THE FIXED NITROGEN INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH EUROPEAN SATELLITES

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A000800020001-8
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• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 8, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 20, 1955
• Content Type: IR

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?P~C~VI~IONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
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N T`HE SOUTI~ EUROPEAN S~'TELLITES
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CIA/RR PR-95
20 January 1955
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C4.A5~. ~FiANGEb 1'l~: ,t~
NEXt FiEViEW bAl"E ,,,,~,~~-
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,~~~ REVIEWER: OOS514
`~L=N+TRL~ '(~I~~'~L`LI~~ENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND RFI~t'~RTS
-~1$ C5EFICIAL5 dNIY
_.
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the National Defense of lthe United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorised person is prohibited bylaw
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CONFIDENTIAL
THE FIXED NITRCGEPd INDUSTRY
IN THE S CUTH EURCFEAN SATELLITi~;S
cIA/xR i=~,- 95
(GRR F'ro~ect 22.155)
P~UrICE
The data. arr'. conclusions contained in this reA~ort
do not necessarily represent the final position of
GRR and should be regurdec~i as provisional only snd
subject to revision. ComJ~~ents a.nd data Z~,L~ich r.:ay
be available to the user ?re solicited-.
C~'fice of Research and Reports
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S.,T~C~T
Pale
Summary
.
1
I.
History and organization
5
A.
General
5
B.
Bulgaria
5
C .
Hungary .
6
D.
Rumania..
7
II.
Supplies
8
A.
Production
g
1. Synthetic Ammonia
8
2. Nitric Acid
11
3. Nitrogenous Fertilizers .
13
b.
lnventories and Stockpiles
16
1. Working Inventories
2. Stockpiling
16
l~
C.
Trade
18
1. Synthetic Ammonia
18
2. Nitric Acid .
19
? Nitrogenous Fertilizers
.?
19
D.
Availability
21_
III.
Consumption
22
A.
Synthetic Ammonia.
22
B.
Nitric Acid
23
C.
Ar~moniun; A~itrate
2b.
D .
All Forms of Fixed P7itrogen
25
~~l~~t~ ~.~~~~~~L
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Pale
IV. Input F,equirements ~ ~ ~ 25
A. Synthetic Ammonia ? 25
D. PJitric Acid ., ? 27
C, Ammonium Plitrate ., 2g
V. Capabilities, Vulnerabi]_i.ti_es, and Intentions
2g
A? Capabilities
29
7.. General
29
2. Bulgaria
29
3. Hungary
30
L,.. Rumania
30
B. Via.]:nerabilit;ies
31
1. Bul ;aria.
31
2. Hungary
32
Rumania
32
C. Intentions .
,.
33
1. I3ulga.ria .
:.
,.
33
2. Hungary
:~
..
33
3. Rumania
,~
:,
33
_ ~1~Le:ndixes
Appendix A.
r;stimated Produr_t:ion of :r'ixe~d ivi.trogen in the
South European Satellites .,
35
Appendix B.
Fixed Nitrogen ]~la.nts in the South European
Satellites ,
39
Appendix C.
I?'~ethodology
55
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Fa~'e
Appendix D. Gaps in Inte]ligence
57
Appendix E. Sources and. Evaluation of Sources
59
1.
Estimated Production. of Synthetic Ammonia in Bulgaria,
1951-56
S
2.
Estirla-ted Production of S~Tr_thet3.c Ammonia in Hungary
by Plant, 1954-57
9
3.
Estimated Production of Synthetic Ammonia in Rumania
by Plant, Selected Years, 1949-56
10
4.
Estimated Production of Nitric Acid in Bulgaria,
1951-56 .
11
5.
Estimated Production of Nitric Acid in Hungary by Plant,
Selected Years, ]_95a-56
12
6.
Estimated Production of Nitric Acid in Rumania by Plant,
Selected Years, 1949-56
13
7.
Nitrogen Content of the rla.jor I~~itrogenous Fertilizers
Produced. in the South European Satellites
14
$.
Estimated Production of ~?yproduct Am~rr~onium Sulfate
in Hungary, 1954-57
15
g.
I+~stimated Production of Byproduct Amr?.onium Sulfate
in Rumania, Selected Years, 19L~9-56
]-5
10.
Summary of Estimated Production of all Farms of Fixed
Nitrogen in the South European SatelliteslSelected Years,
1949-56
17
11.
Estimated Imports of Nitrogenous Fertilizers into the South
European Satellites, 1949-54
19
COiV~tDENT1AC
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1.2. Reported exports of Iditra~-e:rotts Comnow~ds ~b;r :Bulgaria.
to Non-Bloc Countries, 1951.-;Q ~ 20
1.3. Reporter Exports of Itiitrofrenous Co~n;~ounds b;T :'rIungary
to Non-rloc Countries, 195J_-52 . 20
hstir~ated A,vailabil.it4T of Ilitrc,enous Ii erti:li~aers in. tYze
South European Satellites, 1954 . . 22
1.5.. Estimated Consvxrpta.cn of S-r-:~~Chet,i~; A.nmonia. in tl,.e South
Euro . ean. SCKtion of
r tric ac.;.d output would. be diverted from agr:icu:Lture to th?
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explosives industry. These shifts in the e.lloca,tion of fined nitrogen
production ~*ould precede full-scale rni.litary oper2tior~ of the con-
ventional type.
Because-the ex is ting plants in the South European Satellites are
primarily attuned to meet the requirements of the explosives industry,
such a realignment of consumption patterns to support mobilization
for war would be more difficult to detect than in the fixed nitrogen
industries of the USSR or Czechoslovakia, which devote the largest
part of their available fixed nitrogen supplies to agriculture.
Nevertheless, current indications are that the industry is riot
presently mobilized to support preparations for war.
L History and Organization.
A. General.
Following World',,lar I, most of the worldts nations initiated
programs for the construction of fixed nitrogen plants. A11 of
these plants employed one of several r.ommercially adaptable modifi-
cations of the original :~iaber--Bosch process. Among the South European
Satellites, only Hungary and Rumania had erected plants making use
of this process before `rJorld War II, and there have been mayor
expansions gn both of these countries in the postwar years.
In the postwar period, 3ulgaria constructed its first and on7,7
fined nitrogen plant -- largely with Soviet technology and equipment.
Albania has no domestic facilities for nitrogen fixation, and there
are no indications of any plans to erect such facilities.
B. Bulgaria.
Before 1952, Bulgaria lacked any domestic fixed nitrogen
industry. The Stalin Chemical Combine at Dimitrovgrad is the sole
major chemical combine in the country as well as the only nitrogen
products plant. There are no specific iru~ications of which govern-
went organ admin:i.sters the plant at Dimitrovgrad. There have been
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references to a "Chemical Industry E3ranch o1`.' tl~e Ministry of Heavy
Industry" 1,/~ ax~l it is probable that the Dimitrovgrad plant is
controlled try this administrative di.vis9lon of -the Ministry of Heavy
Industry. A;~ the number of chemical. plants in Bulgaria is small,
it is unlikely that there are an;y intermediate administrative organs
between the Chemical Industry Br,~.nch. and thF; p'Lant management.
C. Hun~~.
Irr, 1'930 th? Hungarian. government authorized the constructiorA
of HLjnp;ary~a first Haber-Bosclx nitrogen fixing plant act Petf~xrdo.
The plant became operative in 1932 and was Encpanded during th?
succeeding years, reaching its greatest capacity in the early 1940+8.
Aerial bombardment in 1944 crippled the plant so effectively that
domes t is autput of nitrogen p:r oduc is was shut saf f . Restoration of
the faciliti~as at Petfurdo, almost to prewar capacity, was probably
completed 'by they end of 1948.
A se>n ~ie~relo~~ing
this table, -see Append9x C~.
#~ For a rraj~hical representation of the processes and techniques
employed in fixed nitrogen plants, see Figure 1., following p. lgo
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b. Hun a
Before World War II the production of synthetic
ammonia in Hungary was limited t o the Nitrogen Works at Petfurdo.
The plant suffered crippling damage during Wc~ ld War II but was
substantially restored by the end of the Three Year Plan (1947-1~9).
By 1952 it was further expanded to increase production of synthetic
ammonia to an estimated 19,500 tons. 11/
The first postwar synthetic ammonia plant is under
cons truction in Borsod County. Initial production is expected to
start in the latter part of 1955, and the probable output for that
year is about 10,000 tons of synthetic ammonia. By 1957, capacity
production of 55,000 tons of synthetic ammonia should be realized.
When both plants are operating at near estimated
capacity, domestic ammonia production will be about 75,000 tons
annually. Estimated production of synthetic a:r~rncnia i.n Hungary,
1954-57, is shown in Table 2.
Estimated Production of Synthetic Ammonia in Hungary by Plant a/
1954-57
Metric Tons
Plant 1954 1955 1956 1957
Peti (Petfurdo) 19,500 19,500 19,500 19,500
Sa~omenti (Kazincbarcika) None 10,000 40,000 55,000
a. For the methodology used in developing this table, see
Appendix C.
c. Rumania.
Before World War II, small installations for the
production of synthetic ammonia were located at Tarnaveni and Fagaras.
As late as 1949, production at both plants was only about half theix
designed capacity because of inadequate raw material supplies and the
inferior quality of the catalyst in use. 12/
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'The new fixed nit~rog:en plant under construction at
Ucea-de-Sus, designed and begun. by Nazz Germany during World War II,
is still awaiting vital~_ ecTxipment~ which is being; fabricated. in the
other Satellites without the benefit, of the original plans drawn up
by what are naw 'i~Test German chemical. concerns. a3/ In view of the
al:r~:ady huge investments in the plant and the pir~ssing need for
nitrogen groduct~s, substantial pr~odu.ction was e:~pected by 1953? The
egiiCpment for ammonia synthesis i.s believed to "be +s.lready installed
and operative. It is estimated that production wial approach designed
capacity of 7,(100 tons in 1954-
7rhus domestic ammionia capacity ~w~i1:1 be alrrtcst tripled
(f:rom 4, 200 tons to 11, 200 tone) bet~~reen World ln~ar II and the end of
19!74. Production of synthetic ammonia will be ~.nultiplied five times
(f:rom 2,100 tons to 10,950 tons) betweers the postwar low in 1949 and
estimated output for 1954?
The ammonia pradu.csd at Tarnavena is converted to
aqua amunonia (18 to 25 percent water solution), and output may exceed
11,0700 tons of aqua ammonia if the plant; is ope:rat:irag near capacity. 14/~
Estimated production of synthetic arrmonia in Rumania, for selected
years, 1949-56, is shown in Tables 3.
estimated Production of -yynthe:tic Ammonia in lR.umania by Plant z/
Selected Years, ].949-56
Plant
1.919'
153
1954
1956
_._
Combinatul
~~
(Tarnaveni)
70C~
1,350
1,350
1,350
Combine No.
1 (Fagaras)
1,1100
2, 700
2, 700
2, 700
So,vromchim
(Ucea-da-Sus)
None
6, 500
6, 900
6, 900
z.~ For the methodology used in c!~v'eloping thistable, see Appendix G.
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2. Nitric Acid.
a. Bulgaria.
Nitric acid is produced at L'i.mitrovgrad at the normal
strength of approximately 4B percent pure acid -- or, possibly, 60 to
6~ percent pure acid strength if the absorption of the oxidized
ammonia occurs in a pressurized system. Whichever strength results
from the process, all the synthetic ammonia converted to dilute
nitric acid is believed to be utilized in fertiliz er production.
Estimated production oi` nitric acid in Bulgaria,
1951-56, is shown in Table !~.
Table ~
Estimated Production of Nitric Acid in Bulgaria
1951-56
which is the probable concentration produced at the one plant.
Before World War II, only th? Fetfurdo iii tallation
i~ known to have had the equipment for the production of concentrated
nitric acid. (96 to 99 percent pure acid). War damage to the plant
was overcone to the extent of restoring nitric acid capacity to
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)L2,000 tong annually by 1950. A?.ditioral exp.~rsions of the restored
Facilities wi11 bring the capacity at; this site up to 18,000 tons
~~r 1955.
'Itte new plant under c:onstruc~tio:n at Kazincbarcik:a
will have about twice the hi~rh.est capacity of Petfurdo, and a
production rate of close to X6,000 tons annu~aal;y should be reached
by 1957 at Kazincbarcika alone.
'estimated productiar. of nitric acid in Hungary by
plant for selected years, 1950-76~, is shown a:n Table 5.
Table 7
Pst:ire~ated Production oi' Nitric Acid in Hungary by Plant a/
Selected Years, 1950-5~5
Metric Tons
___FZa.~1t _.~. __~.~'So
195%' 19.54 1955 195h
~'eti (Petfurdo) 12,000 12,000 1G, 000 17,700 17,500
`"ajomenti (Ka~zincbarcika) None None None ~Tc;gligible 15,000
~~, Production figures are on~the basics of lOl~ ,percent acid. Fcrhies
nlethodolcg3r used in developing this tlable, see .Appendix C.
c. Rumania.
before uJorld ~yar II the :insta:ihation atragaras was
the only producer of concentrated nitric acid i:n Rumania. During the
war the initial capacity was increased by more than 70 percent. In
7.949, only 27 percent of the capacity was producing (at the rate of
about 2,300 tons a year). Near-capacity production of 9,000 tons
.should be reached in 1956.
Th? second and newest; instal:L;at:ion, at Ucea-de-Sus, is
expected to begin production of nitr3.c acid during 1974. Production
should approach capacity in 1955.
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Estimated production of nitric acid in Rumania, by
plant for selected years, 19L9-Sb, is shaven in Table 6.
Estimated Production of Nitric Acid in Rumania by Plant a/
Selected Years, 19.9-56
_ _Plant
1949
1?52
1954
1955
1956
Combine No. 1 (Fagaras)
2,300
1,600
6,900
9,000
9,000
Sovromchim (Ucea-de-Sus)
None
None
5,000
111,500
1l~,500
A. Productio~z figures are on the basis of 100 percent acid. For the
methodology used in developing this table, see Appendix C.
3. Nitrogenous Fertilizers.
a~. General Status.
Several types of. nitrogenous fertilizers are produced
in the South European Satellites. Before 1951, almost all nitrogenous
fertilizers were produced from synthetic ammonia, and little was
produced from the ammonia naturally occurring in the byproduct gases
of coking plants.
b. Nitrogenous Fertilizers from Synthetic Ammonia.
Among these nitrogenous fertilizers produced from
synthetic ammonia are the various artificial fertilizers which
require synthetic ammonia as a starting material or of which ammonia
is a major component. In the former class are sodium nitrate and
urea, and in the latter class are ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate,
and "Petiso."#
~ A physical mixture of ammonium nitrate and calcium carbonate, also
known as kalka.nunonitun nitrate or nitro chalk.
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The nitrogen content of the mayor nitrogenous
:fertilizers produced in the Sou~t,h ~~uxopean Satellites is shown in
'Table 7.
Nitrogen Content of the Major Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Produced in the South European Satellites
~'E:rtilizer
AmmoriL~m Nitrate
Sodium Nitrate
Petiso
Aqua Annnonia
Ammonium Sulfate
TJrea
:Nitrogen Content
(percent
_...__._,...._
31~ to 3l~.5 (Bulgaria)
16.1
(Bulgaria)
17.0
(H~.ingary )
19.4
(Rumania)
?_1.0
(Standard)
t~6,3
(Bulgaria)
c. Ammonium Sulfate from Coking ]3~~n~roduct Gas.
Natural ammonia. is a component of the byprocract gaa
~~roducea in th~s coking of biturrdnous coal,. Tl1e ammonia is recovered
:E'Z?om the gas b;y absorption with sulphuric acid. By 19511 the
~r~~tallurgica.l combine at Sztali.nvaros is expected to have the
:facilities for producing this f'ertili~:er lout apparently will not beg:irz
.fir. oduction t~ef ore 1955. It will. be the first plant with such an
operation ir.~ Hungary. Estimated pr. oduction o:f b;yproduct ammonium
sulfate in Iun;gary, 1954-57, is shown in 'Table g, #
~* Table 8 folaows on p. 15.
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Tabl? 8
Estimated Production of Byproduct ~~mmoniurn Sulfate in Hun~*ary 15
1954-57
Metric Tons
Year
Production
Probable Range
of Production
1954
None
1955
6,8ao
5,50o t~ 7,Soo
1956
8,500
8,200 to 8,900
x-957
8, 900
8, 50o to 9, 000
Until 1953, byproduct ammonium sulfate was produced
it Rumania only at the Recita bituminous coal coking plant. Beginning
in 1953, th? new coking plant at Hunedoara was to have become
operative. ~rJith both of these plants producing at near capacity,
the production of byproduct a~mnoniuM sulfate may rise to 7,550 tong
in x_956. Estimated production of byproduct ammonium sulfate in
Rumania, for selected years, 19t~9-56, is shown in Table 9.
Estimated Production of Byproduct Ammonium Sulfate in Rumania 16~
Selected Years, 1949-56
Metric Tons
Year
Production
Probable Range
of Production
1949
750
50o to 750
1952
1,040
900 to 1,050
1954
3,100
2,80o to 3,200
1955
5,050
4,700 +~0 5,100
1956
?,550
7,400 to 7,800
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A summary oi' e:^, t_Lmated produccti.on of al.l forms of
.fixed nitrogen in the South"lxropean Satellites, for sel?cted years,
19119-56, is given in Table 7.G.~-
B. In:rentories ar_d Stoc 7i1E~s.
1. uJor~cing Inventorial.
No information :is a.?failable to indioate what constitutes
cL working imr,~nt~~ry in the 5oufih Eur~:+pean Sa'tel~Litc~S. An analysis
of the known circumstances of the ind.ustzrr leads to the conclusion
that significant synthetic artrrnonia in.ventoriE:s are impractical at the
oresent time ~ln these r_ountrias.
'~E~asonahly, a woa'_~ting inventory rr-ay be defined for the
purposes of t}'.cis report as a. production surplus which would be
capable of ;sur.~plying regular ansumc~r;s in. the event of a cessation
of prcc3uction for an appreciable period. Because consumption has
heretofore esxceeded production, working inventories are more likely
still a ~;oa]_ of the industry rather than an accomplishment. It is
;improbable that production wi Ll even Exceed d~e:mand by any appreciable
degrees, because the storage Gi- an~nydrous ammonia will present a major
obstacle to l.ar~e-scale inventories in this form.
Generally, the same storage and container problems govern
+~he maintenance of working inventories of nitric acid as govern thos e
of synthetic ammonia. When working inventories in a basic fixed
rii.trogen product becone feast-dale, the acid form .is the more
.~:anvenient one for storage an~~ f~a.t~.ire use and presorts fewer
1.i~nitations than does the anhydrous ammonia farm of fixed nitrogen.
tiirthermore, treatment by nitric acid :is the c:uist;omary method by
which most n:itr.?ate fertilizers :~,nd all con.vent:t.orcal {nonatomic)
explosives involving~nitratian are synthesized.
Application of WesA,er'n analogy to inventory practices in ~_
South European Satellites would E+e misleading because of the differences
i;n the degrees o.f economic devP1_cprr!ent. Consequently, in the absence
o:E' express ircfo~rmation on the prevailing pr'act:ices of the chemical
industries of the So+~th European Satellites, useful estimat?s of
working inventor^ies cannot be made.
*~ _ Table 10 f ol:Lows on p. 1'7.
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w w w w w w
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r-I t--I r-1 r-i r--I
ra'I ~~~co--~~
oo0oao
o~ 000000
~ 0oGO0o
ooooGo
u~ -~ u~ O u~ u~
w w w n w
rl rl M ~ ~
0 0 OG 0 0 0
O u~0ou1
w w w w w
~~~~~
~~ ?ogogo
.,-~ ~ o -n c o G
U2 ~ r-i N N cY1 M
o~~~oo
o u~u~G M~
w w w w w w
~ Q` M c~ t0 ul
rl M ~.D t~ A~ CT
0 0 0 0 0 0
u~ G C~ N xn ul
N~?N00t~0N
w w w w w h
CO r-I O~ t`1 N ~'
N ~.O lam- r~-I rMi r~-I
O~O COO O
O O ~ ~ u~ u~
r-iNri0N0~11
w w w w w w
S-~ O~ N c'~ ~' tf1 ~
cif ~ U1 7,(1 SIl t!1 i[1
N CT fT O~ Q` Q~ O~
'J~ r-1 r-I ri r-I r-i r-i
r-1 ~U
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S-E-C-R-E-T
:?. Stockpiling.
There is no informECtioal available on the stockpiling of
fined nit;ro~gen products within the South European Satellites, and it
is probable that no considerable stockpiles exist. The stockpiling
of large quantities of ammonia and nitric ,acid would require pro-
hibitive numbers of special pressure vesse:L~s and noncorrosive
containers. It is likely, therefore, that synthetic ammonia and
nitric acid are converted to the form of fertilizers, finished
explosives, and small qua.nti.ties of commerc,ia:lly useful nitrogeno~a:o
compounds a:nd stockpiled :in these forms.
25X1 C the us.e cif ammonium nitrate anal
concentrated nitric acid in ~expaosives producl>ion. Storage of
intermediary form4 of explosives3, such as r.~ita?oglycerine and
trinitrotalciene (TNT), requires delicate harcd].ing. 25X1 C
indicate thE: existence and s.c-ti,;rity of vaxi.au:c munitions plants -- in
Hungary particularly. It i:~ in the fora: of finished munitions that
fixed ?~itr. og;en output which has been used in explosives is most
likely stockpiled. The si2~a of there reserves cannot be estimated.
with any validity, for the amounts of explosives used for military
training and support of war?ri.ng SatE~llites is highly speculative.
The demand for nitrogenous fert:i:lizers in the South
European Satellites is much greater than the supply, and stockpiles
are pr. abably limited to the normal accumulat:io:n of regular productian
which is held in storage until the start of -the fertilizing season.
C. Trade.
1. ,;~rnthetic Ammonia .
Trade in synthetic arnrnonia is of no great significance
in the Swath European Satel~ites. ,'here is l.inuted trade, however,
in certain nitrogenous compounds and in small, lots of special
chemicals derived from nitric aced. Because th.e Satellites do not
officially r. eport trade in a:bsol!ite i'igures concerning individual
chemicals, estimates mast bey made pr_imar. ily on the basis of official
trade statistics of countries dealing; with members of the Soviet Bloc..
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Figure 1
NITROGEN INDUSTRY
FIXED
IN THE SOUTH EUROPEAN SATELLITES
General Process Relationship
*Formuloe and percentages are on a theoretical basis.
SECRET
SECRET
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2. Nitric acid.
S-E-C-R-E-T
During recent years, only sma11 and infrequent lots of
nitric acid have been shipped to the South European Satellites. The
one exception is an officially reported export from Italy to Rumania
of 313 tons of nitric acid during the first ha7..f of 1953. 1?/ There
are no known exports of nitric acid out of the Soviet Bloc. Infor-
mation i9 so fragmentary that a tabulation of reported shipments in
recent years would be of no value.
3. Nitrogenous Fertilizers.
Considerable quantities of nitrogenous fertilizers have
been imported by Hungary and Rumania. It is anticipated, however,
that imports by Hungary and Rumania will decrease appreciably as
Hungary conmletes the Kazincbarcika combine and Rumania finishes
the Ucea-de-Sus installation.
Estimated imparts of nitrogenous fertilizers into the
South European Satellites, 1.949-54, are given in Table 11.
Estimated Imports of Nitrogenous .G'ert3lizers
into the South European Satellites
1949-54
Year Albania
1949 Negligible
1950 500
1951 1, o00
1952 1,200
1953 1,300
1954 1,500
Hulgaria
200
500
500
1, 000
5~~0
500
Hun a
500
l,ooo
~, o00
2,2oa
2,000
2, o00
Rumania
4,500
4,500
5, o00
6, o00
6, o00
7,500
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?~rith tre advent i?z-.;o nroduct~ion of Tli.mitrovgrad, in 1952,
Bulgaria became an exporter o[ r,.:i~,rogeno~us f.'ert:ilizers. Reported
exports of nitrogenous compaua~ds by Bulgaria. to non-Bloc countries,
1951-511, are shown in Table :12.
~3eported Exports of Nitro~;eno~:zs Compo~~,xncls by Bulgaria
to Non-Bloc; Countries, 19'51-51t
~Jetr c: 'Pc:~r~
i',ypt (Sodium. Nitrate) 0
t~rgland (Urea) p
19.52 1953 19`?11
11,000 18/ 3,000 19/ 3,500
U ~ 0 __._ 5c)U 20
Reported exports of? nit: ogenous .Fertilizers by Hungary to
non-Bloc; countries, 1951-52, are shown in ~ab1e 13.
feported ~cports of ~;-i_t;ro=venous Compounds by Hun,,?ary
~;o Non-i31oc Cc~tint~?.ies, 1951-52
NCptric Tons
~:crrporter 19 5:L 1952
Egypt (Ammonium DJitrate) 2,000 21/
Switzerland (Ammonium Sup!fate` 3J0 22,r 10 23/
SzTi.tzerl.and (Sodium Nitrai;e) a IO ~~
t~~:xports of nitro~re~nous .ferti:Li?,e:rs are likely to be
maintained and possibly expanded as new fixed ni trogen plants are
r?onstructeci. Une of these is tk~e Dimitrovrr,ad :plant, wY:ich is
erxporting a. significant part of its t:~roductio:n of nitrogenous
c? omrJ ounds .
w+W~mt ~i ~a~ ~.iaw~,iiH n,,i ~ w ...
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25X1 C that Hungary exported to China,
among other commodities, 2,300 torte of liquid high explosives. 25/
25X1 C as yet unconfirmed, but i.n view of the apparent con-
sume ion pa erns for nitric acid in Hungary, it is probably accurate.
Generally, there Izave :; ~~~n infrequent exports of.
nitrogenous fertilil~ers. Snot shipments seam to have been. made on an
ir-dividual contract basis, as a marketable surplus became available
within these countries. On the other hand, demands for other products
may have necessitated the bartering of these fertilizers to ecure
exchange credits, even though dor.~estic needs for the commodities
bartered could not, be filled. Long-term prospects indicate that as
domestic. capacity e}.panda there will be a steady decrease in the
importation of nitrogenous fertilizers from outside the Soviet B].oc.
It is expected that there will be increasing export: to
the ~~ree tidorld to obtain exchange credits for importation of
commodities which are requa.red by the South European Satellites and
for which they are incapable of satisfying; their requirements from
domestic sources.
b. ~!vailability.
Beca~zse there is no known current trade in synthetic ammonia.,
as such, in the South European Satellites and because there is
believed to be no stockpiling, availability is considered to be
equivalent to the national production of synthetic ammonia.
Imports of nitric acid are believed to be spor~ac:a.c and
inc~_dental. Stockpiling of nitric acid is unlikely, and therefore
availability is essentially equivalent of production.
The estimated availability of nitrogenous fertilizers in the
South European Satellites, 19~l~, is shrnar_ i.n Table ].Lt.#
~ Table lU fo11o?.~s on p. 22.
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T
Estimated Availabili~~ of ,'Vitroger~ous i~ertilizers
in the South European ~aatellites, 195 a/
Metric Tons
Coun
try
praduction Imz~ort:~ Ex~r. is Net Trade
Availabili~
+
Albania
0 1, !i00 0 ?~-
]., 500 b/
1, 5~?0
Bulgaria
9, 3E0 5aa 3, 8~~0 -?
;i, 3~0 c/
6, 000
Hum gary
].2, 500 2, oaa 3, OCK? -~?
]., 000 c/
11, 50U
RLirrania
~, ~o0 6, aoca o ~~
E>, o00 ~/
7, 200
a. Figures refer to tota]. nitro;~en content onl.y~?
b. Plus {}) :ir,c!i_cates net imp ort,s.
c? Minus {-.) indicates net ex.~~orts.
?I'a,ble :L1t presents an est:irna'~;e o.f the avp~i].ability of nitrogenov:s
fertilizers f~~r the current year Drily. Because historical data are
scant, the projection of this table back throu~;~?; the years has been
purposely avo=tiled.
In the .future, productiion of nitrogenoU~: fertilizers will become
more and more the measure of ava:tlataility, but domestic consumption
probably will fall short of ava.i:l able supplies as long as these
countries must ~~~arter some of t:i~.;, 25Q to
108, ;00
P:lectrical Energ~r
Alillia:n ~Cilowatt-
Hours
$2 to
92.fi
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 2
General Use Pattern far the Three Principal
Nitrogenous Compounds
in the South European Satellites
Ammonia
(~~
Refrigeration
Mining and
Metallurgy
Dyes
Nitric Acid
(xNO3)
Ammonium
?Nitrate
(~~4NO3
S-E-C-R-E-T
Rocket and Guided.
Missile Fuel
Synthetic I~sins,
Elastics, and Fibers
Explosives
Medicine and
Pharmaceuticals
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S-E-C-R-E=f
B. Nitric Acid.
Raw materials and power requirements- for the production of
nitric acid `from synthetic ammonia are practically identical from'one
installation to another. Differences in .input regiirements are
determined by the design and conversion efficiency of the process
equipment at a particular instalhtion. J:n view of the steadily in-
creasing influence of Soviet technology on the South European.
Satellites, the raw material requirements established for the
manufacture of nitric acid in the USSR will be used. as a-basis for
determining the requirements in these countries. 27/
.The average consumption coefficients for the manufacture of
1 ton of nitric acid are as follows:
Synthetic Ammonia (Kilograms) 290 to 300
Platinum Catalyst (Grams) 0.10 to 0.13
Water (for cooling) (Cubic Meters) SO to 1115
Steam (Kilograms) ].115 to 360
Electrical Ener~r (Kilowatt-Hoar's) 210 to 300
These raw material consump tion coefficients have been used in
computing the raw material requirements for the manufacture of an
estimated '113, $20 tons of nitric acid (1Q0 percent equivalent of all
acid. produced) in .the-- South European Satellites during 195!1. Input
requirements for the manufacture of nitric acid in the South European
Satellites, 1951~,.arn shown in Tab!? 1$.
Input Requirements for the Marufacture of Nitric f~cid
in the South European Satellites
195
Input
Unit
Requirements
Synthetic Ammonia
l
Metric Tons
33,000 to 3!1,100
b
atinum Cata.lvst
Kilograms
11.38
to 1lG.8
Water {for cooling)
MilJ.ion Cubic Meters
9.1
to 16.50
Steam
i~etric Tons 16, 5C0
to 110, 900
Electrical Ener~r
Million Kilowatt-Iiours 23.9
} , 34. o
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C. Ammonium Nitrate.
The input requirements for the manuf acture of ammonium nitrate
are important because it is the largest tonnage final product and the
only one of the fertilizers which has immediate military potential.
The average consumption coefficients for the production of 1 ton of
ammonium nitrate are as follows 28~:
Synthetic Ammonia (Kilograms)
217 to
220
Nitric Acid (100 percent strength)
805 to
$16
(Kilograms)
Steam
(Kilograms}
400 to 1,000
Water
(Cubic Meters)
20 to
40
Electrical Energy (Kilowatt-Hours) 15 to
30
The total quantitative input requirements for the production
of 83,000 tons of ammonium nitrate can be calculated from these
coefficients. Input requirements .for the manufacture of ammonium
nitrate in the South European Satellites, 1954, are shown in Table 19?
Input Requirements for the Manufacture of Ammonium Nitrate
in the South European Satellites
1954
In17ut
Unit
Reauirements
Synthetic Ammonia
Metric Tons
18,000 to 18,350
Nitric Acid
(100 percent pure)
Metric Tons
66,900 to 67,800
Steam
Metric Tons
33,200 to 83,000
Water
Thousand Cubic Meters
1,660 t? 3,320
~;lectrical Energy
Thousand Kilowatt-Hours
1,245 to 2,900
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V. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
A. Capabilities.
1. General.
The fixed nitrogen industries of the South European
Satellites have made ,treat strides toward meeting the needs of their
explosives industries and allowing an appreciable surplus for export
or for agriculture. The total estimated production of ammonia in the
South European Satellites during 1954 will be 55,250 tons. Of this
total, 54,250 tons are t o be syrnthetica.lly produced at the H fixed
nitrogen plants existing within the area, and &45 tons are to be pro-
duced from byproduct ammonia from coking operations at Recita in
Rumania and at Sztalinvaros in Hungary.
The nitrogen content of this ammonia is available on a
priority basis to an established and still growing explosives industry.
Other chemical producers have strategic uses for chemical nitrogen,
but such industries and agriculture have only a secondary priority
on domestic nitrogen output.
The production of synthetic ammonia will undergo a
substantial increase between 1954 and 1956? In fact, it is
estimated that it will increase from 51~, 250 tons in 1954 to 105, 550
tons in 1956. The synthetic ammonia available during 195 could
provide more concentrated nitric acid for strategic uses than was
available from domestic output during World War II. The ammonium
nitrate produced from dilute nitric acid can be allocated to the
exxplosives industry or to agriculture, as desired. It is estimated
that as much as three-fifths of the ammonium nitrate production in
195i~ will go to the explosives industry. ?
By the end of 1956, considerable additional capacity
should be available to supply agriculture with si gnificant amounts
of nitrogenous fertilizers.
2. Bulgaria.
The capabilities of Bulgaria in the production of fixed
nitrogen are based on the operations of its single plant at
nimitrovgrad. Only since 1952 has the country been capable of
domestic production. It is estimated that during 1954 Bulgaria
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produced 23, 800 tons of synthetic ;ammonia, a ].iti;le mare than 3.~
r+ercent of the estimated production of the USSR. 29 A 5o-percent
r+xpansion in production is expected to be made at Th'mitrovgrad by
1.95b.
Even in its first ,year of operation, this plant xis more
than capable of supplying domestic consumers of nitric acid and
ammonitiun ni trat;e for explosives manufacture. 1'he current capacity
is also capable of making a substantial contribution to domestic
agriculture if the production is used in the form of nitrogenous
fertilizers.
3 . l~un ate.
:Phe capabilities of Hungary in the production of fixed
nitrogen are icaportant to several Estratsgic cons u.?Hers in maintaining
their independence of foreign s~>~spliers for essential. starting
materials. It is estimated, nevert;he]Less, that Hungary produced
ont:ly 19,500 tons of synthetic aasmoriia in 195~t, about 2.8 percent of
tike estimated 1954 production of th;e [kSSR.
Postwar expansions i.rA r,~itr'Lc acid production capacity
at the sole prewar fixed nitro~;e~n plant -- the .Nitrogen Works at
F~gtfurdo -- shcnild have made the country capat~le of supplying the
requirements of Hungarian explosi.ve;s plants. .After the demands by
t'he explosiveas ;industry for nitric acid are met, the balance of the
nitric acid can be used to produce ammoniam nitrate, which may be
a:Llocrrted to further explosives production or ;nay be diverted to use
as an agricul.tu:ral fertilizer. When tine secorui plant, at Kazincbarcika,
becomes fully operative, the aou,ntry should have .nitric acid production
fs3r in excess aP the needs of its own c-+xplosivtss :industry. The countz~
ss3ems presently incapable, howraver, of supplying the Heads of
aE~riculture as well as the priarity demands of ?th+a explosives industry.
!~. Ruru3nia.
The capabilities of Rumania in the production of .fixed
n;;Ltrogen seem isiadequate to meet the camparativel-~ modest require-
:rs Petiso (Nitro Chalk)
:L940 1.7.500 ?i?3/ 1940 37, 000
~ 194$ 51
800 ;'9/
-t y'5'3 42, 000 57/
.~'y~4 4z, aoo i
,
19l.:9 ?3, oc)o ~,/
].9~4 73, 000 _._.
~:. lstimated Annual. F?roduc tiori Metric Z'on.5
:~~~xthE,tic Ammonia Nitric Acid (1C0 Percent`i
~._>i~o
11?000
(10,000 to 11,~,C)C))
1949
11 000
a
(9, oo to 1]., 500 )
5
"1.9'50
12, 000
(11, 500 to 12, OOC?)
7L950
12, 000
(11, 500 to 1"c' 000 ~
l r3hl
1.4, 500
(13, 500 to 16, 0()(i)
7L954
L!~, 000
(14, 500 to 1E3, 000
1 `~52
~_~)? 500
(18, 500 to 20, 000)
7! 955
1?, 500
(15, 000 to 1 Vii
000'?
~~ ~~54
y ~
15 x Soo
(1P, 500 to 20, c+c~o)
a~956
17, Sao
,
(17, o0o to lei, ooa`,
~)E7~~
~.4, 500
(18, 500 to 20, OC~O)
.. _ .. r._. _.
r~mmoraiuan Nitrate
_ ~ _____._a,. ,_.m.~ .
_..~_.~~,.
Pet LSO (Nitro Chalk
__ ,..._We._
.~._..__.._
~~~~1~3
28, ooa
.51/
x.549
~"7:, o0o b3/
1 "~`-=4
41 ~ 50C+
~,0, C~00 to 42, c?C~0 }
].95~
2~3, 000 bT/
~.j~~>~
41, Sac'
(too, ooa to 42, oc~ ~
1..953
fcl~,e ooa /
~.~~~~,
7~)~000 ~5,00o to 73,000)
~ ~~~6
7~~? aaa (65, o0o to 73 ~ ooo)
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T'h? am~mania is synthe~a3zed by the Nitrogen Engineering
Corporation t s (N .E .C .) modificstion of the Haber-Bos eh process, which
operates at 3~ atmospheres of pressure arxi 5C0 degrees Centigrad?. 66/
The required hydrogen is supplied by the carbonization of previously
dehydrated Varpalota lignite. 67/ The required nitrogen is supplied
by Linde air liquefaction machines of 2,000 cubic meters per hour
nitrogen capacity. 68~ A photograph taken in 1935 indicates that
there are at least compressors available for high-pressure
synthesis. 69/
The ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxides and is sub-
sequently absorbed in water t o form weak nitric acid by use of an
old-type Paulin; unit. Concentration of the nitric acid tcs 98
percent strength is performed in a modern Bamag plant. 70/ The
roported construction of 6 additional absorption towers during 191
and 1952 indicates a ma3or expansion of the nitric acid capacity of
the plant. 71/ The extent of this expansion is rep orted to raise
concentrated nitric acid capacity up to 18,000 toms annually by the
end of the current Five Year Plan (19J~). 7?/ Limestone (calci.um
carbonate) is supplied from the Bakony Mountains. 73/ A considerable
portion of the nitric acid is mixed with ammonia to form dissolved
ammonium nitrate, which is subsequently crystallized to give a solid
form for use in explosives or in fertilizer. 71~/ There occurs a
physical mixing of ammonium nitrate with pulverized limestone to
give a mixture which is marketed under the trade name of Petiso.75/
This fertilizer is packed in 50-kilogram paper bags far' shipping~6/
'Ihe practice of mixing limestone in the fertilizer is intended to
aid in the correction of the acid soils of Hun;ary. ?7/
g. Comments.
This pl.~~.nt was established by the Hungarian government
in 193C. 7B/ Production began in 1932, with an init:i.al a-?rer..s Were reported to be precise
models of the 3 existin~7 ones, anti this is the basis .for the estimate
o:f expan>iori of nitric acid capac9.ty. ?g2/
ctc.cring 19;1 emp asia was on they produc;tion of ammonium. n't t~ f
25X1 C
. ~. ra ~ or
;~~nmanitiorr. 9.3,/ hat in late 1952 the hulk 25X1 C
+~!' ammonium n~tra s was ~oin~; into zxplos:ives manu.factc.rre and not into
?'E;tiso fertilizer. 81~/ Some eight carloads o:P ammonium nitrate are
-as being directed daily to the e~cplosives Yaorks at Fuzfo and
E'erernarton. 85/ The distrib-ztion of explosives produced at Petfurdo
~~~~s been x?eF~ir~tea as ~,3 percera to tr.e~ USSR, R?i~ :portent for c.x~rort, a.rrd
tx.:e balance fo~~ consur._~pt3.ur.c in H~ungary-a ~E~/
The: apparent ;s':zif't in ,alloCatj.on e>f ~ammonicun nitrate .from
f_~roduction o:f i'ertilizar to production of explos_'ves coincident with
t,?~s period of the Korean '?lar su;~e;;ts the possibility that Hungary
may have fur:~is~hed military support fo.r that r,perati.on.
Cne recent public announcement spea~~s of th.e expansion of
tree Fet F'~1ant. g7/ The latest word was a radio announcement of the
knailding of a rlew artificial. fPrti.lizer factoi dT at Petfurdo beginning
in June of 195;,. It is to be completed iri 19~i~i? Sg/ The credibility
c>f this announc;err_ent is quest.ionabae in view of the large construction.
known to 7e under way at Kazinc~>arc:ika? Until information as to the
magnitude of this purported exna~nsi.on QCs received, no estimate of
additional fertilizer output beyond the; established 19lt9 capew;ity will
bye made for tarts plant.
3.
Borsod Uhemical Combine.
~r.
F`ul:i Name.
__..
Sa,jornent~i Ve~yi.muvek. E3~/
(Sa,~ o Valley Chemical uJori~s )
b.
Location.
Kazincbarci'~ca, Hungary.
c.
Coordinates, 18015' IN - 20?38~ E.
S"L' _-C-ili.-L-T
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d. Estimated Annual Capacity (Metric Tons).
~nthetic Ammonia Nitric Acid (100 Percent) Petiso Fertilizer
1954 0 90/ 1954
1955 36,000 ~/ 1955
1956 50,000 1956
1957 60,000 92/ 1957
0 1954 0
12,000 1955 100,000
36, 000 93/ 1956 160, 000 9!~/
3 6, 000 -` 195 ? 160, 000
e. Estimated Annual Production (Metric Tons.
Synthetic Ammonia Nitric Acid (100 Percent)
1954 0 1954 0
1955 10,000 ( x,000 to 15,000) 1955 Negligible
1956 40,000 (36,000 to 44,000) 1956 15,000 (12,000 to 20,000)
1957 55,000 (50,000 to 56,000) 1957 34,504 (32,000 to 3b,ooo)
Petiso~Nitro Chalk)
1954 0
1955 20,000 (15,000 to 25,aoo)
1956 75,000 (b5,ooo to 125,000)
157 120,000 (100,000 to 135,000)
1958 155,000 (1~~5,00o to 160,000)
f. process.
The ammonia is synthesized by some modification of the
Haber-Bosch process. Because it has bean indicated that this plant
is essentially a duplicate of the Peti ~litrogen Works, the process may
be the N.E.C. system used at Pet. 95/ Partial confirmation of this
supposition is provided by a public announcement to the effect that
the compressor to be used has an operating pressure of 350 atmos-
pheres, which is closer to the N.E.C. process than to any other known
modification of the Haber-t3osch process. 96/
The necessary hydrogen is to be supplied by a coking
plant which is to be built and is to rely on the surrounding brawn
coal deposits. 97 Nitro~;on will presumably ba supplied by air
liquefaction and subsequent distillation. "Compressors for th e
fertilizer plant are the largest ever built in Hungary and are
being manuf aetured by the Mavag or ganization," according to public
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announcern~ts. 9$/ Thus, the Mavtion purification
and evaporation buildings in the Brasov office of the responsible
'
Ministry. 122/
25X1 C .
the prod+.~ation of ammonia and
25X1 C
explosives up until September =L.95 3. :Hearsay information, -
25X1 C indicates thy: t the combine was one of the mos t
irrtportant in fiumania in tho p:rcaduction of s ir. atergic chemical
p:rod-acts, 123% This claim is given considerabler credit, for this
plant will continue to be the rna~or producer of fixed nitrogen
products until the new plant at zJc;ea-de-ScLS becomes operative. PJo
expansion of ~nmonia capacity beyond 2, 800 trans, which is maximum
capacity, is kno?~rn to have been reached at Fagaras.
Ni tr~eni _ Factory.
a. Full h~ame. Combinsstul. Chimico-P~etalurgic Tarnaveni. 12l;/
~~~ (T?~rriaveri. Chemical-~'fetallur~~ical Combire~
b. Location. Tarnaverci (for:~~erl~? Di,vo San Martini, Rumania.
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c. Coordinates. 1t6o201 N - 2l~016+ E.
d, Estimated_ Annual Casa city (A4etric_ Tons
Nitrogen Gas Synthetic Ammonia
Calcium Cyanamids
193 9
lt, 000
193 9
1, 200 127 /
1y39
7,100 129 /
191 9
1t, G00 125/
1949
1, x.00 lam/
1~!_nt cf ~t;?-xi.g product.c~ca w?as~~~ i her ox' ~ c~:;y;~st in construct,irf a
,r~~;re p3Aecise consumption ?aatturn :"~7r t:.ne o~~~.,~ta:~:. of this pl.ant4
~.YiJ-~iyrmc'it.~.On o:~l %,~'1-. dJI'cD3paC:t2sJE? ~::0'.~`3L1TOE;rS for t~1e ~rCr ltlc;t";i..C;".'1
t;ha P7cea ~Lz~nt would be o1 ?T',~at; ir,.terest.. ~+_arh clet?i.ls wo~,xlri hal.n
~:st~~i;li.sh tt~e act:xal f~xnct ~;~;r-s ;t the new S'ixe;d ni.tro~ar~ faci~.iti_es
=a?_.;~a.ir. j:,he co,xrYtry.
pp ,. __.
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APP~IDIX E
SOURCES AND EVALUATION OF SOURCES
1. Evaluation of Sources.
25X1A
a. Bulgaria.
Because a fixed nitrogen industry was nonexistent in
Bulgaria before World War II, there was no prewar in:Eormation
available that was applicable to the indus try under study h~;re. In
the postwar period, no single s aurce has afforded ar~y comprehensive
picture of this industry.
25X1 A have all been
utilized to varying egress in a comps a ion of the pictura of the
Bulgarian fixed nitrogen industx~,~. Several press claims have supple-
mented this information to an appreciable degree. But none of these
categories alone could have supplie d a meaningful summary of this
industry. Details on the ind~~.stry have been supplied to a larger
extent by statements and pictures in the Soviet press than by
first-hand observers. Bulgaria has been unique among the South
European Satellites in the supply of pictorial information it has
:Wade available.
b. Hun_ar .
Information of the Arewar status of the Hungarian fixed
nitrogen industry has been quite comprehensive, as it was supplied
since left the country. which 25X1A
gave a comprehensive and e ai a run- otvTn on e e ur o p ant
through 195?
pf the post~rar intelligence reports, 25X1A
with th. e indus t and have
have cast li ht on recetat dt3velopments which, 25X1 C
25X1 C give a broad view of developme s i
By far th most valuable re orts in the ostwar. period. have been those
25X1 C emanatin Their principal
value stems rom e in erpre a lop o Ares a les ~by a legation
employee with considerable familiarity with Hungarian industry.
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7.'k1e pre-`~Jorld war II st~:t;us of the fixbad n~_t.ro~Ten industry
~_n Rurnara.ia hats been determined. frorra #xar.:sls;t:ion:s by ~'liD and by the
l,rrr~y oi' offic:ial German documents and! Gea~.~~rY technical. publications.
x'c~stwar developments have bean. parti