MANGANESE IN THE SOVIET BLOC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A000800010006-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 94
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 8, 1999
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: January 19, 1955
• Content Type: IR

r~41 elease 1999/09/26 s CIA-RDP79-01093A000800010,006-4
,-.US OFF
t NLY
-PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
WTGANEE. IN. THE SOVIET BLOC
CiA RR PR-94
19 January 1955
0
DECt.A
CLASS. CHAN( TS S
NEXT REVIEW OtE:
AITHRI
DATE/O REVIEWER: P
CENTRAaL iNTELL~G_EN CIE- AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
US OFFICIALS ONLY
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This mat ia1 contains information affecting
the t ationai Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of w1,,ii any manner
to an, unauthorized person isprohibited_by law_.
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PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
MANGANESE IN THE SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR PR-94
(ORR Project 23.173)
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
ORR and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject to revision. Comments and data which may
be available to the user are solicited.
office of Research and Reports
a=IDE TI AL
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FIDE
CONTENTS
Page
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
,h. Development of the Industry . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Organization of the Industry in the USSR 7
C. Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
D. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
E. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
F. Consumption . . . . . + . . . . 22
G. Summary Analysis of Production and Consumption . . 28
H. Expansibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
III. Communist China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A. Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
C. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
D. Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4. Expansibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1"0
IV. Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
A. Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
B. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
C. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
D. Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
V. Rumania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
A. Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
13. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
C. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
D. Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
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VI. Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
A. Resources 51
B. Production 52
C. Trade and Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
VII. Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
A. Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
B. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
C. Trade and Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
VIII. Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 57
A. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
B. Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
IX, . East Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
A. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
B. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
C. Cons uunption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
X. Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Appendixes
Appendix A. Soviet Standards for Manganese Ores and
Manganese Ferroalloys . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Appendix B. Methodolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Appendix C. Gaps in Intelligence 75
Appendix D. Sources and Evaluation of Sources . . . . . . . 77
Tables
1. Estimated Reserves of Manganese Ore in the USSR,
1 January 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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Estimated Production of Manganese Ore (35 Percent
'gin) in the USSR, 1950-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Estimated Production and Requirements of tetallurgica.l-
Grade Gres in the Eastern Areas of tine USSR, 1950-55 . . 16
L. Estimated Soviet Exports of Ranganese Ore to Non-Soviet
Bloc Countries, 1948-54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.
Estimated Soviet i:'x_oorts of clanL;anese Ore to Soviet
Bloc Countries, 1)49-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6. tLaounts of 4eta.lic"iantanese Consumed per Metric Ton of
P_i Iron in Soviet Blast-Furnace Charges . . . . . .
'Estimated Total Consumption of Manganese by the Iron
and Steel Industry in the USSR, 1950-55 . . . . . . .
Principal Plants Producing; Manganese Ferroalloys in
the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sunmary Analysis of Supply and Consumption of Manganese
Ore in th ?SStm
24
10. Estimated Reserves of.Manganese Ore in Communist China. . 31
11. Production of -Manganese Ore in China and 4anchuria,
1935-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
12. Reported Exports of i?langanese Ore from China, 1934-54 . . 38~
13. ADDparent Consumption o' Manganese Ore by the Iron and
Steel Industry in Communist China, 1950-55 . . . . . . . 39
].)1. Estimated Reserves of Manganese Ore in Hungary, 1952 . . 41
15. Estimated Production of Manganese Ore and Concentrates
in Hungary, 1946-55
16. Estimated Exports of i"ianganese Ore from Hungary,
1948-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
44
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17. Apparent Consumption of Manganese Ore by the Iron
and Steel Industry in Hungary, 1950-55 . . . . . . . . . 46
18. Estimated Reserves of Manganese Ore in ]:turnan ia, 1952 . . 47
19. Estimated Production of Manganese Ore in Rumania,
1935-54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
20. Reported Imports of Manganese Ore by Rwnania, 1952-54 . . 50
21. Apparent Consumption of Manganese Ore b;T the Iron and
Steel :Industry in Rumania, 1950-55 . . . . . . . . . . . 51
22. Estimated Production and. Reported Exports of Manganese
Ore by Bulgaria, 1950-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
23. Planned and Estimated Production of -Tian anese (17
Percent Mn) Ores in Czechoslovakia, 1949?-55 . . . . . . >4
24. Planned Consumption of iomestic Production, Imports,
and Apparent Consumption of 1?ariganese Ore by Czecho-
slovakia, 1949-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
25. Imports of Manganese Ore by Poland, 1949-54 . . . . . . . 57
26. Apparent Consumption of Manganese Ore br the Iron and
Steel Industry in Poland, 1950-55 . . . . . . . . . . . 59
27. Planned Imports and Apparent Consumption of Manganese
Ore by East Germany, 1950-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2'. Losses in Manganese during Smelting of ' peci 1 and
G?ommon Pig Iron According to Soviet Metallurgical
Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
?9. Standards or Soviet Blast-F,nrnace Ferromanganese . .
30. Requirements for N ngaresa Ores and Concentrates Suitable
jr 'the Production of Herromanganese in the USSR . ,
31. Standards for Silicoman,-,1
nese . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
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32. Standards for Spiegeleisen and Silicospiegeleisen
in the USSR . . .
69
33. Requirements for Manganese Ores Suitable for the Production
of Spiegeleisen and Silicospiegeleisen in the USSR . . .
69
34. Requirements for Ores Suitable for the Production of
Manganese Pig Iron in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
35. Requirements for Manganese Ores Suitable for the
Production of Dry Cell Batteries in the USSR . . . . . .
70
36. Methodology for Deriving Consumption of Manganese in the
Iron and Steel Industry in the USSR . . . . . . . .
72
Illustrations
Following Page
Organizational Structure of the Soviet Ministry of
Ferrous Metallurgy (Chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Soviet Bloc: Principal Manganese Deposits (Flap) . . . . . . Inside
Back Cover
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MANGANESE IN THE SOVI,-T BLOC*
Summary
Manganese is an essential component in the production of iron and
steel and is therefore a basic element in an industrial economy. Manga-
nese ore with a relatively low metallic manganese (Mn) content is used
in the production of pig iron and foundry iron. Metallurgical-grade
manganese ore -- ore with a Mn content of over 46 percent -- is desired
for the manufacture of ferromanganese, which is used in the steel-making
process. A small amount of very high-grade ore is used for special pur-
poses, principally the manufacture of dry-cell batteries.
The manganese ore reserves of the Soviet Bloc are estimated at 872
million metric tons.** Of this total the USSR has 93.6 percent, Communist
China has 3.7 percent, Hungary has 2.2 percent, and Rumania has 0.5 per-
cent. Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Albania have small deposits, but
quantitative estimates cannot be made. Poland and East Germany have no
reserves.
Of the total manganese ore reserves of 816 million tons in the USSR,
about 296 million tons are classified as "proven." These proven reserves,
approximately one-half of the total world supply, are adequate for any
forseeable long-term requirements of the iron and steel industry of the
Soviet Bloc.
About 90 percent of the proven reserves in the USSR is in two depos-
its -- at Nikopol', in the Ukraine, and at Chiatura, in Georgia --
which accounted for about 75 percent of total 1953 production in the
Soviet Bloc. Total. Soviet Bloc production is estimated at about 5.5
million tons of manganese ore. The USSR produced about 90 percent of
this total; Czechoslovakia, about 4 percent; China, about 2 percent;
and Hungary, Rumania, and Bulgaria accounted for the remainder about
equally. ' **
Prior to World 11ar II the USSR was the world's largest exporter of
manganese ore. In the early postwar years the USSR attempted to regain
its export market and in 1948 exported to non-Soviet countries a
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent the
best judgment of the responsible analyst as of 23 September 1954.
## Throughout this report, tonnages are given in metric tons.
### A map showing the principal manganese deposits in. the Soviet Bloc
will be found inside back cover.
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total of about 420,000 tons. A shift in Soviet policy, however,
coupled with Western trade restriction, reduced exports, and in
1951 the USSR exported only about 51,000 tons. Trade agreements now
in effect indicate that in 1954 the USSR will export about 255,000
tons to non-Bloc countries -- not enough to have a significant effect
on total Bloc supply.
Intra-Soviet Bloc trade in manganese ore is largely a matter of
Soviet shipments to other Bloc countries. East Germany, Poland, and
Czechoslovakia are the major importers. It is estimated that in 1953
about 147,000 tons of Soviet ore were shipped to these countries. Al-
though Communist China exports a part of its production of manganese
ore, it imports from the USSR part of the ferromanganese requirements
of its steel industry.
Total consumption of manganese ore in the Soviet Bloc in 1953 is
estimated at 3.7 million tons. The USSR consumed about 3.3 million
tons of this total. Of the Soviet consumption, about 40,000 tons were
used in the chemicals industries and all the rest in the iron and
steel industry:. Czechoslovakia, Poland, and East Germany were the
largest consumers of manganese ore among the European Satellites in
1953. Czechoslovakia consumed about 367,000 tons, Poland about
186,000 tons, and East Germany about 112,000 tons. Total consump-
tion in Communist China was about 80,000 tons.
A comparison of total Soviet Bloc supply of manganese ore with
total consumption indicates that in 1953 there was a Bloc surplus
of about 1.5 million tons. Although there is no firm evidence of a
major manganese ore stockpiling program in the Soviet Bloc, it is
logical to assume that such a program exists.
The manganese ore industry of the Soviet Bloc is quite capable
of meeting the requirements of an expanding iron and steel industry..
Reserves are adequate, and production facilities are improving. It
is likely that production goals will be met and that by the end of
1955. the USSR alone will be producing at the rate of about 6 million
tons annually.
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The possible vulnerabilities of the manganese ore industry in the
Soviet Bloc lie in the concentration of production facilities at Chiatura
and Nikopol' and in the dependence of the iron and steel industries of
the European Satellites on supplies of Soviet manganese ore.
I. Introduction.
Of all the critical minerals, manganese is often referred to as the
most important; without it no steel can be produced. It is the sixteenth
most common element in the earth's crust, and it is widely distributed
in the USSR. Because of its high affinity for oxygen, it most often occurs
as part of an oxide mineral and frequently in either a silicate or carbon-
ate.
Manganese (Mn) is a gray, hard, brittle, lustrous metal, in most re-
spects resembling iron, both physically and chemically, Its specific
gravity is 7.4, and its melting point is 2268? F (1242 C). One of the
outstanding. characteristics of manganese is that in its most common uses
the metal is dissipated in a form not susceptible to subsequent recovery
as secondary metal. The result is that almost all requirements for each
year must be met from new production. A prominent feature of the produc-
tion of manganese is that little is produced in the form of pure metal,
most of it being converted from ore into the intermediate forms of
ferroalloys or spiegeleisen* and used in the treatment of iron and steel
and in the production of alloyed materials. The small proportion con-
verted into more or less pure metal does not go into use in the pure
form but is used in making various nonferrous alloys.
Only a few of the 125 minerals of manganese have economic importance.
Classification, composition, and manganese content of these are as
follows:
* Spiegeleisen denotes a ferromanganese alloy having a manganese content
of from 10 to 25 percent.
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Composition
Mn Percent
Pyrolusite (black oxide of manganese)
MnO
63
Psilomelane (manganese hydrate)
MnO Mn0.2 2H20
45 to 60
Wad (manganese and other oxides)
Hydrous Mn Oxide
Variable
Manganite (hydrate manganese oxide)
Mn203H2 O
62.4
Hausm{annite
hin304
72.5
Braunite
I4n2Sa_2Q3
69
PLhodochrosite (manganese carbonate)
MnCO33
47.5
Rhodonite (manganese silicate)
MnSit333
42
Bementite
2MnSi03H2O
39
Psilomelane, pyrolusite, wad, and braunite occur in nature much more
frequently than the other manganese minerals.
Commercial ores of manganese are grouped into the following classes
according to the chemical composition needed for major end uses:
Class of Ore
Content
Chemical Grade (includes battery ores) 82 to 87 percent Mn02
Ferro-grade (metallurgical ores) Over 46 percent Mn
Ferruginous Man7aneseOre (s.piegel and pig
iron ores) 10 to 35 percent Mn
Manganiferous Iron Ore (pig iron ores) 5 to 10 percent Mn
The iron and steel industry accounts for approximately 95 percent
of the total consumption of manganese, the balance being consumed by the
nonferrous metals industry and by the chemical industry. In the making
of pig iron and steel, manganese assumes the role of a de-oxidizer and
de-sulfurizer. For this purpose there is no known substitute. It
also is used as an alloy constituent in the production of steel.
When used in the manufacture of pig iron, manganese is included in
the blast-furnace burden in the form of ore. Low.-grade manganese ores
(usually less than 30 percent Nip), which cannot be beneficiated economi-
cally for use in smelting ferromanganese alloys, are suitable for this
practice.
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Manganese ores used for steel are normally smelted into a ferromanga-
nese alloy (spiegeleisen or ferromanganese) or a ferromanganese alloy
that also includes silicon (silicospiegel or silicomanganese). It is in
these forms that manganese is added in the steel-making process. Metal-
lurgical-grade ores or concentrates containing more than 46 percent manga-
nese are preferred for making ferromanganese, but ores of lower manganese
content can be used for the other alloys. By the exact regulation of the
additions of these and other alloys to steel, a range of desired qualities
of hardness, toughness, forgeability, and wear resistance can be derived.
When manganese is used in large quantities as an alloy, making up 7 to 15
percent of the finished steel, the result is one of the "toughest" metals
known. Manganese steel goes into power-shovel teeth, railroad frog
switches, crushing machinery, and other products which are subject to
heavy shock and abrasion. Hadfield steel, a high-manganese, high-carbon
alloy, is used in large quantities for steel helmets and other armor
applications.
Without manganese, no nation could possibly produce the type of
armaments required by modern warfare. The possession of huge reserves
of manganese ore is one advantage which the USSR enjoys over the US,
which has to import 90 percent of its requirements. Soviet specifications
for both manganese end products and ores are given in Appendix A.
The chemical uses of manganese are comparatively small but are of
importance far beyond their bulk. The chief demand is for a high-grade
manganese dioxide ore,_with a minimum of iron and other harmful impurities,
for use as a depolarizer in the manufacture of dry-cell batteries. Other
users of manganege for chemical purposes are the glass, ceramic, paint,
photographic, and pharmaceutical industries.
When manganese is alloyed with nonferrous metals such as aluminum,
magnesium, bronze, and the like, it is normally added in the form of
manganese metal. A relatively small amount of manganese adds hard-
ness and stiffness to these metals.
In the important role of alloying, the same effects accomplished by
manganese are not obtainable by using other metals in some alloys. On
the other hand, there are metallurgical applications where manganese and
other metals may be interchanged, but not always to the same degree. The
USSR has large manganese reserves, and any substitution will involve
manganese for other metals rather than the reverse.
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Detailed descriptions of the geology, character of the ore, methods
of working,types of equipment, methods of concentration, amount of ore
produced, transportation facilities, labor employed, and the like, when
available, were made a. part of this supply but are not reproduced here;
they may be obtained in typescript by authorized persons.
II. USSR.
A. Development of the Industry.
The Chiatura manganese deposits in the Russian Caucasus /* and
the Nikopol' deposits in the Ukraine, 2/ both exploited before 1900,
accounted for more than half of the world's production of manganese in
the period before World War I (54 percent in 1913). The ratio fell to
1 percent in 1921, but in the following years increased steadily, reach-
ing 38 percent in 1926. That year production totaled 1,334,000 tons,
compared with the prewar high of 1,245,000 tons produced in 1913..2/
Before the expansion of the Soviet steel industry, manganese ore
was mined principally for export. Between 1928 and 1932, almost 70 per-
cent of production was exported, and in 1931, exports reached 84 percent
of domestic production. During the Second Five Year Plan,(1933-37),
exports were larger in volume but constituted a smaller percentage of
domestic production. 1/
Manganese ore mining outside of the Chiatura and Nikopol' areas
was insignificant until 1933. In order to eliminate the long hauls to
the new steel plants in the Urals and Siberia from Chiatura in the Trans-
caucasus and from Nikopol' in the Ukraine, plans were made for developing
manganese. ore deposits. in these latter areas. With the invasion of the
Ukraine by the Germans in 1941, great emphasis was put on the Urals and
Siberian deposits to fill the production gap brought about by the loss
of Nikopol' and by the vulnerable long haul from Chiatura.
Postwar plans have called for greater expansion of the manganese
industry by continued exploration of known deposits and for discovery of
new deposits. New technological improvements in mining and processing
the ore are being utilized to increase production.
* Footnote references in arabic numerals are to sources listed in
Appendix D.
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B. Organization of the Industry in the USSR.
The manganese ore industry of the USSR is under the jurisdictional
control of the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy and is directly subordinated
to the Administration of Ore Mining, which controls all research and plan-
ning. The organizational structure of the industry* is shown on the
accompanying chart.'
C. Resources.
The USSR is the only major steel producer in the world having
adequate domestic manganese reserves. Nearly one-half of the world's
"proven" reserves are located within its geographical boundaries.
Depletion as a result of past production of manganese ore for
export and for consumption has been more than offset by discoveries of
new ore bodies. Instead of diminishing, the known reserves have increased
by these new discoveries and by the development of methods for the utili-
zation of lower grade ores.
Since 1938, in keeping with the policy of maintaining secrecy in
regard to critical raw materials, no complete statistical data concerning
the amounts of reserves,'oduction, consumption, or export of manganese
ore have been published. Fortunately sufficient data are available for
the estimation of the USSR's manganese reserves within a small margin of
error.
Probably the most detailed and complete description of the USSR's
manganese deposits and reserves is a 1935 compilation, which estimated
reserves at 650 million tons. / Recent estimates by Western authors in
two reports, "The World's Manganese Ores" 2/ and Die 13ergti,rirtschaf t
der Erde, Li/ arrived at approximz2tely the same total as the 1935 Soviet
report.
In 1938, the Soviet State Planning Commission revised estimated
total reserves to 785 million tons, 135 million tons greater than the
* The Dzhezdy manganese deposit in Kazakhstan is officially known as
the Dzhezdy Manganese Ore Administration, but its position on the
organizational chart is not known. The organizational'structure of
the less important manganese deposits in the USSR is also unknown.
%, Following p. 8.
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1935 estimate. Classification* of estimated manganese reserves in the
USSR as of 1 January 1954 is shown in Table 1.
Estimated Reserves
of Manganese Ore in the USSR
1 January 1954 12/
Thousand Metric Tons
Economic Region c1
Proven
Probable and Possible
Total
Ukraine (Region III)
138,092
370,000
508,092
Transcaucasus (Region V)
151,474
32,660
184,134
Urals (Region VIII)
N.A.
24,000 g/
24,000
Kazakhstan (Region Xa)
6,500
33,000)
39,500
West and East Siberia
(Regions IX and XI)
N.A.
60,000
60,000
Soviet Far East (Region XII)
10
100
110
2 6 0 6
519,76()
515.836
a. Metallic content of these reserves is discussed in the following pages.
b. See Appendix B, Methodology.
.c. The tern region in this report refers to the economic regions defined
and numbered on CIA Map 12048.1, 9-51 (First Revision;, 7-52), USSR:
Economic Regions.
d. Chiatura carbonate ores are not included.
e. Sources indicate a range between 13 million and 35 million tons.
Included in the "Proven" category are deposits covered in Soviet usage
by the classifications "Groups A and B." A is subdivided into classes Al
and A2. Al denotes reserves which have been contoured by drilling and pre-
pared for extraction. A2 denotes completely prospected reserves capable of
serving as a base for projected enterprises. Reserves in class B are those
which have not been fully: prospected, but, like %reserves, may serve as a
base for projected enterprises. Included in the robable and Possible"
category are deposits covered in Soviet usage by the classifications "Group
C1 and C2". Group C1 denotes reserves immediately beyond the contour limits
of Class B which may serve as a base for long-range, industrial plannirg.
Group-C2 denotes reserves; calculated on the basis of geological estimates
for whole regions.
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IMinistry of Ferrous Metallurgy
Main Administration of
Ore Mining
Chiatura
Manganese Trust
Nikopol'
Manganese Trust
Uralruda
Trust
Mine Administration
imeni Lenin
Mine Administration
imeni Ordzhonikidze
Mine Administration
imeni Stalin
Mine Administration
imeni Kaganovich
Mine Administration
imeni Dimitrov
Mine Administration
imeni Beriya
Mine Administration
imeni Maksimov
Mine Administration
imeni Ordzhonikidze
Mine Administration
imeni Voroshilov
S -E -C -R -E -T.
Polunochnoye
Mine Administration
Marsyaty
Mine Administration
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1. Ukraine and Transcausus(Regions III and V).
Most of the USSR's manganese ore reserves are contained in
two deposits, Nikopol' in the Ukraine and Chiatura in Georgia. Combined
reserves of the two regions equal 90 percent of the USSR total.
The Chiatura manganese deposits, located on the southern slope
of the Causcasus Mountains, are transversed by the Kvirila. River and
occupy an. area of about 130 square kilometers. High-quality ore con-
sisting of pyrolusite, psilomelane, manganite, braunite, and wad, make
these deposits the most important in the USSR. The raw ore, containing
25 to 47 percent manganese, concentrates to as high as 55 percent. The
high ratio of manganese to iron in the ore makes it possible to smelt
ferromanganese with a high manganese content. Deficiencies of the ore
are its high silica and phosphorous content. In addition to metallurgical-
grade ores, chemical-grade ores containing 70 to 80 percent manganese
dioxide are found.
The Nikopol' deposits, the world's largest known single con-
centration of manganese ore, lie on the right bank of the Dnieper River,
northwest and northeast of the town of Nikopol' in the Dnepropetrovsk
Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, and cover an area of 275 square kilometers.
Mineralogically, the ore, consists of pyrolusite with an admixture of
psilomelane and bog manganese. The manganese content averages 28 per-
cent, and the silica content attains a value of 42 percent, which requires
the extracted ore to be washed. The ratio of manganese to iron is about
10 to 1. Phosphorous content, which is normally higher than in Chiatura
ores, ranges between 0.20 and 0.27 percent. Despite the fact that the
Nikopol' Basin has been worked for more than 50 years, many sectors of
the deposits have not been sufficiently explored.
During the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50), the USSR sought
to establish the availability of a new 100-million-tor industrial re-
serve -- 70 million tons at Nikopol' and 30 million tons at Chiatura..2/
Because of favorable geology in both of these areas, it is believed that
the project was successful and that a total of 100 million tons of ore
previously classified as "probable and possible" reserves was established
as "proven."
2. Urals (Region VIII).
Exploratory work has revealed more than 200 manganese depos-
its in the Urals. They are, with a few exceptions, not large and have
a relatively low manganese content, but they have the great advantage
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of being located near metallurgical punts. Emphasis on their development
has been stressed since.the beginning If World War II, but geological ex-
ploration has failed to uncover important reserves of metallurgical-grade
ores.
Prewar manganese resources of the Urals were estimated to
range from 13 million to 35 million tons of all classes of ore. Manganese
content ranges from 20 to 30 percent. Among the numerous deposits of the
Urals, two groups are outstanding: the northern, Polunochnoye-Marsyaty
group, in Sverdlovsk Oblast RSFSR; and the southern, Uchalinsk-Abselilovo-
Baymak group, in Bashkir ASSR. In the Central Urals, between Kushva and
Sverdlovsk, there are a :number of other deposits which are of minor
importance. Deposits are also known to exist in the western foothills
of Udmurt ASSR.
Huge quantities of mineralized jasperites are found on the
southern slopes of the Ural Mountains and some day may become a source
of ore for Eastern metallurgy.* These low-grade manganese ores have
not been included in the ore reserve analysis, as they have never been
surveyed for quantity.
3. Central Asia (Region L.
The existence of major manganese deposits in the remote desert
areas of Kazakhstan was established as early as 1932. Deposits of con-
siderable industrial importance were found at Dzhezdy, Nayzatas, Kara-Dzhal,
Ktay, Klych, and Shoyntas. The existence of manganese ores on the Mangy-
shlak Peninsula has been known for a greater period, but because of their
remote location and lowmanganese content (22 percent Mn), there has been
little development.
In 1938, manganese ore reserves of Kazakhstan totaled 36
million tons. Althoughthe greatest portion of the reserves are found
on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, the most important production is taking place
at deposits located in the Karaganda Oblast. Of these the Dzhezdy deposits
* Mineralized jasperite, a complex ore with low.manganese content, is
comparable to iron tacornite:s in the US or the iron nua.rtzites of the USSR,
in the sense that liberation of the manganesE from the associated materials
will require huge investments in beneficiation equipment. As far as
can be ascertained, the USSR has expended little effort toward their
utilization.
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are receiving the greatest attention. Mapping of the Karaganda deposits
is still in progress, and thus far 6.5 million tons of "proven" reserves
of metallurgical-grade ores have been established. IQ/ Wartime develop-
ments intensified the development of,Kazahkstan ores, which are increas-
ingly filling the needs of the Urals iron and steel plants.
Following World War II, manganese ore was first reported in
East Kazakhstan, near the towns of Belunskoye Ust'-Kamenogorsk, and
0l'ginskoye. If these reports are authentic, a new source of manganese
ore may exist for the iron and steel plants of the Kuznetsk Basin.
Mine production is reportedly taking place, but other than this, no in-
forimmation regarding the deposits is available.
4. Siberia (Regions IX and XI).
Geological exploration is still insufficient to permit final
judgment of the relative availability of metallurgical-grade ore in the
largest part of the USSR. Efforts to improve this situation were stipu-
lated in the 1946-50 Plan, which called for the expansion of prospecting
operations, particularly in the eastern areas, with the object of dis-
covering 1.5 billion tons of iron ore and 110 million tons of manganese
ore. 11
The only deposit now being worked in this area of industrial
importance is the Mazul deposit, near the city of Achinsk. It supplies
low-grade manganese ore to the iron and steel plants of the Kuznetsk
Basin. "Proven" reserves of Mazul were estimated at just under a million
tons in 1938, and the estimate was later increased. All of the ore is
low grade, averaging 18 percent Mn, 16 percent Fe, and 0.3 percent P, and
is not suitable for beneficiation. / Utilization of the ore is limited
to the smelting of pig iron at Stalinsk, the location of the only blast
furnaces in Siberia.
Although there have been no official reports confirming new
ore discoveries in the Mazul area, a report stating that Mazul was being
"reconstructed" may imply the discovery of a new ore body and that it was
being prepared for exploitation. 121 The geology of the area is favorable
in this respect, but because of the consistently low quality of the ore
it is questionable that new discoveries would increase the importance of
the deposits.
A potential source of manganese ore in this area depends on
the ultimate development of the Usinsk deposit, a large carbonaceous
manganese ore deposit discovered near the mouth of the Usa River,
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approximately 70 to 80 kilometers east of Stalinsk. JA/ Outcroppings were
first reported in 1931, but little exploration was done until the mid-1940s-
Preliminary examinations revealed that the ore body contains up to 60
million tons of ore with a manganese content up to 25 percent. Soviet
authorities report that this 60 million tons constitutes only part of the
deposit. 1r
The deposit, located in wild taiga country, cannot be exploited
fully until completion of the Stalinsk-to-Abakan link of the South Siberian
Railroad. / This section forms the last link, which will connect
Magnitogorsk to Abakan. Construction of the South Siberian Railroad has
encountered many difficulties, but it is believed that sufficient progress
has been made east from Stalinsk that it is now possible to connect the
deposit to the main line by a 'spur. Importance of the Usinsk project
to the Siberian iron and steel industry should put its development high
on the Soviet priority list of planned projects.
Gravitational concentration tests of Usiinsk ores have proved
unfavorable. The ores are thought to be quite similar to Mazul ores.
18 This would limit their use to blast-furnace charging and still leave
the region deficient in metallurgical grades.
Information regarding the Usinsk deposit is highly speculative
at the present time. Hence, a fair evaluation of its importance remains
a gap in intelligence.
5. Far East (Region XII).
Manganese ore discoveries have been reported in the Soviet
Far East, but no information regarding the reserves has been released
Known deposits are believed of minor importance.
The first area where manganese ore has been reported is near
Volochayevka, on the left bank of the Amur River, within the Jewish
Autonomous Oblast. lam/ These deposits are also known as the Vandan
Mountain range deposits. The other area is in the Avvakumovka River
Basin in Primorskiy Kra--y. 20
Some production is believed to be taking place in the Jewish
Autonomous Oblast, since mined ore is sent from that area to Komsomol'sk,
the iron and steel base for the Soviet Far East. 21,/ Production, however,
is probably small; Komsomol'sk does not have large :requirements for man-
ganese. Steel production is approximately 150,000 'tons, and the plant
does not have a blast furnace.
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D. Production.
Postwar production of manganese ores in the USSR encountered
numerous difficulties resulting from wasteful mining practices and de-
struction during the war. Replacement of wornout equipment, rehabilitation
of caved and flooded mines, reconstruction and erection of concentrating
plants, and the expansion bf operations required immediate attention to
meet higher quotas called for in Soviet economic planning.
An important development in the production of manganese
since the war has been the increased emphasis upon conservation. Low-grade
ores are not now by passed in favor of richer ores, attempts are being
made to reclaim old tailings and waste heaps, and greater emphasis is
being directed toward irproved concentration r_,ractices.
A substantial recovery was recorded by 1950, when total pro-
duction for the year, estimated at 3.5 million tons, surpassed the 1938
high of 3.2 million tons. 22 Planned 1950 production at Chiatura and
Nikopol' was 2.0 million tons and 1.1 million tons, respectively. 22/
Planned production for the Urals, Siberia, and Kazakhstan, at the same
time, was unknown. In the terms of 35 percent manganese ore, both
Nikopol' and Chiatura failed to meet their targets by several hundred
thousand tons, but failure to meet quotas did not detract from the fact
that the USSR was now producing above prewar levels and that new,
planned increases were not entirely unrealistic. Subsequent informa-
tion indicates that Chiatura and Nikopol' are meeting their annual
production goals of mined ore. Total estimated production of ore and
metallic manganese for the USSR, based on published percentages and
requirements, is shown in Table 2.*
Because of large reserves and good quality ore, production
of manganese continues to be centered on Nikopol' and Chiatura. Their
combined production approximates 80 to 85 percent of total production.
High levels of production in Chiatura and Nikopol' may be an indication
that the Russians are again attempting to re-establish the area-distribution
pattern for manganese that was formerly followed. Nikopol' and the eastern
deposits supplied domestic requirements, :nd Chiatura produced large
tonnages for export.
* Table 2 follows on p. 14.
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Estimated Production of Manganese Ore (35 Percent Mn) in the USSR J
1950-55
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
South
Caucasus
Urals
Central Asia
Siberia
Total Ore
Total Mn
Content
1950
986
1,950
379
146
58
3,519
1,232
1951
1,200
2,350
420
162
65
4,197
1,469
1952
1,285
2,560
446
185
75
4,551
1,593
1953
1,371
2,770
488
205
83
4,917
1,721
1954
1,457
2,980
531
230
92
5,290
1,851
1955
1,543
3,190
567
250
101
5,651
1,978
a. Production figures for 1940 and Plan figures for 1950 were published
for both Chiatura (Caucasus) and Nikopol' (South). Using the figures as
base years along.with published percentage figures for the intermittent
years, approximate estimates of production of manganese ore for these
two deposits could be derived. Urals production is based on requirements
of low-grade manganese ores for pig iron production plus 85,000 tons of
concentrates. Siberian production is based on pig iron requirements,
Central Asia (Dzhezay deposit) production has been projected from a 1948
figure.
The principal method of working both the Chiatura and Nikopol'
deposits is a form of long-wall retreating. Galleries are driven into
the ore beds, and the :ore is extracted on either side up to the pillars
which are left to protect the entry. In recent years, small open-pit
operations have also been attempted.
High silica content usually requires that most of the ores
from these two deposits undergo a washing process if their commercial
value is to be increased. Handsorting, flotation, and electromagnetic
separation are used toa lesser degree. Approximately 75 percent of the
manganese in the ore is recovered in the concentrate. Present concen-
tration facilities would be a limiting factor in any large increases of
concentrated ore planned for these major deposits during the Sixth Five
Year Plan. The work of the concentrating plants could be decreased if
hydromechanical.methods of mining were applied on a larger scale.
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Breaking the ore down by the use of water pressure would eliminate part
of the clay clinging to the ore. The plants in Nikopol' were all recon-
structed during the postwar period and are equipped with new machinery.
The majority of the plants at Chiatura are outdated and worn and will
eventually have to be replaced. 26
The total number of manganese ore concentrating plants
presently operating in the USSR is 16: at the Chiatura deposits, 10;
at Nikopol', 5; and at Polunochnoye, 1. With the exception of two large
central concentrating plants, annual capacity for each individual plant
has been estimated at 200,000 tons. The central concentrators, one at
Nikopol' and one at Chiatura, have been designed for 350,000 to 450,000
tons, annual capacity. / Total concentrating capacity is estimated at
3 million to 3.5 million tons. Grades of concentrates range from 30 to
50 percent manganese.
One of the biggest problems encountered by the manganese ore
industry during the postwar period was the lack of mechanical loading
facilities. This was especially true at Chiatura, where ore movements
from the mining sectors, particularly in the stopes, could not keep pace
with the concentrating plants. As late as 1952, more than one-half of
the ore was loaded and unloaded by hand. 28 Moreover, by the end of
1955 the installation of loading machines and scrapers in the mines of
the largest Mine Administration within the Chiatura Trust will be only
80 percent complete. Efforts are also being made to mechanize more of
the loading operations of the other Mine Administrations in the Chiatura
Trust and in the Nikopol' Trust, but as yet, manual methods are heavily
relied upon.
Upon completion of the ore preparation process, Chiatura ore
is shipped to consumers in the iron and steel and chemical industries,
to Poti and Batumi on the Black Sea for export, and, possibly, to a
national stockpile. The Zestafoni Ferroalloy Plant, one of the most
important producers of ferromanganese in the USSR, is located 35 kilo-
meters south of Chiatura. Formerly, manganese from the Nikopol' deposits
was used almost exclusively by the local industry in the Dnieper Bend
and Donets Basin. Since World War II, it has also been shipped to Eastern
European countries. The better grade concentrates are shipped to
Zaporozh'ye for smelting into ferromanganese.
The Urals and Siberian regions produce sufficient low-grade
manganese ores for the smelting of pig iron and foundry iron in these
areas. Metallurgical-grade ores suitable for smelting ferromanganese
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are in short supply. This latter statement is contrary to Soviet reports
that wartime development of the manganese ore industry in the Urals,
Siberia, and Kazakhstan made the eastern iron and steel plants independent
of manganese ore from the southern deposits.
The supply and demand of metallurgical-grade ore in the
eastern area is summarized in Table 3.
Table 3
Estimated Production and Requirements of Metallurgical-Grade Ores
in the Eastern Areas of the USSR
1950-55
Year
Urals
Central Asia
Siberia
Total
Produced &f
Total
Required J
Deficit
1950
85,000
75,000
0
160,000
277,000
117,000
1951
85,000
85,000
0
170,000
321,000
151,000
1952
85,000
95,000
0
180,000
340,000
160,000
1953
85,000
105,000
0
190,000
376,000
187,000
1954
85,000
115,000
0
200,000
406,000
207,000
1955
85,000
125,000
0
210,000
435,000
225,000
a. Metallurgical-grade only. The combined production of low-grade
and metallurgical-grade ore is given in Table 2, p. 14, above.
b. The sum of the requirements for the Urals and Siberia as shown in
Table 7, p. 26, below.
Sapalsk, near Nizhniy Tagil, the only deposit in the Urals
producing a good grade of metallurgical ore, became depleted during the
war. / One small concentrating plant at Polunoc:hnoye is the only one
in this area capable of upgrading manganese for use in steel making. IV
Only half of the concentrates from its 170,000-ton: capacity can be used
for making ferromanganese. The other half is characterized by a low-
manganese and high-phosphorous content and by a poor manganese-to-iron
ratio.
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Some metallurgical-grade ore is shipped from Kazakhstan in
Central Asia. Kazakhstan ores average 32-percent manganese. Part
of the production is screened for size, the larger lumps being specified
for ferromanganese production.
The deficit in the eastern areas has to be overcome either
by shipping metallurgical-grade ore all the way from Nikopolt or Chiatura,
or by shipping ferromanganese from the southern ferroalloy plants. It
is believed that because of the long haul and high shipping costs most of
the deficit manganese is shipped in the form of ferromanganese rather
than ore. This condition has always existed in the eastern area and will
continue until new and larger local reserves of metallurgical-grade ore
are found.
Deposits which are presently being exploited in the Urals and
Siberia do not possess the reserves or quality of ore which would warrant
construction of more concentrating plants in these areas. Moreover, for
some time yet the ore from these mines will all be needed to satisfy the
requirements for ore used for blast furnace charging.
The establishment of a concentrating plant in Kazakhstan
region may become a possibility, since some of the newly discovered depos-
its show promise of large manganese reserves. The establishment of such
a plant would contribute largely to solving the problem of a regional
high-quality ore supply for the Urals.
E. Trade.
Before the development of other major sources of manganese
throughout the world, the abundance of manganese ore reserves in the USSR
permitted the USSR to use such ore as a valuable instrument of trade.
Prior to' the Soviet industrialization programs, the ore was mined princi-
pally for that purpose. With the initiation of the Five Year Plans,
exports of manganese ore continued but gradually decreased as a percentage
of total production. The sale of surplus ore to the principal manganese-
consuming countries, the US, Germany, France, and others, provided the
USSR with means to purchase capital equipment and other strategic materials
necessary for industrial expansion. Exports for each of the years 10/29
and 1937 surpassed 1 million tons and for the intermediate years averaged
650,000 tons. 3V
Because of the high quality of the ore and the short rail
haul to the Black Sea ports of Poti and Batumi, most of the exported ore
comes from the Chiatura deposits. The Nikopoltdeposits are also within
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easy access of Black Sea port facilities, but production here is more
accessible to domestic consumers.
During World War II the loss of Nikopol" to the Germans and
the blockade of the Black Sea caused all exportation to cease. In 1945,
when shipping again became possible, the USSR resumed manganese ore ship-
ments. Continued increases in ore shipments indicated that, at that
time, the USSR was attempting to regain its prewar position in the world
manganese market.
1. Trade with Non-Soviet Bloc Countries.
Soviet exports of metallurgical ore to the US during 1948
totaled 387,000 metric tons, 25 percent of the US import requirement. Il/
During 1949, increased tensions between the Soviet-dominated Bloc and the
Free World suddenly caused the USSR to stop such shipments. Shipments
of Soviet manganese to the US for the years 1949 and 1950 amounted to
only 74,000 and 59,000 tons, respectively. ?'" During succeeding years
there have been practically no imports. Trade restrictions during this
time limited the Soviet manganese market to the Soviet Bloc and Scandinavia,
except for a few small shipments, principally to Italy, Belgium, and the
Netherlands.
Because of these trade restrictions? the Western nations,
especially the US, were forced to finance the development and expansion
of new and larger sources of manganese ore throughout the rest of the
world. A tight manganese market soon developed, as nations scrambled to
assure themselves a sufficient supply of this critical material. Bidding
between Western countries for available metallurgical-grade production
of non-Bloc countries soon caused an upswing in prices.
What appeared to be a strategic move on the part of the
USSR in discontinuance of manganese ore shipments to the West had only
a temporary effect and apparently worked to the disadvantage of the
Soviet economy. Where once the major iron and steel producing nations
of the world depended partially upon Russian manganese, the 1949 shift
of Soviet trade policy resulted in the expansion and development of
other manganese sources:which are now prodicing'sufficient quantities
to eliminate altogether any dependence on Soviet ore.
Near the end of 1952, when manganese ore was no longer
particularly scarce, offers of Chiatura mangr:nese reappeared in trade
channels through European ore dealers. The quantities in a number of
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cases were large, and such offers must have been made with full knowledge
of the USSR. 361 During 1953, offers of ore continued to come through
foreign intermediaries but also were made direct by Amtorg representatives
to buyers in the US. An increasing number of trade negotiations and
agreements between the USSR and Western nations came to include Soviet
manganese ore. Table 4* shows estimated exports of Soviet manganese ore
to non-Bloc countries for the period 1948 to 1954.
The Soviet-Belgian trade agreement signed in January 1954
runs for 3 years. During 1954, Belgium will import 90,000 tons of manga-
nese ore and 10,000 tons of ferromanganese. ,V Within the scope of the
current 3-year Soviet-French trade agreement signed in January 1954,
France is scheduled to import 30,000 tons of manganese ore during 1954.
182 The purchase of Soviet manganese by England in December of 1953 was
the first since World War II. The amount of the contract is unknown, but
from December 1953 to May 1954, English imports of Soviet manganese ore
have approximated 98,000 tons. West Germany has been reported as an
importer of Soviet manganese during 1953. Soviet-West German trade
negotiations during the summer and fall of 1953 included an exchange of
German-built fishing trawlers for Soviet manganese.
Several offers of Soviet manganese for surplus butter and
cottonseed oil have been made to the US within the last twelve months.
They are not the first recent offers to the US, but they are the first
of significant magnitude. In January 1954 the USSR offered 600,000 tons
of manganese ore at $48 per ton in exchange for 20,000 tons of butter at
world butter pricc.:s. 41/ Another offer was made in February 1954; this
time the USSR was willing to trade at US support prices rather than world
prices. / No trade has developed from these offers to the US.
Renewed Soviet interest in the world manganese market has
not been limited to Western nations. Efforts to capture the manganese
exporting business to Japan have also been reported. The signing of a
2-year provisional barter-trade agreement during June 1954 includes manga-
nese ore as one of the items Japan will receive from the USSR. _Q/ The
reappearance of Soviet manganese ore in world markets is a very disturbing
factor to present suppliers. Competition from Soviet manganese has
already been reported by the Philippines and by India. 1,41
* Table 4 follows on p. 20.
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fill ---j
Q) uu) r
H Q) m
c~71 El ~H
CI) cd
U)
O
Pr
r:
,.cti.on is reported as concentrates of 0-percent i4i
content. Concentration capacity is 78,000 tons per year on an 9-
hour day basis but could be increased, as it was in 19h7 and 1949.
b. 'pleny production, 1949 to 1955, has been calculated from the
1948 percentage of total production.
The Urkut deposits are mined bT means of under,-round shafts
(about 50 meters deep) and galleries (about 100 meters long). A
nearby hydroelectric plant furnishes power for mining operations. 150
The number of workers employed at Urkut was 560 in 1949. 151
J "dined
ore at Urkut is sent to a modern ore dressing plant located within
the mining area for treatment in "trommel" (drum) washers. 152/
Capacity of washing equipment is 32 tons of crude ore per hoar, which,
on the basis of one 8-hour shift per day 300 days per year, permits
an annual production of approximately 28,000 tons of washed ore. 153/
The ratio of raw ore to concentrates is approximately 3 to 1. 154T
One of the major problems encountered in production is the
large loss of manganese in the sands and slimes during the concen-
tration process. The iiun;arians plan to install the necessary
cyclone equipment 'or large-scale operations at Urkut, but whether
it has been completed or even begun is unknown at t"e present
time. 155,/ Successful annlicati_on of hydro-cyclones will 'ive an
additional recovery of 15 to 20 percent, or a total of 70 to 75
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percent of the .manganese content of the raw ore. Attempts to dry
and agglomerate the slimes for blast ' rnace char in have proved
only moderately successful. 156/
1'vIine production at Vie ' ;aleny deposit averau-Dd about 1,000
tons of ore per month d_h.ri.n` t-i.e season 1949. It is not likely that
a.nj increase was scheduled. or triis deposit in si,Lsenuent years, as
it is nearly depleted. All corn -Drc ia1- trade ores at nleny are run-
of-the-mine containing 20 to 30 percent mans,anese. Production here
is seasonal, since the majority of tie r;inin is on the surface and
climatic conditions Burin? the winter prevent a contT_nuous operation.
According to tie last available data (1949), 56 miners oere working
the ore body. Ore mined at Lpleny is shipped by rail to the iron
and steel plants at Czd. 157/
Unless the Hungarians are able to locate and develop new
sources of manganese, or find a way to exploit successfully the low-
grade Bukk riountain ores, the closing of A_pleny will leave the Urkut
deposits as the. only active manganese mine in Hungary.
C. Trade.
Hun-aria.n imports of manganese ore are believed to be lirai.ted
to a few hundred tons of hi,,;h-grade metatlurgicnl and chemical ores.
Quantitative data on ilun arian e::ports of ma!nanese ore are
not available after 1951. Although. exports have never been large,
current production would indicate that present export voluYae may be
larger than it was in earlier years. Table 16 gives estimated ex-
ports of manganese ore from 1Tungary, 19).#.8-51.
:estimated ' x_ports of ananese Ore .from Hungary
19)j3-51
Year Austria East Germany a/* Italy Total
1948 10,000 i59/ 1,201 159/ 11,201
1949 1,200 1W/ 5,000 161 6,200
x Footnote for Table 16 follows on p. 45.
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Table 16
Estimated Exports of 1anganese Ore from Hungary
1949-51
(Continued)
Year Austria East Germany Italy
1950
1951 5,623 162/ 1,980 163/ 1,820 164/ 9,423
a. An unknown amount of manganese ore was included in the 1953
Last German-Hungarian Trade Agreement.
D. Consumption.
The present level of pig iron production in ?ungary reauires
approximately 12,000 tons of manganese ore of 35-percent m.ang_anese
content, or equivalent. Rr~auirements of ferromanganese For the
Hungarian iron and steel industrr range between 6,000 and 9,000 tons annually
for the period 1950 to 1955. Prior to 1950, ferromanganese to the
extent of 3,500 tons was produced at the Ozd iron and steel works.
An increased production of steel and consequent increased requirements
for pig iron have reduced the blast furnace capacity available for
the production of ferromanganese. 165
The Hungarian First Five Lear elan proposed construction of
facilities to smelt ferromanganese near the Urkut deposit. 166/
Action was not taken on the project. A 1953 report states that a
Ferromanganese blast furnace was under construction at the new
Stalinva-os metallurgical plant at Dunapentele, just east of
u.dapest. 167/
To help meet the developin shortage of ? ferrornanUa.nese,
the USSR agreed to supply 2,000 tons during 1951. 1663/ Instructions
were also given to Hungarian commercial representatives in other
countries for its purchase. It is believed that ungary continues
to import ferromanganese and exports a large share of its ore pro-
duction. Apparent consumption of manganese ore by the iron and
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steel industry in Hungary, 1950-55, is shown in 'T'able 17.
Table 17
Apparent Con: umptiori of zn7.anese Ore
by the Iron and Steel Industry in Huri:gary
1'' 50-55
Pig Iron Ingot Steel 'T'otal
re iietlal.~ Ors ta,].1;_c re I e allic
fear (35 Percent '4n) Content' (35 Percent ':In) Content (35 Percent '"n) Content
1950
8,202
2,371
17,000
5,950
25,202
8,821
1951
8.9685
3)040
17,000
5,95o
'25, 695
8, 990
1952
9,168
3,209
17,531
6,136
26,699
9,345
1953
9,651
3,378
19,591
6,507
28,242
9,885
1954.
11,582
4,05.
20,185
7,065
31,767
11,119
1955
13,514
4,730
21,2L8
7,437
34,762
12,167
a. For methodology, see Appendix 3.
V. Rumania.
A. Resources.
Manganese ore reserves in Rumania are not large but are
sufficient to supply its iron and steel industry for many years.
The deposits of industrial importance, as indicated by previous
development, are found in the Eastern Carpathian N:aountains and the
Banat region to the west.
The best deposits, 18 in number, are in the Carpathian
Mountains, primarily in the raion of Vatra Dornei in the Suceava
R.iion. Main areas of operation are near the towns of Sarul Dornei
(47?18'N - 25?22'E), Vatra liornei (47?22'N - 25?21'E), and Tacobeni
(47?26'N - 25?18'E). The ore, psilomelane, rhodochrosite, and
rhodonite, is associated with black ouartz- tes in small irregular
pockets in intensive folded structures. Man anese content of the
ore ranges from 15 to 45 percent. The average content of shipped
ore is 36 percent. 169'
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In the Banat region, manganese is found in combination with
iron ores near the towns of Delinesti (45?23'N - 22?05'E), Apahida
(46?49'N - 23?45'E), and Tarnova (45?21'N - 22001'E) in the Recita
Raion, and at nearby Ohaba (46?05'N - 23?47'E), Caransebes Raion,
Timisoara region. The ore ranges from 13 to 26 percent manganese
and averages ll percent iron. 172/
Several other iron-manganese deposits of lesser importance
are scattered along the border of Arad and Hunedoara regions in
Transylvania, approximately 50 to 60 kilometers north-northwest
of the iron and steel center of Hunedoara, and in north Transyl
vania, near Razoare (47?26'N - 23?46'E), Targul-Iapusului Raion, and
Durusa, Baia Flare Raion (47?40'N - 23?35'E), Baia Mare region.
Published estimates of Rumania's total reserves have been
superficial since 1931 and should be accepted with caution. Es-
timated 1952 reserves of manganese ore in Rumania are sown in
Table 18.
Table 18
Estimated Reserves of Manganese Ore in Rumania
1952
Thousand Metric Tons
Ore Analysis
Percent Estimated
Region
Manganese Iron Silica Reserve 171/
Carpathian Mountains
Suceava
15 to 45 10 11
650
Banat
14 to 26 12 to 14 18 to 24
1,200
South Transylvania
(Codrului
3ihor
,
,
7arandulue Moun-
tains)
Arad and
Hunedoara
27 to 49 9 to 21 0.4 to 0.7
1
000
North Transylvania
Baia 1i8re
24 to 30 20 to 22 15 to 16
,
1,500
4,350
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B. Production.
Manganese requirements of the Rumanian iron and steel in-
dustry are small. Manganese production is normally based upon an
export market, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany being the
principal recipients.
Following World War II, production increased steadily to
67,800 tons in 1949. Since that year, no official information on
the subject has been made available. 172 .Estimated production of
manganese ore,in Rumania, 1935-54, is shown in Table 19.
Estimated Production of Manganese Ore in Rumania
1935-54
1935
19,795 173/
1943
38,179181/
1936
333856:-17/
1941
6.0600 172/
1937
50,749 17~/
1945
N.A. 18/
1938
60,25617&/
1946
18,807 18T/
1939
41,546 1~7( /
1947
30,000 185/
1940
35,358:x/
1948
50,667 i/
1941
15,000 17-9/
1949
66.9816 177/
1942
35,000.1 0/
1950-54
70,000 2/
a. Su s~tantive a a or both production and exports are lacking .for
this period, but the rate of postwar increases and reports that
several mines were mechanized and meeting their planned goals and
that trade is being engaged in are indicative that minimum production
is somewhere near the reported figure.
It has been estimated that 80 percent of the country's total
production comes from the raion of Jatra Dornei, in the Carpathian
Mountains. 188/ Several of the more important mines are the Arcita
and Fundul To dovei near Iacobeni, and the Terezia, Dealul Rusului,
and Filimon Sarbu, near Vatra Dornei.
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The ore is usually mined on the surface and hand-sorted be-
fore shipment. Appropriations for the 1949 economic plan included
the completion of a concentration plant at Iacobeni. 189/ If the
plant was constructed as stated, it is the only known manganese-ore
processing plant in Rumania. Altogether, about 800 workers are
employed in the Vatra Oornei Raion.
There is no information on the production of the manganese-
iron ores of the Banat region except that in 1940, 6,000 tons were
mined near Delinesti for consumption at the Recita iron and steel
plant. 190/ Production of the low grades in the South Transylvania
area may be consumed in the furnaces at Hunedoara.
The small degree of mechanization and the premium on skilled
labor are limitations of the manganese ore industry. A mechanization
program was initiated at the Arcita mines near Iacobeni and at those
in the vicinity of Vatra Dornei, but it consisted mainly of supplying
the mines with several air compressors, rock drills, cranes, rails,
and the like -- that is, with basic.ma..ning equipment. Haulage is
done primarily with draft animals. 191
Manganese ore has been imported into Rumania through the
Black Sea port of Constanta since 1952,.probably for transshipment.
The country of origin in most cases has been India. Czechoslovakia
purchased small quantities of Indian manganese during 1950 and 1951
and may be the ultimate destination of the ore unloaded at Constanta.
Hungary also probably imports high-grade ores to supplement the low-
grade indigenous product. A total of 16,215 tons of ore shipped
to Constanta from China during 1952 probably also moved through to
either Czechoslovakia or Hungary.
Rumania exports manganese ore to Poland, Czechoslovakia, and
possibly to other Satellite countries. 192/. Although reported ex-
ports account for only a small percentage of total ore produced,
estimated exports are believed to be as high as one-half to two-
thirds of total production. Table 20* shows reported imports of
manganese ore by Rumania, 1952-511..
Table 20 follows on p. 50.
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Reported Imports of Manganese Ore by -Rumania
1952-54
iLetric Tons
Country of+ Origin
Fortugese
Year China India India Total
1952 165215 1993/ 15,087 19~~/ 31,302
1953 7 , 000 lc5/ 8, 000 196 15,000
1954 7, 500 1/ 7, 500
D. Consumption.
It is not known to what extent local man,,anese ores are
utilized by the Rumanian iron and steel industry or if part of blast-
furnace capacity is being allocated to the production of manganese
alloys.
Rumania's ferromanganese requirements are small. It is
likely, therefore, that in order to conserve blast-furnace capacity
for pig iron production, ferromanganese requirements are imported.
If this is true, t::e entire production of Rumania, with the ex-
ception of the low-grade manganese-iron ores of Western Rumania,
is available for export. The low-grade manganese ores, which con-
sti_tute 20 percent of domestic production, will probably continue
to be blended with iron ore for the smelting of pig iron.
There is no factual. in Lormati_nn on the amount of manganese
consumed by the Rumanian iron and steel :industry. Apparent con-
sumption has t'erefore been based on reui.rements. Apparent
consumption of rnannanese ore by tha iron and steel inr stry in
Rumania 1950-55, is siotim in Table 21.*
Table 77-ollows on p. 51.
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Table 21
Apparent Consumption of Manganese Ore
by the Iron and Steel Industry in Rumania J
1950-55
Metric Tons
Pig Iron
Steel
Total
Year
Ore Per- Metallic
centMn) Content
re er- a is
cent Mn) Content
re 3
cent Mn)
Per- Metallic
Content
1950
4,342 1,520
5,523 1,933
9,865
3,453
1951
5,308 1,858
,948 2,082
11,256
3,940
1952
5,308 1,858
6,585 2,305
11,893
14,163
1953
5,791 2,027
7,L.37 2,603
13,228
14,630
194
6,757 2,365
8,500 2,975
15,257
5,340
1955
7,142 2,500
9,560 3,346
16,702
5,846
a. For methodology, see Appendix .
VI. Bulgaria.
A. Resources.
Bulgaria's manganese ore reserves are negligible and are scat-
tered in small deposits throughout the country. In 19144, visible and
probable ore reserves were given as 100,000 tons. No estimates of
"possible ore" were made at that time. 198/ Postwar surveys may have
brought about a minor increase of mineable reserves. Otherwise,
continuous production would have greatly reduced the 100,000-ton
reserve fig..zre. No new discoveries, however, have been reported.
Content of Bulgarian manganese ore ranges from 20 to 60 percent
manganese, 1 to 8 percent iron, and 7 to 12 percent silica. The
greatest portion of the ore is of relatively low grade -- 20 to 35
percent manganese.
"any of the deposits are too small to be exploited economi-
cally. Of principal importance are the Pozarevo (42?45'N - 23?09'E)
and solem Rakovitsa (42?36'N - 230148'E) deposits in the vicinity of
Sofiya, Sofiya Okoliya; the Mecka (1i2031'N - 24?03'E) and Panagyurishte
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(14.2?30'N - 24?10'E) deposits near the city of Panagyurishte, Plovdiv
Okoliya; the Byala deposit (42?53'N - 2705)4'E) south of Varna on the
Black Sea coast, Varna Okoliya; and a deposit near the town of
Yambol (42?28'N - 26?31'E), Yambol Okoliya. Bulgarian manganese ore
deposits are described in detail in the separate annex, available in
typescript to authorized persons.
B. Production.
Annual production of manganese ore in Bulgaria averaged 600
tons from 1902 to 1940. During the German occupation in World ,^Jar II,
annual production varied from L+,000 to 10,000 tons. The principal mines
worked by the Germans were the Pozarevo and Byala. 199
After the war, most of the mines ceased operations, but later
they were gradually restored to the estimated present level of from
25,000 to 30,000 tons per year. Actual production appears to be in
line with state planning. 2021
C. Trade and Consumption.
Bulgaria has no iron and steel industry other than a small
plant now under construction. Manganese ore is exported principally
to Poland, East Germany, Austria, and Italy. Poland is the largest
consumer. Estimated production and reported exports of manganese
ore by Bulgaria are shown in Table 22.
Estimated Production and Reported Exports of Manganese Ore by Bulgaria
1950-55
Metric Tons
Year
Production a/
Reported Exports
1950
11,000
201/
200 202
1951
12_, 000
207/
206 204/
1952
20
9000
-'
24,600 205/
1953
.
25, 000
20,000 Plan) 206/ b
1954
30,000
N.A.
1955
30,000
a 1952 to 1155 production is
b. Poland.
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Completion of the Lenin Aetallu.rgical Plant at Dimitrovo
in 1957 will give Bulgaria its First steel plant. 207/ At that time,
several thousand tons of ore will be required to supply the plant
with the necessary manganese for a yearly steel production of
250,000 ingot tons.
VII. Czechoslovakia.
A. Resources.
The only known manganese ore in Czechoslovakia is a low-
grade manganiferous ore averaging 1.7 percent manganese. Two areas
of industrial importance are the Svabovce-Kisovce deposits near
Poprad (49o031IJ - 20?18'E) in eastern Slovakia, and the Chvaletice
deposit (50?02'N - 15?26'Ej just west of Pardubice in eastern
'3ohemia.
Data on total reserves are not available, but reserves are
considered small.
Both the Svabovce and Kisovce mines work the same ore bed.
Mining operations are underground. The mined ore, containing 17 per-
cent manganese and 3 percent iron, is shipped on the nearby Kosice-
Bohemian railway to the iron and steel plants at ?`-4oravska and
Trinec. 208/
The Chvaletice deposit consists of irregular masses of
sedimentary manganese containing 15 to 20 percent manganese and 15
to 20 percent iron. 's'he ore is mined from the surface and is shipped
to plants in Kladno and Kraluv Ovur in 3ohemia, 20,9 Some confusion
exists as to Urhet^Ier the Flotation plant found in the Chvaletice area
is used in connection with the concentration of manganese ore or of
pyrites, whiich are mined close by. There is no evidence of concen-
tration of manganese ore in Czechoslovakia. It is believed, therefore,
that the flotation plant is attached to the pyrites mine.
Other areas in Czechoslovakia reported as containing ma.noanese
minerals are as follows:
Pezinok 210/ Near Bratislava Went into oneration
(48017'N -..1-70161 E)
7'arch 1952.
Kutna flora Near Kolin Opened in May 1952.
and Pribram 211 Closed several months
(49013"N - 17100' E) later.
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:etich 21/ dear Chrudim "fluent into operation on 'Nove~moer
(48?04'V_2 - 18?491}-) 1951..
Klabava, povice, Near Cheb In operation.
and 3latna 213
(49?26'N - 13 53'E)
Production from these mines is considered negligible.
B. Production.
Production of manganese ore in Czechoslovakia has consistently
failed to meet planned,targets. The greatest difficulty stems from
the Sva.bovice-Kisovice mires, where such conditions as obsolete minim;
eauipm.ent, nu.amerous mine accidents, and labor dissatisfaction orevai.l.
These mines, worked. by 750 miners, produce approximately 92 to 95
percent of total produ.cti_on. 214/ Introduction of the norm system
during the fall of 1952 does not a;)p^ar to have corrected production
lags. 21.5J This was brought out by the industrT's failure to meet
planned targets For: both 1952 216/ and 1953. 217/ Planned and es-
timated production of mang;a.nese ores in Czechoslovakia is shown in
Table 23.
Table 23
~'l a,nned and a stiriated Production
of an;anesd (17 Percent YL) Ores in Czechoslovakia W;:
1949-55
Thousand Metric Tons
i:stimated 220,/
Year
Bohemia and Yioravia 218./
Slovakia 2190
Total Actual Production
1949
11
165
176
130
1950
13
170
183
170
1951
14
190
204
180
1952
15
230
245
230
1953
15
250
265
240
1954
15 b/
250
250 b/
1955
15
250
250 b/
* Footnotes Tor Table 23 follow on p. 55.
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Table 23
Planned and Estimated Production
of Manganese (17 Percent 11n) Ores in Czechoslovakia
1949-55
(Continued)
a. No data are available after 1953. Due to a sl.i_ ght relaxation of
the rigid economic plans and to Czechoslovakia's cont:_nuou.s failure
to meet previous production quotas, it is believed that production
plans for 195)4 and 19_55 will have little chan"e over the 1953 plan.
b. Estimated.
Future production of manganese ore is not likely to increase
much over present levels until mining operations become more mech-
anized and the miners more cooperative. Apparently the installation
o2 conveyor-belt systems, ore and rock loaders, and other mine equip-
ment which was planned as far back as 1951 for the Svabovice-Ki.sovice
mines has not been completed. 221. More mechanized operations may
also improve the attitude of the miners.
0. Trade and Consumption.
Domestic production of manganese ore falls considerably short
of apparent consumption. All of the metal lurica.l-racie ore, approx-
imately 35 percent of total requirements, must be imported by rail,
largely from the USSR.
Czechoslovakia also imports 10,000 to 15,000 tons of ore
from non-Soviet Bloc countries, but it is believed that these shin-
ments are based on trade considerations rater than on unavailability
of Soviet ore. Czechoslovak industry formerly enjoyed a large
Western market for such items as glassware, ceramics, and shoes;
but with the industry's assimilation into the Soviet 31oc, these
markets have been closed. Disposal of these items i:n such countries
as India, Turkey, Egypt, and Burma requires acceptance of the
commodities these countries offer or acceptance of payment in local
currencies.
Czechoslovakia has exported small quantities of ore in the
past, but this is not a normal practice. Years of reported exports
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were 1938, 1939, and 1948, when 980 tons, 4,560 tons, and 8 tons,
respectively, were shipped to Poland. 222/
Virtually all manganese ore is used in the iron and steel
industry. Small quantities of imported ore are consumed in the
manufacture of Cary cells -.nd in chemicals. Planned consumption o c
domestic production, imports, and apparent consurnpti_on of manganese
ore by Czechoslovakia are shown in Table 24. 2?.
Table 24
Planned. Consumption
of Domestic Production, Imports, and Apparent Consumption
of:a.nganese Ore by Czechoslovakia
1949-5 5
Thousand Jjetric Tons
Year
Planned Consumption
of
Domestic Production
Imports
!apparent Consumption
1949
170
81
251
190
170
87
257
1951
170
89
259
1952
210
97
307
1953
260
107
367
1954
378 f
1955
400
a. No data are available on planned consumption after 1953. Con-
sumption of manganese for 1954 and 1955 had been based on estimated
steel production increases, 3 and 6 percent, respectively, for the
saris years. A normal correlation usually exists between these two
items.
b. Estimated.
Czechoslovakia will never be sufficient in manganese ore if
steel production is to be maintained at present levels. The ore
reserves are not Considered large, the grade is low, and all profit-
able operations are believed to be developed. It appears that the
USSR will continue to supply the greatest portion of future manganese
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requirements.
VIII. Poland.
A. Trade.
There are no manganese ore deposits in Poland. 22 The USSR is
Poland's most important source for metallurgical-grade ores. Low-grade
manganese ore shipments for the production of spiegeleisen and pig iron
probably originate inBulgaria, Rumania, and Hungary. Spot shipments of
manganese ores have also been reported from France, India, and Iran. On
several occasions, Soviet ore shipments to East Germany were unloaded at
the Polish Baltic ports of Gdynia and Stettin for transshipment. Planned
imports as shown in Table 25 are considerably below Poland's total manganese
ore requirements (see Table 26) and probably are limited to metallurgical-
grade ores from the USSR1 Polish imports of manganese ore are shown in
Table 25,.
Imports of Manganese Ore by Poland
1949-54
Ye
USSR
Other
Countries
Total
Tabulated
`'hixanents J
Reported
Annual
Imports
Planned
Imports
1949
41.ooo
225
4,500 2z6
45,000
,
144,000
,
2z
N. A.
1950
54,550
2
6,935 229
61
4$5
12
000
2 0
65,000
1951
43,775
232/
1,930 D
45,704
76,000
j/
65,000
aj~j
1952
;447
236
17,257 237
51,704
86,700
2 $ 80,000 2av
1953
30,300
2
20,000 241
30,300
N.A.
160,000 c/ 2W
(Planned
1954
106,000
243
N.A.
1.06,000
N.A.
N.A.
a. Soviet shipments include only ore from the Chiatura deposit in Georgia SSR. Ore from
the Nikopol' deposits in the Ukraine is shipped overland by rail and cannot be accounted for.
In 1951, total shipments of Nikopol' ore were reported to be 4$,000 tons. Other information
implies that _Takopol' ore constitutes approximately one-half of Poland's imports.
b. January to October imports.
c. Indications are that Poland exported 25,000 to 30,000 tons of manganese ore as ferro-
manganese. The balance of the planned surplus of imports may be for stockpiling.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000800010006-4.
S_.-C_R-T
B. Consumption.
The use of low-grade manganese ores in Polish blast furnaces varies
according to the amount of open-hearth slag added to the charge and the
desired manganese content: of the open-hearth pig iron.
In 1952, for-grade manganese ore consumed per ton of open-hearth
pig iron amounted to 84 pounds of ore or 25.2 pounds of metallic manganese.
Consumption per ton in 1953 was estimated to be approximately at the same
rate as 1952, but in 1954. the rate was to be increased to 116 pounds of
ore per ton of open-hearth pig iron, the amount of open-hearth slag included
in the charge being reduced from 201 pounds to 79 pounds per ton of open-
hearth pig iron. This change in charging practice was made to raise the
manganese content of open-hearth pig iron from 1.2 percent to 1.7 percent, 2/
Important plants in Poland producing pig iron are Pokoj, at Nowy Byton-
Florian, at Swietoc"hlowice; Dzierzynski, at Dabrowrra-Gcrnicza; Kosciuszko,
at Chorzow; and Bobrek and Szczecin, both in cities or the same names.
There is nothing to indicate that consumption of manganese ferro-
alloys in the production of steel deviates from the normal input of 5 to 7
kilograms per ton of steel.. On this basis, production of manganese ferro-
alloy is greater than the amounts required by the Polish iron and steel
industry. It is believed, therefore, that part of Poland's manganese ferro-
alloy production is shipped to other Satellite nations. The high ratio
of spiegeleisen production to ferromanganese production may also indicate
that in many instances spiegeleisen is being substituted for higher cost
ferromanganese when making steel. Subst%tution in this case would increase
the amount of ferromanganese that could be exported. There is no informa-
tion on the production of silicomanganese. Principal Polish plants pro-
ducing ferromanganese and spiegeleisen' are Pokoj at Nbwy Byton, Kosciuszko
at Chorzow, Bierzta,at Czestochowa and Bobrek in the city of the same
name. Production of ferromanganese and spiegeleisen for the years 1949-54
is shown in Table 26.*
Table 26 follows on p. 59
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S-E-C-R-E-T
pproVe or Release
 . Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000800010006-4
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000800010006-4
IX. East Germany.
A. Production.
The only deposit in East Germany reported to be producing ore
containing manganese is at Schmalkalden (50?43'N - 10?27'E) in the
Thuringia region. 267 The quality of the product is not known, except
that the ore is probably a manganiferous iron ore (5 to 10 percent Mn). 268
later it was reported that the relatively high iron content of the ore
has caused the operation to assume more importance as a source of iron ore
than of manganese. 269
B. Trade.
Immediately after World War II, East Germany used Nikopol' ore
which the Germans had shipped in during their occupation of the Ukraine.
During the period from 1948 to 1950, stocks of manganese ore and
ferromanganese were critical in East Germany. The shortage was partially
alleviated by the importation of 21,200 tons of concentrated ore from
Hungary and the USJR.
In order to insure the country's iron and steel industry against
further shortages of manganese ore, East Germany's Five Year Plan (lQ51-55)
called for ore imports in excess of requirements. 272 The USSR is
supplying most of the ore, with small tonnages coming from Hungary, Rumania,
and Bulgaria. Planned imports and apparent consumption of manganese ore
by East Germany, 1950-55 are shown in Table 27.*
Although it cannot be ascertained definitely, indicat3.ons are that
Fast Germany is importing the total amount of ore called for in the Plan.
The 25,000 tons to be imported from the USSR in 1950 were realized: 20,000
tons were received during the first 8 months of 1'51, and shipnonts re-
ported through the Frankfurt/0der gatewy for the last 9 months of 7952
total..d 881000 tons. 27 This rate of import for the entire years of
l('51 and 1952 would have resulted in approximate plan fulfillment.
East Germany also engages in a small ferromanganese trade. Several
thousand tons are imported annually, mostly from the USSR. An .:east
German-West German trade agreement states that East Gernany will export
ferromanganese to West Germany during 1954. 2 The quantity, though
unknown, is not thought to be large. Planned imports and apparent con-
sumption of manganese ore by the East German iron and stool industry,
1950-55 are shown in Table 27.
* Table 27 follows on p. 62.
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S_ _C_R_E_T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000800010006-4.
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Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000800010006-4
 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000800010006-4.
S-E-C-.R-E-T
C. Consum.TA i on.
Fast Ger ia.ny's planned imports of manganese ore from 1952 to 1955
are considerably in excess of the iron and steel industry's requirements.
If all the ore is importod according to plan, a surplus of several hundred
thousand tons will exist in East Gornany. This ore in stockpile form
could supply the '"ast Gentian iron and steel industry for several yoa:rs.
Low-grade manganese ores are sent to the M.xhuette plant at
Untorwellenborn, the Calbe plant at Cal_b:-, 3aal_e, and the J. V. Stalin
plant at Stalinstadt, for acrly Fuerstenberg. All three plants, with the
exception of Caibe, produce both J.ron and spiegeleisen. Calbo, the
site of the lo-,I-shaft blast furnaces in -list Gnr-ia.ny, does not produce
spiegeleisen.
Low-xrade r n ~nese ore Is included in the blast furnac? charge
when making pig _Lron, but the extent of its use or the n.an{;anese Ores Suitable
for the Production of : piegeleisen arid Silicospiegeleisen
in the U2 "T'
i..~ i_it L
Ratio
Manganese
Type
Manganese and Iron to Iron
Silica
Phosphorus
I
50 to 60
1..5 to 0.6
15
0.09 to 0.18
II
40 to 50
2.0.to 0.8
15 to 25
0.08 to 0.15
III
30 to 40
2.5 to 1.0
25. to 35
0.07 to 0.12
a.
Maximum.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 34
Requirements for Ores Suitable for the Production
of Manganese Pig Iron in the USSR
Manganese
Over 40
Phosphorus
It to 10 0.05 a/
Table 35
Requirements for Manganese Ores
Suitable 1for the Production ofd 1517 Cell Batteries
in the USSh a/
Percent
Manganese Dioxide Iron Calcium Cobalt Nickel Arsenic Copper
80 b/ 3.0 b/ 3.c/ Traces Traces Traces 0.2 c/
aPyro ul site ores are most suitable.
b. Minimum.
c. Maximum.
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S -E-C -R-E-T
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 ? Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000800010006-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
i-,eserves were estimated for most of the countries by tek-irg
the most current reserve data available and making the necessary
adjustments by adding new discoveries and subtracting past pro-
duction.
The lack of data for current production necessitated the use of
past production figures, pablished percentages, plans, and -- in
some instances -- estimated. requirements. Assumptions were made
that the Urals and Siberian areas in the TJSSR were producing suf-
ficient low-grade ores to satisfy local iron and steel mill re-
quirements.
Foreign-trade figures were obtained through the use of reported
shipments, trade agreements, and -- in the cases of several of the
Satellite countries -- planned imports. Trade estimates cannot be
considered complete, and should therefore be used with caution.
Direct consumption figures are lacking. Apparent consumption
of manganese ore by the USSR's iron. and steel industry was cal-
culated from Soviet furnace practices (see below). Estimates of
consumption for some of the ot.ler countries required the use of
US analogy. In such cases, inputs used were as follows: approxi-
mately?1L.9 pounds of metallic manganese per metric ton of pig
iron and. 16.4 pounds of metallic manganese to make the manganese
ferroalloys a.d(load to 7 ton of steel. This includes metallic
loss in manganese ferroalloy smelting but not manganese added to
the furnace through the use of charged scrap or slag (see US
Bureau of Mines, Materials Survey -- Manganese, October 1952).
.For the USSR, figures for manganese (metallic equivalent) re-
quired per ton of pig iron, foundry iron, and steel, derived'from
the typical practice in each area, are set forth in. Table 36.*
These figures cover the manganese requirement which is derived
directly or indirectly from manganese ore and not from any scrap
or slag w'lich may be recharged in the furnaces. These figures,
Table 36 171lows on p. 72.
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 Apprved For Relea a 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79- (1093A000800010006-4?
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