THE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS IN THE USSR

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• Publication Date: April 30, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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14.6CA.
SECURITY INFORMATION
PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS IN THE USSR
CIA/RR PR-14
30 April 1952
29.tga
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do riotnecessaril7 represent the final position of
(1911 and should be regarded az provisional only and'
subject to revision. Additional data or comments
which maybe available to the user are solicited.
This report contains infonnation available to MR
as of 1 February 1952
WARRING
This material contains information effecting the
natAcmal defense of the United States within the
meaning of the espionage law., Title 18, USC, Secs.
793 ral4 794, the transnission or revelation of
whith ta any manner to an mauthorized person is
prohibited by law,
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
(Trice of Research and Reports
-NT NO.
NO GHt N CLASS. n
V DECLASS..-
,voilograf
CLA53. CHANGE TS
Nr.X1- REVIEW DATE:
AUTH:i H.
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COINFIDENTINg
aga?,qap?,
Sumary
. M 00000000?
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I,,
Soviet Manpower Policy is S0
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1.
Prewar Developments . 0
01,
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2.
3.
Effects of World War 11 4,
Postwar Trends .
0, e
d
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II, Nomber and Distribution of Workers
By Region , ? , ?
2, In Industry by Region ,
3., By Sector of the Economy
III, Megnpay of %Mbar end Distribution
IV, Probable Developments ,
Appendix A,
Appendix B,
ApDendix
of Workers
twavittom
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is I 9-
k.10 0 0 D 0 0
is 0 e 9is 'is
0 4 0 0 4' 5 0
Adjustment of Statistics Due to Anistrative
Boundary Changes in the USSR
0 ur
Method of Estimating the Number of Workers
in the USSR
, Sources, ?.
o
US5R:i EexinaMic Region in 1934, 1937, and 1951 ?
Aggt
1
2
2
7
8
10
10
11
12
14
15
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18
31
T933 yIng_Eoza
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(CRR Project 8751)
SECURITY INFORMATION
THE DISTRIBUTION magns Tupluma
Since 1932 the implementation of Soviet manpower policy-has succeeded,, in.
alone of the interruption of World War II, in increasing the total number of
workers in the USSR by an eetimated 70 percent, to 39,200,000, and in almost
doubling the number of those in industry, to roughly 15t255,000,* Although
by 1942 the war had reduced the number of civilian workers to below the 1932
level, it gave impetus to the movement eastward of industry and of population,
em that the labor force in the Urals, Central Asia, and Siberia is now more
than twice as large as in 1934,
There is no general shortage of Soviet workers, but shortages of certain
types of skilled personnel and shortages in specific areas exist, Current
goals, however, appear to have been met, and goals previously established for
the end of the Fourth Five Year Plan in 1950 have been exceeded,
In the nee feu years, under present conditionsi, the number of Soviet
workers will grow less rapidly than in the pt 5 years. Greater mechaniza-
tion of induetrial production would permit increased productien without com-
parable increasee in employment and may result in an actual decrease Addi-
tional personnel could be directed into other types of employment,
The prineipal concentrations of Soviet workers at present arc. lit heavy
industry and transport, Although from 1946 to 1951 the bulk of new workers
In the USSR went into industry? construction, transport, and State agri-
culture, there axe indications that an increasing proportion of new workere
is going into other sectors of the econmaye On the other hand, the trends
in the distribution of Soviet workers by area will continue with little change
other than slight deviations resulting from particular projects
* The teem werkegg, as.used in this report refers to the Soviet categor7 of
voekers and employ:pee (including engineering-technical personnel) (27abac4Axr,
_,:vziwIctimL,J,,,ipaibtavrAT-tvlaystookivrtobodpul) -7 those employed in the
estienel eeonmey byelielstriee and other governeent organs, including thoos in
State agriculture, The term letkers does not ieclede collective farm personnel
or thane coming under the category of plve_laboz,
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Jo UtAnginr PAW
Soviet manpower policy has developed as an integral part of the program
for industrialization and for development of natural resources, Basically,
this policy-has aimed at controlled acceleration of industrialization and
urbanization and of the previously existing trends of migration to the east
ona.' north.
ItttifiT-ThEER12U2Nata-
Sov1et panning of the migration of population and labor began in
1925. Through several changes ,in tdministrative responsibility, the tech..
niques of population redistribution were elaborated, including monetary slqd
other Ancentives end various forms or coercion Early remults wore not
sntirely satisfactory, In 1936 the Ministry of Interns"! Affairs assamea
responsibility for migration end intensive central direction of migyation
follouod in 1938 with the Third Five Year Plan 1,19384.2. During the
oourse of thia Plan a total of 5 million farme-rs wevo to be available to?
resettlement, of whom 3.5 million were to be transferred from rural to non-
agricultural employment, leaving 1.5 million for agricultural resettlement
F.,astuard migration in the USSR before 1939 did not inclode no laroe
a nnmber of agricultural settlers ns uas intended The lack of voluntarT
nigrants undoubtedly was partially offset by farmers who were removed from
wt to at durmg collectivization, During the Third Five Year Plan
k1938-42) the Far East economic region*** wan to have its ecorayy gIven
?co
* Arnong the inducements offered :eor agricultural re2ott1eammt were the
followingz credit for personally owned goods left Nthind (provisions, equip-
1-Aent, and livestock) and a supply of comparable goods at the new location;
cancellation of tax debts and offer of tax eyemptions; free or reduced cost
of transport; orodits for construction and repair; and, where possible,
'no :wing and barno. Induatrial resettlement inducement:3 incltded dilforential
op,g.zo. special social services, and transportaton_
'* Pootnote refereacos in arabic numerals refer to sources listed in
Appendix C.
For the purposes of this repay.t, the USSR has b en divided into 12
w.lonomic regionn as indicated on the map following p, 17 This man
(CNA 12163, Feb 1952), entitled 9.73SR4 Economic Regions in 1934, 1937, and
1951," bad been-eeveloned from a map (CIA, 12048. Sep 1951) shoulrg the ocononfio
cegions in tha USSR based on an outline eontaill,13 in the article "3ntsgrated
Development of Economic Regions during the Fourth Five Year Plan" by
Yu: G. Saushlrin Y91.V9,AY-PIPigiN4g, 3eowd Sruposiva, 1946 For convenience,
oconom3c regions wiB. be referred to holoeforth in this report as regions
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preater balance? Two hundred thousand industrial workers and 600,000 agri-
culturalworkers accompanied by their families, were to be sent to the Far
East and East SiLeria regions, Workers tor the Far East region were to -be
recruited* tram the Tatar, Chuvash, and Mbrdov ASSRIs and from the Fursk,
Tambov, end Kirov oblasts. Approximately 2 million collective farmers mere
available for resettlement from the Central and 'Volga regions-, which contain
the above administrative divieions, 3/
The achievements of Soviet policy in accelerating industrialization
end the trends of migration to the east and north is shown by the different
rtes of increase by region in the nuMber of workers from March 1934 to ?
Parch 1935, These rates of increase are shown in Table 1,**
* in order to eliminate competition among the various ministries or-enter-
priF;ea in figelvirig workers, each Elnistry was assigned special ?blasts in
yhich to, recruit The fish industry, for example, could recruit only in the
Erasnodar kray and in the Stalingrad and Saratov oblasts 4/ Freviously,
labor had been recruited by amterprises from klub= (collective farms) in
yurroynding areay? with wasteful competition resulting, Since a large pro-
portion (66 percent in 1938) of the labor drawn into indimMmr from collective
farms remained in the same oblast, there. was a large labortmnovr resulting
fram the_ tendency to return to the farm, This tendency increas4d the draft
ppoi older industrial areas for the labor supply for new ones, 5/
Table 1 follows on p, 4.
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Table 1
Number of Workers in the USSR by Region. ?,/
1934-35
IIRWIp9=0150,....J.e.YeekMayggItartsiVIY2,17.0.1.10
1042(? 29.2Lk/
,...snmaand warjaral_
1935 as
r..12Matal,2-9X-/Wik
North
2,456
2,584
1.052
West
518
563
1,087
South ?
4,336
4,511
1M40
Earth Caucasun
1,177
1,-,272
1,080
Transcancasue
755
792
1,048
Volga
1,052
1,169
1,111
Central
69383
6,863
1,078
Urals
1,780
2,050
1,152
West Siberia
1,030
11,038
1.005
Central Asia
1,101
1 246
-a, '
1,132
East Siberia
556
602
1,083
Fax East
301
493
/,637
Totel 214.445. gi
a, The most recent Soviet -data available showing the distribution by the they,
administrative areas of the workers in the USSR are for March 1935 and of the
industrial labor force for January 1936. 2/ By 1935 the violence of collectivisa-
tion and the resultant waves of vo/untary and forced migration bad. diminished,
The rapidity of the growth of the nonagricultural labor force had lessened, rea-
salting in. a lower rate of labor turnover and migration, g/ ? Ebreover? by 1935
the accuracy of Soviet statistical reporting is believed 'to have improved,
Thereforelthe increnees by region in the number of workers from March 1934 to
March 1935 provide a reasonably good measure of their differential rates of
increase, Some difficulty was encountered, however, in comparing different
years because of the changes in oblast and other administrative boundariefa
Adjustments were made wherever data would. permit (see Appendix A),
These figures differ from the publiehed data because of adjustments for
boundary changea, incomplete distribution as shown in published data, and
c. .Toundl4g,
The 1935 total as a percentage of the 1934 total wan 1a081,
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Under the First Five Year Plan (1928-32) the nuMber of workers in the USSR
gtha rapidly, increasing from 11.6 million in 1928 to 23.7 million in 1930
and to 27 million in 1937... As the unemployed and surplus farm labor resources
decreased after 1932, the rate of growth diroinished, Employment in heavy
industry increased from 26,7 percent of all Soviet workers in 1928 to 30.9
percent in 1937, 2/ and training of personnel for heavy industry was given
great amphasis. In 1930, graduates from technical colleges and higher
technical sehools of the Ministry of Heavy Industry represented 41J per-
cent of those graduating from all colleges and higher technical schobls.
This proportion, however, declined to 34.2 percent in 1935, ly
The percentage increases frau 1934 to 1936 in Soviet employment in
large-scale industry by region as shown in Table 2. reflect the gover.n4lezit's
emphasis on the developmekt of heavy industry,. Table 3** shows the number of
Soviet workers in selected sectors of the econav7 under the Second (1933-37)
and. Third (1938-42) Five Year Plamool
Table 2
Percentage Increases in Soviet EMployment
in Large-scale Industry A/ by Region ag/
1934-36
116M.819.101411111.10.9,1140=1....-
41111[VVIR???.0.111111114.11.0?1.
1935 as
bacm.lomPl_12:3A hi
196 as
frAttIRS.L0-2,C-1.9
North
1,083
1,079
West
1.190
1,105
South ?
1,108
1,113
North. Caocaaus
1,125
1,095
Transcaucesue
1,136
1,048
Volga
1,222
1,176
Central
1.121
1,222
Urals
1,112
1?079
West Siberia
1,023
1,071
Central Asia
1,214
1.101
East Siberia
1,311
1.383
Far East -
1,542
1,097
a, Large-scale by
11 The 1935 total
c, The percentage
annual rate,
cL The 1936 total
Soviet definition,
an a percentage of the 1934 total was 1,112,
increases from Nkweh 1935 to January 1936 oaavd to
as a percentage of the 1935 total. was 1,12,
See labia iv note b.
** Table 3 follows on p.
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Table 3
NuMber of Soviet Workers in Selected Sectors of the Economy
under the Second and Third Five Year Plans
1932, 1937, 1942
nhailt
1937 as ?elven- 1942 as Percen-
-tetgEekt-193 tAlgt-q11.14ale
Total Exployment
22t,942,,8
26,989,5
32,000
117.64
118,6'
Industry
7,999.8
10,111,7
11,899
126.30
117.7
Construction
2,835,1
2-,023,2
1,829
71,40
90e4
Rail Transport
1,296.6
1,512,2
1,700.
116,70
112,4 '
Water Transport
145,5
179.5
230
123.40
128.1
Other Transport
598,5
1,092.1
1,735
182,40
158,9
a, Actual employment.
b,. Planned employment.
It will be seen by comparing the increases in total employment by region in
Table 1 with the percentage inereases in industrial employment in Table 2
that in every case, except the Urals and Far East regions, induotrial employ-
ment was increasing at a greater rate, notably in the Volga, Central Asia,
and East Siberia regions. Diminution of the rate of increase in industrial
eaployment from 1934 to 1936 appears in all regions except the South, West
Siberia, and East Siberia.
An evaluation of the achievements in increasing and redistributing the
number of workers in the USSR from 1936 to the beginning of World Wei IT must.
be made on the basis of ecattered data. It is clear, however, that by 1941
the Soviet goverment had succeeded in considerably expanding industry in the
Urals and West Siberia regions, The degree of 'success in inducing mlgration
to the East Siberia and Far East regions after 1938 is less certain, but it
can be partielly gauged by a compavison of population figures of these two
regions for the years 1933 and 1939, 11/ It is evident, neverthelese, that
the greater part of Soviet industry still was in those areas of the Enropean
USSR that were edbsequently invaded or threatened by invasion, Employment data
for territory added to the USSR by January 1941 (see Appendixes A and 131) are
included in the figures in Table 4?* giving the estinated number of vorkers in
the USSR by region as of 1 January 1941.
Table 4 followo
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Table 4
Estimated Number of Soviet Workers by Region
1 January 1941
rIPUEtOVMIXINPPPwpaw....o.W....I.?M.R.V.Wsif?w.a?teromga.olr..4ra.m.
Thawmael Warkgrk
gDAUDWELPMa2MIDg
North
3,000
1,160
West
10800
585
South
7,100
2,450
North Caucasus
1,600
394
Transcaucasus'
900
240
Volga
1,350
Central
8,400
3,W0
Urals
2,900
936
West Siberia
1,350
440
Central Asia
1,600
386
East Siberia
900
265
Far East
600
130
Total
2, Zamtau14:14:2x1dliar..;;,.
World War II gave considerable impetus to the eastward movement of
Soviet Industry and population, Workers, particularly -in the more highly
skilled categories, were evacuated with their factories in order to escape
the German invasion, The balance of the movement eastward also consisted
largely of urban population. These refUgees were absorbed into the armed
forces and civilian employment in the areas to Which they fled, Although
no accurate data are available, estimmtes from several eources indicate that
the nub er of persons evacuated from the areas of the USSR which were later
occupied by Germany, including the recently annexed torr1t3ry0 amounted to
about 10 yvi1lio /
Beginning in the second half of 1940, civilian labor IATIC mobilized
by a series of decrees:, Those already employed were held to their jobs, and
highly ekilled and technical labor was subject to comaulsory transfer, The
State labor reserve school system was inatituted for the recruitment and
training of young workers. From 1940 to 1945 these achools trained 2,5
million pernonsa 11/ The Conmittee for Registering and RedistribetAng Labor
Forces was entablished, through which those oersons of working ege not already
eapleyed were drawn into the labor force, In 1943 alone, 7,6 million
porsone were recruited, 12/
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As a result of mobilization into the armed forces and losses from
occupation of territory by the Germans, the nuMber of Soviet workers fell
from 31,5 million in 1941 to 18.5 million in 1942, actrally below the num-
ber of workers in 1932, given in Table 3 as 22,9 minion, By 1943, however,
the number increased to 19.6 million. Industrial personnel did not decrease
proportionately, because of deferment and recruitment policies, Industrial
personnel constituted 35 percent of all Soviet workers in 1941 cnd 39 percent
in 1943. la/ Table 5 shows the number of uorkers by region in 1943, irt.
dicating both total and industrial employment.
Table 5
Estimated Number of Workers by RIZ in Territory Held by the USSR ni
41141POWIRORITOMO.Rial.f..80.
North
North Caucasus
Transcaueasus
6,19111P1.1,11...d....?1044[1,
17.sdagagnmoIL
1,600
400
700
Thousmelaikkail
,teria2._4,p2.?,21roggt
600
100
ZOO
Volga
1 566
545
Central
6,200
2,800
Urals
3,944
1,544
West Siberia
1,660
754
Central Asia
1,712
594
East Siberia
1,100
350
Far East
700
200
Total
svpondix B3,
1,2422,.
The number of Soviet workers increased by 10 million from 1943 to
1946, surpassing the prewar level in 1946
3- ToWsm.amia,
Developments in the distribution of Soviet manpower since World War II
have been conditioned by reconstruction requirements in the territories formerly
occupied by Germalv, Emphasis .has continued, nevertheless, on the further
develoynent oto economy, especially in Siberia and the Far Eastern usaL
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In order to increase the centralization of control of the allocation
of labor in the USSR, the Ministry of Labor Reserves was created in 1946, 13/
and migration administrations were attached to Union Republican Councils of
Ministers. The Ministry of Labor Reserves asemmed the functions of the war--
tieo Committee for Registering and Redistributiag Labor Forces end o the
State labor reeerve echool system. Territorial redistribution cf labor is
achieved chiefly through the assignment of State labor reserve etudents end
through the recruitment by the Finistry of Labor Reserves of contract workers
for induetries in the Urals and for other industrial centers in Siberia
and Far East regions. The European oblasts generally have not needed an
influx of labor from other areas. Some of these oblast i, even those which
had been occupied, still had an agricultural population surplus to transfer
to other oblasts. ?Q/
The econeaic privileges for the newly recruited Soviet uorkere also
'were increased, iacluding free transportation at the senenee of the hiring
enterprises, allowances and food while in transit, /ump sum assistance for
la,rkors and ferules, loans for housieg construction, and free production-
technical training, The lump sem7 grants varied according to the indueti7
concerned, the location of the enterprise, and the length of thn contract
signed, 21/ The also were tax privilegee for members of families of
collective farm workers employed ender contract in industry, Femilies of
those working in coal mines, for ememple, were exempted from 50 percent of
the agricultural tax, Wage differentials were another induceneat offered
for work in distant areas, wages in the Urals and other eastern regions
averaging about 20 percent higher than in other areas, 22/ In eddition?
'wages are eet higher for the coal, ferrous metallurgy, and oil industries, 15/
gnalang (State Planning Commiesion) in its plan for the recruitment of
labor includes allocations of the recruitment of contract workere by oblamt
and by other administrative divisions, and of conscription of youth for State
labor reeerve schools,. The local orgene of tho Miele-try f Labor rteecevez
contract morkers Tor the fo/lawing: coal, nils and ferrous and nonferrone
metallurgy iniuptries; construction of electric stetiore; ceneteuction of
heavy industne, Peel, and military and naval enterprises; tie4,e cement,
and aebettos induetrien; end loadieg and valoading operationa oE river and
nee fleets /4/ Of the 4.5 millioe workers planned to gradnate from State
labor reeerve scheoly during the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50), 660,000
wore for coel mining Fled 570,000- for fereoue metallurgy, while only 100,000
were to te trained for light industry, Z5,
Of the planned total of 602,000 graduates from higher edecatimeal
institeeeons in the US Sft from 1946 to 1950, 120,000 were to go to induetry
and construction, 24,000 to trensportation earl communications, and 47,000 to
Siate apiculture Or the pianeed tote' of I,e32,000 graduatoo fram epecial
secondeey schools, 347,0e0 were to go to iadeetry end consteretion, 74,000
to traeepartation ard cowmunications, enA 198,00D to State egriculture,
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The goal for the total number of workers to be employed in the USSR
at the end of the Fourth Five Year Plan in 1950 was set in 1946 at 330)
million persons. The total number attained was announced as 39,2 million,
or an additions/ 5,7 million. 22/ The number of graduates from secondary
schoolo curing the period 1946-50 was 48,000 short of the goal, but the goal
for higher school gradates env exceeded by 50,000, In the same period
there were 3.4 ndllion graduates from State labor reserve schoola instead of
the planned 4.5 million, Additional individual and brigade training made
up the deficit. The total number of new workers to be trained in brigades
during tbe 1946-50 period was set at 7.7mi11ion including 2.3 million for
State agriculture, 1.9 million for industry, 0.6 'million for construction,
end /.9 eilieon for transport. af BY the end of 1948, 7 million. new workers
had completed these treenieg coursee,
The net increases in the Soviet labor force as planned for the period
1946-5D wao 6,25 million uorkers over the annual average fer 1945, although
the total number of new workers to be added througe educational and training
peogacup was to be 14,1 million., The actual incroaze, however, was 12 million
persons, a so that the overfulfilment of the emploement plan probably wee
derived en part from a lover than anticipated level of retirement: egi
11, reMbeZenrid T4lekttikeid20.JICAlftele,
As of 1 Januery 1951, the total nunber of Soviet workers was announced.as
39,200,000, or a 70-peircent increase since 1932, The total number in indumtry
is estimated aa 15,255,000 workers, or almost double the number in 1932, (See
Appendix B for the methodology in arriving at estimates )
3. ? Itazign,
The estimated distribution by region of the number of eoviet 'workers
as of 1 January 1951 is set forth in Table 6, the camparieon with the 1941 and
1943 distribution serving to indicate the effects of World War II an well as
to show the government policies for reconstruction and development of the
Soviet economy,
* Table 6 folloue on p, 11,
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Tata? 6
EstiMated Number of Workers in the USSR by Region 2/
- 1 January 1951
Thousand
Workers
1951 as
Rarcentage
of 1941 12/
1951 as
Percentage
of 1943 2/
North
3,600
120
225
Weet e
2?000
111
South gi
7000
103
North Caucasus d/
1,850
115
463
Transczacasus
1,200
124
171
Volga
1,750
130
112
Central I/
20,200
121
164
Urals
4,600
158
116
West Siberia
2,100
150
127
Central Asia
2,300
144
134
East Siberia h/
1000
3.44
118
Far East 1/
1s000
166
142
Total
,222_00
177-%"7-bpa2337E47-^
b, 1951 as percentage of 1941 averaged 124 for all regions.
c. 1951 as percentage of 1943 averaged 200 for all regions.
d, Partially occupied by the Germans in 19430
O 0 Including postwar territorial addition of Kaliningrad.
f, Not applicable, since the region in January 1943 was occupied by the Germans
g. Including postwar territorial addition of Transcarparthian Ukraine.
h. Including postwar territorial addition of Tannu Tura,
i. Including postwar territorial addition of South Sakhalin.
2? try
The regional distribution of industrial employment in the USSR was
projected from 1941 to 1951 on the basis of scattered and incomplete
information, It is true that the estimated figures seem reasonable wher.
compared with tha regional distribution of all workers as well as of
population, The Agures-as shown in Table n however, should be considered
as provisional only, since there is no checkf, even in tho form of a firm
figure for total Soviet industrial employment (see Appendix B5)0
77713-71731134s on p. 12.
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? Table 7
Estimated Soviet Industrial Employment by Region
January 1951
OPoupward.stIrawatemdasa.ratan........man....*
.?
Thousand
Workers
,00ktt.v.ua.r.tnaso+raw.aKnikmwwten,st..tprmoz,.orneeaurmowrakuueaonnetk...
1951 as ? 1951 as
Percentae.A.1911 V Percer21:124.3_ 12/
North sji
12500
130,0
250
Meet
700
11906
South
2950
12000
North Caucasus
495
125.0
455
Transcaucasus
335
14o.o
167
Volga
595
180.o
109
Central cif
1000
130.0
171
Urals
1,685
180.0
109
Ubst Siberia
900
20400
119
Central Asia
650
170.0
109
East Siberia
425
16o.o
121
Far East
220
169,0
110
Total
11e2.51
?1:93rig-P6rconAg?r?crZTA
1951 as percentage of
Partially occupied by
Not applicableo since
'ra-v-e-rer""r3lrfiiir-aTYTe'gT6-ii's7------ '-
190 averaged 198 for all regions?
the Germans in 1943.
the region in January 1943 was occupied by the Germans
30 2121s19r of the Econolz.
The data available on employment and graduations from State labor.
'reserve schools and from other for of training are not sufficient to
permit firm estimates to be Made of?the distribution of Soviet workers in ail
sectors of the economy, atipioyment in 1951 in some sectors, however may
be approximated by various neans (see Appendix 136) and is shown in Table 84*
.77t7651-117611ows on p. 11.
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Table 8
Estimated Number of Soviet Uorkers in Certain Sectors of the Economy
XiaellidOMPS4Aleleamenee0925Mgara
Sector
YVAIS.1111.010.101.414.111,
1951.
Thousand '4brkers
Probable Range of
5Easyment Variation _____of Estimate
.R.....elennir41.1..1.611.10.....
13$000 to 15?000
Industry
159000
Construction
3,000
Rail Transport
20000
Water Transport
230
Other Transport
2f.500
Communications
6010
Trade
30100
Public Feeding
800
Credit
300
Education
39200
Art
250
Public Health
10500
Stataand Public Institutions
29200
Dwelling and Communal Economy
1,200
Other Nonagricultural Activity
400
Agriculture and Forestry
2,900
Total
39.43132
20000 to
40000
2,000 to
3,000
200 to
300
29200 to
2,800
iloo to
600
2$O0 to
3,300
700th
900
250 to
350
2,800 to
30600
19200 to
1,800
1,900 to
2,500
900 to
1,500
2,500 to
1000
Estimated employment in 1951 in certain Soviet industries is shown
in Table 90.*
,
?9733.3_own on p. 14.
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Table 9
Estimated Employment in Certain Soviet Industries
1951
IseLtigattes.
try
,..110.1.-flOtairf11.11.10.411.11,
4021020k
Probable Range of
?
3fltiltetan-9t-PeltilefelQ
Electric Power
325
300 to 350
Petroleum
300
250 to 300
Coal
950
880 to 1,000
Ferrous Metallnrgy
890
850 to 925
Nonferrous Metallurgy
3'75
350 to 400
Metalworking and Machine
Construction
4,500
3,000 to 6,000
Tither
460
400th 500'
Ohenlcal
390
310 to 460
Textile
1s.000
800 to 1,000
Fish
189
150 to. 225
Food
1,200
1,/00 to 1,300
Meat and Dairy
254
200 to 300-
Paper .
110
90 to 130
UI
4141cfram.o.f..../Fouta.,arg..Sittrilatt=_Plitzttraz
The content of recruiting advertisements in the Soviet press end radio
indicates a locelized rather than a general shortage of workers; otherwise
the stringent labor control and mobilization decrees of World War II pre-
sumably sold be invoked. Ili Government measuees inducing eetrance into
the labor force at early ages have been relaxed; enrollments in higher primaey
geades, in eecendary grades, and in higher educational institutions continua
to increave; ard the length of certain vocational training courses has been
extended ye:mover, the overfalfilment of the labor force goal under the
Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) is greater than the overfelfilment or the
Plan's production goals, resulting, at least in part, from more employment
in education, public health, and other nonproductive unrk than originally
was pleeeed Current goals apparently are being met-
Same shortages of personnel with specific skills exist as well as some
shortages of 'workers in specific aeeas, Recruiting advertisemento indicate
both the ereas of need ahd the types, but seldom the nuMbert, of personnel
-required_ Amolve the advertisements whiCh eeee to be most urgent are thooes
for season:al weekees, such as those needed in the food-processing industry.
The types of peeeonnel which are soeght range feam guards and ice saleemen
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to engineers and university professors., At present, for -example, there is a
need for qralified specialists to head the enlarged collective fanny, 3,2,1 Per-
soeeel for thelarge hydroconstruction projects are required, as a result of
the current expansion in thie field, aV and training courses are being estab-
liehed, On the other hand, workers have been released from the coal induetry
as a result of increased mechanization and productivity, 34/ Reductions in
tha number of administrative personnel in some ministries and organizations
ware ordered, but the nunber of persons affected presumably is small, W
The need for workers in given areas varies over periods of time, Most
large urban areas generally are represented as requiring only a few types of
peeconnel? Advertisements for merkers to go to the Jr Eastern areas of the
USSR have declinedrif not dieappeared., Advertisements for workers foe th
Fae Neethern area of the USSR continue, hovever, and range from aImoot all
types of engineers to Germanelanguage instructoen and various typo of
muidacal personnel,
Present Soviet labor problems arise largely from maldistribution rather than
from a shortage of workers Workers often are reluctant either to MVO to dis-
tant, enfeleiliee, or unpleasant places or to remain in them for more than a few
yeaeo As contracts expire, labor turnover and vacancies result Shoet-run
labor turnover, in the absence of contract elpiration, also occurs as a result
of dissatiefaction with working conditions and advantages offered elsewhere,
In addition, there is the failure to WO morkers at optimum ekill, which is
criticized by the Soviet press
The degree of difficulty caused by the maldistribetion of laber is diffi-
celt to gauge. The presumption is that, since existing stringent controls have
not been. invoked, the problem is deemed soluble by slowee, less rLdioal measures,
such as the establishment of special training courses as the need for than arises,
Iv, Ize..4.0.12,....Przawalsote
In the next few years, under present conditions, the number of Soviet yorkere
will grow less rapidly than in the past 5 year From 1946 to 1951 the bulk of
nee workers vent into industry, construction, transport, and State agricurierre
The distribution of secondary and higher school graduates in 1950 and 1951) 'lay-
over, Irdicates that the proportion goirg into other sectors of the economy is
Increasing,
Nrthee mechanization of Soviet Induetries would permit increasel productiene-oi
uitheet conparable increases in empleyment or with actual reductions in some
industriee Additional personnel, therefore, could bc directed into other employ-
Eent Trends in the distribution of workers by ereas probably-1.011 continue ueth
little change, although emphesio on the Far Eastern area of the USSR appears to
be declining In the Ftr Nerthern area of the USSR the tendency v.pparrrs to be
toward the development of pen:anent vettle?nts in preference to the ?Ming of
rovirezents uith contract workers Ulsewhere in the USSR the construction of
canalt;, hydrostAlons, end other projects will have a slight effect on the distri-
bution of uorkers
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APPENDIX A
AD4U3T1ENT OF 5TATIS1TC5 DUE TO ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY CHANGES:IN_Tgp USSR
Data from Trud v SSSR (Labor in the USSR) for 1934 and 1935y published
by the Soviet cent17-ETaaral-W5171773tion and representing the most
recent available information concerning the distribution of the Soviet
uorkers by regions, have been used as the basis for projections or labor
figures to later dates. In order to utilize these Soviet statiatice, ad-
justments had to be made for administrative boundary changes which oecurred
aftov 1934. For correenience0 only those adjustments were made which would
render the data apPlicable to areae comparable to prebent regions. The
numerical size of the adjustments was based on analysis of maps showing the
boundary changes, 12/ on population data, 391 and on evidence in published
statistics of the magnitude of groups of persons affected. The following
statisticel adjustments were made:
1. 1934ma to 1935,
ocare.esemmenmow4r, -watsava?
ao Volae Region.
Kuybyshev kr ey in the Volga region lost territory; including
epproximately 130,000 workers, to what is now Chkalov eblast in the Urals
region. Mordov ASSR, including 650000 workers; was separated from Kuybyehev
kray and now ia in the Central region.
la) Ela:12-29Aagr
Udmurt ASSR? including 110.000 workers and employeoa, was
separated from Ge#k%ekray in the Central region and now is in the Urals
region. Chelyabinsk in the Urals region lost about 150,000 workers in the
wea ceded to, West Siberia kray. The ,area ceded approximates the present
Kurgan ablest in the Utst Siberia region.
c, East Siberia Region.
The present Krasnoyarsk kray gained approximately 87,000 workers
with territory acquired from the 1.k:et Siberia. region,
2, 1935 to 1943
a.' yao Re one
Kuybeshev Pray in the Volga region lost approximately 200,0000
persone to what is now roma oblast in the Central region.
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b. East Siberia Rf_.tel_.on.
Chita oblast in the East Siberia region gained &eye oblast from
the Far East region together with approximately 17,000 workers. There were
other minor administrative boundary changes for which adjustment could not
be made because of lack of data. The number of persons involved in each of
these changes, however, is believed to have been emall.
It was necessary to make later adjustments in projection for
Soviet territorial expansion, and these adjuatments were effected in the
following three staees:
(1) Increased area gave the Belorussian SSR about 5001,000
workere and the Ukrainian SSR about 1.3 million. These labor increments
in late 1939 were included in the annual average figure of 30.4 million
workers in the USSR for 1940 as cite6 by Voznesenskiya
(2) The labor increment derived from the addition of the Baltic
States to the USSR and of the territory added to the Moldavian SSR in
mi d-1940 nee included in the second annual average figure of 31,2 million
workere cited by Voznesenskieia The above labor increment also was included
indthe 3105 million workers for the end of 19401 which figure :as obtained
from the report of the fulfilment of the Fourth Five Year Plan (150-50)0
(3) In 1945 and 1946, Southern Sakhalin, Kaliningrad,
Tranecarpathian Ukraine, and Tannu Tuve ()blasts were added to the USSR.
The territory added to the Karelo-Finnish Republic dooe not roeuire an
adjustment, Gime the residents traneferred to Finland,
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50 160 170 180 75 170 165
kkV gigiL _I I I IT* I FiLii 4
S I I ,4714 itilfr
/44 I 1
p4/
South Sakhalin and the
under U.S.S.R. administr
P./
4,Ulert?LI8e
ries
1937, and 1951
800 1000
Scale 1:16,500,000
U.S.S.R. boundary 1951
?"--- U.S.S.R. boundary, 1937
National capital
Selected settlement
ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER
Union Republic (SSA.)
Autonomous Republic (ASSR) 0110
Oblast' or Kray
Autonomous Oblast' or Oblast'
0
included in a Cray
National or Administrative Okrug ?
BASE: POUTIKO.ADMINISTRATIVNAYA KARTA (USSR) I:10,000,000, 1948
ECONOMIC REGIONS
I North
II West
III South
IV North Caucasus
V Transcaucasus
VI Volga
VII Gebtral
VIII Urals
IX West Siberia
X Central Asia
XI East Siberia
XII Far East
140003-0
Incorporated
RESTRICTED
SECURITY INFORMATION
00 110 120 130 140 150 160
'pww1Iw
FOAry
j?R?7
A
#
Nkukt,l0.
Feled"
Yonlearsh
owovsi`'
ASSik
TA
(Incorporated
/944)
A
Irkutsk
Ubsa Nue,
95 100 105 110
U.S.S.R.
Economic Regions in 1934, 1937, a]
not necessarily recognized
Government has not re-
Soviet Union.
Region Boundaries
1951
1937
-- 1934
200 400 600 800
06E0100140003-0
STATUTE MILES
200 400 600 800 1000
KILOMETERS
Yenise) -
Econo
Some boundaries shown on this map are de facto boundaries (1952), not necessarily recognized
as definitive by the United States Government; the United States Government bas not?re-
cognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union,
RESTRICTED
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APPENDIX B
METHOD OF ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF 'WORKERS IN THE USSR
1. Pro ection from 1935 to 1941 of the Number of Workers Region.
The total number of workers in the USSR as of 1 January 1941 was
31.5 million 42/ and included those workers in the newly added territory,
Estimates of the distribution of this total by the 12 regions were made by
projecting from the 1935 data. The increase in total number of workers in
Lho USSR from 1935 to 1941 (in terms of the 1939 boundaries) was approximately
three tines the increase from 1934 to 1935, Therefore, the regional totals
were increased by three times their respective annual percentage increases
from 1934 to 1935. For the Far East and East Siberia regions the projection
was modified on the basis of the planned increases cited in sonino 41/ The
eame source indicated the regions from which the workers were to migrate,
and the eubtractions for those migrants *ere made, Data for the newly added
territories were then included in the appropriate regional totals.
Several checks against the projections were provided. In the caees
of the Ukrainian and Azerbeydzhan SSR0s0 the announcements of the felfilment
of the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) included the number of workers
employed in 1950 and the increase over 1940, A figure for workers employed
in Kazakhstan SSR in 1940 was found in the publication Strany mire. Le/ The
estimates for the Ukrainian and Azerbaydzhan SSRes were-Tai-Tgan 3 percent
below the published figures, and those for Kazakhstan SSR were less than
5 percent above.
^ 2. Projection from 1935 to 1941 of Em lqaut in IdEctm5111142222,..
Data concerning the distribution of employment in large-scale industry
by region were available for 1 July 1934 and 1 January 1936, in addition to
data for March 1934 and March 1935. All four sets of data were compared to
ascertain what variations had occurred as a result of seasonal or other
changes, The rates of increase in, the different sets of data then were
averaged to secure a single annual rate. Adjustments were needed for, changes
in administrative boundaries during the period,
The increase in employment in Soviet larr-scele industry from 1935
to 1941 112/ was about four times the 1934 to 193o (Average annuel increase.
Therefore, each regional total for 6 of the 12 regions from 1935 to 1941 was
projected by four times the average animal increase from 1934 to 1936 of
each region's employment in large-scale industry. Figures for the Baltic
States and new territory in the Belorussian, Ukrainian, and Moldavian SSRos
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uore added. Data for the Volga, Urals, Ubst Siberia, and Central Asia
region were derived from Vozneeenskiye Data for the East Siberia and Far
Beet regions were derived from planned increases as cited in Sonin. 411/
3. Prolection from 1941 to 1943 of the Total Number of Workers.
The number of workers in the USSR were projected from 1941 to 1943 on
the basis of the 38epercent reduction figure as cited by Voznesenskiy,
yielding 19.6 million. The number of industrial workers in 1943 was cited as
39 percent of the total workers, or roughly 7.7m11lion. Although it is not
clear whether the data refer to annual averages or end-of-year figures, they
are treated as end-of-year figures in order to give continuity with postwar
data. The 1943 employment as a percentage of 1941 employment in four regions
wan cited by Voznesonskiy as follows: Volga, 116 percent; Urals, 136 percent;
Central Asia, 107 percent; and West Siberia, 123 percent. The number of
workers in the other regions held by the USSR as of March 1943 14/ wae
derived from Voznesenskiygs figures for the percent of the 1941 number of
workers remaining in recovered territory and from evacuation estimates. The
same source gave percentage increanes in industrial employment for the four
regione mentioned above, as well ae the percent of total Soviet industrial
employment contained in each of the regions. It is therefore possible to
calculate the number of industrial workers in 1943 in two ways: for example,
in the Central Asia region, industrial employment for 1943 is given as 8
peecant of the total number of workers (706 million), or, by derivation,
608,000 workers; industrial employment in this region for 1943 also is given
as 154 percent of 1941 employment (386,000, or, by derivation, 594,000
workers. The discrepancy is small. Industrial employment for 1943 in the
other regions then held by the USSR was estimated in the same manner as was
total employment.
4. Pma29Iion from 1941 to 1951 9f the Nursber of TAorkers by Ruion.
The number of workers in the USSR was projected from 1941 to 1951 by
reeion ae follows:
a? NortliReeion.
1941 employment was projected to 1951 by multiplying the number
of workers in 1941 by 1.2, a rate of increase somewhat below that of the .
RSFSR an a wholee * Lty to allow for the effects of World War II and of
government policy since that time.
F-laigireg7fnl estimates for the component parts of the RSFSR aro totaled,
the figure exceede the 1941 number of workers by 27 percent, as compered with
the 24,4eporcent increase cited in the Plan fulfilment announcement.
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b. Meet
Employment in 1951 in the Belorussian Sp was estimated as
being the same as in 1941 on the basis of the Fourth Five Year Plan
(1946-50). hz/ Employment in the Lithuanian SSR was derived from data on
the increase in the number of workers in 1949 42/; in the Latvian SSR, from
the number of trade union members 49 ; in the Estonian SSR, on the basis of
Plan fulfilment data ? and in KaThiingrad oblast, on the basis of
population data. sai
c Sou th_Esd..2.E.
Employment in 1941 in the Crimea was projected to 1951 by
multiplying by the rate of increase in the Ukrainian SSR: that is, by 1.01.
52/ 1951 employment in the Moldavian SSR was twice that of 1941 employment
cm the basis of Plan fulfilment data. 52/
ck, North Caucasu Re on
Employment was projected to 1951 by the number of
workers in 1941 by 1.15, which was less than the RSFSR rate of increase over
1941 but more then that of the Ukrainian SSR to allow for the effects of
evacuation and occupation.
e. Trarrecauceazim.
Enplcyment in 1951 was projected by multiplying by 1,24 the rate
of increase over. 1941 derived from the Five Year Plan fulfilment in - -
Azerbaydehan SSR. VI/ For the component parts of the region there is an
employment figure or the number of .workers for Azerbaydzhan SSR, an
approximation for the Armenian SSR from trade-union membership there, g/
and an estimate that the Georgian SSR increased at about the rate of
Azerbaydzhan SSR, from Plan fulfilment data0 g/
f. ya.Vtg?.32.62.11.
Employment was projected to 1951 berusing 130 percent of 1941,
slightly lens than twice the rate from 1941 to 1943.
go Cental Ltsgsa?
fhployment was projected to 1951 by using 121 percent of 1941,
a rats of increase slightly below that of the whole RSFSR? to allow for
effects of World Mar II.
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h, 2:92.111P.7m.
Employment was projected to 1951 by using 158 percent of 1941
as compared with the rate of increase from 1941 to 1943 of 36 percent, on
the basis of increaees in production cited in USSR and RSFSR Flan fulfilment
data. ky
LIZESA11911.222fiald
Employment was projected to 1951 by using 150 percent of 1941,
oe nlightly more than twice the rate of increase from 1941 to 1943, based
on the population changes indicated in election district data 58 and
reports of increases in production during the Fourth Five Tear an
(1946-50). 59/
10 Centra1.1214AELaa.
Employment was projected to 1951 by using 144 percent of 1941,
a
be between the increase in Kazakh SSR of 160 percent of 1941 60/ ad
lower rates of increase in the other republics* The employment figure
derived for Kazakh SSR is roughly 103 million workers, equal to trade-union
memberehf?p. 61/ An employment figure of 205,000 workers ?2/ for Turkmen
SSR was published. Employment in Kireiz SSR was estimatia at 200,000
workers in 1951 on the basis of 19148 trade-union membership. y EMployment
in Uzbek SSR is estimated at 500,000 workers, or 122 percent o 1940
employment* 6_11/ The estimate for Tadzhik SSR is 100,000 workers?
k, East Siberlifiluam.
Employment in 1951 was estimated at 1044 times 1941 omp/oyment
based on data similar to that used for the Vest Siberia region.,
10 Far East itram.
Employment in 1951 was estimated at 1.66 times 1941 employment.
Inloction from 1941 to 1951 of the Number of Industrial Ubrkers
-?2.114.111mc
The number of industrial workers in the USSR was projected from
1941 to 195i by region as followst
aa 11.crth ECSYS:
industrial employment in 1941 was projected to 1951 by
multipining by 103 on the basis that industrial employment in the past
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ineraaned at a slightly greater rate than total empleyment. In addition
great emphasis has been placed on the development of the northern areas
of the USSR.
b, Wostle....earlo
On the basis that industrial production was reported to have
reached prewar levels in the Estonian and Belorussian SSR/ss, industrial
employment in 1951 was set at the 1941 level. .61/ In the Lithuanian SSR
the industrIal labor force by1948 was reported-as 1.3 times tba prewar
level. 0/ Industrial employment in the Latvian SSR in.1951 is estimated
as! being somewhat over the prewar level. An estimate for Kaliningrad
oblast was added,
c.
Industrial employment in 1951 in the Uarainian.SSR wee
peojected as /15 percent of 1941 on the basis of increases cited in the
Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) fulfilment announcement. In the Crimea5,
employment was estimated as being about equal to preear employment.
Ehployment in the Moldavian SSR increased to 2.5 times the prewar figure. 67/
d, North CaUCEMS 1.12d2n,
Induetrial employment in 1951 was estimated to have increased
at a more rapid rate than did total employment, (Soo 4de above.)
e, panscaucasus Rgion.
In the light of increases in gross industrLal production, 0/
industrial employment in 1951 was estimated to have increased to 1,4 ttmes
that of 1940 as compared with a 124-percent increase in total employment.
f. maLndu_ra,1212f,42213.
Industrial employment increased from 1941 to 1943 by 65 percent,.
Oaaeral information indicates a slower rate of increase since that time.
go, Central plsion.
InOestrial employment in 1951 was estimated on the basis of
aone increases indicated in the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) Zulfilmont
data. 69/
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h, most Sits.eilisosja.
By 1943; industrial employment increased to 1071 times that of
1941* General information indicates a slower increase to 19510
i* Central Asia Regime
Industrial employment in 1951 in Kazakh SSR increased to 1.8
times that of 19400 In Turkmen SSR: industrial production increased to 105
tines that of 1940 and in Uzbek SSR to 1089 times, 70/
j? EalLaber.--1211U5-?n?
Industrial employment in 1951 was increased over 1941 on the
basis that some industriel production increased from two to three times and
other production leae rapidly. Ili
k. Far Etaltdss,
Industrial employment in 1951 was increased over 1941 on the
basis of population increases and of increases it some industrial production* 22/
That the Soviet industrial labor force approaches the order of
magnitude indicated above is partially supported by the fact that with
/940 aa the base year the index of industrial production divided by the
index of industrial labor productivity yields an industrial employment
index of 133, 21/
6? Estimates of the Number of Workers in,1951 bzIpecterthe Economy?
The number of workerei in some sectors of the economy for 1951 has
been estimated on the basis of prewar data, Employment in the other sectors
of the econoey has been estimated as follows
a, Tranejmn0
Pelploymeet in the Ministry -of Rail Communications has been cited
by several sources as being from 3 million to 3.5 million persons, or 10
percent of all Soviet workers in 1948. IV On the basis of the 3,.5-million
figure and the percentage distribution by branch of the rail economy, the
1948 employment pattern of workers under the ministry is shown in Table 10.* 75/
'le)'ioliotes on p0 240
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Table 10
Employment Pattern of Soviet Workers
under the Ministry of Rail Comunications
1948
.10?SCKI.CIA 40VM.IM Ara.
Railroad Operation 1,711.5
Subsidiary and Auxiliary Railroad Enterprises,
including Agriculture 381.5
Construction and Reconstruction 427.0
Other Organizations aid Enterprises of the
Ministry of Rail Communications 980.0
Total 22.500,0
According to another source, the number of workers operating
Soviet railroads in 1950 were to be 7002000 less than the number which would
have been required at the 1945 levels of productivity. The figure thus
derived is roughly 1.6 million workers, so that the 1948 figure of roughly
1.7 million for railroad operation is used for 1951 as well, V
The distribution by region of railroad operating workers for
1951 under the Ministry of Rail Communications, derived from an incomplete
percentage distribution in 1948 /I/ and from the 1935 distributio% ly is
shown in Table 11.
Thousand Workers
Table ii
Distribution by of Soviet Railroad Operating Workers
of the Ministry of Rail Communications
1951
vlbsominormaangitsmemear
ad?11 ?
911119111@l1101111M410,1r????
Thousand Workers
North 136.9
Vest 154.0
South 410.8
Worth Caucasus
Transcaucasus
Volga
Central
Urals
West Siberia
Central Asia
East Siberia
Far East
85.6
51.3
85.6
359.4
136.9
102.7
85.6
68.5
34.2
Total 1 711.5
?PVT.0011,46: VIIIIMISVOIR a.tA.LIFML,[11bislONNIVI192.,
Percent of Total
a
9
24
5
3
5
21
8
6
5
142
100
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SEC RET
adding railroad operating employment in other ministries to that in the
Niniatry of Rail Corteenications, total employment in 1951 in rail transport
ia estimated as being 2 million persons.
Aoseming that union membership bears the same relationship to
total employment in other forms of transport as in rail -- namely, 77 percent --
t1-.0 1951 employment figure derived from union membership in municipal
'cxensport is 311,000 and in air transport 169,000. 72/ Inland water transport
workers for 1951 wore estimated as being equal roughly to the figure in the
1941 Plan, or 150,000, while 195/ maritime transport employment i$ estimated
to have increased to 80,000, or by 50 percent, on the basis of increases in
the maritime fleet, pc)/ Total employment in 1951 in water transport,
therefor el? would be 250000 workers as compared with the 1941 Plan figure of
207,000. Fkaployeent in 1951 in vehicular transport at the rate of one
'non pc vehicle would total 2 million workers, which probably is a low
estimate. ?1/
b. State Agriculture and Forestry.
Employment in the USSR in 1951 is estimated ae being at least
equal to prewar employmehte or 2.9 million workers. During the Fourth Five
Year Plan (190-50), over 2 million persons were trained as tractor drivers
nd for similar occupations, and 160,000 graduates of secondary and higher
educational inatitutions went into agriculturev PA/
c, Conseruceion.
uliaJWOLNI..-awrommr1.,..10egt.it.
Estimates of the total number of Soviet worker engaged in
construetion are difficult to make becaune of the large number of voluntary
or conscripted woekers who remain on the project only a short time and
became of the great fluctuation in the number of workers required at
W3Vi011:3 stages of construction. It soens probable in view of the amount of
coneteuetion in progress, however, that approximately 3 million workers are
now engaged in censtruction,
d, Public Health
There were 200,000 doctors in the USSR in 1948, approximately
18000 being added annually:, making a total for 1951 of 236,000. 22/ In
1951., over 1 million women were employed in public health, of whom 191,000
were doctors. .gly If the atex ratio for all .medical personnel is the same
ms for doctors, there are about 1,250i000 medical personnel. If_ employment
in all phases of public-health boars the same relationship to medical
personnel as in the 1941 i1ai, publie health, now employs about 1,55(4000 ,
porsonv
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e. Education.
At the end of the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) there were
106 million teachers in the USSR. g,/ If teachers in 1951 constitute the
same proportion of total employment in Soviet education as in 1941, total
omployment in education now approximates 302 million persons.
f. Art.
The number of persons employed in art in the USSR in 1951 was
announced as being 250e0000
g. Trade.
Since trade turnover in the USSR has increased by about 30
percent, employment in 1951 in trade is estimated to have increased by that
much, 16./
7. Estimates of the Number of Workers in 1951 in Various Industri'es,
a, Electric Power Stations.
Because an increase in electric power output does not require
a proportionate increase in employment, the employment figure in the 1941
Plan for the Soviet Ministry of Electric Power Stations is increased by 25
percent, with 15 percent added for employment in power stations of other
ministries, giving a total of 358,000 workers for 1951. This total includes
probably 30,000 workers engaged in peat extraction.
b. Petroleum Industu.
The trade union of the petroleum workers of the Caucasus, South,
ead Central areas of the USSR was reported to include 200,000 workers in
1946, 871 On the basis of the distribution of the petroleum industry,
total employment in the industry would approximate 300,000 in 1946 and not
many more in 1951. A somewhat similar 1951 estimate is reached by
projecting the 1941 Plan figure for employment in the Petroleum Ministry on
the basim of the percentage increases in production. 8t8Y
c. Coal Industry.,
..1?02.a.MaOrndrtM
?
During the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50), State labor reserve
schools were to train 660,0000 or 80 percent of all new workers, for the
coal industry. 89/ The total number of new workers in the coal Industry
thus would be 873,01400. The addition of the 130,000 pervons troined in
State laber reserve schools from 1940 to 1944 90/ yields an approximate
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minimum of 955,000 new workers if all those who entered tho industry
remained there. One source estimates employment in 1951 as being 162
percent of 19402 or about 1.1 million workers, 21/ and another source
reports that 1951 employment would be 135 percent of prewar, or approxi-
mately 9860000. 23/ Alternatively, if employment is increased at the
same rate as production, 1951 employment approximates 900,000 workers 22/
in the industry, or 1 million workers, including all enterprises of the
Coal Ministry.
d. Ferrous Metallam.
According to the Fourth Five Year an (1946-50), State labor
rezorve schools in the USSR were expected to train 570,000 peons for
rerrous metallurgy from 1946 to 1950, 94/ and an additional 250,000 were to
be trained in brigades 2.5./2 giving a total of 8202000 now workers. By
adding to this tetal the 702000 workers 2?/ trained in State labor reserve
schools during World War II, an approximate minimum 195/ employment of
890,000 is derived. According to another source? the rate of increase in
the number of workers in ferrous metallurgy during the Fourth Five :fear
Plan (2946-50) was to be half the rate of increase in the output of pig iron,
steel emelting? end rolled iron, 97./ which was to increase to 1.35 times the
prewar output. 213/ The employment figures for 1951 for the MInistry of
Ferrous Metallurgy thus derived are 9142000 workers, including transport,
er 8652000 without transport. Overfulfilmont of the Plan did not necessarily
require proportional increases in employment. That the training goals
probably were met iu partially supported by the fact that by the end of
19470 142,000 workers had been trained in brigades and courses, or more
than half of the Plan goal? 99/
e. Nopferroueytetallurm.
On the basis of increases in output from 1940 to 1951 in the
ussRp 100/ employment in nonferrous metallurgy in 1951 is estimated to have
-increased by 50 percent, or to 4002000 workers in the industry proper or
to 658000 workers, including all enterprises of the Ministry of Nonferrous
Metals as constituted in 1941.
f. MetalworkimaLijiachine Construction.
If the ratio of metalworkers to the Soviet inventory of cutting
and grinding tools in 1950-51 were the same as in 1939-400 "the number .of
turner milling machine operators, lathe operators2 electroautomatic
welders, moulders, ond press and otamp operators" would roughly be 2.2
million. 1031 The total nuMber of metalworkers in 19512 including assembly
eerkers probably io1 million to 4Q5 million.
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From 1910 to 1945, 1 million Soviet metalworkers were trained
in State labor reserve schools, 10?/ of whom 500,000 were sent to armament
and ammunitions industriee to m1d:1-944. If the State labor reserve schools
trained the same number for reetalworldne, during each year of the Fourth
Five Year Plan (1946-50) as in 1948,, 690,000 additional workers were
trained during this period. 12.3./ If State labor reserve school graduates
eonstituted 70 percent of all new workers, new metalworkers during the
fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) totaled about 1 million. 124/ This would
mean that at least 2 million new metalworker have been trained since 1940,
although this figure probably should be reduced by 250,000 to allow for
those classified impropeay by sources.
Within this broad industrial category, apprcedmately 1712,000
workers are employed in construction and repair of railroad rolling stock
under the Soviet Ministry of Rail Communication as compared with 1822.000
workers cited in the 1941 Plan. 1q/
On the basis of output of
12y 200,000 workers are estimated to
olectrica/ equipment as compared with
workers. ;2z/
certain items of electrieel equipment,
be employed in the production of
the other estimate of 271,000
In 1934 the production of agricultural machinery in the USSR,
including tractors, employed 174,000 workers. 122/ Incomplete data
indicate that 197,400 Soviet workora were employed in he production of
agelcultural machinery and that there were 590,500 employed in tank and
tractor production. 122/ By deducting roughly 200,000 workers for tank
production and double-counting and because of other sources of error, an
estimated employment in 1951 of from 400,000 to 500,000 workers in Soviet
production of agricultural machinary? including tractors, is derived.
Since production of several items in this field has trebled sinee 1940,
this estimate may be somewhat low. 1/0
Employment in the Soviet aircraft industry ha e been estimated
at 400,000 workers in 1940 111/ and probably has increased slightly?
go Foresla and the Timber Indestries.
The fulfilment of the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) in the
timber industry was plenned to be accomplished with 460,000 workers, 75
percent of whom were to be permanent cadres. A partial distribution
of this total is shown in Table 12.*
".4? eeble 12 Maces on p. 29.
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Table 12
Partial Distribution of Soviet Workers in. the Tither Industry
under the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50)
awn.
Forestry and Construction Personnel
Administrative and Technical Personnel
Manufacturing Workers in Forentry
Wood Industry Personnel
Thousand Workers
70 112
141172//
224 111/
The number of Soviet workers in woodcutting was planned to
equal 112 percent of those in that industry in 19409 11A/ or approximately
1 million persons. This includes the firet three categories mentioned
above.
h. Chereiea2e Industry
During the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50)9 1169000 Soviet
workers were to be trained in brigades, 1.1V If twice as many workers were
trained. in State labor reserve echools, iiTimated on the basis of the ratio
in other industr1es9 the total number of workers trained during the Plan
for the chemical industry would approximate 3509000. Ulth the addition of
the 409000 workers trained in State labor reserve schoola during World
War employment in 1951 would approximate 390,000, or 30 percent
in excees of the 1941 Plan.
On the basis of the increases in chemical output in 1950 over
1940 117/ with no change in labor productivity, employment in 1951 was
estimated to have increased by approximately 50 percents or to 460,000
workers. If, on the other hand9 output per worker In 1950 increased to
143 percent of the 1940 level, 118/ employment in 1951 would appreximate
310,000 workers;
i. Textile Industr e
Workers in the textile industry in the USSR had been reduced
from 808e000 in 1940 to 400,000 in 1946. 112( This figure however, does
not represent total employment in the Ministry of Textile Industry e In
1946 and 1947 a total of 136,000 new workers were trained in brigades2 1E2/
and in 1947 and 1948 State labor reserve schools trained 112s000 workers?
121 If the same level was maintained throughout the Fotrth Five Year
Wan (1945-50)g 1951 employment in the Soviet textile industry would
approxit I million workers, If there has been no increase in productivity,
a similer figure- may be reached by comparing the 1940 and 1950 textile
production figuree. 122/
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j. Other Industries,
- On the basis of output data, 123/ employment in the fish
industry in the USSR is estimated to be about equal to 1941 Plan figures,
or 1891.000 workers in the industry itself or 271,000 workers including
all enterprises of the Ministry of Fish Industry, On a similar basis
the Soviet meat and dairy industry employs about 254,000 workers, and
the food industry, including the gustatory industry, about 1.2 million
workers. Rmployment in the paper industry may have increased by 30
percent3 or to about 1109000 workers.
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APPENDIX C
SOURCES
6?01.
1? L Sonin? nesettlement of Population dt?Tring the Third Five Year PlaT.;4"
inerioanc,;`uartszlz on the Soviet Union, 1940., Volume3 Issue 2'-'3p
PP* 74,7
2?
25X1 A2gdl
4.
.0410.11,4,411,
A ?
B, Babynin, 10 ,cit raid S,, Trubnikov, "Istochniki IcoraplAtettaniya
rabochey Liy vgr3sit9T: .,4.arobicy ,pcopiT:34.4.s Jun 1932,,
6? 'Also v SSSR (Labor in the USSR) Central 5t3.tistica1 Adraft.ristmtion5,
-1353-aa-19557--
Trail v SSSR, 1935 and 1936?
7,
8. B. L. Marku3? Trud v sotsislisticheskau obshchwtvel 1939;, p? 177
25X1 A2g 9.
U. Second arxd Third Five Year Plans.
12, Trad SSSa 1935 and 1936.
13. State., Of?. 11634? Guide to Changes in Aduinistrative irorirdon in the
USSR 10 Apr 1947.
:th? E? 111? Kalisether 5 Europe on the Mover,, Nar Iork 19h3; OrAS R are
A 1355.,1, ItuseisYragpiieriti:Fi Mannolan'? Jul 7
Gamari - --
15? Statoorn. 258, Trathinp of Recruits in Wartime TTSO't 19h6,
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16, Sonii, Vooros, balansa rabochey.Flas 1949.
17, N. A. Voznesenskiy?mtamg of the USSR during. the lf,atriotic
Var. 19480 p. 32,
18. Thid p. 31.
19. Sonin? "Balance of Labor Force in the Socialist Economy."
20, Ibid.; Sonin, V ro balansa rdh...Easullz, 1949; M. S. Rozofarov
"ff'1124M0--3-9.5 13567:
21, ibid4 various aftertisaments in Soviet press and radio broadcasts.
22. Sonin, ..V.22.sszba-Lansa, raboch 11- 1949.
23, Sr Curevich and S. Partigul? Nagy pod."EmmE2InTo khozmeva SS511
ILEoraovortlinovjeV2-214s.e_st V49.
24. Sonia, 7.22F9a11112psa IltINchez_plab 19149; RozoferovsialAMP 'TIME
S5S1
Zaacdanive Vorkbovno o Sove.ta ssal Mart 1946 (hereafter cited ets
171.11W.--9.11F2-6gt'Y
No, 3-45, 1946
26. Zasni . 230.
28. G. P. Kosyachenko, "Psyysheniye materiallnogo I kulcturnogo uroviva
zhizni =rods.," I2ELaim Khmaystr., 1946,
29. Annual Plan Fnlfilment Announcements in Pravda. for relevant years.
31
25X1A2g
FOIAb3b1
32, New. York T.imes? 4 Dec 1951;
33,, Summarized in unpUblished CIA, FDD, stutf.
34, State, Moscaw5 Despatch 27, 13 Jul 1951.
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37.
FOIAb3b1 38,
39.
ya 11014Elay 29 LIV3951; Tty'13110/10,1, 27 April 1951;
laor alil. FOIAb3b1
Komsomollsksya Pravda, 20 Jul 1951;
-Pdi..*..VVWCF.,-
0IA. Maps G-000-23-12048v 25695v 39985, 23470, 40210, 40212,
Stete? OIR 1163-A0
41,,, Sonia, "Resettlement of Population during the Third Five Year Plan,"
1 iLt rican QuarElr_sn the Soviet Uniont 194(4, Volume 3, Issue 2-3y
1 pN-74:T8:---
, ?
,
42. P. F. Will and F. N. Peov.? Strny mirav pp. 252 ff..; A, Pallerits,
Baltic States, (Information e. 7iIrthe) Royal Instituto of
Internationnl Affairs, 1938; S. Salekevidi, Territorizai naselem
pssa, 190.
43. Voznesensk-lyy o 1:). 31.
44.
FOIAb3b1
Sonin,i "Resettlement of Population during the Third Five 'LW.? nano"
Rattle line in OSS, R and A, 3.355.1.
Ii7Zasedaniys? p. 75.
148 14tva,, 15 Jan 1949,,
49, ppveterave., L-ttrin:,, 16 mar 1949.
25X1A8a 50?,
State? O1R 1163-4.
FOIAb3b1
FOIAb3b1
55? Komunist, 1 Jr 1951,
33 -
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58.
CI(0 ORE, working paper, "Distribution of USSR Population and Labor
1950,
2? lonenskw.Isloes? 10. Jul i$!1
n
63* :?1!2t.giUTLIarigAra, 19 AP! 1949*
64. Pravda Vostaka? 10 Jul 1951.
25X1A2g 65?
r,
.ftfin.?finaMP-
SovoIeA, ml Litva, 17 Feb 1949.
FOIAb3b1
FOIAb3b1
69, USSR and RSFSR Plan Fulfilment announcements.
70? Plan Fulfilment announcements.
71. Ibil?
72. Ibid
73. Ibit14 Pravda, 1 Dec 1951,.
FOIAb3b1
?
?
76, Ennters calculations inS/Tr Mess, from Chudov? Osnspaza_ammsz
77, D. Umbliin Zhelemnodomgsw transport, No 7, 1948,
78. yrjuly. spsk 1936.
3)4
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79,, State, Bucharest, Despatch 546, 24 Dec 19490
80. Fleet site obtained from S/Tr.
81, S/Tr Estimate?
82. Kommunist Tadzhikistana 3 Jan 19510
FOIAb3b1
87, ,FroEspyp - No, 1, 19460
88? Production data in CI IP-232 2 Oct 1951.
89? Z',.sq,.S3:1,tt.1 pc 230?
90. State, OIR 25480
91? State, Moscovry Despatch 740 18 Jun 1951?
92,, Imp, No, I, 1947.
93 OIA? IP-232, 2 Oct 1951,
9ii 2acdnl, p. 230.
Stalf No. 11, 1947.
. State, OIR 25480 .
97 stall No? 4, 1947.
adlg No,, 6, 1947.
99. Stall, No, 1? 1948, No. 4, 1947.
100Q OIA? IP-232? 2 Oct 1951?
IG, Emp1oymnt in 1939 from Doltshevik, Wo. 10, 1940; &ta on total in
ventory from CIA:, IP-r-2.3271-ta-1951.
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102, State) OIR 25480
103, Komsomolf, No, 163, 1948.
iape1aal7e, p, 230?
105, DrAyunov and others.,pit
106, CIA, IP-232, 2 Oct 1951,
107? CIA, industrial Register.
10C. Trod v SS5R1 19350
109, CIA:, Inchstrial Register,
110, CIA, IP-2329 2 Oct 1951,
i]2, Lesnam, Pro h1nnot No 679 19460
113, ibid No. 8-9,s 19460
114,
115, Khimicheskar, 1,-,..,z'_.?111ortnost .? No. 13, 1947.
ccacci
/16, state9 aa 2548.
117, CIA) IP-232, 2 Oct 1951.
118, Khiatc1ieska7a Prowychlennostl, No, if 19h7.
119. Zaselaniye, p. 156?
120, Tekstilvnara Pronlyshlennostv0 No,, 4- 1946.
121 ItLa 3italation Economiquo en USSR 'a 1,f; Fin de 11Ann4 19h8," Landstir
ds Finynce3 et des Affaireo Etrangoros,, from 701 (VSosqyaznoxo
ohshchestvo kul,txrng?syyni USSU_Society for CJ n1 tAiAtions
?
122., CIA5 IP-232, 2 Octc19510
123, Void,
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