THE FIXED NITROGEN INDUSTRY IN POLAND

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• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 28, 1954
• Content Type: IR

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CIA/RR PR-66
28 July 1954
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
7 :7
?ds-cFFIMiSOAn
SUM
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
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PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE FIXED NITROGEN INDUSTRY IN POLAND
CIA/RR PR-66
(ORR Project 22.157)
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
ORR and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject to revision. Comments and data which may
be available to the user are solicited.
Office of Research and Reports
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C ONTENT S
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
II. History and Organization of the Industry . . . . . . . . 3
III. Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. Synthetic Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Nitrogen Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds . . . . . . . .
5. Industrial Fixed Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5
5
9
12
B. Stockpiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
C. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2. Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3. Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
IV. Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
A. Synthetic Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
B. Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
C. Nitrogen Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
D. Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds . . . . . . . . . . 23
E. Industrial Fixed Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
F. All Forms of Nitrogen Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . 23
V. Input Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A. Synthetic Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B. Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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C. Nitrogen Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1. Calcium Cyanamide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2. Ammonium Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . 26
3. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate(Saletrzak) . . . . . . 26
4. Calcium Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
VI. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions . . . . 29
A. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
B. Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
C. Intentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Appendixes
Appendix A. Fixed Nitrogen Plants in Poland . . . . . . . 31
Appendix B. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 37
Appendix C. Gaps in Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Appendix D. Sources and Evaluation of Sources . . . . . . . 43.
1. Estimated Production of Synthetic Ammonia in Poland,
Selected Years, 1935-55 . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Estimated Production by Synthetic Ammonia Plants in
Poland, 1954 and 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Estimated Production of Nitric Acid in Poland, Selected
Years, 1935-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Production of Specific Fertilizers in Poland, Selected
Years, 1935-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Estimated Production of Ammonium Nitrate and Calcium
Nitrate in Poland, Selected Years, 1935-55 . . . . . . . 11
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6. Total Estimated Production and Distribution of Fixed
Nitrogen in Poland, Selected Years, 1935-55 . . . . .
7. Description of Fixed Nitrogen Products Advertised as
Available for Export by Poland, 1953 . . . . . . . . .
8. Exports of.Fixed Nitrogen from Poland, by Destination
and Commodity, 1950-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Imports of Fixed Nitrogen by Poland, by Origin and
Commodity, 1950-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Containers for Fixed Nitrogen Exports in Poland . . . .
11. Estimated Consumption of Synthetic Ammonia as Nitrogen
in Poland, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. Estimated Consumption of Nitric Acid in Poland, 1954 .
13. Consumption of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Poland, 1937-38,
1945-50, and 1954-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Input Requirements for the Manufacture of Synthetic
Ammonia in Poland, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. Input Requirements for the Manufacture of Nitric Acid
in Poland, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. Input Requirements for the Manufacture of Calcium
Cyanamide in Poland, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. Input Requirements for the Manufacture of Ammonium
Nitrate in Poland, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. Input Requirements for the Manufacture of Calcium
Ammonium Nitrate in Poland, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . .
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12
14
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16
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18
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20
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21
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21
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22
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24
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25
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26
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19. Input Requirements for the Manufacture of Calcium Nitrate
in Poland, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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(ORR Project 22.157)
THE FIXED NITROGEN INDUSTRY IN POLAND*
Summary
The fixed nitrogen industry in Poland is important to the peace-
time economy of the country and would be an essential element of the
industrial structure in time of war. In a wartime economy the
production of fixed nitrogen would become a basic component of the
munitions industry. Under peacetime conditions the fixed nitrogen
industry is primarily concerned with providing agriculture with the
necessary fertilizers and with producing industrial explosives.
It is estimated that up to 90 percent of the production of fixed
nitrogen is currently being channeled to agriculture and that under
normal conditions this pattern will continue, at least through 1955.
Before World War II, Polish agriculture depended on natural organic
materials (animal manure) for fertilizer. The loss of approximately
two-thirds of the livestock numbers during World War II forced Poland
to turn to the nitrogen industry for the necessary nitrogenous ferti-
lizers. By 1954 the industry had expanded to more than twice its
prewar size and had acquired a capacity almost a third as large as
that of the fixed nitrogen industry of the USSR.
In 1953 the industry in Poland, operating at capacity, produced
124,000 metric tons** of nitrogen***. During 1954 the industry is
being expanded to a capacity of 172,000 tons and in 1955 will be
further expanded to a capacity of 236,000 tons. It is estimated
that the industry will operate at capacity in 1954 and 1955.
The primary expansion is being made at a new plant at Kedzierzyn,
which will come into production in 1954 and will reach its capacity of
120,000 tons in 1956. Two other major plants, at Moscice and Chorzow,
are also scheduled for expansion during this period.
The industry is not vulnerable to economic warfare. Poland is
self-sufficient in the raw materials needed in the fixed nitrogen
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of the responsible analyst as of 15 July 1954.
** Throughout this report tonnages are given in metric tons.
*** All figures referring to plant capacity and production are in
terms of nitrogen content unless otherwise indicated.
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industry, and the technology of producing nitrogen compounds is well
known.
A shift to a wartime basis in the fixed nitrogen industry of
Poland would be indicated by increased production of concentrated
nitric acid and ammonium nitrate, with a concurrent decreased produc-
tion of fertilizers. There is no evidence to suggest that such a
shift is being planned. There is evidence, however, of a continuing
expansion in the fertilizer program, with a probable shift to the
large-scale direct application of anhydrous ammonia. Such a shift
would entail considerable investment and must be considered as still
in an experimental stage.
I. Introduction.
The fixed nitrogen industry in Poland, as considered in this
report, includes the following commodities:
1.
Synthetic ammonia
2.
Nitric acid
3.
Nitrogen fertilizers
a.
b.
c.
Fertilizer from synthetic ammonia
Byproduct ammonium sulfate
Calcium cyanamide
4.
Miscellaneous nitrogen compounds
a.
b.
c.
Anhydrous ammonia
Ammonium chloride
Sodium nitrate
5.
Industrial fixed nitrogen
In peacetime the fixed nitrogen industry contributes mainly to
the agricultural sector of the economy. The most significant product
of the industry is synthetic ammonia, which is needed for the produc-
tion of nitric acid, nitrogen fertilizers, and industrial explosives.
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In wartime the industry provides essential strategic materials.
The ammonium nitrate used in making fertilizer is also a major com-
ponent of many explosives. In addition, synthetic ammonia and
concentrated nitric acid are required in the manufacture of all
other nonatomic military explosives, and concentrated nitric acid
is utilized as an oxidizer in rocket and guided missile fuels.
II. History and Organization of the Industry.
Following World War I, there was a worldwide expansion of the
fixed nitrogen industry resulting from the development of commer-
cially feasible modifications of the Haber-Bosch process.* Three of
the five Polish nitrogen plants that are in operation in 1954 were
built between 1928 and 1933. 1:/* Although the two largest plants
at that time, at Moscice and at Chorzow, were heavily damaged during
World War II and suffered further by dismantling after the war, J
they were again in operation by 1947. Their capacities are being
expanded at the present time. 3 The current status of these plants
is considered in Appendix A.
The basic trend in the postwar organizational structure of Polish
industry has been toward greater functional and geographic integration,
aiming at simplification of the chain of supervisory responsibility
and reduction of the number of organizational echelons. The most
recent tendency has been to institute a three-echelon system: the
ministry, the central administration, and the producing plant. The
division of administrative functions in the three-echelon system is
as follows:
1. Ministry: general supervisory functions, the regulation
and organization of industry.
2. Central administration: general management, the coordination
and control of branches of industry.
3. Producing plant: production and management of physical and
financial resources.
* For a description of the technology employed in the production
of fixed nitrogen compounds, see CIA/RR PR-49, The Fixed Nitrogen
Industry in Czechoslovakia, 1 Max-1954. S, US OFFICIALS ONLY.
** Footnote references in .rabic numerals are to sources listed in
Appendix D.
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The law of 12 May 1950 on the reorganization of industry estab-
lished the principle that in key industries the single plant is the
basic organizational unit responsible for independent financial
accounting, planned agreements on output, and direct contact with its
sources of supply. This law also established an Economic Committee
of the Council of Ministers responsible for the coordination of actual
industrial output with the national economic plan.
Under a resolution of 30 December 1950, control over industry is
divided among the following ministries: Heavy Industry, Light
Industry, Agriculture and Foodstuffs Industry, Chemical Industry,
Industrial Building, Urban Building, and Mining. J
The Ministry of the Chemical Industry has under its jurisdiction
the following central administrations:
Inorganic Chemicals
Sulfuric Acid and Phosphorous Fertilizer
Synthetic Chemistry
Dyes and Dye Intermediates
Explosives
Paints and Lacquers
Technical Gases
Chemical Plant Construction
Rubber
Artificial Fibers
Pharmaceuticals
Paper
Sales J
The fixed nitrogen industry falls under the jurisdiction of the
Central Administration for Inorganic Chemicals and consists of five
plants:
Kedzierzyn State Factory of Nitrogen Compounds J
Moscice State Factory of Nitrogen Compounds 7/
Chorzow State Factory of Nitrogen Compounds J
Wyry Upper Silesia Nitrogen Works J
Knurow Leasing Company of Polish State Mines, Inc. 10
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III. Supplies.
A. Production.
1. Synthetic Ammonia.
The production of synthetic amm onia in Poland was limited
until 1948 by the capacity of the old established plants. A signifi-
cant increase was made between 1948 and 1952 as the old plants were
rebuilt and the plants at Chorzow and Moscice were expanded. J
Wyry and Knurow are relatively small installations, and it is believed
that no marked expansion was carried out at either of these plants.
In 1954, with the new plant at Kedzierzyn coming into production, an
appreciable expansion will have been realized. This increase, however,
will not be sufficient to meet the ambitious 1955 plan of 340,800 tons
of nitrogen. .--_i
Estimated production of synthetic ammonia in Poland for
selected years from 1935 through 1955 is given in Table 1.*
No new synthetic ammonia plants are currently under con-
struction, and the plans to build a plant at Gniewoszow have been
abandoned. L3/
Production estimates for synthetic ammonia plants in 195+
and 1955 are given in Table 2.
Nitric acid-is produced at Chorzow, Moscice, and
Kedzierzyn. All nitric acid in Poland is produced by reacting ammonia
with air in the presence of a platinum-rhodium (2 to 10 percent
rhodium) wire-gauze catalyst. 14
Table 3 gives the estimated production of nitric acid
for selected years from 1935 through 1955.
3. Nitrogen Fertilizers.
Several types of fertilizers containing nitrogen in
varying degrees are produced in Poland. To provide a common denominator
Table 1 follows on p.
6.
Table 2 follows on p.
7.
Table 3 follows on p.
7
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Table 1
Estimated Production of Synthetic Ammonia in Poland
Selected Years, 1935-55 J
Year
Synthetic
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Content
Probable Range
of Production
(Synthetic Ammonia) b
1935
24,000
19,750
19,750 to 28,800
1936
30,700
25,290
24,560 to 36,840
1937
32,000
26,320
25,600 to 38,400
1938
37,500
30,900
30,000 to 45,000
1939-45
73,000
15
60,000
N.A.
1946
4,074
16
3,360 c/
N.A.
1947
18,200
15,000
14,560 to 21,840
1948
41,400
34,000
33,120 to 49,680
1949
49,200
40,500
39,360 to 59,040
1950
56,000
46,000
44,8oo to 67,200
1951
62,000
51)000
49,600 to 74,400
1952
65,500
54, 000
52,400 to 78,600
1953
68,1000
56, 000
54,400 to 81,600
1954
133,500
110,000
106,800 to 160,200
1955
204,000
168,400
163,200 to 244,800
a. See Appendix B for methodology used in developing
this table.
b. An arbitrary range of 20 percent was adopted.
c. Figure represents reported actual production.
Metric Tons
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Estimated Production by Synthetic Ammonia Plants in Poland
1954 and 1955 J
Plant
Location
Production of
Synthetic Ammonia b
(Nitrogen Content
1954
1955
State Factory of Nitrogen
Compounds
Kedzierzyn
37,000
88,400
State Factory of Nitrogen
Compounds
Moscice
30,000
33,000
State Factory of Nitrogen
Compounds
Chorzow
20,000
22,000
Upper Silesia Nitrogen Works
Wyry
15,000
15,000
Leasing Company of Polish
State Mines, Inc.
Knurow
8,000
10,000
a. See Appendix A for detailed plant studies.
b. See Appendix B for methodology used in deriving estimates.
Estimated Production of Nitric Acid in Poland
Selected Years, 1935-55 a/*
Metric Tons
Year Production
1935 2,026
1936 7,713
1937 8, 785
1939-45 62,000
Probable Range, 1
of Production J
k9, 600 to 74, +00
Footnotes for Table 3 follow on p. 8.
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Estimated Production of Nitric Acid in Poland
Selected Years, 1935-55 J
(Continued)
Year
Production
Probable Range
of Production 2
1947
1,737 (sic)
20
1948
3, 395 (sic)
21
1949
39,750
31,750 to 47, 50
1950
45,400
36,320 to 54,480
1951
50,000
40,000 to 60,000
1952
53,000
42,400 to 63,600
1953
55,100
43,980 to 66,020
1954
96,100
77,100 to 115,000
1955
165,000
132,000 to 198,000
a. See Appendix B for methodology used in
developing this table.
b. Production figures are on the basis of
100 percent nitric acid.
c. An arbitrary range of 20 percent was
adopted.
for purposes of comparison and to obtain a meaningful total produc-
tion figure, all fertilizer production figures in this paper will be
expressed in terms of nitrogen.
Polish nitrogen fertilizers can be broken down into three
a. Nitrogen Fertilizers from Synthetic Ammonia.
The nitrogen in this category is supplied by nitric
acid or ammonia, depending on the product. The four major products
in this group are ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, calcium
ammonium nitrate (Saletrzak), and calcium nitrate.
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b. Byproduct Ammonium Sulfate.
This fertilizer is produced from the ammonia liquor
recovered at coke plants. It is therefore not a true product of the
synthetic ammonia industry. It accounts for approximately 80 percent
of the ammonium sulfate production of Poland.
c. Calcium Cyanamide.
Calcium cyanamide is produced in Poland only at
Chorzow. 22 Cyanamide in terms of nitrogen accounted for approxi-
mately 33 percent of the allotted nitrogen for fertilizer in 1953.
This percentage will decrease in 195+ and 1955, however, since there
are no plans to expand production of this commodity. 23/
Table )* gives the estimated production of calcium
cyanamide, calcium ammonium nitrate (Saletrzak), and ammonium sulfate
for selected years from 1935 through 1955. Table 5** gives the
estimated production of ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate for
selected years from 1935 through 1955-
4. Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds.
Poland also produces three other fixed nitrogen compounds,
anhydrous ammonia, ammonium chloride, and sodium nitrate. These were
reported as fertilizers in prewar data but are not generally considered
fertilizers, and have not been reported as such in postwar figures.
These industrial chemicals are essential to the industry of the
country. The methodology adopted in this report makes it necessary to
treat these compounds as a separate group. (See Appendix B.)
Anhydrous ammonia is used in the manufacture of dyes, in
the mining and metallurgical industry, as a refrigerant, and in the
manufacture of rayon. In addition, Poland is conducting experiments
to determine the costs and advantages of applying this chemical
directly to the soil as a fertilizer. 24
Ammonium chloride, while similar in fertilization
properties to ammonium sulfate, is not widely used as such because of
Table 2+ follows on P. 10.
Table 5 follows on p. 11.
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Table 4
Production of Specific Fertilizers in Poland
Selected Years, 1935-55 J
Metric Tons
Nitrogen Content
Year
Calcium Cyanamide
(21.0 Percent)
Calcium Ammonium
Nitrate (Saletrzak)
(20.5 Percent)
Ammonium Sulfate
( 20.6 Percent)
1935
6,500 25
1.9025 26
12,500 27
1936
6, loo
2,460 /
12, 600
1937
14,300 elf
3,900
13,440 33/
1938
16,800
3,280 f5
14,500
1939
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1939-45
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1946
20,800
7,600 38/
7,16o
1947
25,400
14,350 TOW
X
8
783
1948
33,200
ff2
26, 600
/
,
10,300
44
1949
.
34,600
.:
22,000
lo, 800
1950
35,000 b
22,200
141200
1951
36,000 8
23,000
15,000
1952
36,100
25,300
16,100
1953
37,000
26,300
16,900
1954
38,000
46,ooo J
17,500 J
1955
38,000 J
70,000
20,000
a. See Appendix B for methodology used in developing this table.
b. Estimated.
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Table 5
Estimated Production of Ammonium Nitrate
and Calcium Nitrate in Poland
Selected Years, 1935-55 a/
Nitrogen Content
Ammonium Nitrate
Calcium Nitrate
Year
(32.5 Percent)
(17.0 Percent)
1935
877 5Q
7,000 51
1936
975
52
-
7,150 .;
1937
945
57/
9,700 55
1938
1,41o
:5 Fj
14, l00 57
1939
N.A.
N.A.
1939-45
N.A.
N.A.
1946
2,000 L8/
N.A.
1947
5,630
59
N.A.
1948
N.A.
N.A.
1949
6,18o
6,450 60
1950
6,500
9, 9,000
1951
7,000
11,000
1952
7,500
14,000
1953
8,000
18,000
1954
10,000
37,500
1955
13,000
64,ooo J
a. It is Impossible to isolate the amounts of ammonium
nitrate and calcium nitrate utilized for fertilizer from
that used for other purposes.
b. Planned.
the quantities of hydrochloric acid required in its manufacture. 61
It is used in the manufacture of dyes, as an ingredient of dry cell
batteries and various explosives, in tanning leather, and in the
manufacture of soap. L2/
Sodium nitrate is used in the manufacture of glass, in
pickling meat, as an ingredient in processing leather, and as a
metallurgical flux. .Y
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It is estimated that these miscellaneous nitrogen compounds
will account for 4,000 tons of nitrogen in 1954 and 5,000 tons of
nitrogen in 1955.
5. Industrial Fixed Nitrogen.
Industrial fixed nitrogen is required for the following:
a. The formation of cyanides and nitrides of metals.
b. Conditioning atmospheres for industrial. processes.
c. Making nitrogen oxides.
d. Use as a filling agent in light bulbs (high candle
power).
e. Preserving food products.
f. Synthesizing other nitrogen compounds. 6/
Requirements for industrial fixed nitrogen in 1954 are
estimated at 19,000 tons (nitrogen content) and in 1955, 26,000 tons
(nitrogen content). Table 6 gives the total estimated production and
distribution of fixed nitrogen for selected years from 1935 through
1955.
Table 6
Total Estimated Production and Distribution of Fixed Nitrogen
in Poland
Selected Years, 1935-55 J*
* Footnotes for Table 6 follow on p. 13.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Metric Tons Nitrogen
Year
Agriculture
Industry
Total
1935
27,000 L5J
4,200
31,200
1936
32,000 661
4,700 7,
36,700
1937
42,000 E/
4,900 J
46,900 f
1938
50,000 j
5,000 J
55,000 E/
1939
1939-45
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
78,000
N.A.
1946
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1947
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
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Table 6
Total Estimated Production and Distribution of Fixed Nitrogen
in 'Poland
Selected Years, 1935-55 J
(Continued)
Metric Tons Nitrogen
Year
Agriculture
Industry
Total
1948
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1949
8o,230
90870
90,,100
1950
89,000
10,400
99,400
1951
95,000
11,000
i06,000
1952
102,000
13,000
115,000
1953
110,000
14,000
124,000
195+
153,000
19,000
172,000
1955
210,000 J
26,000
236,000
a. Agriculture estimates for the years 1949-55 also include
the production of anhydrous ammonia, ammonium chloride, and
sodium nitrate. See Appendix B for methodology used in
developing this table.
b. CIA estimate.
c. Estimated. Plan is 230,000 tons.
B. Stockpiling.
The most practical form in which nitrogen can be stockpiled
is as a finished or semifinished product, such as filled munitions,
explosives, and ammonium nitrate. Special care must be exercised in
storing ammonium nitrate because it will absorb water from the air
and "set" much like concrete. Attempts to restore such ammonium
nitrate to a usable form involve the danger of explosion. 1
Any attempt to stockpile nitric acid and ammonia as such, in
the volume needed for war purposes, would require an almost prohibi-
tive number of special pressure and noncorrosive containers.
Although there is no specific information concerning Polish
stockpiling policy certain facts, such as the continuing policies
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of bartering coal with Austria for calcium ammonium nitrate
(Saletrzak) and the admission that the Six Year Plan is lagging in
respect to fixed nitrogen, indicate that there probably is no
stockpiling.
This of course does not preclude the existence of normal in-
dustrial stocks of 1 to 3 months' supply of nitric acid, or the
storage of fertilizers to meet seasonal demands.
1. Exports.
Polish fixed nitrogen chemical trade is conducted by
CIECH, "Centrala Importowa-Eksportawa Chemikalii i Aparatury
Chemicznej" (General Import and Export Agency for Chemicals and
Chemical Laboratory Equipment). lcJ This agency publishes periodical
catalogues listing the chemical products available for export. Polish
Foreign Trade, a bimonthly publication, also lists export items for
sale. Table 7 shows the fixed nitrogen products listed as export items
in these publications.
Table 7
Description of Fixed Nitrogen Products
Advertised as Available for Export by Poland J
1953
Product Description
Sodium Nitrite White crystalline powder, minimum purity,
98 percent.
Nitric Acid Concentrated, minimum purity 97 percent.
Ammonium Chloride Refined, is exported in the following
grades:
1. Refined, minimum purity 99.5 percent,
in the form of crystalline powder.
2. Refined, minimum purity 94 percent,
in the form of crystalline powder.
3. 99.5 percent in snow white bars
weighing one-half kilogram or 1
pound.
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Table 7
Description of Fixed Nitrogen Products
Advertised as Available for Export by Poland _.:./
1953
(Continued)
Product Description
Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate Technical grade, minimum purity 11.2 per-
cent A1203.
Ammonium Bicarbonate Minimum purity 99.7 percent; 21.5 percent
3
Potassium Nitrate Exported in three grades:
1. Refined, minimum purity 99.5 per-
cent.
2. Technical grade, minimum purity
99 percent.
3. "Grade 3," minimum purity 97 per-
cent.
The available information on Polish exports during the
period 1950 to 1955 does not reveal an export business approaching the
scale indicated by trade publications. Table 8* shows fixed nitrogen
exports from Poland for the period 1950 through 1955, by country of
destination and commodity. It is interesting to note that ammonium
sulfate is both imported and exported.
2. Imports.
The most significant of the fixed nitrogen products being
imported are calcium ammonium nitrate (Saietrzak) from Austria and
ammonium sulfate from East Germany. The continuing importation of
these commodities supports the view that the fixed nitrogen industry
is not able to meet the consumption requirements of the country. It
will be noted that there are no imports of synthetic ammonia.
Table 9*W shows fixed nitrogen imports by Poland for the
period 1950 through 1955, by country of origin and commodity.
e o lows on p. 16.
Table 9 follows on p. 18.
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Table 8
Exports of Fixed Nitrogen from Poland
by Destination and Commodity
1950-55 a/
Nitrogen Content
Year and Destination
Ammonium
Nitrate
Ammonium
Sulfate
Ammonium
Chloride
Sodium
Nitrate
1950
Egypt
650
$1
1,570
j
N.A.
N.A.
Sweden
N.A.
t
388
N.A.
N.A.
Finland
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
8.25
650
1,958
N.A.
8.25
1951
China
N.A.
725
5
N.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
N.A.
.
N.A.
14.5 86
N.A.
Finland
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
8.25
8;7
Total
N.A.
-
725
14.5
8.25
1952
Egypt
263 88
N.A.
N.A.
Total
263
N.A.
N.A.
1953.
a/
_
China
N.A.
750 J
N..A.
N.A.
Egypt
N.A.
275 J
N.A.
N.A.
Total
N.A.
1,025
N.A.
N.A.
Footnotes for Table 8 follow on p. 17.
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Exports of Fixed Nitrogen from Poland
by Destination and Commodity
1950-55 J
(Continued)
Nitrogen Content
Year and Destination
Ammonium
Nitrate
Ammonium
Sulfate
Ammonium
Chloride
Sodium
Nitrate
1954+ J
China
N.A.
800
b
N.A.
N.A.
Egypt
N.A.
300
J
N.A.
N.A.
Total
N.A.
1,100
N.A.
N.A.
1955 J
China
N.A.
850
by
N.A.
N.A.
Egypt
N.A.
350
b
N.A.
N.A.
Total
N.A.
1,200
N.A.
N.A.
a. See Appendix B for methodology used in deriving these estimates.
b. Estimated.
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Imports of Fixed Nitrogen by Poland, by Origin and Commodity a/*
1950-55
Nitrogen Content
Year and Origin
Calcium
Nitrate
Calcium
Ammonium Ammonium
Nitrate Sulfate
Ammonium.
Nitrate
Ammonium
Chloride
1950
Austria
N.A.
8,800
89 N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
West Germany
N.A.
8,830
90N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
East Germany
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Belgium
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Total
N.A.
17,630
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Austria
N.A.
11,750
of N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
East Germany
N.A.
8,4oo
1 8,400 92
69323J
N.A.
Czechoslovakia
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
45.3 __:/
20,150
8,4oo
693
45.3
1952
Austria
N.A.
12,600
a
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
West Germany
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
East Germany
N.A.
N.A.
3,740 L5/
7,410 2/
N.A.
United Kingdom
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
12,600
3,74o
7,410
N.A.
* Footnotes for Table 9 follow on p. 19.
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Imports of Fixed Nitrogen by Poland, by Origin and Commodity a/
1950-55
(Continued)
Nitrogen Content
Year and Origin
Calcium
Nitrate
Calcium
Ammonium
Nitrate
Ammonium
Sulfate
Ammonium
Nitrate
Ammonium
Chloride
1953
East Germany
850 97
N.A.
9,850 98
N.A.
N.A.
Total
850
N.A.
9,850
N.A.
N.A.
1954
Austria
N.A.
10,000 c/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
East Germany
N.A.
N.A.
9,000
J
8,000 J
N.A.
Total
N.A.
10,000
9,000
8,000
N.A.
J
Austria
N.A.
10,000 J
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
East Germany
N.A.
N.A.
9,000 J
8,000 c/
N.A.
Total
N.A.
103000
9,000
8, 000
N.A.
a. CIA estimate.
b. See Appendix B for methodology used in deriving this estimate.
c. Estimated.
3. Containers.
The chemical industry normally requires many diversified
types of containers for efficient packing and packaging. Although
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there is a shortage of aluminum tank cars, other containers are to be
found in adequate amounts. Table 10 lists the types of containers for
fixed nitrogen exports, which are advertised in available Polish trade
publications. 99
Containers for Fixed Nitrogen Exports in Poland
Sodium Nitrite Wooden or iron barrels, 150 kilograms net.
Nitric Acid Aluminum containers, drum to tank car size.
Potassium Nitrate Wooden barrels, 150 to 250 kilograms net,
sheet-iron drums, 75 kilograms net.
Ammonium Chloride Crystalline powder in wooden barrels, bars
in wooden cases, 25 to 50 kilograms net.
Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate Wooden barrels, 100 kilograms net.
Ammonium Bicarbonate Paper-lined iron drums, 50 kilograms net.
IV. Consumption.
A. Synthetic Ammonia.
Synthetic ammonia in Poland is largely consumed directly in the
production of nitric acid and fertilizers. The remainder is consumed
by the chemical, metallurgical, and refrigeration industries. 100
Based on the calculated input requirements for fertilizer and
nitric acid, a general consumption pattern for synthetic ammonia in
195+ has been developed. Table 11* shows the estimated consumption of
synthetic ammonia as nitrogen in Poland in 1954.
The consumption pattern for nitric acid in Poland is based
on fertilizer input requirements for 1954 and a study of US and Soviet
consumption patterns. 101 Table 12** shows the estimated consumption
of nitric acid in Poland in 1954.
Table 11 follows on p. 21.
Table 12 follows on p. 21.
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Table 11
Estimated Consumption of Synthetic Ammonia as Nitrogen
in Poland a
1954
Consumption
Use
(metric Tons Nitrogen
Content)
Percent
of Total
Nitrogen Fertilizers b/
83,390
75.5
Nitric Acid
23,735
21.6
Other
2,885
2.9
a. See Appendix B for methodology used in developing this
table.
b. Because of insufficient data, all ammonium nitrate pro-
duction has been included as fertilizer.
Estimated Consumption of Nitric Acid in Poland a/
1954
Use
Consumption b
(Metric Tons
Percent
of Total
Nitrogen Fertilizers
48,100
50
Explosives
19,100
20
Other J
28,800
30
a. See Appendix B for methodology used in develop-
ing this table.
b. Consumption figures are on the basis of 100 per-
cent acid.
c. Other uses include the manufacture of chemicals,
dyes, and lacquers.
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C. Nitrogen Fertilizers.
It is naturally assumed that all of the available fertilizer
nitrogen will be consumed as fertilizer. Ammonium nitrate can be
diverted to the production of explosives on short notice, however.
It is estimated that 153,000 tons of nitrogen will be consumed as a
constituent of fertilizer during 1954-55.
Table 13 shows consumption of nitrogen fertilizers in Poland
during selected years.
Table 13
Consumption of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Poland
1937-38,
1945-50, and 1954-55
Metric Tons
Year
Consumption (Nitrogen Content)
Prewar a/
1937-1938
29,400 l02
Postwar J
1945-1946
38,700 103/
1946-1947
50,800 to
1947-1948
63,000 to
1948-1949
70,800 to
1949-1950
93,500 10
1954-1955
153,000 estimated)
a. 1937 boundaries.
b. Present boundaries..
The average Polish farmer is still not completely educated in
the use of chemical fertilizers. This is illustrated by the fact that
in the past farmers have used nitrogen extensively for root crops
rather than grain crops, l08 although, since nitrogen is essential
to above-ground foliage, it could be used more advantageously for grain
log/ Thus, as more fertilizer becomes available and its use
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more widespread, an educational program will have to be instituted in
order to achieve maximum exploitation of it.
D. Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds.
It is estimated that 4,000 tons of nitrogen in the form of
anhydrous ammonium, sodium nitrate, and ammonium chloride will be con-
sumed in Poland in 1954. These commodities will be used by the
refrigeration, synthetic fiber, dye, leather, and explosives industries.
E. Industrial Fixed Nitrogen.
It is estimated that 19,000 tons of nitrogen will be consumed
by Polish industry in 1954. This nitrogen will be used in the
synthesis of dyes and lacquers, in tanning leather, as a metallurgical
flux, in preserving foodstuffs, in the formation of metal nitrides and
cyanides, and in the synthesis of other nitrogen compounds required by
the industry.
F. All Forms of Nitrogen Compounds.
It is estimated that of the 172,000 tons of nitrogen available
in 1954, 153,000 tons (89 percent) will be consumed as various ferti-
lizers, and 19,000 tons (11 percent) will be consumed in various forms
by industry.
V. Input Requirements.
A. Synthetic Ammonia.
Power requirements for the production of synthetic ammonia
vary greatly according to the process used. Of a total estimated
production of 133,500 tons of synthetic ammonia during 1954, it is
estimated that about 7.2 percent, or 9,700 tons, will be produced
from hydrogen obtained from coke oven gas; about 86.0 percent, or
114,800 tons.,from hydrogen obtained from coke water gas; and
6.8 percent, or 9,100 tons from hydrogen obtained by electrolysis.
The electrical energy required to produce 1 ton of synthetic
ammonia by the three different processes is as follows 110 :
Coke Oven Gas Hydrogen 2,200 Kilowatt-Hours
Coke Water Gas Hydrogen 1,400 Kilowatt-Hours
Electrolytic Hydrogen 13,300 Kilowatt-Hours
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Consumption coefficients for the production of 1 ton of syn-
thetic ammonia, which are similar for all three processes, and are
based on the experience of one US producer, are estimated as follows:
Nitrogen
720
to
800
Cubic Meters
Hydrogen
2,000
to 2,400
Cubic Meters
Iron Catalyst
135
to
150
Grams
Water
100
to
400
Cubic Meters
Steam (Process)
1
to
2
Metric Tons
Coal (for Steam and Power)
2
to
4
Metric Tons
Calculated from these coefficients, the total quantitative
input requirements for the manufacture of 133,500 tons of synthetic
ammonia in Poland during 1954 are given in Table 14.
Table 14
Input Requirements for the Manufacture of
Synthetic Ammonia in Poland
1954
Input
Unit
Requirement
Nitrogen
Million Cubic Meters
96
to 106.8
Hydrogen
Million Cubic Meters
267
to 320
Iron Catalyst
Metric Tons
18
to 20
Water
Million Cubic Meters
13.35 to 53.40
Steam (Process)
Metric Tons
133,500
to 267,000
Coal (for Steam
and Power)
Metric Tons
267,000
to 534,000
Electric
E
Million Kilowatt-Hours
302
85
nergy
.
B. Nitric Acid.
Raw material and power requirements for the production of nitric
acid are similar. in all installations. Large variations do occur, how-
ever, in the quantities of steam and cooling water required. In the
absence of Polish input data, Soviet data has been used.
The average consumption coefficients for the manufacture of
1 ton of nitric acid are as follows 11-1j:
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Synthetic Ammonia
290 to 300
Kilograms
Platinum Catalyst
0.10 to 0.13 Grams
Water (for Cooling)
80
to 145
Cubic Meters
Steam
145
to 360
Kilograms
Electric Energy
210
to 300
Kilowatt-Hours
Calculated from these coefficients, the total quantitative
input requirements for the manufacture of 96,000 tons of 100 per-
cent nitric acid in Poland during 1954 are given in Table 15.
Input Requirements for the Manufacture of Nitric Acid
in Poland
1954
Input
Unit
Requirement
Synthetic Ammonia
Metric Tons
27, 850
to 28,800
Platinum Catalyst
Kilograms
9.6
to
12.4
Water (for Cooling)
Million Cubic Meters
7.68 to
13.9
Steam
Metric Tons
13,900
to 34,600
Electric Energy
Million Kilowatt-Hours
20.2
to 28.8
C. Nitrogen Fertilizers.
Input requirements will be calculated for calcium cyanamide,
calcium ammonium nitrate (Saletrzak), ammonium nitrate, and calcium
nitrate. These fertilizers represent more than 85 percent of the
nitrogen fertilizer produced in Poland during 1954.
1. Calcium Cyanamide.
The consumption coefficients for the manufacture of
1 ton of calcium cyanamide are as follows 1112/:
Calcium Carbide 650 to 750 Kilograms
Nitrogen 160 to 300 Cubic Meters J
Electric Energy 80 to 90 Kilowatt-Hours
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Calculated from these coefficients, the total quantitative
input requirements for the manufacture of 180,000 tons of calcium
cyanamide in Poland during 1954 are given in Table 16.
Table 16
Input Requirements for the Manufacture
of Calcium Cyanamide in Poland
1954 .
Input
Unit
Requirement
Calcium Carbide
Metric Tons
117,000 to 135,000
Nitrogen
Million Cubic Meters
28.8 to
54.0
Electric Energy
Million Kilowatt-Hours
14.4 to
16.2
2. Ammonium Nitrate.
In the absence of Polish input data, Soviet data has been
adopted. The average consumption coefficients for the production of
1 ton of ammonium nitrate are as follows 113 :
Synthetic Ammonia 0.217 to 0.220 Metric Tons
Nitric Acid (100 Percent) 0.785 to 0.795 Metric Tons
Steam 0.4 to 1.0 Metric Tons
Water 20 to 40 Cubic Meters
Electric Energy 15. to 30 Kilowatt-Hours
Calculated from these coefficients, the total quantitative
input requirements for the production of 30,750 tons of ammonium
nitrate in Poland during 1954 are presented in Table 17.*
3. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (Saletrzak).
Since no Polish input data has been found, and since the
product is not made in the USSR, German input data has been adopted,
Table 17 follows on p. 27.
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Table 17
Input Requirements for the Manufacture
of Ammonium Nitrate in Poland
1954
Input
Unit
Requirement
Synthetic Ammonia
Metric Tons
6,670 to 6,750
Nitric Acid (100 Percent)
Metric Tons
24,100 to 24,400
Steam
Metric Tons
12,300 to 30,750
Water
Thousand Cubic Meters
615 to 1,330
Electric Energy
Thousand Kilowatt-Hours
461 to 922.5
The average consumption coefficients for the production of 1 ton of
Saletrzak on a nitrogen basis are as follows 114/:
Synthetic Ammonia (as Nitrogen) 0.5115 Metric Tons
Nitric Acid (100 Percent) 0.5115 Metric Tons
Calcium Carbonate (Limestone) . 1.9400 Metric Tons
Kieselgur (Inert Filler) 0.0500 Metric Tons
Water 0.1000 Cubic Meters
Calculated from these coefficients, the total quantitative
input requirements for the production of 224,000 tons (46,000 tons
nitrogen) of Saletrzak in Poland during 1954 are given in Table 18.
Table 18
Input Requirements for the Manufacture
of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate in Poland a/*
1954
Input
Unit
Requirement
Synthetic Ammonia
Metric Tons
28,800
Nitric Acid (100 Percent)
Metric Tons
23,700
a. Footnote for Table 18 follows on p. 28.
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Table 18
Input Requirements for the Manufacture
of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate in Poland a/
1954
(Continued)
Input
Unit
Requirement
Calcium Carbonate (Limestone)
Metric Tons
89,300
Kieselgur (Inert Filler)
Metric Tons
2,580
Water
Cubic Meters
4,600
4. Calcium Nitrate.
Calcium nitrate is not produced in the USSR, East Germany,
or the US. 11 It has therefore been necessary to estimate the input
factors for this commodity. Estimated consumption coefficients for the
production of one ton of calcium nitrate are as follows;
Synthetic Ammonia 0.255 Metric Tons
Calcium Carbonate (Limestone) 0.68 Metric Tons
Calculated from these coefficients, the total quantitative
input requirements for the production of 220,500 tons of calcium
nitrate in Poland during 1954 are given in Table 19.
Input Requirements for the Manufacture
of Calcium Nitrate in Poland
1954
Input
Unit
Requirement
Synthetic Ammonia
Metric Tons
56,400
Calcium Carbonate (Limestone)
Metric Tons
150,000
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VI. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
A. Capabilities.
The fixed nitrogen industry is able to offer support both to
strategic industries and to agriculture. During 1951+, Poland will
produce an estimated 133,500 tons of synthetic ammonia and an esti-
mated 96,000 tons of 100-percent nitric acid. In 1955 the estimated
production of these two commodities will, be 201+,000 tons of synthetic
ammonia and 165,000 tons of 100-percent nitric acid. This production
could be made available to the explosives industry in the event of
war.
Expansion of the fixed nitrogen industry will be accomplished
by expanding all existing plant facilities -- except at Kedzierzyn,
which will not reach capacity until approximately 1956 -- and will
necessarily be of a limited nature. 116
B. Vulnerabilities.
Poland is self-sufficient in the raw materials needed by
the nitrogen industry, except for special materials that may be re-
quired from the West.
The chemistry and engineering of "fixing" nitrogen is common
knowledge and no vulnerability, present or potential, exists in this
area.
C. Intentions.
A shift of the fixed nitrogen industry to a wartime basis
would be heralded by increased production of explosives, especially
concentrated nitric acid and ammonium nitrate, and lowered produc-
tion of fertilizers. There is no evidence to conclude that such a
shift is being planned. On the contrary, there is evidence of a
continuing planned expansion of the fertilizer program, which is
currently lagging. 11
This continuing expansion may take the form of large-scale
direct application of anhydrous ammonia. 118 The adoption of such
a course would require an investment of at least 1i0 million zlotys
or 10 million dollars. It is estimated that 100 to 150 tank cars
would be needed to carry the product from the factory to the railroad
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stations in the farm area. Each railroad station in the area would
require a 100-ton cistern or tank which would be filled twice yearly
with 75 tons of anhydrous ammonia. It has been calculated that
280 cisterns would be required for each 700 farms to be serviced.
Each farm would require fifteen to twenty 200-liter iron drums to
move the anhydrous ammonia from the station to the farm. At the
start of the operation the cisterns would all have to be equipped
with pumps, piping, and other auxiliary equipment. The cost is
broken down by'the Polish government as follows 119/:
1'I1l1ion Zlotys
Station Cisterns
30
Tank Cars
8
Miscellaneous
2
(Drums, Pumps, and Piping)
Total I+0
In view of the large expenditure involved, this plan must be considered
still in an experimental stage. 120
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APPENDIX A
FIXED NITROGEN PLANTS IN POLAND
1. State Factory of Nitrogen Compounds.
a. Location.
Kedzierzyn, Poland.
b. Coordinates.
50?21'N - 18?12'E.
c. Products. l21
Synthetic Ammonia
Granular Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Liquid Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Organic Nitrogen Compounds.
d. Annual Production.
The plant will go into production in 195+, and it is estimated
that the annual production will b* approximately 42,000 tons of
nitrogen. The ultimate capacity, which it is estimated will be reached
in 1956 or 1957, will be 120,000 tons of nitrogen. 122
e. Process.
No information available.
f. Comments.
The plant was scheduled to go into operation in 1953, but
difficulties have delayed its activation. iu/
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2. State Factory of Nitrogen Compounds.
a. Location.
Moscice (near Tarnow).
b. Coordinates.
50?O1'N - 20?56'E.
c. Products.
Synthetic Ammonia
Calcium-ammonium-nitrate (Saletrzak)
Calcium Nitrate
Ammonium Nitrate
Sodium Nitrate
Ammonium Sulfate
Nitric Acid,
d. Annual Production (Metric Tons).
Synthetic Ammonia.
1950 28,800 124
1954 36,400 Estimated)
1955 40,000 (Estimated)*
Other Commodities.
No information available.
e. Process.
The ammonia is synthesized by the Fauser process, and the
hydrogen is derived from coke water gas. Z
It is assumed that nitric acid is produced by the oxidation
and absorption of the resultant oxides in water.
Various fertilizers are produced by standard neutralization
processes.
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Production and capacity data are too ambiguous to permit a
firm presentation of annual production and capacity.
The Moscice plant was heavily damaged during World War II,
but since then it has been reconstructed and considerably ex-
panded. 1261
3. State Factory of Nitrogen Compounds.
a. Location.
Chorzow, Poland.
b. Coordinates.
5oa18'N - 18058'E.
c. Products . ZZ
Synthetic Ammonia
Calcium Cyanamide
Nitric Acid
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Nitrate
Potassium Nitrate.
d. Annual Production (Metric Tons).
Synthetic Ammonia.
1950 10,000 1;)a/
1954 24,200 (Estimated)
1955 26,700 (Estimated)
Calcium Cyanamide (As Nitrogen).
1938 16,800 iu/
1947 25,400 1 0,
1949 34,600 1 1
1951 36,100 Estimated)
1954 36,100 Estimated)
1955 36,100 (Estimated)
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Other Commodities.
No information available.
e. Process.
The ammonia is synthesized by the NEC process, and the
hydrogen is derived from coke water gas. 132
f. Comments.
Production and capacity data are too ambiguous to permit a
firm presentation of annual production and capacity.
This is the only plant in Poland producing calcium
cyanamide. 133 This plant was damaged less than Moscice in World
War II and since that time has been rebuilt and expanded. 134
4. Upper Silesia Nitrogen Works.
a. Location.
Wyry, Poland.
b. Coordinates.
50008'N - 18055'E.
c. Products.
Synthetic Ammonia.
d. Annual Production (Metric Tons).
Synthetic Ammonia.
1950 Wyry I 8,700 135
Wyry II 7, 200 13 .
1954 (Combined) 15,000 (Estimated
1955 (Combined) 15,000 (Estimated).
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This plant is a combination of two small plants referred to as
Wyry I and Wyry II. Wyry I synthesizes ammonia by the NEC process,
with the hydrogen derived from electrolysis and coke water gas.
Wyry II utilizes the Fauser process and derives hydrogen from elec-
trolysis and coke water gas. 137
5. Leasing Company of Polish State Mines, Inc.
a. Location.
Knurow, Poland.
b. Coordinates.
50013I N 180+0' E .
c. Products.
Synthetic Ammonia.
d. Annual Production (Metric Tons).
Synthetic Ammonia.
1950 8,000 138
195+ 8,000 (Estimated)
1955 10,000 (Estimated)
e. Process.
The synthesis of ammonia is carried out by the air liquid
process, and the hydrogen is derived from coke-oven gas. 139
f. Oomments.
This plant has received very little notice in Polish pub-
lications.
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APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
A. General.
The type of information available hus made it necessary to treat
the subject of this report on an over-all industry basis rather than
on an individual plant study basis. The only fixed nitrogen produc-
tion data available for the postwar years is that on production for
agriculture; no information is available on production for industry.
Data on production for both agriculture and industry are available
for 1935-38. The method used in this report has bees to calculate
the nitrogen production for industry in 1935-38 as a percent of
production for agriculture in those years, and then apply that per-
cent to the production for agriculture in each of the years under
consideration. The resulting figure is the estimated production
for industry during that year. This figure added to the production
for agriculture gives the estimated total fixed nitrogen production
for the year.
B. Production.
1. Synthetic Ammonia, Table 1 and Table 2.
Although the production of synthetic ammonia is not
announced, the production of fertilizers is announced. Production
figures on synthetic ammonia are therefore based on the require-
ments of the fertilizer and nitric acid industries.
The estimates of production at Kedzierzyn for 1954 and 1955
are based on the following assumptions:
(a) Kedzierzyn will have a ultimate capacity of 120,000 tons
of nitrogen per year. 140
(b) The chemical plant was not in production in 1953. 141
(c) The plant will come into production in stages, in the
manner which is usual in the chemical industry.
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Since there has been no publicity on expansion, and since
photographs of the plant show none, it has been assumed that there
has been no marked expansion at the Wyry combine.
The Knurow plant has not been mentioned in publicity
dealing with expansion of the chemical industry. Some expansion has
been credited to it, however, because the plant probably has been ex-
panded in conjunction with the coal industry.
The Chorzow and Moscice plants have been rebuilt and expanded
since the end of World War II. 142 The 1954 and 1955 synthetic
ammonia not accounted for by Kedzierzyn, Wyry, and Knurow (see Appendix
B for methodology) has been credited to Chorzow and Moscice. It has
been assumed that the increase in production at the two plants has been
approximately the same.
2. Nitric Acid, Table 3.
Nitric acid estimates are based on the requirements of the in-
dustries consuming nitric acid.
3. Specific Fertilizers, Table 4 and Table 5.
The reported figures on annual production of calcium
cyanamide are believed to be correct. The estimates for 1950 to 1955
are based on the fact that no production expansion of this product is
planned. 14 The slight estimated increase will result from more
efficient operations. 144
Calcium ammonium nitrate (Saletrzak) production has been re-
ported through 1951. Estimates for 1953 to 1955 are a combination
of the projections of past production plus the increase resulting
from increased capacity.
Ammonium sulfate production was reported through 1948.
Estimates for 1949 to 1950 are projections of past production plus
the increase resulting from increased capacity.
Ammonium nitrate production was reported through 1947.
Estimates for 1948 through 1955 are projections of past production
plus the increase resulting from increased capacity.
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Calcium nitrate production for 1949 was reported as 6,450 tons
of nitrogen, 145 J and 1955 plan production was given as 10 times 1949
production. 1
~+. Fixed Nitrogen, Table 6.
Estimates of nitrogen production for agriculture are based on
the sum of the nitrogen content of the fertilizers, including all
ammonium and calcium nitrate, anhydrous ammonia, ammonium chloride,
and sodium nitrate. In prewar years,this contributed between 87 and
91 percent of the total production. 147 These latter four compounds
have not been reported as fertilizers in postwar figures, and it is
not believed that all the calcium and ammonium nitrate is to be used
for fertilizer. For the sake of estimating, however, production of
these compounds has been lumped, and this sum is considered to be
87 percent of total production. Industrial production is considered
11 percent of the total. The total is the sum of agricultural nitro-
gen plus industrial nitrogen.
1. Fixed Nitrogen Exports, Table 8.
It has been assumed that exports will remain approximately the
same as in 1951. Polish Foreign Trade lists several products avail-
able for export (see Table 74 1,, but there is no evidence of actual
exports.
2. Fixed Nitrogen Imports, Table 9.
It has been assumed that imports will remain approximately the
same as in 1951. Although production has increased, it probably will
not reach plan level.
D. Consumption.
1. Synthetic Ammonia, Table 11.
The estimated consumption pattern for synthetic ammonia is
based on the amount of synthetic ammonia needed for the production of
fertilizer and nitric acid.
* Above, p. 14.
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2. Nitric Acid, Table 12.
The estimated consumption pattern for nitric acid is based
on the amount of nitric acid required for the production of nitrogen
fertilizer, and on a study of Soviet and US use patterns.
E. Inputs, Calcium Nitrate, Table 19.
The coefficients for the production of 1 ton of calcium nitrate
were calculated by acceptable stoichiometric methods.
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APPENDIX C
GAPS IN INTELLIGENCE
The approximate fixed nitrogen capacity of Moscice and Chorzow
in the immediate postwar period is known. Recent data on produc-
tion and capacity are needed for these plants.
Polish official statistics on the production of nitric acid
and synthetic ammonia on an aggregate basis are needed.
Information is needed on trade which distinguishes between
commodities actually originating or terminating in Poland and
commodities being handled by Poland in transshipment to other
countries.
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SOURCES AND EVALUATION OF SOURCES
1. Evaluation of Sources.
The following reports provided valuable, reliable, and compara-
tively detailed information concerning the pre-World War II fixed
nitrogen industry in Poland.
UNRPA, Survey of Poland, 1944.
Polish Ministry of Information, Polish Statistical
Handbooks, Warsaw, 1934-41.
The following material proved a valuable source of information
on the postwar Polish fixed nitrogen industry.
Nowe Drogi, Warsaw.
Chemik, War saw.
2. Sources.
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
Doe. - Documentary
A - Completely reliable
B - Usually reliable
C - Fairly reliable
D - Not usually reliable
E - Not reliable
F - Cannot be judged
1
- Confirmed by other
sources
2
- Probably true
3
- Possibly true
4
- Doubtful
5
- Probably false
6
- Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a staff
officer; or information extracted from such documents by a staff
officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Documentary."
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Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this report.
No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation
on the cited document.
25X1A
1. US Tariff Commission, Chemical Nitrogen, Report No. 114,
1947, p. 257. U. Eval. RR C-3.
24. Chemik, Warsaw, Vol.VI, Jul-Aug 1952, p. 202. U. Eval.
RR B-2.
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T.C. Gregory, Uses and Applications of Chemicals and Related
Materials, New York, 1939, P. 52. U. Eval. RR B-2.
25. UNRRA, op. cit.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
25X1 A 36. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. UNRRA, op. cit.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
25X1 A 57. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. CIA FDD, Special Translation No. 22, 17 Jun 1953. S, US
OFFICIALS ONLY. Eval. RR C-3-
61. Dictionary of Fertilizer Materials and Terms, The American
Fertilizer, Philadelphia, 1946. U. Eval. RR B-2.
62. Gregory, op. cit.
63. Ibid.
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64. Ibid.
Condensed Chemical Dictionary, New York, 1950. U. Eval.
RR B-2.
65. UNRRA, op. cit.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid.
25X1A 75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Condensed Chemical Dictionary, op. cit.
99. CIECH, op. cit.
100. Condensefc Chemical Dictionary, op. cit.
101. CIA/RR-24., op. cit.
Industrial Chemicals, op. cit.
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102. Polish Ministry of Information, Concise Statistical Yearbook of
Poland, Sep 1939- Jun 1941. U. Eval. RR B-2.
103. Ibid., 1947.
104. Ibid., 1948.
105. Ibid., 1949.
106. Ibid., 1949.
107. Ibid., 1949.
108. C hemik, Warsaw, op. cit.
109. Dictionary of Fertilizer Materials and Terms, op. cit.
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, The Interscience Encyclo-
25X1A pedia, Inc., New York,Vol. 6,-P. 388. U. Eval. RR B-2.
llo.
111. CIA/RR 24, The Nitric Acid Industry in the USSR, Jun 1953.
S, US OFFICIALS ONLY. Eval. RR C-2.
112. A.M. Dubovitsky and A.I. Snereshvsky, Technology of Mineral
Fertilizers, Moscow-Leningrad, 1947, p-7-371. U. Eval. RR C-2.
113. Ibid., p. 316.
25X 1 A 114. Ibid., P. 323*
115. Ibid.
Dubovitsky and Shereshvsky, op. cit.
116.
Dictionary of Fertilizer Materials and Terms, op. cit.
Nowe Drogi, op. cit.
117. Nowe Drogi, op. cit.
FOIAb3b1
118. Chemik, Warsaw, op. cit.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid.
25X1 A2g 122
124.
125.
126.
128.
129. UNRRA, op. cit.
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g131.
132.
133.
134.
135?
136.
Ibid.
137.
Ibid.
138.
T77-
139.
139.
Ibid.
1 A2
g14o.
141.
Chemical Week, op. cit.
19 Dec 1953, p. 17.
142
.
14
25X1 A2
.
3
9
144.
Nowe Drogi, op. cit.
145.
CIA FD ,,D peS cial Translation No. 22, op. cit.
146.
Ibid.
147.
UNRRA,, op . cit.
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