CIVIL DEFENSE IN THE USSR AND THE EUROPEAN SATELLITES 1953

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 8, 1999
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: September 24, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
CIVIL DEFENSE IN THE USSR
AND THE EUROPEAN SATELLITES
1953
CIA/RR PR-75
24 September 1954
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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CONFIDENTIAL
PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
CIVIL DEFENSE IN THE USSR AND THE EUROPEAN SATELLITES
1953
CIA/RR PR-75
(ORR Project 11.566)
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
ORR and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject to revision. Comments and data which may
be available to the user are solicited.
Office of Research and Reports
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CONTENTS
Summary, . . . . . . . . . ? ? 0 S ? ? ? . . . . . .
Page
I. Civil Defense in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. Civil-Defense in the European Satellites . . . . 4
1. Albania 5
2. Bulgaria . 6
3. Czechoslovakia 6
Lt. East Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
5. Hungary
8
6. Poland 8
7. Rumania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendixes
Appendix A. Glossary . . . . . ? ? ? ? . ? < . < < 9
Appendix B. Sources and Evaluation of Sources . . , 13
Following Page
USSR: Civil Defense Training and Operation . . . . .
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CIVIL DEFENSE IN THE USSR AND THE EUROPEAN SATELLITES*
1953
Summa
A well organized and extensive system of civil defense exists in
the USSR. This system includes a permanent command and staff organi-
zation, supplemented by numerous local organizations and nominally
civilian groups. Its framework is built around two agencies pri-
marily responsible for passive air defense: the DOSAAF (Voluntary
Society for Cooperation with the Army, Air Force, and Navy), a
paramilitary mass organization chiefly concerned with training,
and the MPVO (Local Anti.r Defense),an arm of the Ministry of
Internal Affairs (MVD). Supporting organizations include the
Red Cross and Had Crescent Societies, the Komsomol and Pioneer
organizations, and the school systems, all of which contribute
support or training in those fields in which they are competent.
Although the post World War II period has brought restoration
and further development.of the Soviet.economy the Russians have
also been concerned with maintaining a high state of defense
preparedness. During the past three years the USSR has gradually
strengthened its civil defense organizations. More recently,
administrative pressure has been utilized to increase "voluntary"
enlistments in the DOSAAF. Reports of returning German prisoners
of war indicate that air..raid shelters are required in new con-
struction of apartments, industrial installations, and administra-
tive buildings.
The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of the responsible analyst as of 10 July 19511.
** MPVO as used in this report refers to a sma,1.1 group of specialized
MVD employees, who provide staff personnel, planning, and supervision
at all levels of political administration. The great bulk of leadership
and implementation in passive air defense is furnished by local govern-
ment organs and civilian personnel. The latter are extensively organized
into "self defense" groups in which all able-bodied adults are liable
to serve.
See Chart, following p. 2.
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At the same time, interest in civil defense has quickened in the
European Satellites. This increased interest is especially evident
in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary where a pattern of activity
is unfolding so similar to the Soviet model that the measures detected
can hardly be regarded as the result of coincidence. DOSAAF-type
organization, for example, exist in each Satellite (although at
varying stages of development), The Red Cross Societies conduct
first-aid courses, and local party and government bodies are urged
to support civil defense training. Achievement badges and local
"self-defense" groups, when detected, have been similar to those of
the USSR. Dissimilarities are rare and can generally be attributed
to a difficult political situation in a particular country or a lag
in. development of some special program.
Specific training for defense against atomic attack has not been
detected outside of-military formations in the USSR. Possible air or
chemical attacks usually have been discussed in terms of World War II
conditions. Recently, information of the potential of atomic warfare
has been gradually released to the public, chiefly in the military
publication, Red Star. These discussions have been somewhat technical
and calm, evidently slanted to avoid creating panic. Plans for anti-
atomic measures are undoubtedly under consideration. It remains to
be seen whether the USSR will retrain the civilian population in an
evacuation pattern or attempt to persuade them that current training,
organizations, and the use of cellar shelters are the proper defense
against massive retaliation. Many of the measures used in defense
against "conventional" bombing have some usefulness in reducing the
effects of atomic attack. These include the dispersion of industry,
protected storage, training of restoration crews, use of protected
land lines and'radio links in communications, urban planning
(including wide streets, parks, or other gaps for fire breaks),
anti-epidemic measures and first-aid training, stockpiles of food
and supplies, and the training and equipping of an effective fire-
fighting organization. Efforts along most of these lines have been
noted in the USSR. These should contribute to the ability of the
country to withstand attack, maintain control, and restore economic
facilities which are not entirely obliterated.
There is, at present, no apparent urgency in the activities of
Soviet and Satellite civil defense agencies. Steps to strengthen
and integrate them, however, are obviously being intensified.
Continuing observation-of the development of these activities may
be significant in that they will reflect the Soviet appraisal of
the need for and the anticipated use of a civil defense system.
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I. Civil Defense in the USSR.
Primary responsibility for passive air defense in the USSR has been
entrusted to two agencies: the DOSAAF (Voluntary Society for Cooperation
with the Army, Air Force, and Navy), a paramilitary mass training organi-
zation, and the MPVO'' (Local Anti-Air Defense), an arm of the Ministry of
Internal Affairs (MVD). The Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies also
have a major training role, particularly in the field of first aid. 1/**
.Various mass organizations such as the Communist Party, Komsomol, an
trade unions give support to the training program.
The DOSAAF is responsible for disseminating military information
to the public and preparing the population for all types of antiaircraft
and antichemical defense. Membership in this organization, while
technically voluntary, has nevertheless been built up recently under
considerable pressure. The first All-Union Conference of the DOSAAF
was held in December 1953. The press strongly urged Komsomol members
to take part in DOSAAF affairs, and in January 1954 a Krai conference
decision ordered an improvement in mass defense work in cooperation
with the DOSAAF organizations. 2/ Trade unions have been sharply
warned by Trud that they "are o'6liged to set up primary organizations
of DOSAAF in every enterprise, in every institution and establishment
of learning, in every state farm and machine tractor station." 3/
Total membership in the DOSAAF according to Soviet reports, has
increased an "unsatisfactory"..8.3 percent since October 1951.
The estimated membership in May 1952 was believed to be approximately
16 million.'5/ Although DOSAAF also has a major role in para-
military training, it has placed increasing. emphasis on civil
defense activities. The formation of antiaircraft and antichemical
study circles has been made compulsory in primary organizations.
When this decision was published in March 1952, it was stated that
the purpose of such circles was to instruct the society and the
population in civil defense. Manuals on civil defense as well as
articles and films published by DOSAAF (1951-53) attest to the
organization's increasing concern with this subject. f
# is also used as a generic term to apply to all civil defense
measures.
** Footnote references in arabic numerals are to sources listed in
Appendix B.
;Y,FE The predecessor of DOSAAF in World War II claimed a membership
of 15.5 million. Considering the efforts to enlist the full support
of 18 million Komsomols and 30 million trade union members, a figure
of 16 million seems reasonable.
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Although reports on civil defense training have been meager, it is note-
worthy that in November 1953 a DOSAAF periodical indicated that citizens
who had passed "Ready for Anti-Air and Chemical Defense" requirements
should be retrained every two years.
Planning and supervision of measures for passive air defense is
assigned to the Main Administration for Local Air Defense. f This
MVD organization discharges the responsibility through a corps of
staff personnel at various government levels particularly the city
and regional, Although the responsibility for passive defense is
technically vested in the leaders of local government, they are no
doubt guided to a very large extent by these specialists in air defense
plans and-training. The local air defense groups in factories, insti-
tutions, and dwelling units are subordinate to the community MPVO.
It is significant that there is increasing interest in the planning
and implementation of the construction of air raid shelters, DOSAAF
publications have carried instructions on the planning of air raid
shelters. Scattered reports of shelter construction have been
received periodically. Recently, a number of former German prisoners
of war from the vicinity of Sverdlovsk and Stalingrad have been
interrogated. Their reports are in substantial agreement on the
point that air raid shelters are provided in new apartment buildings,
in one and two family dwelling units, in schools, and in factories
built since 1952. 10 The similarity between known plans and their
description of air raid shelter construction is striking. These air
raid shelters are constructed of reinforced concrete, are provided
with double hermetically sealed doors, contain toilet facilities,
and have multiple entrances and an anti-gas ventilating system.
This type of construction conforms to a category of shelter con-
struction, detected during World War II, which is supposed to
withstand the complete collapse of the building.
II. Civil Defense in the European Satellites.*
Passive air defense in the Satellites is unfolding in a pattern
very similar to that of the USSR. Currently the following organi-
zations have been identified and bear some resemblance to DOSAAF-:
*-Appendix A (Glossary) presents abbreviations- and English terms
together with transliterated foreign title for both Satellite and
Soviet organizations.
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Albania ShNUM Society for Aid to the
Army and Defense
Bulgaria DOSO Voluntary organization
for Assistance to De-
fense
Czechoslovakia SVAZARM Union for Cooperation
with the Army
East Germany GST Athletic and Tech-
nical Association
Hungary MSzHSz Freedom Fighters
Association
Poland LPZ League of Soldiers'
Fiends
Rumania AVPTCF Volunteer Association
for Technical Propa-
ganda and Physical
Culture
Up to the present time, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary have
led in known preparations for air defense, including training courses,
fire prevention activities, and shelter construction. Intelligence
gappirather than the absence of defense preparations may be the explana-
tion for the seemingly lesser activity in the other Satellites.
Generally, known defense operations follow a definite Soviet pattern
which emphasizes shelter construction. and defense training in indus-
trial plants, institutions, and schools. Support of the responsible
organizations is usually provided through the Party, the Communist
youth organization, and the trade unions. In comparing the measures
taken in the USSR and the Satellites, it is noteworthy that many of
the firmer reports show distinct parallels in organizational struc-
ture and measures taken.
1. Albania.
Little is known of passive air defense in Albania. The
existence of the civil defense organization ShNUM (Society for Aid to
the Army and Defense) indicates a parallel to the Soviet DOSAAF. 11/
In a radio broadcast intercepted on 26 February 1954 the Albanian
Red Cross acknowledged its close relationship with the Soviet Red
Cross and Red Crescent as well as with the Red Cross associations
of the other Satellites. 12/
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2. Bulgaria.
In Bulgaria, reports attest to the size and activity of the
DOSO (Voluntary Organization for Assistance to Defense), which was
created in January 1951. 13 Its organization, aims, and responsi-
bilities are revealed to be closely modeled after the DOSAAF in the
USSR. 14 The first president of the Central Committee of the DOSO
was General Ivan Kinov, a major general in the Soviet Army, although
a. Bulgarian by birth. In 1952 the responsibility for the direction
was given to Major General Dobri Terpeshev. General Kinov, however,
has maintained an active interest in the organization, having addressed
the Plenum of the Central Committee of DOSO in ].L November 1953. 15/
The Bulgarian publication, Otchestven Front, reported that the main
objective of the DOSO was to teach garian youth to be "boundlessly
loyal to the USSR, and trained in revolutionary vigilance and pre-
paredness for war in accordance with the heroic tradition of the
Soviet organization DOSAAF." 16 Medical defense courses, anti-air
and chemical defense courses, and an organization called "Ready for
Work and Defense" have been identified in Bulgaria. 17/ These relate
directly to such Soviet terms as GSO (Ready for Medical Defense),
PVKhO (Anti-Air and Chemical Defense), and GTO (Ready for Labor and
Defense). The Red Cross has an active part in the medical defense
training and claimed 560,000 members at the beginning of 1953. The
Sofia Red Cross reported that the blood donors' plan, and the plan
for Ready for Medical Defense badge bearers were overfulfilled in
1953. LB/
3. Czechoslovakia.
The organization of civil defense activities appears to be
progressing rapidly in Czechoslovakia. The SVAZARM (Union for Co-
operation with the Army) is engaged in civil defense training and
paramilitary operations. 19/ It has several hundred thousand members
and is headed by Lieutenant General Cenek Hruska. 20/ General Hruska
is apparently in high favor since he holds office as Deputy Minister
of Defense. He has recently been honored by election to the Central
Committee of the Czechoslovakian Communist Party and decorated with
the Badge of Honor of the Union in recognition of his work for SVAZARM. 21
In addition to clearing World War II air-raid shelters in Czechoslovakia,
some new'construction has been in progress. A technically competent
source has indicated that he worked on Class II shelter designs which
were very similar in capability to Soviet shelters of the second
category during World War II. In construction, they follow the
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general scheme of those reported from the USSR. These shelters are
being built in plants and factories. L2/ Although a formal body such
as the Soviet MPVO (MVD) has not been identified, it was at least fore-
shadowed at a recent conference when it was noted that civil defense
workers continually request assistance from a "central source." The
newspaper report goes on to say that this assistance will be given to
aid in planning and directing activities. 23/ The Red Cross is also
included in the civil defense effort. A medal for PCO (Prepared for
Civil Defense) is awarded to citizens who successfully complete the
required course. It is apparently compulsory for one. member of each
family to take first aid training.
I.G. East Germany.
In East Germany the GST (Athletic and Technical Association)
has not yet been identified with civil defense training. It has been
reported, however, that second secretary Kreutzburg demanded that all
The 2irst secre-
training activities follow the DOSAAF pattern. 2
tary of GST is a KVP (Garrisoned People's Police general, Arno
Berthold. 25/ The Red Cross in East Germany, although not *ecifi-
cally linke C to civil defense, is presumably engaged in first aid and
health training. It is controlled by the Ministry of Health. L6/
5. Hung sy.
Because of the scarcity of information it cannot be established
that MSzHSz (Freedom Fighters' Association) in Hungary is fully com-
parable to similar organizations in Bulgaria or Czechoslovakia and
that its members are a thoroughly trained as those in the latter groups.
Activity detected is paramilitary with a general scope similar to basic
training. 27/ Recruiting is supported by the DISZ (Federation of
Working Youth), as DOSAAF is supported by the Komsomol. 28/ A civil
defense manual for general distribution has appeared in Hungary. 29/
The level of air-raid preparation is considered to be relatively high,
the type of instruction being given the population is very similar to
that disseminated by DOSAAF in the USSR. Air raid shelters according
to instructions are to be provided with water-tight and gas-proof
doors, similar to those appearing in the USSR. In addition, instruc-
tion in civil defense activities is included in the school programs. LO/
First aid courses have been a part of compulsory training and it was
announced recently in Budapest that an intercommunication system had
been installed which connects the National First Aid Center with
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district first aid stations. This system was admittedly copied from
a similar installation in Moscow, 31 Such independent communication
would contribute to medical civil defense potential.
6. Poland.
In Poland the LPZ (League of Soldiers' Friends) is headed by
Brigadier Josef Turski. It is responsible for the dissemination of
defense information to the general public and has reported it will
profit in its work from the "rich experience of DOSAAF." 32 The
Polish Red Cross is active and claims to have completed 300,000 first
aid courses in a single year. At present, it claims a membership of
over 2 million. 33/ The prevention of fires and fire fighting have
recently been stressed to the population.
7. Rumania.
On 5 October 1952 a decree was passed in Rumania authorizing
the formation and expansion of AVPTCF (Volunteer Association for
Technical Propaganda and Physical Culture). In the spring of 1953
the decree was implemented by calling into active service approximately
3,000 reserve officers who were assigned to the AVPTCF for an indefinite
tour of duty. The reported purpose of this action was to compensate
for the reduction in the overall strength of the Army due to the
release of the class of 1931. Little is known about the activities
of the AVPTCF other than that its success was greater than anticipated
by the Rumanian government. It participated reportedly in the May Day
parade and in the Liberation Day parade of 23 August 1953. Women have
been enlisted in communal work applicable to civil defense. In
Bucharest, more than 2,000 were helping in hospitals and over 1,000
were attending the "Ready for Health Defense" courses in March of
this year. 35
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY
Abbreviation
USSR
DOSAAF
Bulgaria
Voluntary Society for Cooperation With
the Army, Air Force, and Navy
(Dobrovolnoye Obshchestvo Sodeystviya
Armii Aviatsii-i Floto)
Ready for Medical Defense (Gotov k
Sanitarnoy Oborone)
Ready for Labor and Defense (Gotov k
Trudu i Oborone)
Main Administration for Local Anti-
air Defense (Glavnoye Upravleniye
Mestnoy Protivovozdushnoy Oboroni)
Local Anti-Air Defense (Mestnaya
Protivovozdushaya Oborona)
Anti-Air and Chemical Defense
(Protivovozdushnaya i Protivokhimi-
che skaya Oborona)
Union of. the Societies of the Red
Cross and Red Crescent (Soyuz
Obshchestov Krasnogo Kresta i
Krasnogo Polumesyatsa)
Society for Aid to the Army and
Defense (Shogeria per Ndihme Ushtrisa
Dhe Mbrojtje)
Albanian Red Cross (Kruq i Kuq se
Shiquerise)
Voluntary Organization for Assistance
to Defense (Dobrovolnata Organitzatsia
za Sadeya na Otbrana)
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Abbreviation
Bulgaria
continued)
Czechoslovakia
CO
CSCK
East Germany
GST
KVP
Hungary
DISZ
MSzHSz
Poland
LPZ
PCK
Rumania
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Bulgarian Red Cross (Bulgarski Cherven
Krust)
Civil Defense (Civilni: Obrana)
Czechoslovak Red Cross (Ceskoslovensky
Cerveny Kriz)
Prepared for Civil Defense (Pripraven
k Civilni Obrana)
Union for Cooperation With the Army
(Svaz Spoluprace s Armadou)
Athletic and Technical Association
(Gesellsehaft fur Sport and Technik)
Garrisoned People's Police
(Kasernierte Volkspolizei)
Federation of Working Youth (Dolgozo
Ifjusag Szoevetseg)
Freedom Fighters' Association (Magyar
Szabadsagharcos Szoevetseg)
Hungarian Red Cross (Magyar Voros
Kereszt)
League of Soldiers' Friends (Liga
Przyjaciol Zolnierza)
Polish Red Cross (Polski Czerwony
Krzyz)
Volunteer Association for Technical
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Abbreviation
Rumania
con- ued)
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Propaganda and Physical Culture
(Associatia Poluntara Pentru
Propaganda Technica si Cultara
Fizica)
Ready for Work and Defense of the
Rumanian Peoples' Republic (Gata
Pentru Munca si Apararea Republicii
Populare Romane)
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APPENDIX B
SOURCES AND EVALUATION OF SOURCES
1. Evaluation of Sources.
Sources used in this report include a captured document, translated
Soviet anti-air defense manuals o en periodicals and radio broadcasts,
25M41-1-prisoner-of-war interrogations,
The USSR has apparently placed the same security restrictions on
information on civil defense activities as on military information.
This action is not unusual, because civil defense is regarded as an arm
of military defense as well as protection for the general public.
Generally published instructions or broadcast information were rela-
tively. easy to obtain. In addition, interrogation of defectors and
returned prisoners of war provided significant pieces of information,
permitting a logical amount of speculation.
2. Sources.
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
Source of Information
Information
Doc. - Documentary
1
- Confirmed by other sources
A - Completely reliable
2
- Probably true
B Usually reliable
3
- Possibly true
C - Fairly reliable
4
- Doubtful
D - Not usually reliable
5
- Probably false
E Not reliable
F - Cannot be Judged
6
- Cannot be judged
'*Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a staff
officer; or information extracted from such documents by a staff
officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Documentary."
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this report.
No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation
on the cited document.
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