THE SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF TIN IN THE SOVIET BLOC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 29
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 16, 1999
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: May 8, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

Apprdved For Release
3A00030012000 -0
,4L> RJC
US I CIALS Y
PRC IISICAL ~UGEl E REPCRT
THE SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF TIN IN THE S WIET BLOC
CIA ,RR PR-29
8 May 1953
NOTICE
The data and conclusions contained in this report do
not necessarily represent the final Position of CRR
and should be regarded as provisional only and subject
to revi4iono Additional data or ccaments which may be
available to the user are solicited,
WARN
THIS DOCUMENT CC1TAINS WMATION AFFECTING THE NATIOM DEFENSE
OP TEE UNITED STATES WIThiN TEE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAW$
TITLE 18, USC, SEX S. 793 AND 79k, THE TRANSMISSION CR REVELATION
CF WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHC,RIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED
BY LAW.
CERTRAL IIPTELLIGEDE AGENCY y '11-41951,
Office of Research and Reports
US oFFICIAW O my
ADJR JLSS ?
DOCUMENT
NO.
No CHANGE NYC S
? DECLAS
S+FIEQ
cis CD t
NFxr aE..._.
Approved For Release 9/09/02: CIA-RDP79-010 0
T3v MA
 `Approved For Release 1999/09/0~~~~3A000300120003-0
mw- w
CWMNI's
SummRry and Conclusions . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. USSR . . . . . ? . . . . .... 60 3
1. Resources and Production . . . . . . . ? . . . . . . 0 0 2
1. Resources . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . o
2. Mining, Milling, and Smelting 0 . . . . . . . . a
3. Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0
B. Communist China . . . . . . 0 .
10 Resources o . ? ? . ? . .. 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
2.MinMining, Milling, and Smelting . . . . . . ? ? ? . e . 7
3. Output 0 0 ? ? ? s o ? e o ? o ? ? a s o 0 0 0 o 9
C. Czechoslovakia 0 . . . 0 . . . . ? . . O ? ? ? 0 . 0 .
D. East Germany O.... O ?. ? ? O O O O O O 0 0 0 O 0
II. Imports . . . . . . . . . .
III. Consumption . .
3
3
5
9
10
A. USSR; ? . China . o ? ? ? . ? . o 0 . . o ? O . ? . o . . 13'
D. Czechoslovakia China . . . . o . . ? ? . ? o' 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 14
C . Czech/oslovakia . ? ? ... . ? ? ? . o ? ? 0 0 . o . . . 0 1k
D. East,f ermany . . . ? ? O ? ? ? . ? ? . o . . . 0 ? . 15
E. Hungary . ? . o . . . . o . . . . . ? . . ? . o o O o 0 16
F. Other Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . 16
10 Albania . . . . . ? . ? . . . . . ? . . . . . . . . 17
2. Bulgaria ? o o.? o??. o e s? 0 0 0 o e o 0 0 17
3. Poland .. a r 0. 0 ? o . 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 17
4. R mania .. . . . . . . . . O ? ? O ? O . O O ? O O O O 17
IVo Requirements . . . . . . ? ? . . . . . . . 0 0 17
V. Stockpile . ? . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
C"NTIAL
Appendixes
Page
Appendix A. List of in Deposits in the USSR . . . . . . . 19
Appendix B. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix G. Gape 1n Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21..
Appendix D. Sources and Evaluation of Sources . . . . . . . 22
CW,WTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
 ;Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
C./Pt PR-29
Project 59-51)
ttNT1AL
s~rrrnrraftTxce
T SU Y AND D I I IC 1 & TIN IN 2 SOVIET BIM
Stasss4 and Cobelusions
`i"he production of tin in the Soviet Moat is confined to the USM#
Communist Chian, and Mot Genmsxy, vhiab had a combined output its 1.951
estimated at about 15,000 to 16,000 matrric tons at this output taw USSR
produced about 6D percent; Coemunieat China, about 40 percent; and Vast
Germany,,. less then 1 percent.
By s determined effort the USSR had ds"1oped & tin isxdustry pr04Luciamg
in 1951 an estimated 9,300 metric toes. Extrevar ;ant claims of tin rea-m
sources in the U have been made by the Russians. Altboug}a it is be-
lieved that substantial reserves have been located* especially in Zwt
Sib~-%riaa and the Soviet,, Per Haut, the amount of a:oeaaa ricaally exploitable
ores is probably limited at pxotaent. Two smelters are known to bay in
operation in tb I : one at Podol l ek near Moeacov, u.x4 ano r new
Novosibirsk. The Fifth Five Year Plan 11951-55) calls for an i.xm;a sae
of 80 percent in tin output. Although Soviet production of tin probably
vill continue to incr3 , the achievement of this goal is coxuaidasred
quaatioamble.
Pat-5tttiaally, Communist China is the most import at tire-producing su
in the Soviet Bloc. Chinese reserves of tin have been estimated to bar
about 1.5 million metric tons -- of the s , nitudA as those of r
F raction of. Malaya, which are the largest known reserves in U. w'c,r?ld.
Chian reached an annual peak output of 14,200 metric tons in. 1939.bixt
f, 11 to a low of 1#500 =trio tons by i941.5, largely an the result of un-
controlled inflation, and was producing at a rate of S,OOO to 5,000 metric
tons annually at the time vhan Coaaaunist fords occupied t?,-, tin-mini;r.
area in South China ('It - and Kwarrgai provinces). TMs 1951 output cat
Communist Chin has been estimated at about 6,000 metric toms. Gives lass=
proved mining and milling practices,, ex_vmdrd lting facilities, an ins.
cz ass d 1a or supply, and sufficient time, It is believed thst Communist
Chime could exceed past production records.
Limited quantities of tin am produced in East Germany friorn low`grad*
ores, amounting to lease than 1 percent of the estimated Soviet Bloc output,,
It is not probable that substantial inereaaaseas In output will bl acbie-red..
With the ea9kception of COM'munist China, the countries making rap tbb Soviet
Bloc bhv r tradi.tiome.11y obtaained a 1arg3 part, or asU, of their tinsupp1iOc
through imports. .10 1951 the Soviet Sloe x+cc ivad from the resat of thi,vor !A
estimated imports of 7.,000 to 8,0mntE ie, tone of tin (in a.1-1 fame)..' or
roughly one-tbird of Moe requirements,
`l lam x poa?It, contain. information available an of 30 Jung %9r-;,.
Approved For Release 1999/(t
?fflqWrAE1093AO00300120003-0
 'Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
.ru w ~. r r. r
The' tin requirements of the Soviet Bloc at the present time have been
estimated to be rrom:22,000 to 2!,000 metric tons annually, of which a about
75 percent is required by the USSR.. It is possible that t1 ai requirements,_
uany increase a s . the industrialization of the 23oc countries proee ds.
Tibe consumption pattern of the Soviet 81oa countries is different from
that of the US in that the percentage of tbea.totaL tin consumption which is
used in the manufacture Of alloys, such as bronze acad. babbbitt, 'for essential._.
industrial equipment and military end items is substantially bigber than
in the US,. vbe*eas the aaagoaaats directed to the production or' tits 'plaate and
noneassentia1 products acre subastenti&Uy lower, It is e*tiaaaated that in
1951 possibly 65 to 67 percent of tlae .total consumption w e a' being used in
the production' of bronze. and babbitt,. 1~ to 16 percent in tin plate, 22 to
13 percent in solder, and 6 to 7 percent in other uses. It is apparent
that in: the event of full-scale war, the amount of nonessential tin pro-
duction which could be diverted to additional military use is Ilmitedo
Any estimate of the size of stockpiles of tin in the Soviet Bloc is
difficult. It is believed, however, that the USS? has accumulated limited
stocks -of tin and that sufficient tin my be stored to enable %oc peer
'industries to op*raate for' & period of 1. to 2 years if imports frcm out-
side the Bloc were eliminated.
Dc eestic production and imports of tin are adequate to meet the mini-
mum requirements iaaL the Soviet Bloc under present conditions, and the sup-
ply situation within the Sloe should improve. Communist China is capable
of considerably increasing its output of tin over an ended period,, and
Soviet production probably will continue to rise. The tit s, requir=e me of
the Bloc probably will also rise, however, and it is not bel,ievaed that
self-sufficiency its tin will be achieved in the. near futures
Resources and-Production. ,
CC the total area within the Soviet Bloc, only tkwee countries produce
primary tin -- the USSR, Communist China, and East Germany. The present
Bloc output is estimated at about 15,000 to 16,000 metric tons annually.,,
produced approximately. as foiiowss the USSR, about 64. percent; Communist
China, about 2&O percent; and Bast Germany,, lase than 1 percent.
2
B=L~-C-R?E-~
Approved For Release 1999/09102 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0.
A. USSR.
1. Resources.
For many -,ears the USSR was considered to be deficient in tin
resources. The Soviet goverment, however, has made a determined effort
to locate domestic sources of supply. In l9 f, of the total funds for
.prospecting available to the People's Commissariat of Nonferrous Metals,
11.5 percent was allogeted to the search for tin resources, a percentage
exceeded only by the amount devoted to the search for. gold. /* Substan-
tial tin reserves are believed to have been developed as a result of the
extensive prospecting program.
In 1933 the known tin reserves of the USSR were confined to
Chits Oblast and were estimated at 8,300 to 13,000 metric tons of contained
tin. In the period before the outbreak of World War ZZ, known reserves in
Chits. Oblast were expanded, and important new tin deposits were located in
the following general areas: the Tetyukhe area in Primorskiy Krsy, the
Verkhoyanek area in Takatsk ASSR, / and the Kolyrna area in Khabarovsk
Kray. V Lees important occurrence were located in Vostochao-razakhatan,
Tadzhik SSR,.ar,id Kirgiz.SSR... During World War 11 the Khingan deposits in
the Evreyskaya Autonomous Oblast were discovered. Important reserves
,may also exist in the Chukchi -National Ckrug of Khabarovsk Kray.'j/
In 1,.. Soviet officials made the-claim that the tin reserve
of the USSR were exceeded only by those. of Southeast Asia (pr+esumibly in-'
eluding South China) and of Bolivia. 6 Even if this statement is exagger-
ated, it indicates substantial ore reserves. Zn.evaluating Soviet claims
for tin resources, however, it should be- noted that many of the tin occur-
rences of the USSR are located in,:inaccessible areas and that the grade, or
tin content, of the ores has never been disclosed. It is believed that
many of the deposits may be of low grade. Although geological data may,
therefore,: indicate largetin reserves, commercially exploitable ieserves
may at present be much less.
2. Mining, Millin and Smelt
a. M.
The'first important tin deposit to be developed in the USSR
was the Onon Mine, which began production about 1933. Shortly thereafter,
the Khapcheranga.Mine -- long considered to be the most important, mine in
the USSR - and the Sherlovsya Gore Mine were opens.. All three mines are
in Chits Oblast., which produced,practically all of the Soviet output of
tin before World War IX and which may still be the most important of. the
Soviet tin producing areas.
Footnote references in arabic numerals are to sources listed in Appendix D.
Approved For Release 1999/09/ ? C F P79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
By 1940 the Bolsbaya Sinancha and Stalinsk deposits in
the Tetyukbs ' area -of P*morskiy Kray had been located and probably were in
production. ii Two other mines in this area, the Khrustal?noye and the
.Liifudze, have been reported to be major deposits with excellent ores.
The Mikoyan Mine, located in the Kbingan area of they Evreyskaya Autonomous
Oblast, Was,discovered about 1942 and has been developed since the war. 2/
In the Verkhoyansk, Kolyma,'and Chukchi areas, all mining
activities are controlled by the Del?atroy organization, created in 1132 as
the State Trust for Construction of the Far North for the purpose of ex-
ploiting the mineral resources of the area by the use of cheap slave labor.
The Del?stroy organization, since its establishment, has been under the
Jurisdiction of the State Security Police (originally the 0GPU, later the
NKVD, and at present the MVD). It is therefore difficult to obtain accurate
information about the organization. As early as 100, tin mining was re-
ported in the Soymcban River Basin in the Kolyma area 9 and shortly there.-
after at Ege-Kbay?a in the Verkhoyansk area. As to the deposits reported
in the.Chukchi area,, little is known of the size or quality of the deposits
or of the extent of exploitation. A major deposit at Pyrkaksi has been
reported, and another source reported the movement of soma 15,000 penal
workers to. tbas Chukchi area n 1940 for the purpose of exploiting tin do-
posits. _lp A member of sma 'scattered deposits are being worked in
VoetothnoK,f azakhstan, Tadzhik SSR, and Kirgiz SSH.
b. Mulling.
In g+ermral, milling facilities are located at or near the
mirms. It is believed that the milling procedure generally consists of
gravity concentration by washing. A flotation process may be used when
treating complex ores where sulfides are present.
C ? Smiting.
Two tin in 1ters are known to be operating in the USM at
this times or* located at Podol?sk, near Moscow, and the other near
Novosibirsk in West Siberia.
The plant at Podol'ak, the first Soviet tin melter, began
operations about .1934,. treating principally the ccmplex concentrates from
Kbe~pcherang1. 1 The prewar capacity of the Podol'sk smoiter was esti-
matsd at about" ,000 m tric tone 141
in 1940, construction vas begun on a tin smelter at Kri-
voshchakova, across the tab' River frcn Novosibirsk. By the summer of 1942,
this smelter was largely completed- and was in partial operation. / Its'
capacity is unknown,
Before World War Il the. Krasnin Vyborskez. Armament Works
operated a small tin molter in 'Leningrad which supplied only the needs of
the plant, )f but it is not believed that this molter has produced tin
4
Approved For Release 1999/09/,$ P79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
since the were Although reports have been received of the: construction,
or of planned construction, of tin-smelting facilities at Tetyukhe in the,
Far lasts at Ego-Kbay"a in Yakutsk AS, and at the Khapeberanga and Sb? r-
lovaya Gora properties in Chita Mast, 17 the existence of these instal.-
latioi has not been confirmed.
3.
Since the limited beginnings of the Soviet tin industry in
1933-3k, the output of tin has increased steadily to the present, sad., on
the basis of potential tin resourco+s and the apparent determination of thm
Soviet government to increase domestic supplies,, it is probabla~ that the
rate of tin production will continua to increase. It is not believed, how-
ever, that the domestic tin industry has ever met tbs requirements of the
Soviet industry, and it is not considered probable that self-sufficiency
in tin will be achieved in the near future. Although the USSR may have sub-
stantial tin reserves, the exploitation of some deposits is a ly dif-
ficult because of climatic conditions or inaccessibility, or may be un-
economical because of low tin content.
the Soviet government does not release figures on tin production
and has made every effort to conceal its"tin production and resources. Evi-
dence of Soviet reluctance to divulge information on the tin situation in
the USSR is the Soviet attitude toward the Combined Tin Committee, which
was formed -in 1946 as an instrument of international allocation to distri-
bute the world tin supply in relation to the consumption requirements of
the various nations. Despite an inadequate domestic tin supply, the USSR
refused to participate in the programs, inasmuch as membership would have re-
quired the USSR to reveal domestic production and requirements of tin. LS/
Some limited information is available on trends in Soviet tin
production. The only direct evidence of Soviet output has been a statement
made early in 19 'by I.M. l yskiy, Soviet Ambassador to the tIC, in con-
nection with lend-lease negotiations, that Soviet production of tin.waa 170
to 180 metric tone per month, 1 which would amount to 2,,040 to 2,:i6D
uric tons per year. It has been reported that in the period 190-3 the
output of tin increased by 68 percent 90 and that the 1945 production ex-
ceeded the 19W output by 2.22 these. RT/_ On the basis of this informations
If it is assumed that the 1941 production was about 2,100 metric tons, as
Mayakiy?s statement imrplies, and that the rate of increase was relatively
constant, a production of about 3,800`m9tr-ic tons in 19U5 would be probab1 .
Production increases of 19.1 percent in 1946 over 1945 and of
17.1 percent in the f irat. 9 months of 1947 over the output of the same
period in 1946 have been reported. 2~ The Fourth Five Year Plan (19 6-5D')
required an increase by 1950 of 9.7tir+moe the 1945. output, W3 which, on
Approved For Release 1999/09fO2'-&~r- P79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
8-E-C-R-E-T
the basis of the above figures, would indicate. a 1950 goal of about 30;300
metric tons. It is not believed that this goal was achieved. The Fifth
Five Year Plan (1951-55) albs for an increase of 80 percent.
On the basis of the limited inforavition above, the reported. In-
creases in reserves, the difficulties of bringing some deposits into pro-
duction, and the probability of low-grade ores in some cases, the output
of Soviet tin during 1940-51 is estimated in Table 1, subject to a margin
of error ranging from 20 to 20 percent.
Table 1
Estimated Output of Tin in the.USSR
191x0-51
Year
Cd tput
Year
%tput
1940
1
700
196
4
5
co
1941
0
20.'W
1947
,
5,300
191
2,O0
.
198
6,300
1943
2,800
1949
7,300
l9"
3,O
1950
8,300
1945
3,800
1951
MOO
B. Communist China.
1. Resources.
The tin reserves of Communist China generally have been esti-
mated at about 1.5 million metric tons of contained tin -- the magnitude of
the reserves of the Federation of Malays, which aa the largest known re-
serves in the world.
Of the total tin resources of Communist China, it is estimated
that more than 80 percent is located in Yunnan Province in an area sur-
rounding the town of Ko-Chiu. 2h Ko-Chiu is located at 23032' N - 103Qo5' 1
and is about 80 kilometers from Lao Kai on the French Indochina border.
The Ko-Chiu tin-bearing area is about 30 kilometers long and 20 kilometers
wide. 126/ The tin ore consists of finely disseminated cassiterrite. It
contains relatively soft, clayey loimonite and hematite and frequently car-
ries sma11 amounts of copper and zinc oxides and carbonates, galena, and,
on occasion, some silver. 27 In genera1,'the ore occurs in crevices and
pipes following twisting courses and in the overburden on hillsides and
in valleys. 28/ Any accurate estimate of the reserves of the Ko-Chiu area
-6-
Approved For Release I 999/0 -el -RDP79-o1093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
is difficult because of the erratic distribution of the deposits and of the
.tin content within the various deposits; the lack of development work; and
the primitive mining methods, especially on the part of the native
operators.*
A second important. tin a m& occurs in Kwangsi Province and
consists of deposits occurring over a wide area including the following dis-
tricts; Fu-Ch?uan, Ho, Cb?uan-Shanj Ch?ing-Ch?eng, IIan'ten, Ho'ch?ih, and
Ch?unn. 291- The best known properties are the Tsapayyven Mine in the
Paing-lo_District and the Fu-Bo-Ch"uan'deposits located in tba Fu-Ch?uan,,
to, and Ch?uaan-Shan districts -- the latter covering an area 42 kilometers
long with an average width of 1 kilometer. ,,fD
Tin occurs in veU-scattered tungsten. deposits in Kiangai
Province. The tin content in usually less than 10 percent of the tungsten
content of the ore. / ?h principal areas of tin occurrence are said
to be Shang-1ung, Hs a-lung, Hsi-hue-sban, Kong-shui, Ta-yu, Tsun,gyi, and
Piao-.teng. Tin deposits also occur in Hunan Province, north of the $unan-
ngsi border, and are known in Kwanggtung Province. V
2. Mi~nit Milling, and Smelti_Bg.
There are hundreds of pits, caves, and underground workings
in the Ko-Chiu area,, which have been'exploited for several hundred years.
At the time of the Communist occupation of Yunnan Province, two groups
were operating in the Ko-Chiu area: the Yunnan Consolidated. Tin Corporation,
a campany owned and operated by the goveermoent, and a large number of native.
properties, consisting mainly of primitive-underground workings, some ex-
tending in depth to 1,000 feet. 341 In general, the ore-dressing practices
of the native operators consists of puddling and washing in sluices,
with recoveries averaging only 45 to 50 percent. Because of the primi-
tive mining methods and the law recoveries, ore averaging less than 2.5
percent tin could not be worked profitably by the native operators. in
19 there were over 150 native properties operating. in the Laochang Dis-
trict, and others working in the Ssin-Ch?ang.. K'ai-Feng, and Hiuehihpo
districts. Vf8
In 19b8 the Yunnan Consolidated Tin Corporation, vas operating
two major underground mines. the Lsochang Mince in the I*ochang District
and the Malako'I' Mine in than Rein=Chang District. By Chinese standards,,
W 7hd smsi.1 private operators are generally referred to as native opera ??
tore as distinct frcan government-owned and operated properties
ee Also spelled Malake and Melaka.
-7-
Approved For Release I 999/09/g2- -&- P79-01093A000300120003-0
 . Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
S-K-C?R-E-2
w. r _ r _ r
tbase mines were relatively efficient mining enterprises. The ors produced
at the 1aochang Mine was milled locally in a native type of mill, achieving
a recovery of about 60 percent. The ore produced at the Maleko Mine was
moved by a two-stage aerial tramway to a more modern ore-dressing plant at
KO-Chiu, Q/ which consisted of-s Jaw crusher, a rod mill, a Darr clas-
sifier, cone classifiers, and Wilfle tables ..0 This mill was reported
to achieve a recovery of 75 percent I and to ve a capacity of 220
metric tons of ore per day. This corporation also operated placer mines
at Chiu-telai-ch?ung and at Tiucbiatung. Those mines are operated-by
hydra-ulicking.'
In the town of Kohiu there were about 15 native smelters,
each with an average capacity of 1 metric ton per day, giving a combined
output of about 15 metric tons of crude tin, 93- to 99-percent pule, per
day. 42
The Yunnan Consolidated Tin Corporation also operated a smelter
in Ko hiu, gating concentrates from Iaocbang and Ko-Chiu mills and pro-
ducing a crude tin averaging about 96-percent purity. .k 3ma~iting losses
ran over 10 percent. 4 The crude tin was refined b y liquating and by
agitation by polior compressed air. The National Resources Commis-
sion reported in 19 a8 that the refining capacity was 700 metric tons per
month. !5
b. Kwangsi Province.
As in Yunnan Province, two groups were operating in the
Kwangsi tin fields in 198: the Ping Kvei Mining Administration, a company.
awned and operated by the government, and a number of native operators.
Mining was usually done hydraulically with monitors, and they cassiterit
was. recovered by sluicing. , The Kwangsi ores are free of the copper. and
arsenic impurities usually associated with Yunnan tin ores and are thus
more amenable to concentration by washing. The concentrates obtained aver-
aged about 75 percent tin. 7
The larger native operators had their awn smelters., pro-
ducing a crude tin of 97-percent purity. J The Ping Kwei Mining Adminis.
tration operated a salter at Pa-pu with a capacity of 150 metric tons of'
tin per month averaging about 99.5-percent purity. The Administration also
operated a refinery, using reverberatory furnaces and poling and liquating
kettles. The capacity of this refinery was 300 metric tons of refined tin
per month./
'--5 rauZ c ing is washing.down a bank of earth or gravel by playing on
it a stream of water under high pressure.
ee The process of separating a fusible substance from one less fusible,
by means of heat.
eee A process consisting of the introduction of poles of green wood into
the molten metal. Gases are generated which have a reducing action on
oxides.
_8
Approved For Release 1999/0940
2CIi%- DP79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
25X6A
Before World War II, China was one of the major producers of
tin, reaching a high of about 14,200 metric tons in 1939. f Tin pro-
duction declined sharply in 1912 and fell to an estimated 1,500 metric tons
by 1945. 51/ This decline in output was largely the result of uncontrolled
inflation --in China making operations by the native operators unprofit
able. For 1948, the last full year of operations under the Nationalist
government, production has been estimated at 4,900 metric tons; for 19491,
at abort 4,300 metric tons.
Although the Chinese Communist government has published no ?
statistics on tin production,'it is known that considerable effort has been
made to expand tin production. The quota established for the Ko-Chiu area
in Yunnan Province for the year 1951 has been reported to be 5,000 metric
tons, and it. was also reported that in the early part of the year the
"Yunnan Tin Company" (which may or not be the same as the Yunnan Consoli-
dated Tin Corporation) bad exceeded its quota. Rp- / In view of the exten-
sive reserves of the Ko-Chiu area, the output achieved in the past, and
the smelting capacity available in the area, the reported achievement of an
output of 5,000 metric tons of tin in Yunnan Province in 1951 is considered
probable.
.The second major.producing area, in Kwangsi Province, reached
a peak of about 3,500 metric tons in 1938 and averaged about 21000 metric
tons annually from 1935 to 19142. By 1945, production was halted in Kwangsi
Province 55 The 194$ output has been
estimated at about 455 metric tons,. 6 and it is believed that. the rate
of production in 1951 was probably out 750 to 1,000 metric tons.
Yunnan Province norms11y produces about 80 percent of the total
Chinese CCMMunist production of tin, and Kwangsi Province, from 15 to 18
percent. On this basis, it is probable that the Chinese Ccmmunist output
for 1951 was about 6,000 metric tons. One source has reported that statis-
tics compiled on 15 February 1952' by the Committee of Finance and? Econodn-
ics of the Chinese Communist' government indicated a tin production of
6,143 metric tons for the year 1951. 57/ A tabulation of the estimated
output of tin in Ccmmunist China from 939 through 1951 is given in
Table 2.*
.C. Czechoslovakia.
Some tin production boa been reported from a mine located at Zinn
weld, on the German-Czechoslovak border, with one shaft on each side of
the border. f8 Any production would be processed in East Germany and
would be included in East German records. 'Also., a tin deposit has been re-
ported at Cinobana. S..2f It should be noted that the 1949. Plan for the pro-
duction and allocation of metallurgical products in Czechoslovakia made
cab a Mows on p. 10.
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 :'1C%& RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
Estimated Output of Tin in Communist China
1939-51
Year
Oust
_t
Year
output,
_
1939
14,200?
106
28500
1940
10,700
1947
4,&00
1941
11,410
l9 w
4,900
19+2
7,900
1949
4,300
1943
7,2OO
1950
5,000 6i/
1944
3,OOO
1951
6,ooo
/
1945
1,500
_
,_
no reference to any'domestic production of primary tin, although imports
of tin and the recovery of secondary metal were indicated.
D. East Germany.
Germany has had a long history of tin production from low-grade
deposits, with exploitation dating back to the Middle Ages. Before World
War 11 the output averaged about 150 metric tons per year and was increased
during the war, but production came to a complete halt by 1945. 9/ In
1948 the output-of refined tin was reported to be lase than 50 metric
tons.
The tin ore production of East Germany is largely from four mines
located, in order of importance, at Altenberg, Ehrenfriedersdorf, Sad-
isdorf, and Gotteeberg. All of the concentrates produced are treated at
the tin, smelter (Zinnhuette) at Freiberg, where a metal of 9906- to 99.8-
percent purity is produced.
The 1950 tin production of East Germany was reported to be 80 metric
tons of refined tin, with an output of 110 metric tons planned for 1951.
The capacity of the tin smelter at Freiberg is reported to be 140 metric
tons of electrolytic tin per year, and it isleaned to increase the capac-
ity to 200 metric tons per year by 1955.
11. ports.
Traditionally the USSR and the European Satellites have depended on
imports for all or a large part of their tin supplies. Although the out-
put of tin in the USSR and Caapvnunist China has expanded, the Soviet Bloc
is not presently self-sufficient in tin supplies, and the net deficit is
-10-
Approved For Release 1999/09/026_c j RPT79-01093A000300120003-0
 , Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
nyt~t trough import It is , 0tima d Ust 7&000 to &,, J Wttric toa&
of tin in &li form wvra obtaalwd by t Bloc Uwougb impowt in l l a
Voidance Is av ailanblats accounting for axporttt to tb Oloc at 6,98 metric
tona of tin a1 in 1951, and it is consai rad'poanibl ttkat to
1,500 amr:trio tons t r ob insd through imports of t various a 1pyas non-
t sitting tin, of tin plat a, *ad of matmuf turea and through other ohipwats
of tin zm tt t not r or . It is believed, howev-.r, that tin Amount of
imports in oxnv s of r :rded aabipmtnt is o r tbt, 0--astr?ic-ton f lo-
ura than the 1,WO-amtric-ton figure. `'mblm 3# gives known Imports of
tin by the soviet 1 in 195L
~.~~[~ons~uaa ticsna
go attempt i* maada to dd' rmin% the s ,uir ntsK of tthb various
tin-consuming 1and:&st:tr1 , iaatammuneb as aucb requir ntm must b.- ects-t-bliah-d
by car iniiag t azd for and products by t soviet, @1oa anon y
tR pxodwttv4t carp ity of the various Industries. lnsufa r i* p a
atblm, bn vcr, t W, pastttaro of train nonsumptiork by ute in iadican db
Tbit~L major paw of tin consumption by t Soviet, Bloc is in t form
of vairious alloys of bronze, babbitt, a moldcpri and in tin pl at In ad-
dition,, thvre is a vidd reage of ar.i Qll ouaa use*, including collapnih
to ay foil, tinning, end type n t , vision aara ttatted b ra ft r at
o h r ua .
'M chief nou sumsing industries for br'oGtzt, rt copper tin alloy with tb
proporttE.z of tin running from fl to Z$ pcmonti,, aae^ ges: rt?a.l @ngin ring,
*b1pbuii:ding,, and c lirctricaal quipm nto ` addition of tin to copper in-
atrgv a ttta drma,, istrength, and t rvsalat nce 'to corr?otion and provid m
tett r casting qua.litit: as. Bronze is effective in bearings wb n u, v r?r
npacAm are rolativv1y low and load pros cur*a a high. ' hh, resiantt*t a to
corroa ioo mmt a bronta, caaptaAally asuitaabl for mina ongio rings
fteria total alloys ggttr l.y coat ?in from 0 to 90 parr' nt %in. T
propaarti*a of tin bearing metal include thrs: ability to vithatand galling
t a ham,ft,, tt* nmpacity to r't in an on film, a high rebiast. @ to eor
r?oa:on, a low reaiateame to aboaring, and a relatively Xosnger life. gt.
b* r1ng amstta is a rilativn1y vank maottaalas, they ar, bow to aao sttroa - M
backing mmiAn1, and tin-bsa a &1loya are good tan this a stpcct. In a.ll of
tth propnr?ttieas tndtaarittrrd above, an mama In ttt tin p rem ntaagc of the
alloy will irprovv tt p$ ytivaaal1 propnrti4paav A ganar . Twin of thumb is
thhtt ttt taster tbr. ro tioat of the abaft, tom, hig rr cbould be tt #tto r ?a=
=
tent of Ux~ by ?itw. Lead-b. alloys can bo, subattitutti d for tin-b 41
l.s ra i a;utira a minimum of lubrication, but tbry a not so .l-la b1v,
wad ty nd to crack and break up vhan t,t load impom9d baeoamaarr+4asateo
"fat tin-ba alloys arm tough and mall. able sand also morn fluid,, thug r-
naltti tip casting of ara much inter Waring of aatttr? mtr, ugtb.
Approved For Release 1999/09/Q2E-CI@P79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
S-E-C -R-r, -T
Table 3
Known imports of Tin by the Soviet Bloc 67/
1951
Exporting;
Communist
Czecho-
East
Total
Country
USSBi
China
Slovakia
Germany Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Bulgaria
Soviet Bloc
Belgium
200
68/
0
0
0
0
I72 68/ 0
0
672
Nether
lands
0
26
68/
309"
41
71/
111
0
0
0
487
Pftlaya
0
0
2,510
0
0
1,870
406
0
4,786
UK
102
0
0
0
116
72/
0
97
72/
315
72/
West
Germany
>
0
0
0
210
68/
0
0
0
0
210
>
Otherr
50
69/
0
0
- 72/
12
70
0
0
0
0
62
72/
Total
352
26
P,825
263
111
X58
406
97
6,538
- 12 -
S-E-C -R-E-T
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
 . Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
alloys do require more lubrication and attention in service, boWever, and
the substitution of lead-base bearings amounts to. a sacrifice of possible
1ongr service. Among than uses of bearing motels are high-speed dynamos,
motors, lathes, cranny, rofing .mi11s, and sutamotive main bearings.
Solder is a tin-lead alloy used for Joining metal. ' higher the
tin content at the alloy,, the lower will be the malting temperature, the
greater the adherence to otD r metals, and the greater the ability to 'flow
into Joints. Among the many uses of solder are electrical connections,
manufacture of a a automobile radiators,, automobile body seewq joint wiping
in plumbing, and the aaasnufacture of tin cane and tin boxes.*
The primary use of tin plate and terneplate (metal coated with an al-
loy of tin and lead) is in the manufacture of containers. Tin plate is
particularly suitable for packaging because of its resistance to corroslion,
chesprassss, ease of assembly, ease of handling (not subject to br akag) ,
and the long "shelf-life " of the packaged product. In general,, tin plate
is used in the manufacture of consumer goods. It also is used for the
packaging of field rations for military use.
A. USSR.
With the expansion of industry in the USSRp the requir ents for tin
,have been increased. With the exception of the war years, however, the pat-
tern of. tin consumption has remained fairly constant.
For the prewar period, 19311-41, Soviet consumption has been esasti-
maaatued as having risen from about 5,000 metric tons to about 12,000 metric
tons. 73/ During this period the planned deveelopa>ant of Soviet industrial.
and military oquipaent directed the consumption of tin supplies lamely to
those alloys required for the manufacture of industrial equipm nt and. mii,i-
tsry end 1tsms. Sam contrast to the US, the USSR had a relatively small
food-canning industry, and the consumption of tin plate was low. Tale 14'
shows a reported distribution of the consumption of primp=.,ry do in time
i8M in 1937.0% Captured. Herman and Soviet documents have indicated thtiat,
in 1940, the used. 311.7 percent of its tip supply in bronze and about
32 percent in babbitt. 7
During World War 11 the USSR, unlike time WS, was unableto cut totaaa .
tin consumption by the reduction of nonessential needs., inasmuch as such
uses were alraeaady 1arg 1y curtailed under the so-called peacetime economy.
ta HAS the pattern of tin consumption. of all tin supplies, including
secondary tin. shifted. . The percentag used in tin plater and trmermplate
declined fran.Je5.1 percent in 1937 to 28.6 percent in 19 ,14,, and and the per-
conta used in bronze and babbitt rose fral 14.7 percent in 1937 to 46.5
W Ourizsg ear d War 11, solders with less than 3 percent tin were success-
fully .used in the manufacture of tin cans in the US.
Table 4 follows on p, 111.
- 13
Approved For Release I 999/09/ l-6rA P79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0 .
'able h
Consumption of Tin in the US
1337
Pex?vqnt of 'dotal Oofasumption
Plate
12.4
Bronze and Babbitt
67.5
Solder
xi.6
Warr
8.5
percent in 19` a it also in very probable that t pattern of tin con-
eumption in the VSSN abaft d, with most of t2a tin being consumed in
bearings and other it .s for gaaa ential industrial, m binary and in pro-
duction directly for military use.
lIxt the postwar period the USSR resumed the planned d relopaa nt of
its industrial- and military potr ntiaatl. Emph1 also h been pled on
military equipment, &Itbough tb consumption pattern, so given in poaceant?
ago of total consumption, may not have changed much. It is estimated that
in 1951 possibly 65 to 67 percent of total Soviet tin consumption was used
in the m nufaactur of bronzes and babbitt, 15 to 16 percent in tin plates, 12
to 13 percent in solder, and 6 to 7 percent in of r uses. It is pos-
sible that Soviet minimum requir-ments for 1.951 rose to approximately
17,000 to 18,000 m trio tons. Any esstimat, bowavar, is highly
conjectural.
S. Con .ist China.
Although a major tin-producing country, Chian has never consumed
tin in important amounts. tarn tiox 1 Tin Study Group has eaati-
mated Chirarmaae consumption from 1937 to l at an avcr*V of about
rntric tons per y war. 77/ 3Cn pro-Communist China, than primary uses of tin
were for pewter,, tin p te, tin toil, and simulated sifter bullion (used in
religious worship), In vie' of Communist attempts to industrialize China,
however, the requirements for tin may be rising slowly, and it is believed
that in 1951 Chinese Communist requirements were about 500 to 700 metric
tons, the balance of Chinese Communist output being exported to the USSR.
Th 1rit s tioaaka:i 'rein study Group has reported that tla apparent
consumption of tin in Oz cboslovakia in the period 1956-38 averaged 1,685
metric tons per yard Since about 115 metric tone were -expor d,
tb xant annual,. appaa at consumption in Czec oslovaa cia vas about 1,570
Approved For Release 1999/091 L - DP79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
metric tonne per year. In caenparison with this pear figure, the IV 49 Plan
for the allocation of tin provided for the consumption of 1,737 metric tons.
The First Dive Year Plan in Czachoolovvkia U09-53) coals for -n mnnuaY.
tin consumption of 2,800 metric tons by 1953, / a figure believed to be
high. pUmnod consumption in the year 194 is shown in Table 5. Although
Planned Consumption of Tin in Czechoslovakia
199
Percent of
Total Consumption
. Amount
(metric tons)
Tin Metal a/ 29.8
517.4
Bronze
and Babbitt
52.9
919.1
Solder
16.2
281.5
Other
1.1
19.1
ostly tin plate.
l a1
the total consumption may increase under the present Five Year Plan, it
is believed that the consumption pattern, as shown in the percentage col-
umn of Table 5, will remain more or less constant.
D. East Germany.
Data on prover imports ere of little use in determining so-called
normal peacetime requirements of or consumption in East Germany, because
of the present political division of Germany. Although limited amounts of
primary tin have been produced in the Erzgebirge, now a part of East Germany,
domestic production is insufficient to meet the requirements of East Germany
and must be supplemented by imports of tin or tin products. The 1951 Plan
of the East Germane govarninent provided for the production of 110 metric
tone of refined tin and imports of 330 metric tons, 8l plus imports of
substantial amounts of tin products.
Although no precise information is available as to the percentages
or amounts of tin distributed for tbe- various uses, plans for importing
relatively large amounts of babbitt and bronze indicate that a relatively
large proportion of tin consumption is in the form of these alloys. The
planned dom .tie production in 1951 provided for 3,000 metric tons of
bronze, 88/ 240 metric tons of babbitt, and metric ton of solder.
Bo indiction is given of the tin content of the alloys.
15
G-E-CR-E-T
Approved For Release 1999/0970 ?L7A RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
 .Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
E. H .
Hungary is dependent upon imports for. its tin supplies. In the
period 1935-39, imports, including scrap, averaged annually 635 metric
tons. Little current informaation is available on tin consumption in
Hungary. The planned production for 1947, however, amounted to a total of
315 metrie tons, of: which 'Ti metric tons, or percent of the total,
were to be exported. The planned percentages of total consumption for
1947 are shown in Table 6.
Table 6
Planned Consumption of Tin in Hungary
1947
Percent of Total Consumption
Amount
t
(Metric Tons) Including Exports Excluding Exports
Tin Alloys
(Bi'onze, Babbitt,
Solder,
etc.)
142
45.0
59.7
Tin Plate
76
2.1
32.0
Exports
77
24.4
Other
:20
6.5
8.3,
Total
15
100.0
IW.O
In v,ei of the apparent tin consumption of Hungary in the prewar
period, it is probable that 1951 requirements were about 500 to 600 metric
togs per year.
It has been reported that bearing-metal has been produced for ex-
port to the USSR at the Csepel Works (formerly the Manfred. Weiss Works)
near Budapest. U
F. Other satellites.
The other Satellites are dependent upon foreign sources of supply
to meet their tin requirements, and the imports of tin may be used to de-
termine the apparent consumption. No information has been received as to
the proportions of tin supplies being distributed for the various uses,, but
it is probable that the trends follow the general pattern for Soviet-dom-
inated European countries' with the bulk of the tin going to-alloys for
essential industrial or military consumption.
16
S E-oCRaET
Approved For Release 1999/09102 -CtA-R'DP79-01093A000300120003-0
 ,Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
Albania, being primarily an agricultural country, has a neg-
ligible need for tin. It has not been. the practice in Albania to use tin
plate to any extent in the packaging of food..
2. Bulgaria.
During tba period 1936-39, tin imports"by Bulgaria ranged frcm
159 to 270 metric tons, tbb average rata being 197 metric tons. per
yearn r ltt is believed that tba 1951 consumption of tin was about
890 metric tons per year.
34 Poland.
wRCiM'~wis
During the prewar years,, Poland imported an average of about
1,300 metric tons of tin annually. Based on apparent consumption figures
of the International Tin Study Group, in part supplied by Poland to the
Combined Tin Committee and in part sastiusatsd by the International Tin Study
Group, the apparent consumption for the period 17_51 averaged 1,500 to
X,600 uric tons per year.
s
i4 Rumania.
in the period 1936-39,, Rumanian imports averaged about 325
metric tons of tin per year. In the postwar period the International "in
Study Group has estimated apparent consumption to be about 250 metric tons
per year,
M Requiremants0
The minimum tin requirements of th Soviet Bloc are estimated at 2,000
to 24,000 metric tons annually. This estimate In in part based on the
astimate that available supply in 1951 from mire production was 1 ,( to
16,000 metric tons and that 7,000 to 8,000 =trio tons were obtained in all
forms through imports. The estimated requirements by country am roughly
apportioned as shown in Table 74*
A trend has been established in Soviet Bloc countries of consuming a
relatively high percentage of the total tin supply in the manufacture of al-
loys for essential industrial equipment and military item and of consuming
a relatively low percentage. in the manufacture of tin plate, largely used
for containers and nonnsasential items.
?. gtoc ilex
Over and above working invantoriesa, tb* USt, despite supply shortages')
Is believed to have accumulated a limited tin stockpile. In a large metal
r ~bAe 7 fo awe on P. 180
Approved For Release 1999/09/02` (TA=RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
S-$-CR-E-
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
Table 7
Estimated Requirements for Tin in the Soviet Bloc
1951
Requirements .
' a usand Ma;tric Tox
country Minimum
USSR
17.0
18.0
75
C choslovakia
2.8
1.9
8
Poland
1.6
1.7
7
0 Est
China
0.5
0.7
3
East Gemany
005
007
3
Hungary
0.5
o.6
Rumania
/
0.25
/
0.3
1
1
Bulgaria
0.2
0.2
1.
Ddb o al X5 0 35 24.1 100
depot at Kirov (58035' W - 49?A K), a returning prisoner of war has r
ported the storag of tin for use only for war purposes. other re-
turning prisoners of wear have reported the existence of tin in the Kirov
depot. Also several references h a v e been made to tin stocks in the Moscow
area. 'tin may also be stored in other parts of the , although no ovi-
denc* has been received to substantiate this.
In view of the sketchy evidence available, it is extremely difficult
to estinrts thr exnt of the Soviet stockpile of tin, but it is possible
that sufficient amounts have been accumulated to enable the Soviet Bloc
to operate, under present conditi;?rns, for I to 2 years without serious
difficulties if all imports from outside of the Soviet-dominated sountrie8
were eliminated.
18
Approximate Percents4p
Maximum of Total Bloc R g nts
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
 . Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
LIST OF TIN DEPOSITS 1 THE USSR
Location
Area
Khapcheranga
49?42' N - 112?1O' E
Chita Oblast
A major mine.
Orion
50036' N'- 115?35' E
Chita Oblast
A major mine.
Sherlovaya Gora
5036' N - 116?22' E
Chita Oblast
A major mine.
Ege-Khay'a
67024' N - 134?15' E
Verkhoyansk
Reported as a major mine.
Alys-Khaya
65?5O' N - 1340501 E ,/
Verkhoyanak
Probably being exploited.
Kosterskoe
Unknown
Verkhoyansk
Possibly being exploited.
Burgavli
66030' N - 137000' E
Verkhoyanak
Possibly being exploited.
Imtandzha
66?o4' N - 128?211 E
Verkhoyansk
Possibly being exploited.
Booby
Near Imtandzha
Verkhoyansk
Possibly being exploited.
Bollshaya Sinancha
45010' N - 136040' E
Tetyukhe
A major mine.
Stalinak
45?10' N - 136?40! E
Tetyukhe
A major mine.
Khrustal'noye
44015' 19 - 134?30' E
Tetyukhe
Probably being exploited.
Lifudze
Near Khruatal'ooye
Tetyukhe
Probably being exploited.
Mikoyan
49?1o`' N - 131 OO' E e/
Khingan
A major mine.
Seymehan
62023' N - 152036' E a
Kolyma
Reported as a major mine.
Butyguchag
61019" N - 149?11' E a~
Kolyma
Probably being exploited-,
Tayezhiny
Unknown
Kolyma
Probably being exploited.
Pyrkakai
69?18' N .. 176?o0.' E
Chukchi Okrug
Reported as a major deposit,
may be exploited.
a. Approximate location.
- 19 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 $414-RE W9-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
S-B-C -R-E-T
MMCDCLOGY
The estimates of tin production are based on base figures obtained
for.one or more years; on official percentage figures; and on extrap-
olation modified by various limiting factors, such as the extent and
location of ore reserves.
Estimates of imports are based on export figures of the various
non-Bloc exporting countries.
The estimates of the pattern of consumption are based on estimates
of tin plate production, on prewar estimated figures, and on the ap-
parent trends of development of the over-all Soviet econcsnyo Other
sources, cited in the text, were used in estimating the consumption pat-
terns of Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
The estimates of the minimum requirements are based on apparent con-
sumption (or available supply); on the steady growth of Soviet industry
and the accompanying rise in tin requirements; on the ability of the
USSR to establish stockpiles; and, in scene cases, on figures reported
by specific countries to the Combined Tin Committee. The estimates of
requirements are highly-conjectural.
2p -
Approved For Release I 999/09/0%;,C? L 2 ?79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
GAPS IN n=LL$GE) E ,.
The major gaps in intelligence on the tin situaiion in the Soviet
Bloc are as follows:
1. Minimum Requirements for Tin.
Information is needed on the adequacy of the tin supply in
various specific-industries,, the use of substitute materials and the
extent of such substitution, and the degree of control over the distri-
bution of the available tin supply,
2. StockpilingProms,
Information is needed on the location and extent of individual
depots and the amount of tin being withdrawn from available supplies
for the stockpiling program.
3.. Recovery of Secondary Metal.
Information is needed on the locations and capacities of plants
producing secondary tin and on the amount of tin scrap available for
thi.s.purpose.
$,a Production of Primary Tin,
Information is needed on the extent and metal content of indi-
vidual'deposits; on the extent of exploitation; on milling practices;
on the amount and grade of concentrates produced; and on the location,
production, and capacities of smelting plants.
S-E-G-R-E-T
r r a w.,s .,~ r
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
8-9-C-R-E-T
AP1 DIX D
8CU1 ES AND SVALUATICN Or SOMCES
1. Evaluation of Sources.
The most valuable sources for this report insofar as information
on the USSR. was concerned were as follows:,
a. Dimitri SYiimkin, Minerals A Re to Soviet Power, 8arverd Uni-
versity, 1947 and 1949 drafts. This o appears to-bi-reliable inso-
far as source material used is extracted or abstracted, and it was of
value for statements cited from various Soviet publications. It is
believed, however, that the conclusions drawn from such data by the
author are sometimes questionable.
25X1 C b.
a. Izvestiya, cited in State Department 0IR Report, No.' 46u,, Feb
3948* d: "M statement appearing in Izveetiya concerning ore. re-
serves in the USSR can be considered to et o an indication of po-
tential resources.
d. The1sd.ustries' of themen WDGS, 1947. C. This report
is based on .captured German and Soviet documents and contains data
through 1941 on the Soviet tin situation. It provides good'general
background information, although occasional statements including out-
put estimates are believed to'be inaccurate,, in. view of later information.
Other sources were used largely for single references on specific
points.
Four sources were particularly valuable for information on the tin
industry in pre-Communist China;
25X1 C
c. ~. Marshall Morris,. Field Report on the Chinese Tungsten and
Tin MiniIndustries, Ch ng, China Mission, .Foreign conom a ini-
stration, Office of Economic Warfare, Washington, Do.C., 1943. This
work contains a detailed study of Chinese tin properties and provides
excellent background material.
d. Department of State Despatch No- 835 from Manila, Oct 1949, C.
surve , Vol. 2, No. 7, US Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C a aan .l,
ork vrovideg excellent her-lenmimA r.tmtwsbiskl -
b. Nelson Dickerman, "Mineral Resources of China," 'Forei n Mineral
~
S-E-C -R-E-T
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
 .Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
S-E-C B-E. T
? .wwrrrr
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance;
Sources of Information
Information
A - Completely reliable
1
- Confirmed by other sources
B - Usually reliable
2
- Probably true
C - Fairly reliable
3
- Possibly true
D - Not usually reliable
4
- Doubtful
E - Not reliable
5
- Probably false
F - Cannot be judged
6
- Cannot be judged
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the cited
document; those disignated "BR" are by the author of this report. No
"RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation of
the cited document.
.1. Dimitri Shimkin, Minerals A Ke to Soviet Power, Esrvard Univer-
sity, 1947 and 1949 drafts. al. R.
2. Shimkin, ibid., 1949 draft.
30
4.
25X1C
7,
8.
25X1 C 1090
il.
25X1 C j,2,
13.
14 O
25X1C 15.
16 17.
18.
19.
20.
5. Shimkin, OP- cit., 1947 draft.
6. Izvesti , 2 1944, cited in State Department OIR Report, No.
4bil.p Feb 1948. S. Eval. RR 3.
The Industries of the USSR, ID WDGS,
i n, oar. C t., TRY ( t.
Ibid. .
1947. , Eval, RR 2
Soviet Russia, Metalgesellachaft,, A,G,, Frankfurt
Or B Won- rrou8 rs an Re i es," o . Cit.
~
OI'R Report, No. 4800 .25, Soviet Affairs, Jan 19"rj
i. .Eva1. PR 2.
0Th Report, No. 46ii. Eva ..
Bolshevik, No.22, Nov 1944, cited in OM Report, No. 4611, oR. c tt.
23 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/0f:-t'93~79-01093A000300120003-0
 -Approved For Release 1999/09102 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
T1A1'
25X1C 25.
26.
25X1 C290
30.
31?
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37..
38.
39?
40.
41.
42.
56. CIA so..
25X1 C43o
State Despatch No. 835, cit.
5X1 C 44
2
4
46.
25X1C 47.
48.
25X1 C 49,
50.
51.
52.
25X1 C 54a
550
21.
Izvestiyyaa, 2 Apr 1946, cited in o$R Report, No. 4611,
Eval? RR 2.
22.
hen, op. cit., 1947 draft.
23.
The Greattain Five Year Plan, Soviet Embassy, Washington, D.C.,,
? Eva1. .
24.
Vei Chow Juan, "Mineral Resources of China," Economic Geology,
27?- J. Marshall Morris, Field a ort on the Chinese
on carman, --minerai esources of China," Fo__r__eign~n,.~~M__inerals
Survey Vol. 2, No. 7, US Bureau of Miners, Washington, D ,,
Jan i . !val. RR 2.
Minim Industries, Cum ins; C iaa scion, Foreign Economic
Administration, fice of Economic Warfare, Washington, D.C.,
1943. Eval. BE 2.
Dickerman, o . cit.
Dickerman, op. c it.
Ibid.
UW-80,, 23 Nov '1949. S. Eval. RR 2, insofar as the material used
in this report is concerned.
Morris, 22. cit.
Department oY`8tate Despatch No. 835 from Manila.. oct 1949.
C. Eval. RR 2.
Morris, o2 cit.
State Despat- No. 835, 22. c it.
CIA SO.
No. 835,. cit.
CIA SO.
CA SO.
Dickerman, op. cit.
State Despah 835, off. cit.
CIA so.
Jun 1948. C. Eval. RR 2.
e Yearbook, 1946, tE Bureau of Mines, Washington, D,C o U.
MUM D earboo , 1949, US Bureau of Minas, Washington, D0C o U.
Minerals Yearbook. 1949. ou. cit.
China Project, WAC No. (SOS-3) 1, Serial No. 197, citing Ching-ping
Yang, "The Tungsten, Antimony, Tin, and Mercury Industries During
tight Yeats War," Nanking,. 1946, published in National Resources
Commission Quarterly,, Vol. 6, Nos. 1-2. U. Eva1. ,insofar
a-s production of tin in Kwangsi Province is concerned.
Approved For Release 1999/09/
T &M000300120003-0
 e
Approved For Release 1999/09/02.;. Cl
57. CIA SO., .3 May 1952. C. Eval. RR 2.
58. AA, Praha, R-305-49. Eval. RE 2.
tQk1093A000300120003-0
nL-N
25X1 C 590
60. Figures from U5 Bureau of Mines, except where noted.
610 CIA estimate.
62. Ibid.
63. ME for the Production and Allocation Me
taller ical Products
in Czec oslovakia, 1949., Special Translation, No. 10,
S Feb 1951.. RR 2.
64. Statistical Yearbook, 1949, International Tin Study Group, The
e, 1955 0 U. val. RR 2.
65- CIA S0, 13 Apr 1949. S. Eval. RR 2.
66. CIA SO, 2 Apr 1952. S. Eval. - RR 39 67. Statistical Bulletin, International Tin Study Group, Jun 1952,
0 46 No. . .
68. Compiled from CIA International Trade Register.
69. CIA SO, 31 May 1951. 'S. US OFFICIALS ,ONLY.
70. CIA S0, 10 Aug 1951. S. US C 'FICIALS ONLY.
71. .OIT Commerce, printed sheets, Maandstatistiek Van de In-Uiten
Doorvoer per, land, Utrecht, Mar 1.
72. Tab a Q, COCCMtatiq shies, 1952. S.
73.. OIR Report, No. , o . cite
74. Shimkin, og. cit., 19477 drait-.
75. The Iddustriea of the USSR, o . cit.
76. 611 Report, No. 461 , o . cit -
77. Statistical Yearbook, 149, c. cit.
78. ' i h
79.iled Five Year Plan for Czechoslovakian Metallurgical Indust
80. Plan for Production and Allocation of Metallur ical Products in
zeC oo ovak a, 1949, op. Cit..
81. CIA 30, 13 pr 1949. S. E. RR 2.
82. CIA SO, 10 Aug 1951. S. US OFFICIALS ONLY. Eval.. RR 2.
83. CIA SO, 6 Feb 1951. S. US aF'FIC$ARS C 1LY. Eval. RR 2.
84. FDD Translation, No. 31, 14 Sep 1950. S. Eva].. RR 2.
85. USFA No. 31 S/4 Det/317
16 Feb 1950
S
Eva].
RR 2.
,
.
.
.
86. "Mineral Resources of Bulgaria," Foreign Minerals Survey, Vol.;l,
No. 9, US Bureau of Mines, Waahhg on, M d., p 941 U.
Eval. RR -2.
87. CIA SO, 1950. S. US OFFICIALS (2LY. Eval.. RE 2.
-25-
RONTIAL
Approved For. Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 CIA-RDP79-01093A?00300120003-0
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 CIA-RDP79-01093A000300120003-0