the USSR is impossible, The following
statement mads in a Soviet chemical industry periodica/0 however, shade
some light on this sdbject end allows an approximate-estima . to bo mode
of the quantity of chlorine going into the manufacture of organic chemical*:
"The purrent Five Tear Plan calls for the use of h5 to 50
porcent of the total our of chlorine by the organic
synthesis industry,"
. Therefore, &wourniug that 50 percent of the Soviet chlorine pr duction
during 1950 was consumed in the manufacture of organic chomicels? the
qeantity allocated for this purpose would have been approxtmatnly 10(4000
metric tone,
2, Bleachiev eqmateele
In the US in 19489 ?appro:dziatoly 28,500 metric tons of chlorine,
dr about 2 percent of total outputs were consumed in the meaufacture of
codium hypo,chlorite and bleaching pouliar, Of It ie believed that the -
percentage of chlorine Deed to -produce ble'aching carepeunds in the USSR
probably is considerably higher than the percentage used foe thio pur*me
in the US, principally booeueo of the lack of adeqeate Soviet facilitieo
for producing liqeid chlorine and else because of the Shortage of liquid
ch/orine transportation facilities', It in probable that tho 1950 Soviet
consumption of chlorine for the purposes amounted to about 10 percent of
Soviet total produc:tion? or about 20,000 metric tone.
30 POI-10 eset_
About 1501000 short tons? or 136000 me-ric on o, Io'in wze
consumed in the US during 19h0 in the manufattaro of pulp and parer, 9
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In Part I-of this report (The Caustic Soda Industry in the USSR) it was
estimated that the 1950 production of pulp and paper in the USSR was about
16 percent of the 1940 production in the US, About 22,003 tons of chlorine,
or Shout 11 percent of the estimated total production, therefore, was
consumed by the USSR during 1950 for the manufacture of pulp and paper.
It, a..k..21tha...11stiaseuud eta.. _Levu
In the US in 1937, about 5 percent of the total chlorine production
was consumed by tbe textile industriesory Assuming that the textile
and cellulose enterprises in the USSR du. ng 1950 consumed 5 percent of
the total production, the quantity allocated for these purposes was about
10,000 tons.
5. Sanitation.
In the US in 1946, about 48,000 metric tons of chlorine were
consumed in the sterilization of water supplies and &wag e wastes. 2/ This
repreeented about 3.5 percent of the total production. Assuming that
Soviet consumption of chlorine during 1950 for sanitation purposes amounted
to 3.5 percent of production, the quantity consumed for the purposes
was about 7,000 tone.
6. Broraince
In the US in 19481 about 32,000 metric tons of chlorine wore
consumed in the manufacture of bromine. 12/ This amounted to about 205
percent of total output. Assuming the same percentage for the USSR, the
quantity of chlorine consumed for the manufacture of broeine during 1950
wee about 5,000 tens.
7. Aluminamt Chloride.
In the US in 1944, approximately 32,800, metric tone of chlorine IMO
coneumed in the manufacture of aluminum chloride, which is used principally
as a catalyst for petroleum refining.;1/ Crede oil 'output in the USSR
during 1950 wee estimated at about 37, million metric tons, which was
about 15 percent of the US 1944 output of approxlMately 240 million metric
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tons. Aesuming, therefore, that the production of aluminum chloride in
the USSR during 1950 wee about 15 percent of the US 19414 production, the
consumption of chlorine for this purpose in the Soviet Union during 1950
was about 5,000 tens, or about 2,5 percent of the estimated total chlorine
production.
80 ..E......ja-e2StheticlehlocAairld0
In the US in 19480 approximately 9,500 metric tone of chlorine
were consumed in the manufacture of synthetic hydrochloric acid* :42/
This repreeented about 0,7 percent of the betel production. Azsum ng that
Soviet consumption ,of chlorine for the manufacture of synthetic hydrochloric
acid during 1950 amounted to 1 percent of total production, the quantity
coneumed for this purpose was about 2,000 metric tone.
90 Miscellaneous.
The remaining 1405 percent of 1950 production, or 29,000 metric
tone, probably Wee consuMed.in the recovery of metals from their ores, in
the detinning and dosincing of scrap metals, in the manufacture of
metallic and other inorganic chlorides, in chlorinated rubber, military
poieon gazes, and screenieg ioke, and in numerous other uses. Small
but undetermined quantities are believed to have been exported to Finland,
Hungary, and Bulgaria.
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CONFIDE UAL
?ruc.V?"
APFENDIXB
'SOURCES
25X1A2g L0 A digest from lZhurnal Prikladnoy Ehimii," Vol. xra,
2. The Chlor-Alkali Industry in :the United Stateet bY R. L. Murran,
25X1A2g
h.
50 11M0S Intelligence Rpt., RZ7182-50, 10 February 1950, CIA 446321.
60 WDOS,Intelligence Rpt., RT-126-50? 214 March 1950, CIA 451023,
25X1A2g 5 October 1948, Future Development of Oe 9,rg._..RPtImq,14F.
IplaatED Ehimicheakaya Pro1yiaiTnnost176; 12;1:04767
80 The ChlorwAlkali InAmyLln tho United States) by R. Lo Murray-, October 1949.
9. Materials Handbook 211121101, War,Froduction Board.
10. The Chlor-Alkali Induetrxjn the United State
urtassit7M97---w-- by R, L. Murray$
11. Chlorine and Alkali Diviaion, ,11a.r Production Board.
MUM,
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