Chapter lll OCEANOGRAPHY; COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY; COASTS; AND LANDING PLACES OF BULGARIA

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October 1, 1943
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wei0far 1 Chapter III * OCEANOGRAPHY; COASTAL HYDROG- RAPHY; COASTS; AND LANDING PLACES OF BULGARIA (JANIS No. 38) * OCTOBER. 1943 4en; Aga, r'3. u .ctiv,istnen CHANGED TO; TS S IflE.VEW DATE: 0 REVIEWER' -12?(121?/ For Rel Approved F - CIA-RDP79-01144A0 /29: C Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Table of Contents PAGES 30. GENERAL DESCRIPTION III - 1 to III - 2 A. Tides and currents III - 1 B. Seas and swells III - 1 C. Fogs III - 1 D. Hydrographic factors III - 1 E. Bottom III - 1 F. Fishing areas . . III - 1 G. Coastal hydrography III - 1 H. Coasts III - 1 31. OCEANOGRAPHY III - 2 to III - 15 A. Tides III - 2 B. Tidal currents III - 2. C Non-tidal currents III - 2 D. Sea and swell III - 3 E. General discussion of hydrographic factors III - 7 F. Surface and subsurface temperatures III - 7 G. Surface and subsurface salinity III - 10 H. Density III - 10 I. Bottom sediments III - 11 J. Acoustic conditions III - 12 K. Transparency and color of water III - 12 L. Biological factors III - 13 32. COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY III - 16 A. Offshore zone III - 16 B. Coastal currents III - 16 C. Underwater defenses III - 16 33. COASTS A. Cape Kuri to Galachiya Point III - 17 to III - 50 III - 17 B. Galachiya Point to Tsarevo III - 18 C. Gulf of Burgaz and approaches; Tsarevo to Cape Zeitin III - 20 D. Gulf of Burgaz; Cape Zeitin to Sozopol . III - 22 E. Gulf of Burgaz; Sozopol Bay III - 24 F. Gulf of Burgaz; Kayos Svitera to Nos Sveta Anastasiya III - 26 G. Gulf of Burgaz; Nos Sveta Anastasiya to Burgaz III - 28 H. Gulf of Burgaz; Burgaz to Poporiye III - 30 I. Gulf of Burgaz; Pomoriye to Ravda Burnu III - 32 J. Gulf of Burgaz; Ravda Burnu to Cape Emine III - 34 K. Cape Emine III - 36 ?L. Cape Emine to Cape Aspro III - 38 M. Cape Aspro to Kamchiya River III - 40 N. Kamchiya River to Cape Galata III - 41 0. Varna Bay III - 43 P. Varna Bay; Cape Galata to Varna III - 45 III - 47 III - 50 Q. Varna Bay; Varna to Cape Sveti Georgii R. Cape Sveti Georgii to Balcic 34. LANDING PLACES III - 51 to III - 84 A. Introduction III - 51 B. Description of the coast and landing beaches III - 51 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Chapter III OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Page III -1 30. General Description- A. Tides and currents. ?Tides and tidal currents in the Black Sea are negligible, but sudden changes in barometric pressure or offshore winds may cause the sea level to vary two or three feet. From five to ten miles offshore a southerly current sets at one-half to one knot. B. Seas and swells. Since uncertain and variable winds are characteristic of the western Black Sea, the intensity and duration of the seas and swells may change rapidly with the wind. (1) Seas. Such rough seas as occur usually approach the Bulgarian coast from the northeast. The waves are short, steep and of short period. High seas are most frequent from October through April and least frequent in May and June. Throughout the year calm or slight surf may be expected along the coast at least 20 days each month. (2) Swells. During the Summer, swells three to six feet high occur about five per cent of the time, while in winter they occur about 10 to 20 per cent of the time. C. Fogs. Along the Bulgarian coast, fogs are least frequent in sum- mer though occasional "white fogs" appear or disperse rapidly during calms. Fogs are most frequent in spring. D. Hydrographic factors. The surface of the Black Sea is nowhere more than half as salty as the open ocean. However, density gradients due to temperature and salinity sdatification are of importance to submarine operations. Good conditions for echo ranging by surface vessels on submarines prevail during the winter, but conditions become progressively poorer during the late spring, and are bad in early summer. The water of the Black Sea is probably never very clear, but luminescence (phos- phorescence) is common. Electrical conductivity varies from 0.013 to 0.032 reciprocal ohms per cubic centimeter. E. Bottom. Along the open coast, the bottom out to depths of 30 or 40 fathoms is sand, and mud and sand. The Gulf of Burgaz (Burghaz) and Varna Bay are the most probable, if not the only feasible, locations for mining and counter-mining. F. Fishing areas. The chief marine fishing areas are in the bays and harbors and within one and one-half miles of the shore on the open coast. Fish weirs are set close to the headlands of harbors but, to avoid the strongest currents, are not set directly on the tips of the promontories. *See Appendix I for all spellings of features. Cities and towns mentioned in this Chapter are spelled in accordance with G.S., G.S. maps, 1:250,000, Series #4088 or G.S., G.S. maps, 1:500,000, Series #4072, where the former does not cover. The names of other maritime features are spelled in ac- cordance with B.A. and H.O. charts. Variants follow in parentheses. G. Coastal hydrography. ? The 30-fathom curve lies at a distance of about 18 miles off the coast of Bulgaria. The 20-fathom curve is about one mile from the' southern shore. Off the Gulf of Burgaz, this curve is near a line joining the two entrance points (Baghlar Point and Cape Emine). North of the Gulf, the 20-fathom curve swings away from shore, increasing from One and one-half miles .off Cape Emine to 15 miles offshore at Batova Bay. North of Cape Ernine the ten-fathom curve lies about 750 yards from shore, where the bottom is evenly sloping. Off Varna Bay this curye is near the line joining the two entrance points (Cape Galata and Cape Sveti Georgii). North of this latter cape, the five-fathom curve is about 750 yards from the shore, which is here fringed by a bank extending from Monas- tary (Chingani) Reef to Balcic (Baljic). H. Coasts. The coastal frontage of Bulgaria on the Black Sea is only 79 nautical miles, measured in a straight line from the south- ern to the northern boundary of the country. By following the shore-line with a measuring unit of one nautical mile, the length of the coast is found to be 117 nautical miles, though the actual length is, of course, somewhat greater. The coast, in general, is moderately high and backed by mountains. It is fringed with a narrow strip of stony beach behind which rise abrupt cliffs or hills, usually covered with a thick growth of bushes. The shore is marshy in a few places but sandy beaches are comparatively rare. The only impor- tant indentations are Gulf of Burgaz and Varna Bay. At the head of each of these is located the port of the same name. The Gulf of Burgaz, situated about midway along the coast, has a width of 23 miles between its entrance points and a horizontal depth of 17 miles. The smaller Varna Bay, near the northern boundary, has an entrance width of four miles and a horizontal depth of three miles, or, if Lake Devna (Devno), which is connected by a canal to the head of the bay, be included, the depth is nine miles. This lake is actually the estuary of the Devna River, which is one of the two streams of any importance along the Bulgarian coast, the other being the Kamchiya River, flowing into the sea about ten miles south of Cape Galata. From the southern boundary, near Cape Stefano, the coast runs northwesterly as far as Burgaz Bay and is hilly and wild, with several crescent-shaped coves in which small vessels may find anchorage. Small streams, perhaps dry at times, flow into most of these coves, but there are no rivers of any size. The south shore of Burgaz Bay has three hilly, woocled peninsulas jutting out to the north. The western shore of the bay, south of the city of Burgaz, is low and sandy and cov- ered with reeds. It extends to the northward as far as the base of the high land on which the city of Burgaz stands. This low shore separates the bay from a lagoon, which is about Eve miles long from west to east and two miles wide. The beach is only 200 yards wide at the northern end. There Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Page III - 2 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES are bathing beaches along the east side of the city, but behind these beaches is a high bluff. Immediately north of the city of Burgaz is a narrow strip of marshy land separating the bay from a second lagoon. Beyond this lagoon cliffs rise abruptly from the water's edge and extend almost as far as Nesebr (Messemvria). This latter town stands on a rocky peninsula and is connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus of sand which is sometimes covered by the sea. To the south and north of Nesebr there are sandy beaches, and the beach to the north is backed by a marsh about three miles in length, covered with high reeds. A short distance north of Nesebr the coast bends abruptly to the eastward and continues in a straight line for nearly eight miles to Cape Emine. This shore is very hilly and Cape Emine itself is a bold headland. North of the cape the coast has a northerly trend and is comparatively straight, with few indentations. It is backed by high hills, between which small streams wind their way to the shore. About ten miles south of Cape Galata is the mouth of the Kamchiya River, an im- portant stream, flowing along the northern edge of a broad, marshy, densely wooded plain which here breaks through the hills and white cliffs. From the Kamchiya River to Cape Galata the coast runs slightly to the east of north and is very hilly. At Cape Galata it turns to the west to form Varna Bay, the south shore of which is also hilly. The western shore of the bay, south of the city of Varna, is low and marshy and consists of a neck of land which separates the bay on the east from Lake Devna on the west. Along the east side of the city of Varna are bathing beaches, behind which are buildings, presumably bath houses, and above these a park rises steeply in terraces. To the north of the beaches there is a cemetery and beyond this the coast is lined with cliffs as far as Evksinograd Bay. These cliffs are between 60 and 70 feet high from Varna to a point midway between Varna and Evksinograd Bay, and between 100 and 130 feet for the remainder of the distance. Hills and cliffs continue along the coast north of Evksino- grad as far as Batova Bay, which lies off a thickly wooded and swampy plain. North of this plain, cliffs backed by hills, line the shore to Balcic and beyond. 31. Oceanography A. Tides. (1) Tidal range. The tide in the Black Sea is very small, the range in the western part being less than three inches on the average and only about four inches at springs. On the coast of Bulgaria, this small tide is masked by the larger varia- tions in level due to meteorological conditions and may be disregarded for all practical purposes. (2) Non-periodic changes in sea level. (a) Changes due to wind and barometric pressure. A wind from the sea raises the level and a wind from the land lowers it. Occasionally at Varna (Figure III - 1) the wind may change the level by two feet, but with unusual conditions even larger variations have occurred. In general, the range of oscillations is greater in autumn and winter (November to January) than in summer (June, July). During the 20-year period ending in 1914, the variation between the highest and lowest levels observed at Varna amounted to three and one-half feet. A larger variation occurred on the Bulgarian coast south of Cape Emine on January. 25, 1921 when, due to an atmos- pheric low pressure area which moved eastward across Bul- garia, the sea fell and rose several times, one rise amounting to slightly more than four feet in one and one-half hours. The barometer rose 0.9 inch in the 34 hours from 2100 Janu- ary 24 to 0700 January 26. West and northwest winds were very strong following the depression. At the beach of Nesebr, a strip of shore 160 feet broad was exposed; at Pomoriye FIGURE III - 1 28? Caldaera Emine Nesebr stasiya Sozop' ol isareuo .Akhtopol 27? 28? 30P 43 42? 29? 30? BULGARIA. Location of major places mentioned in Topic No. 31. the water fell about three feet and receded about 30 feet from shore. At Sozopol the drop was more than three feet and the recession was 50 feet leaving the piers dry. At Burgaz the water level, on January 25, first dropped 80 cm. (2.6 feet) from 0600 to 0845, after which it rose 125 cm. (4.1 feet) in the next one and one-half hours. In the following one and one-half hours it fell 115 cm. (3.8 feet). Succeeding oscilla- tions became progressively smaller. (b) Seasonal changes. Because of the seasonal influx from the rivers, the level of the Black Sea undergoes a seasonal variation of one-half foot to one foot, reaching its maximum height in May to July and minimum in October to December. Usually from April to August, inclusive, the level is higher than the mean for the year and from September to March it is lower, the rise being most marked from April to May, and the fall from August to September. (c) Annual changes. From year to year the mean annual sea level fluctuates over the very small range of about 2.2 inches. B. Tidal currents. Like the tide, the tidal currents along the coast of Bulgaria are negligible. C. Non-tidal currents. (1) Average direction. The general circulation of the Black Sea consists of two counter-clockwise currents, one in the eastern basin, the other in the western (Fig. III - 2). The latter is known as the "Devil" as it flows past the coast of Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Page III - 3 FIGURE III - 2 General non-tidal currents in the Black Sea. Bulgaria in a southerly direction, some five to ten miles off- shore, with a width of roughly six to ten miles, and with a depth of 19 fathoms. Below this depth little current is to be expected. (2) Velocity. The usual velocity of the current is 0.5 knot. This value may be increased to slightly over one knot by northerly winds or during the period of run-off of the spring floods in the large rivers in the northern portion of the Black Sea. (3) Effect of wind from different directions. Winds exert a considerable influence on the direction as well as the velocity of the current. On a passage from Burgaz to Istanbul, it has been reported "that with a moderate gale from north-north- east, an unmistakable set on to the coast and to the southward was experienced, amounting at first to only one-half knot, but getting stronger as the wind increased," this current -was such as might have caused the loss of vessels had the lights not been seen. With calms and light southerly winds, no current was experienced, which appears to point to the fact ?that the currents are greatly influenced by the prevailing wind. Between the coast and the current of the Devil, there is apparently at times, a northerly set of about 0.3 to 0.5 knot as far north as the Gulf of Cavarna (Figure III - 2). In all probability this is to be expected with a wind of several days' duration from a southerly direction. (4) Currents in Gulf of Varna. It is likely that a small counter-clockwise eddy exists within the Gulf of Varna. Thus, organic debris from the slaughterhouse on the western shore is carried along the southern coast, resulting in an un- usually luxuriant bed of eel-grass which extends toward Galata, the easternmost point on the southern shore (Fig- ure III - 14). D. Sea and swell. (1) Character. Empirical data on surf conditions along the Bulgarian coast are not available. Consequently, the character of surf on different beaches must be estimated from a knowledge of variations in sea state and swell on the open sea combined with information concerning the configuration of the coast, the slope of the bottom near the coast and the orientation of the coast line relative to the direction from which the waves come. The amount of sea, that is the height and character of waves in the open sea caused by local winds, depends mainly upon wind velocity, the length of time the wind has been blowing and the area of open sea over which it has blown Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Page HI - 4 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Jflientia FIGURE III - 3 JANUARY APRIL JU LY OCTOBER FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER MARCH JUNE SEPTEMBER DECEMBER 0 10 20 30 40 50% I I 1 I 1 Iii 7 8-12 ----E111115 6 LEGEND THE ARROWS FLY WITH THE WIND SCALE OF PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY (FROM PERIPHERY OF CIRCLE) _FORCE OF WIND (BEAUFORT) UPPER FIGURE INDICATES NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS MIDDLE FIGURE INDICATES PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF VARIABLE WINDS LOWER FIGURE INDICATES PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF CALMS WIND ROSES FOR THE BLACK SEA AREA WEST OF 300 EAST LONGITUDE Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Page III- 5 20 18 16 14 LU LU Li.. 12 MIC:1 Iiix W8 .4> 6 4 2 0 FIGURE III - 4 From wind From ship force observations values and fetch / / / / / / / 4 --- -- Average / / / / / / /. / / /. . / I. I. / I. 7. 7 y' . ,. / / . / /7 / / .? _? .. VT? -- ...- ,/. .0- .... 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 BEAUFORT WIND FORCES Relationship between Wind Force and Wave Height in the Western Black Sea. (fetch). The swell represents the waves caused by past winds or winds at a distance. (2) Relationship between wind force and sea state. A defi- nite average relationship exists between wind force and sea state in the Black Sea. For the Bulgarian coast, this rela- tionship as shown by the solid line in Figure III - 4, is the mean of values of wave heights obtained (1) by calculation from wind data assuming a fetch of 100 miles for winds from N through W to SE, and a fetch of 200 miles for winds from NE and E, and (2) by analysis of ship observations of concurrent wind and sea. Table III - 1 gives the average wave height values, the approximate wave height limits for each wind force as shown by Figure III - 4, and the estimated length, period and velocity for waves of these average heights. It is evident that short, steep waves of short period are char- acteristic of the western Black Sea. TABLE III - 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WIND FORCE AND WAVE HEIGHT IN THE WESTERN BLACK SEA, AND APPROXIMATE WAVE CHARACTERISTICS APPROXIMATE AVERAGE WAVE WINDS BEAUFORT FORCE WAVE HEIGHTS AVERAGE LIMITS (FEET) (FEET) LENGTH (FEET) CHARACTERISTICS PERIOD (SECONDS) VELOCITY (KNOTS) 1-3 2 0.5-4 20 2 6 4 5 4-6 80 4 12 5, 6 9 6-12 180 6 18 7 13 12-15 260 7 21 >7 >15* >300 >8 >24 *Estimated from wind data only. (3) Percentage frequency of different states of sea by months. Application of these average wave heights to the percentage frequencies of the various wind forces shown in Figure III - 3 gives the frequencies of wave heights by months indicated in Figure III - 5. FIGURE III- 5 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF .WAVE HEIGHTS IN THE WESTERN BLACK SEA 100 ..Ng ? ./1111. m/N 2 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. APPROXIMATE WAVE HEIGHTS IN FEET 0-0.5 0 5 - 4 4-6 4,I2-l5 6-12 [E759 >15 20 40 80 100 (4) Sea direction. Because of the configuration of the Bul- garian coastline, only NE, E, and SE winds are likely to cause troublesome seas near the shore. Consequently, the per- centage frequency for each month of these winds in the open sea?a good indication of waves from these directions?and the average wave heights which may be expected to accom- pany them are shown in Table III -2. The table shows clearly that rough and high seas may be expected to approach the shore predominantly from the northeast. TABLE III - 2 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCIES OF WIND FORCES AND ESTIMATED AVERAGE WAVE HEIGHTS IN FEET FROM NE., E., AND SE. WAVE HEIGHTS WIND FORCE 0.5-4 1-5 4-6 6-12 4 5, 6 JANUARY 12-15 7 >15 8-12 Sums NE 3 4 10 2 19 E. 2 2 4 SE 5 2 7 SUMS 10 4 14 2 30 FEBRUARY NE 8 3 7 3 2 23 E 3 2 4 9 SE 3 ? 3 SUMS 14 5 11 3 2 35 MARCH NE 14 4 5 4 27 E 5 2 1 ? 8 SE 1 ? ? ? 1 SUMS 20 6 6 4 36 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Page III- 6 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES itraws**i WAVE HEIGHTS WIND FORCE 0.5-4 1-3 4-6 6-12 4 5, 6 APRIL 12-15 7 >15 8-12 Sums NE 10 5 12 2 29 10 2 3 2 17 SE 5 2 7 SUMS 25 9 15 4 53 MAY NE 7 6 2 15 E 11 4 2 17 SE 8 ? 8 SUMS 26 10 4 40 JUNE NE 8 3 2 13 10 2 1 13 SE 2 2 4 SUMS 20 7 3 30 JULY NE 14 12 12 38 E 11 3 2 16 SE 5 ? ? 5 SUMS 30 15 14 59 AUGUST NE 18 12 12 2 44 E 7 5 5 17 SE 2 1 1 4 SUMS 27 18 18 2 65 SEPTEMBER NE 17 9 6 32 E 10 3 4 17 SE 7 2 ? 9 SUMS 34 12 12 58 OCTOBER NE 12 7 5 2 26 E 13 2 2 17 SE 4 ? ? 5 SUMS 29 9 7 2 47 NOVEMBER NE 3 4 10 2 1 20 E 7 5 3 15 SE 7 2 2 ? 11 SUMS 17 11 15 2 1 46 DECEMBER NE. 7 6 10 1 2 26 E 5 3 1 9 SE 7 2 ? ? 9 SUMS 19 11 11 1 2 44 CUMULATIVE PERCENT FIGURE III - 6 THE PERCENTAGE OF VARIOUS STATES OF SEA ALONG THE BULGARIAN COAST 70 so 50 40 30 20 10 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov, Dec. APPROXIMATE WAVE HEIGHT IN FEET E7.0 0.5-4 4-6 gitta 6 -12 ffA 12-15 UM >15 10 C 20 r- 30 -,?? 40 50 rTl0 60 70 The monthly sums of the table are represented in Figure III - 6 which shows that at the coast throughout the year calm or slight surf may be expected to occur on at least twenty days in each month, rough seas are least frequent during May and June, and high seas are limited almost entirely from October through April. Along the coast, easterly onshore breezes (not shown in Table III - 2) prevail during spring and summer afternoons. These give rise to slight seas from the east near shore. (5) Frequency and character of swell. Ship's observations for March and wind data for several other months indicate that NE swells three to six feet high occur about five per cent of the time during the summer months and ten to 20 per cent of the time during the winter. These swells will have a period of about six seconds and a wave length of 200 feet or less. In November, an easterly swell six to ten or more feet in height may be present ten per cent of the time, due to strong easterly winds in the eastern half of the Black Sea. The wave length of this easterly swell will be from 100 to 200 yards and the period from eight to 12 seconds. (6) Duration and occurrence of sea and swell. Uncertain and variable winds are characteristic of the western Black Sea; the character of the sea and the swell thus change rapidly in intensity and duration with the changing winds. From Octo- ber to April atmospheric low pressure areas frequently pass eastward across the sea. These are preceded by strong south- erly or southeasterly winds, sometimes reaching gale force, but usually of short duration, which create a short, trouble- some sea. In the rear of these depressions strong winds set in from the northwest. These are likely to shift to the northeast. The shift of wind is usually heralded by a swell from the northeast. After the passage of the depression, the northeast wind may blow strong for two or three days with an accom- panying persistent heavy sea. The infrequent passage of low pressure areas in summer does not usually result in strong, persistent winds but rather in thunderstorms and local squalls which give rise to short, choppy seas. In late summer during about three days in each month the prevailing northeasterly winds increase to force five or six with an accompanying rise in the sea state. As shown in Table III - 2, however, wind forces greater than six and wave heights greater than 12 feet only rarely occur in summer. Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Page III-7 FIGURE III - 7 MONTHLY SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE COAST OF BULGARIA (42?-44?N., 28?- From ships observations (1900-1914) and Russian expeditions (1923-1926) Fahrenheit 85? 80? 75? ?1\s a 1 1 70? ,e,e/1 ---irIT--month 65? / $/./ . cs 60?..-+,/ 4, , , 47 ko,/ 55? c"'/-E;/-- .$)' / 0, 4: ,v-', bi 50? 45? 40? diV V 35?/ 30? Fahrenheit Jan. Feb. Mar. From continuous April daily May observations June SOZOPOL July over Aug. Sept. BAY a two year Oct. Nov. Dec. period (1933- 1934) 85? 80? , IN month .75? o 70? .zi 43.. F Vil 65? e ? 60? a v., S 50? A :1 4 ?C'' ' e b e ,.- 45? ? 40? \,cis 35? 30? Jon. Feb. Mar, April May June July Aug. Sept. VARNA BAY From continuous doily observations over a five year Fahrenheit Oct. Nov. Dec. period (1933 ? 1937) 85 ri \?Ic\ at 80? 75? . I 70? b *9\ 0,) 65? / -, \ 60? 4' / 4' .a. \ 55? -----------' --'// ,A, a- V 50? /// / / N \ Sc 45? 4" ? lCs - --- \ 40? '35? // / Oks1 ? se, 30? ,,. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. E. General discussion of hydrographic factors. (1) Application of temperature and salinity data. Surface and subsurface temperature and salinity gradients in the open sea determine the paths of sound rays and so delimit the effectiveness of underwater sound-ranging equipment. Famil- iarity with these conditions will therefore aid a submarine in avoiding detection by diving to a certain depth, and it will conversely inform surface vessels concerning ranges and depths at which enemy submarines are likely to be encountered. A knowledge of vertical density gradients due to temperature and salinity distribution may also allow a submarine to determine how much ballast must be pumped out or flooded in during a dive, and whether or not balancing is possible at mid-depths. The annual variation of surface water tempera- ture when combined with synoptic meteorological data is useful in fog and other weather forecasting. In coastal areas, extremes of water temperature affecting the performance of personnel and equipment, and the presence or absence of ice, must be taken into account in planning amphibious opera- tions. Likewise low salinities in coastal regions near river mouths may be important in water circulatory systems and in electrical systems when the conductivity of sea water is utilized. (2) Stability of hydrographic conditions in the Black Sea. Hydrographic conditions are sufficiently stable and fluctuate seasonally with such regularity that approximate average situations can be predicted whenever adequate data are available. (3) Local hydrographic factors. Certain factors in the Black Sea are different from those in the open ocean. In a partially enclosed basin such as this, seasonal temperature changes near the surface are relatively large, whereas at depths greater than about 300 feet the temperature is nearly uniform through- out the area and from season to season; this leads to marked temperature gradients during certain seasons. The surface of the Black Sea is nowhere much more than half as salty as the open ocean. There is a definite increase in salinity with depth, however, and this factor is important in determining accu- rate sound ranges and buoyancy conditions. F. Surface and subsurface temperatures. (1) Seasonal variation of surface temperature. (a) Horizontal distribution and temperature range. Figure III - 7 shows the annual variation of the surface temperatures in the open sea off the coast of Bulgaria. In addition to mean monthly temperatures, the maximum and minimum tempera- tures observed during each month are shown. The average temperature varies from 42? F. in February to 74? F. in August, and annual range of 32? F. On any given, day, the sea surface temperature may be from 6? to 10? F. higher or lower than the mean monthly values. Surface temperatures at Sozopol and in Varna Bay are also shown on Figure III - 7. In winter the mean surface tempera- ture at these coastal points is nearly 5? F. lower than in the offshore waters, but in summer there is little variation between the three localities. In Varna Bay the temperature on any one day may be higher or lower than the mean by 10? F. in winter and over 20? F. in summer. At Sozopol, which is much less protected, the departures from the mean values are like those in the open sea; this is apparent when observations for the same years both at Sozopol and in Varna Bay are compared. (b) Ice. Although northern Black Sea ports are fre- quently frozen over during the winter months, shipping is not troubled by ice in the southwestern Black Sea, along the coast of Bulgaria. Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Page III - 8 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES 41011eMil (c) Relationship between sea and air temperatures. The cor- relation between mean temperatures of the sea surface and those of the air is shown in Figure III - 7. From March through July, which is the season when fogs are most preva- lent in this region, the air averages from 1? to 2? F. warmer than the water. During the remainder of the year the surface of the sea is on the average 2? to 8? F. warmer than the air. At any particular time throughout the year, however, the air may be either colder or warmer than the water, depending on the direction of the wind. (d) Factors controlling surface temperature. Along the west- ern shores of the Black Sea the variations in sea surface temperature are associated with wind force and direction. DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 030? ? 40500 600 70? 80? 90? 11 100 150 Lu CI 200 250 o30? February 50 100 2 150 a. Lu 200 250 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 4r. 5,0 61? 70? 80? August 90? BULGARIA Variation with depth After a strong offshore wind has blown for some time, the warm surface water is blown away from shore and is replaced by cold water upwelling from the depths. This phenomenon is especially conspicuous along the Rumanian coast, but it probably exists also off Bulgaria. Near Constanta on July 15, 1932, the sea surface temperature was 73.4? F.; the following day, after a strong westerly wind, it had dropped to 53.6? F. This upwelling water, which is known to the local fisher- men as the -glacial current,- is more saline than the warm surface water which it replaces. It often has an odor of hydrogen sulfide and is particularly destructive to the warmer water fishes. During calms or light breezes in summer, the surface waters become rapidly warmer, especially in protected areas near shore, as at Varna (Figure III - 7). (e) Occurrence of fog. Fog at Varna is most common during the fall and winter (three to four days each month) and is chiefly radiational in character (Chapter IV). On the open Black Sea, however, along the Bulgarian coast, fogs occur most commonly in spring when warm, moist westerly or northwesterly winds are cooled at the base by contact with the cold sea water. Fogs are most frequent in May (about three days per month) and are rarest in August. During summer, however, occasional heavy -white fogs- come on, at times with great rapidity, in calm weather. These fogs are irregular in character, sometimes rising off the surface or clearing away altogether for a few moments. Cold northeasterly winds in winter bring clear skies, but after prolonged light winds from this direction a low thick haze develops along the Bulgarian coast. FIGURE III - 8 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 30? 40? 50? 60? 70? 80? 90? Lu 50 Ui 1111111111L111111111111111 li 1"911111111 Almmomm0111111 111111111 mumumiiir MINI II LI- 1 00 IIIIIIIMINIMMEMENII NM MUMMA I? Z ::::::::::::::::::::::1111 1111111111IIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIII a. mommommmommummormummimml ............mmom ..m.mm 11.1 01 200 Enialiiiill ?11 milli 1 11011:11111111111111111111111 ? MaY ISIMM19??? ? AMEN ???????????? mEmoim??? ? 150 250 030? 50 Lu u_w 100 CI 200 250 of mean temperatures in the open sea. (2) Variation of temperature with depth. The variations with depth of the mean temperatures in the open sea during each season are shown in Figure III - 8. In depths greater than 300 feet, the temperature is practically constant through- out the year, ranging from 47? F. at 300 feet to 47.5? F. at 600 feet. In February and March the water column is roughly isothermal to a depth of 600 feet, although it is coldest at the surface. In May the surface layer begins to warm up and a slight negative gradient (temperature decreasing with in- creasing depth) is produced to a depth of 150 feet. In June this gradient increases in extent and sharpness above 100 feet and reaches a maximum in July and August when there may also appear a subsurface layer of nearly isothermal water to a depth of 20 feet. With decrease of the gradient in the fall, the isothermal layer increases in depth, reaching a maxi- mum of 100 feet or more in November. Temperature gradients DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 40? 50? 60? 70? 80? 9CP November Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 ia Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Page III -9 FIGURE III- 9 27? 28? 29? 30? 1? 32? 33? 34? , \b? 611 r 1 .1011401111111111 NH i' 460 , ) ,., d e ?6.0? 4 450 4 ? i PC 6 1 ' s..?..... \ ..----- . ',... 0? ( 43? 43? 2? 4 k 1--- 41 29? 30? 31? 3 ? 33? 3 ? 35? SURFACE SALINITY (Parts per Thousand) Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Page III - 10 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES o'?7dential are sharper and closer to the surface in shallow water. In winter there may be a pronounced positive gradient near the coast during periods of rapid surface cooling. G. Surface and subsurface salinity. (I) Seasonal variation of surface salinity. (a) Horizontal distribution. The general distribution of surface salinities in the western Black Sea is shown in Figure III - 9. Salinities at the surface vary from .a minimum of 2.68 parts per thousand near the northwestern shore to a maximum of 19.61 parts per thousand south of the Crimea. Although there is considerable variation from one station to another, no definite seasonal distribution is apparent in the offshore waters. (b) Salinity range. Along the Bulgarian coast, the salinity of the surface water is similar to that of the open sea, except near the rivers where the values may be slightly to very appreciably lower, depending upon the runoff from the river and the wind direction and force. In Varna Bay, during periods of river floods, the surface salinity south of the break- water within a few hundred yards of the canal leading from Lake Varnensko may be as low as ten parts per thousand. This effect is not noticed along the north shore of the bay, which is protected by the breakwater from the influence of the inflowing fresh water. Elsewhere in the bay, the surface salinity is never less than fourteen parts per thousand and it usually varies between sixteen and eighteen parts per thou- sand. It is probable that similar low salinities are found during floods at the head of Burgaz Bay. Strong west and northwest winds in winter may carry much of the coastal surface water out into the open sea with a resultant upwelling of deeper, more saline water; the salin- ity may therefore become greater than 18.00 parts per thou- sand for variable lengths of time in winter depending upon the strength of these westerly winds. The variation in surface salinity in Varna Bay for ten-day periods throughout the year is shown in Figure III - 10. Dur- SALINITY (Parts par Thousand) 20 19 FIGURE III - 10 MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, AND MEAN SALINITY AT THE SURFACE OF VARNA BAY FOR EACH TEN DAY PERIOD DURING 1938 14 Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ing a single day, the surface salinity may vary by as much as three parts per thousand. (c) Electrical conductivity. The specific electrical conduc- tivity of the surface water at Varna, computed from the minimum and maximum temperature and salinity values, varies from 0.017 to 0.032 reciprocal ohms per cubic centi- meter in summer and from 0.013 to 0.022 reciprocal ohms per cubic centimeter in winter. (2) Variations of salinity with depth. The subsurface wa- ters increase in salinity with depth as shown in Figure III - 11. FIGURE III - 11 SALINITY (Parts per Thousand) 7 18 19 20 21 22 0 100 200 LU 300 a. 400 500 600 VARIATION WITH DEPTH OF THE MEAN SALINITY OF THE WESTERN BLACK SEA At 150 feet, the mean values range from 18.10 parts per thou- sand along the edge of the shelf which makes up the floor of the northwestern part of the sea to 18.50 parts per thousand south of the Crimea. At 300 feet, there is a similar pattern with mean values of 19.00 parts per thousand to 20.50 parts per thousand. H. Density. (I) Variation of density with depth. Everywhere in the ocean the density of the water must be either constant or increase with depth, but the rate of increase depends on the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity. Both tem- perature and salinity gradients produce a marked effect on the density distribution in the Black Sea, and these gradients do not always coincide in depth. A density gradient of about 0.001 per hundred feet always exists in this area between 200 and 300 feet because of the salinity. In summer another and much sharper density gradient develops at depths less than 100 feet because of the combined effect of temperature and salinity (Figure III - 12). Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Page 111 - 11 1.008 1.010 0 100 X 150 Lu C) 200 250 DENSITY 1.012 1014 1.016 1.018 1.020 February ? DENSITY 1.008 1.010 1.012 1.014 0 50 Lu Lu 100 X 150 August 1.016 1.018 1.020 1.008 .010 0 1? 50 LU 100 ,Z X 150 1? a.. LU C) 200 250 1.008 1.010 0 I? 50 Lu LU IL 100 X 150 250 250 BULGARIA. Variation of density with depth by seasons. 80.000 701000 60,000 8 20,000 o. 40,000 DENSITY FIGURE III - 1 2 1.012 1.014 .016 .018 1.020 DENSITY 1.012 1.014 1.016 1.018 1.020 November T FIGURE III - 13 80,000 cLI 30,000 20,000 10,000 .005 .010 1.0 I 5 .0201 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 BULGARIA. Buoyant effect of water of different density upon a submerged submarine of 2,400 tons displacement. (2) Use of density gradients by submarines. The density gradient is sufficiently well marked in midsummer to allow a submarine to balance in neutral trim with its motors stopped at periscope depth in July and August. In September, October, and November this gradient is somewhat deeper and less sharp; it is probable that a submarine can balance during these months at keel depths of from 120 to 170 feet. From December through May balancing will be doubtful, and not until June will it again become probable. With the aid of Figure III - 13, a submarine of 2,400 tons submerged displacement wishing to dive from one depth to another may calculate the ballast adjustment necessary to compensate for the vertical density gradients by using the density values at the depth for a particular season given in Figure III - 12. Submarines of other tonnages should multiply the value obtained in this manner by the ratio of their own submerged displacement to 2,400 tons. I. Bottom sediments. (I) Characteristics of sediment types. A knowledge of the distribution of the bottom sediments over the continental shelf is important in predicting underwater sound conditions, in mine warfare, and in planning landing operations. Data on bottom sediments for the coast of Bulgaria are unfortunately particularly scanty, but a fair estimate may be made from geologic and hydrographic reports and charts. The characteristics of the types of sediments found along the Bulgarian coast are given in Table III -3. Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Page HI - 12 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES TABLE III - 3 BULGARIA, CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF SEDIMENTS ALONG COAST Ti' OF BOTTOM Sand. Firm relatively smooth bottom, shells and washed gravel included. Sand and mud. Relatively firm, smooth bottom, in- cluding firm clay. Mud. Soft, smooth bot- tom. Rocky. Rough broken bot- tom, including bedrock outcrops and areas cov- ered by boulders. EFFECTS ON SOUND RANGING CONDITIONS WIIBN TEMPERATURE SUITABILITY FOR GRADIENTS ARE NEGATIVE MINE FIELDS Long extension of range Good. commonly obtained. Moderate extension of Good. range. Sound commonly ab- sorbed, little extension possible. Strong reverberations tend to mask echoes. Extension of range un- likely with either echo ranging on listening. Poor. Ground mines may sink in mud. Poor. Strong currents to be expected. (2) Horizontal distribution. Along the open coast, the bot- tom out to about 30 Or 40 fathoms over the shelf is sand and mud with some areas of sand. The greatest depth where sand and mud occurs in the Black Sea is at a depth of 58 fathoms opposite to the opening of the Bosporus, the sand being transported there by the inflowing undercurrent. More or less clean sands such as are found along the Atlantic coast of the United States are confined to depths less than five fathoms. Extensive banks of mussels, oysters, and scallops are found in the sand zones and there is a considerable admix- ture of mussel shells in the sand and mud sediments. Off the headlands, hard, rough rocky bottom is probably to be found even when not noted on the chart. On the navigational charts (B.A. charts 2230, 2399 and 2285), mud occurs frequently within the 30 to 40 fathom curve, but in all probability the deposit has a considerable admixture of sand and shell and behaves acoustically and in other ways like a firm sand and mud bottom as defined above. The firm sediments combined with the level sea bottom should give good sound ranging conditions in shallow water. From the 40-fathom zone out to 100 fathoms, the bottom material becomes softer and hence the classification mud (as defined above) is justified. This mud is described as being dark blue-black in color when freshly collected and contains a considerable amount of shelly material. The harbors and bays, as well as the shelf, show a firm sand and mud bottom with occasional rocky patches and shoals (see accompanying charts, for Burgaz Bay, Varna Bay, and the area wstward. from Nesebr). In Varna Bay, where the information appears to be quite detailed and reliable, mixtures of sand and gravel (classified as sand) occur around the periphery of the bay, while in the open bay, there is a fine ash-gray clay (Fig. III-14). In the Gulf of Burgaz, an equally reliable, but less detailed report of the distribution of the ash-gray clay exists. In both cases, this material is of a firm clayey consistency and has therefore been classified as sand and mud on the accompany- ing charts (Figures III - 15 and III - 16). (3) Mines. The distribution of bottom sediments is such that the entire Bulgarian coastline between ten and 100 fathoms is suitable for defensive moored mines. The most probable location of plants would be the outer approaches to harbors or at minimum distances of two to three miles off possible landing beaches along the coast. J. Acoustic conditions. (I) Seasonal variation. Good conditions for echo ranging by surface ships on submarines (assured range greater than 2,500 yards) prevail during the winter months, as shown in Figure III - 17. However, false echoes and high reverberation may be obtained at a range of about 3,000 yards due to a concentration of sound reflected from the sea surface. Such false echoes may be distinguished from a submarine echo by the fact that they occur, all around the horizon and exhibit no doppler effect. In spring, conditions for sound ranging become increasingly less favorable, and in late spring and early summer poor to bad echo ranges (assured range from 1,500 to less than 750 yards) will prevail in deep water (see Figure III - 17), unless winds of force four or more mix the subsurface layer. In late summer (see Figure III - 17), ranges will be poor to fair (assured range from 750 to 2,500 yards) depending upon the wind. Light winds and poor echo ranges occur 50 to 60 per cent of the time; wind forces of three or four will produce fair conditions during 20 per cent of the time; and winds of force five or more will cause fair to poor conditions 15 to 20 per cent of the time. In summer, during periods of calms or light breeze, acoustic conditions will be worse during the hours from 1200 to 2200 than during the remainder of the day because of the -afternoon effect." Listening ranges in deep water will be less than 2,000 yards in late spring and early summer and will not exceed 4,000 yards in late summer. In the fall, listening and echo ranging (Figure III - 17), conditions will improve rather rapidly in the upper 50 to 100 feet. During summer, echo ranges will probably be extended in water from 50 to 250 feet deep because of reflection from the firm sand and mud bottom. Reverbera- tions from rocky bottom will not be encountered in depths greater than 50 feet, and will be unusual even near the coast. The marked salinity gradient in the Black Sea must be taken in precise calculations of sound ray paths, but it has little practical effect on either echo ranging or listening. (2) Variation with depth. Because of the pronounced -layer effect- in summer, a submarine, by submerging be- low 50 feet will gain protection from echo ranging detection during that season. This layering is even more pronounced in shallow water than it is away from the coast; a submarine can therefore probably best avoid detection by resting on the bottom. By September the thermocline has started down- ward, and by November a submarine would need to submerge to 150 feet to avoid echo-ranging surface vessels. (3) Background noise. None of the noise-making animals, which interfere with the use of listening devices in certain areas, occur in the Black Sea. However, fish feeding on the abundant molluscan fauna in shallow water might produce a high background noise level. In offshore waters the abundant schools of mackerel and shad, as well as the three species of Black Sea porpoises, may make noises which would occasion- ally be misleading to sound operators. K. Transparency and color of water. (1) Transparency. Although considerable Russian data exist on transparency of the Black Sea, these data are appar- ently not available in the United States. The scanty evidence on hand indicate, however, that the waters of the western Black Sea are never very clear and that the transparency is particularly low in spring during periods of floods in the Danube and in the other major rivers entering the sea along Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 GULF OF VA BOTTOM SEDIME Depth in Fathorr Villa Min. Sta 0/ .......... ..... Mud Slaughter House 6 Mud ? . ? .4 :0''''?'?????.. 0 ? o ? . go?liPo..0? . P .....1??? ? 0. 0;2 .0 ? 0 4. ? . ? ? ? A A . A; ? ? x'-..' ?--_-.-=-- ,' ) .. c\_) , ,..,,,,,5,,' ::-7--- if ilti4 .?,c. . 7(1"- .." . / -)/ e 0 M. .,,,'? - - - ) / - . _ _ ,'''..-4---- or ' ....- --- 4c. A, , L?..iiiii ? riN? 1 I . .re? i ,_, ,..., . . ..-- ,-, ,-. ....7. ,.., .,!-..r ? orkir, .1spy ? r 4 Sand, beach 4 les loos], 250 t .. .,_,... .,? .. .. 0..,,...._. _,,,-.___ ,_... ..i'A,, ,..?,..,.. / : v. ... . ? 4 r,/ feet wide,:bac ForeshorefIrm; by dunes. oderateslope. i.:1 - -.' AVEE ''?: 2 ,c. V 4, 4, V ' t n '-?,^, Ilfla ??? ' Vrtm-Leti,r ,-i-, ,, ? te ...,,,,.!- " .... ' ? .f' d. , ?.____ ' - . - \ "Vt. ( ? ___3.% / ? , ,, ...? _____, ,...--- ..-_-- ..... ( .. ? . '.i'.9.? \,? . ?alkIla? .4,,,,-D.., - \ - ? ? , I,. . / / ? ? \,. ? ? ' ..,.. ? t__9 r? ? ? - t o .0., \ ? ? , ?-- __11. ? 0 . ,? . -?,?,-,,--,----,, , --. .:. ,, , /-:".... ' ,?',,;sl / ,,N.., I - ,',707,-- . o , fjp.' ft.. '4,- sr"' sod fuel 141 ?,..'\ _:-.4, - - ?..er ' CY' I-101 1 I ----di 2 ) .9 ;eau zeilmig 'g: z ? ?? :14) (eds) , ea pi J nuou 7"Pclo illgWd-/C r 24 Fr T \ , _.) 7 -7?:_-. ,,....- . Oil" ailjtal LViki, .1,:frotigal 1 bV C4V tsti .ty,' 44.14V?060e% T.i(0.4..6.44,,,,le-51?\4?. V. alellaq t?MkCYLU Y.) soS / 001,40)/3 .geo) lq!lo,A Ilisieq!H IS ' .1. ttlf Wiadt,9rid? %so A ' A 012, \_ 1. t , ,....z.N, (sulcIs3) IcIII0)1 i0>I - ,I .. ? }-. \,,s' . I s . .,, / Avn RN I ' .. _ VAVA , . .. ? ''' 1 ''...? --...., ,.. "30' :' i'') Ovit,COS).`71:\. ' -437347) )1 1 ? 42 . !I' .. A .: ' If ?NSA 0 11 , i i ; ? SI,. . e 14' ..?...-. , ? . . / . u ? . i' s? ?. ? , ?v .'? .v. , i :', ? v ?.-V ': . 1 , ii 6 i 1, I I ..: .i.v;:-.. .!-J- v, , i....v , , ? .,;;, virptaocIF peal JeJ A401 itija ? 40/1h '...1 .zi g e oggza.4 g-011d140q ? 0 li il 041eilifr/ \'?., ..' AA . 1 . I ? ? ? b4,k , ,? atiAlis ' ---? wiliiivillit, , ,, , I ii f: _._, - ?ri ? . '1,qty ,,..,;\ CG' ^ " ? '.. .> ?,:._ , 4, ?, .4?,.\ (It \ -i -.-_- .1i. ----, t , i 1 ,,, It094/- ; Ico,A-a A \ . / ? iti - 1 -\- ?111. ..."?\ ;;:. ! , 1. , ? 1. -? . \\ ????? . , / ? ......,-,. 0....,/co,m-seuei. -.1..1 ipprrei ...... . . e v ., . A. ... ,- - II 1 If nip ' _ Ce _,,_ , _?qi-A- .., 1 W-JI A ? , ? Ifaill. A.'\ .''' ?,..?0: i&ell! ' 001 6.1 'I 46117. . '''',:?1 IP: ? N: COMPILED BY BEACH ? \ '' .1 EROSION 1 BURGAZ BOARD- "nol? \ .. , \ , \ CORPS Or ENGINEERS. U. - ''\ S..ARMY ,i 17., .: ?????? - 1 !in ? Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 e lodoz. qir fflh? 4s0,1 iodozos stt,OttOCO3 iltirOyg niU4V4S,.F0 0 IldM.WO SON I) IN a1e3) J!Pososli LIN 70c1OZOS 1- A- 237 rrrr - /Is 7/Anv trtlar/L (ade0)'eXls Wreck ammomem Four sandy feel wide. strafe slope. '0 wo sma I pocket beaches. I CONVERSION GRAPH Meters Feet 3.000 1 0 CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METERS 10.000 0 1-1 1 1000 0 FT1=F1=1-1=1-1.1- 2 2 3 Mdes 3 4 5 Ndometers 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Yards 9,000 2.500 4_ 8.000 NO TIDES 7.000 2,000 6,000 2,500 ?E- -- Loco 3,000 -F -r ^ 2,000 500 5,000 4.00C SUMMER WINTER PREVAILING WINDS WAVES CURRENTS --- PATH ? ?}.TRACKS AND UNIMPROVED ROADS PAVED ROAD NARROW GAUGE RAILROAD LOOSE SAND AND DUNES MARSH ,5VVAMP v ,MEAD. 5, CULTIVATED FIELDS '50?y ,r101-1S QLS:, ouploS KO WELLS Vo SPRINGS proved For Felease 200 FOUL AREA SHOAL-LEAST DEPTH IN FEET / 8/ :Rbfk-IIMP7901144A000:4(0004c0005-5 SOUNDINGS ARE IN FEET 50 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 70rii OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES feet wide. A ! small stream discharges into the sea at the extreme northeastern end of the beach. The foreshore slope is moderate and the sand is firm. The backshore has a more gentle slope and is somewhat softer. Surf is generally light, but when waves are running the surf occurs over a wide belt with severad lines of breakers. No structures are known on the beach. (d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach is backed by a low, marshy area through which flows a sluggish stream. The marshy area is surrounded on three sides by Page III - 61 relatively steep slopes leading to hilly country. The hills are forested. A road from Sveti Nikola to Burgaz runs along the southern margin of the marshy area to the shore, and appar- ently exit may be made from the beach to this road. A branch of this road leads northeastward and joins with another running along the shore. (22) Chingani Bay-C. (Figure III - 26.) Reliability fair. (a) Location and extent. At the head of Chingani Bay is a small, sandy beach about IA mile long, with its center at latitude 42? 25' 40" N., longitude 27? 30' 45" E. 64 FIGURE III - 27 78 t. I6s, '59 82 4 .18 2.8 ???111 11 sz N1, 9, A. 8, 9, ... 76 YU. 4 / 7 \ 4, 82 a s., 92', 78 821 i 4 14 B URGAZ '..REEF -"??'' ;. 779 118 32 4, 5 !& 716. 46 5 5 5, 5 .55 DREDGED T0.-,1 7?METERS. 4'4 (LESS REPORTEDI.! 1932) 73 78 '8,\8, 6.9 v 5 5, 6, .5 5, 59 59 6 4 es4 6 73 Z7 73 69 69 64 6g 78, 4f6 53 !4, 32.1 \ 7 .5 78 63 78 78 8, 78 8x 73 98 28, 78 78 BURGAZ 78 87 8, BAY 9, 5,1 a, 87 87 78 87 go 178 a, 87 go 96 9, .96 8, 73 82 9/ gg 9, a, Sd, 7, 78 8, 8, POROS BAY 73 78 78 10 9. ? 6 / 73 87 L'' 82 8r .... 10, ... .... 87 73 . 76 . 9, / (4 / 4' 99 .... / 77 e. ..., ? 517 \ Kr 87 rt, ' lig 84f 10 78 t 5 - 96 0 -81i.105a 11 ge .. 10 a 878, \7 87 821 .... 77 ng 87 Fly! 14, 17 11.1 .9, 96 71 as .. 11 CR .140 10 5 .?&I .4? 117 la; 11 70, 11 los 11 T1 10, 11 70s 17, a, 11 77 77 11 70 17, 11 78 451,, 71 178 716 119 779 116 119 778 128 778 126 84 128 a. 119 CONVERSION TABLE Meters Feet 3,000 2,500 2,000 -= 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 1,500 6,000 5,000 -= 4,000 1,000 3,000 _= 500 1,000 2,000 REPRODUCED PROM GERMAN HYDRO. CHART 1114--ED. 1934 (SCALED 20,000) BULGARIA. Port plan of Burgaz showing approach to Poros (Foros) Bay beach. Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Page III - 62 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES (b) Nearshore. The approach to the beach is clear of hazards. The bottom slope is fairly gentle. The 30-foot depth line lies about one mile from shore., The 18-foot depth line is aboutIA mile from shore, and depths of about ten feet lie 500 feet from the beach. Some nearshore reefs are found along the rocky shore northeast of the beach. The beach is exposed to the north, but it is doubtful that wave action is ever heavy. The current offshore of the bay moves eastward, but data are lacking regarding the currents near the beach. There are no tides. (c) Landing place. The beach, which is composed of sand, is about IA mile long and relatively narrow. The sand is probably fine, becoming increasingly so toward the mouth of a rivulet on the west which, it is reported, carries considerable mud into the bay and has formed a bank several hundred yards from the shore. The surf, which is believed to be very light, breaks over a wide belt with several lines of breakers. A landing place, named Chengene Skele is situated on the beach near sheds and storehouses. There is a well at the east end of the beach. (d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach is backed by hills which rise close behind the shore, but to the west is a marshy river flood plain extending inland about a mile, with a lagoon in its center. The hills are covered with forests, locally cut-over. Exit from the beach is provided by a highway which runs close to the shore along the eastern part of the beach, leading westward to Burgaz and eastward to Sveti Nikola. (23) Chingani Bay?D. (Figure III - 26.) Reliability fair. (a) Location and extent. About one mile southeast of Nos Poros (Foros) is a narrow, sandy beach about A mile long, its center at latitude 42? 26' 50" N., longitude 27? 29' 20" E. (b) Nearshore. The approach to the beach is clear of hazards. The bottom slope is moderate to steep. The 30-foot depth lies 1,600 feet from shore, and the 18-foot depth line lies about 500 feet from shore. The beach is exposed to the northeast. Data are lacking regarding currents near the beach. There are no tides. (c) Landing place. The beach is composed of sand, prob- ably mixed with pebbles. It is M mile long and may locally be as much as 200 feet wide. Apparently the beach extends northward for an additional IA mile as a narrow strand at the base of a bluff, but there is some contradiction in the source data. The foreshore slope is moderate to steep and the sand is firm. The surf, which is believed to be light, breaks over a narrow belt. There is a small pier near the southeastern end of the beach, near which are the buildings of the quarantine officer. (d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The southeastern part of the beach is backed by a limited plain, inland of which moderate slopes rise to hilly country. A road runs behind the beach on this narrow flat, joining the main Burgaz/Sveti Nikola road to the southeast, and running to Nos Poros on the northwest. The hill slopes are forested, the lower portions are cut-over. (24) Poros Bay. (Figures III - 26 and III - 27.) Reli- ability fair. (a) Location and extent. A wide, sand beach four miles long lies southwest of the port of Burgaz, at the very head of Burgaz Bay. It begins at latitude 42? 26' 55" N., longitude 27? 27' 45" E., and ends at latitude 42? 29' 15" N., and longi- asjiliPIPPIFItz/ tude 27? 28' 05" E. The buildings of the town of Burgaz at the north end of the beach stand on high land overlooking the shore and serve as a landmark. A light is shown from a cylindrical tower 28 feet high on the head of the eastern breakwater in Burgaz harbor one mile east of the north end of the beach. (b) Nearshore. The approach to the beach, through a broad channel, is clear along its southern part, between Poros Pt. (Nos Foros) and a series of shoals lying south of the main harbor breakwater. This channel is dominated by the high land at Poros Pt. and at Burgaz. The 30-foot depth line lies a little more than a mile from the beach, but the 18-foot depth line lies about 1,200 feet off the shore. The bottom material is sand. No reefs occur along the beach proper, but there is a partially submerged wreck offshore near its southern end. The prevailing winds are from the north- western quarter in winter and from the northeastern quarter during summer. Winds from the east bring on a heavy swell. Wave action is usually light. Data on currents are scarce, but it is reported that there is a south-flowing current east of the port. There are no tides. (Figure III - 27.) (c) Landing place. The beach is four miles long and about 200 to 300 feet wide, grading inland to a dune belt. The fore- shore slope is moderate and the sand is firm. The backshore slope is gentle and the sand is somewhat softer. The beach is continuous from its southern end almost to the harbor at Burgaz, where it is interrupted by the outlet of the lagoon, Lake Vaya-Koi (Vaya Koysko Yezero). At its southern end the beach terminates with another lagoon outlet which leads from Lake Mandrensko (Mandrensko Yezero). When waves are running the surf breaks in a relatively narrow belt close to the shore, although during heavy weather there may be several lines of breakers extending some distance out. There are no structures known on the beach. (d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach lies on a low, marshy coastal plain between two lagoons. The northern half of the beach is a sandy peninsula which forms the outer shore of the northern lagoon. A belt of dunes of maximum width about IA mile lies behind the beach. Inland of the dunes are marshy and meadow-like areas. Beyond the plain on which the beach is built the terrain rises westward to a series of hills about 200 meters high. The plain is partly cultivated, the lower slopes of the hills are apparently set out in orchards, and the higher land is forested. Exit from the beach is afforded by a main highway which runs close to the shore at the southeastern end of the beach and is connected by a causeway or bridge across the inlet to the southeast. In this direction the road runs to Sveti" Nikola, and a branch runs inland south to Sredets (Zvedets), 25 miles distant, and beyond. The road on the beach runs northward close to the shore for about IA mile, swings inland to the northwest, then loops to the north and northeast to Burgaz. Near Burgaz a main road branches off, running 35 miles inland southwest to Momina-Tsrkva and beyond. (25) Burgaz. (Figures III - 26 to III - 28.) Reliability good. (a) Location and extent. Beginning at the eastern mole at the foot of the town of Burgaz is a broad, sandy beach extend- ing about 31A miles northward. It follows a gentle curve from latitude 42? 29' 20" N., longitude 27? 28' 50" E. to latitude 42? 32' 00" N., longitude 27? 29' 40" E. (b) Nearshore. The bottom slope is gentle off the town Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 / FIGURE III - 28 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-0114W4A1W13%005-5 7 i / T, , .N.N. - r.fing), `,? ? ) )));?,' ? il ..,,e.. , ? - ? CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METER:1\'' S ring0.1. _fAIrtilf___ 3 Miles A'tan' )SpringW > / 1000 711 altar 5, spti \ vtuu Coam I a toz..07 Mogila liaZa.sviiiurrtt ound) o Krotiriya (C amsvpstis AKAN THES BAY Cape 0 F Kamen Lak nathes 6 Sand ach 2 miles long, wi th variable. Backed by cliff on southw I; by low- land a northeast. each 31/2 miles long 500 feet wide. are firm with moder te slope. Back- softer with gentle sloe. 27 Sand beach 2 miles long, 300 feet wide. Firm; gentle slope. Spitfire Shoal NO TIDES IMMER WINTER PREVAILING WINDS Afffoved EAW..iease 2000 6Z - 08/29 ;PG9h/-110g0M062110100.05-5 COMPILED BY BEACH EROSION BOARD CO E G , V. J. IRRIVIT GONV5RSION GRAPH Meters Feet 3,00 ? 10,000 9,000 2,500 ? --- 8,000 _= 7,000 2,000 6,000 1,500 5,000 4,000 1,000 3,000 ? 2,000 500 -- 1,000 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 ? LEGEND ? --- PATH ?TRACKS AND UNIMPROVED ROADS PAVED ROAD NARROW GAUGE RAILROAD LOOSE SAND AND DUNES --,?=1.1MAR5H , SWAMP vv Iv v V MEADOW FOUL AREA Ii MARSHY MEADOW CULTIVATED FIELDS Lr0 0 0 01 Of I 0 FOREST O i**1 CUT-OVER LAND 2.1a.a TREES _ KO WELLS VO SPRINGS SHOAL-LEAST DEPTH IN FEET. ROCKS: *...AWASH., +---SUNKEN; OR .-.1.::: -.ISOLATED SOUNDINGS ARE INFEET ? ?:7,---...- -,:r...,,,,,,,,-.=,_, - I.7-6 A(1114774- i .0, \ 3i., , .?;),-.5., ot,,,o ,,,,',,tj?---v \ ': 'Ill ,': / ..:L )4 - .- 4,, ,-- i 21105E Fig. 111-26 G.H.0 111,4 PH.O 5072 INDEX OF MAP SOURCES FRENCH HYDRO CHART- ? 5072 -ED.I89B- CORR.1935 ?` (I:342,510) GERMAN HYDRO. CHART- 1114 ED, I 934- (I:60,000) ' BULGARIAN TOPO. MAPS- I :40,000 XI- 22 -ED.19Il XI-23-ED. 1911 dynt. 1000 1" - 4 , --? ' ' ES , 13.. /14 ? cie.? I tri;er-1 ,itrr fbrl nit kineral, Bathp %12? Se1 !se - ' 1, .;,Spriog 2yme q{^ ? r Asp \ - I " IVO; o006-101 FOREST [A(4ifi CUT-OVER LAND %hail TREES It C. WELLS Vo SPRINGS SHOAL-LEAST DEPTH IN FEET ROCKS: *.-AWASH., Approved FofoRelAacre p impp? 7CIA-RDP7 9- \ VARIABLE SUMMER WINTER PREVAILING WINDS 1144A000100010005-5 WAVES CURRENTS NO TIDES Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Page III - 83 The bottom material is probably mud. Information is not available on the location of rock hazards. The shore is.unpro- tected from the winds, which are variable in winter, and Illustration III - 96. Bol-Ata Dere. Beach at the mouth of the stream Bol-Ata Dere. Before 1928. prevailingly northerly in summer. Waves approaching from northeast to east break with considerable force. Offshore cur- rents are generally southward. (Figure III - 20.) There are no tides. (c) Landing place. The strip of shore extending for about 2Y1 miles along the foot of the cliff has a maximum width of 1,000 feet about one mile from its southwest end. The shore is composed chiefly of rough debris fallen from the cliffs back of it. Its most obvious features are several ridges of rock extending lengthwise along it, particularly at its southern end, and in its central part. In the central part a lake is ponded between two rock ridges. (Illustrations III - 97 and III - 98.) The beach surface is very firm, though rough, and slopes are irregular but moderate. The surf is frequently heavy, with but few lines of breakers. No structures are known. (d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The 230-foot cliff backing the beach borders a plateau extending many miles inland. In this area it is unbroken by ravines. No exits are known; access to the interior is apparently impossible. (50) Lake Satalmas (Yezero Shablensko). (Figure III- 39.) Reliability fair. (a) Location and extent. Lake Satalmas is cut off from the sea by a broad sandy barrier beach which is part of a beach Illustration III - 97. Syurtyu-K'oy. Limestone rubble at the foot of the cliffs near Syurtyu-K'oy. Hera- klea Yezero (lake) shows in the middle distance. Looking south- west. Before 1928. beginning a short distance north of the lake, and extending nearly four miles southward, fronting also the small lake Tuzlata. It lies between latitude 43?. 32' 50" N, longitude 28? 36' 20" E, and latitude 43? 35 45" N, longitude 28? 34' 10" E. A lighthouse on Cape Shableh,IA mile south of the beach, forms a good landmark. (b) Nearshore. The bottom slope off the beach is fairly gentle. Fronting Lake Satalmas the 30-foot depth line lies aboutIA mile off the shore, but along the southern part of the beach it is nearly a mile out. The bottom material is mud, changing to sand near shore. In winter the prevailing winds are variable. The beach is entirely unprotected from the pre- vailing northerly and northeasterly winds of summer. Wave action is heavy, the waves starting to break some distance from the shore. The force of southeasterly storm waves is somewhat broken by Cape Shableh (Sabla) along which the southern part of the beach lies. Offshore currents are generally southerly. There are no tides. Storms from the northeast raise the water level. (c) Landing place. The beach is nearly four miles long and about 300 feet wide. For most of its length it is gently concave in shape, bordering a broad slightly indented bay, but at its Illustration III - 98 . Syurtyu-K'oy. Looking northeast over Heraklea Yezero (lake). Before 1928. southern end it becomes slightly convex as it approaches the eastern extremity of Cape Shableh. It has a firm foreshore of moderate slope, and a soft backshore with a gentle slope gradually flattening inland. The surf covers a wide belt with numerous lines of breakers. Shore drift is generally southward. A track or trail runs the whole length of the beach, but there are no known structures on it. (d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach borders a broad plain gently sloping upward from the shore. Lake Satalmas is fed by two streams, one from the northwest, one from the southwest, and arms of the lake, which is very shallow, extend upstream in these two directions. The village of $abla (Shableh, Shabla) lies three miles inland. The beach is directly backed by a narrow belt of wind-blown sand, with perhaps some dunes. A trail runs its entire length northward two miles to the village of Carapcea (Karapcha), and south- ward IA mile from the south end of the beach to the Cape Shableh (Sabla) lighthouse, from which a road runs inland to Sabla. There are cultivated gardens and grasslands near Sabla and around Lake Satalmas. The terrain is largely devoted to the cultivation of cereals. Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Page III - 84 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES ial (51) Carapcea (Karapcha). (Figure III - 39.) Reliability fair. (a) Location and extent. About one mile north of the small village of Carapcea is a broad sandy beach about M mile long, its center located at about latitude 430 38' 40" N, longitude 280 34' 20" E. (b) Nearshore. The bottom slope is moderate off the beach; the 30-foot line lies a little less than3A mile from the shore. The approach to the beach is apparently clear. It is completely exposed to winds from any direction. Southeasterly storms are particularly violent. Waves approach from the east and northeast generally and wave action is moderately heavy. Offshore currents flow southward but are not strong. There are no tides. (c) Landing place. The beach borders a slight indentation of the coast. It is about M mile long, uninterrupted. Its width is some 250 to 300 feet maximum. It is composed of sand. The foreshore has a moderate slope and a firm surface. The back- shore is soft with a gentle slope, becoming flat inland. The surf covers a wide belt with several lines of breakers. Shore drift is slight and southward. There is a well on the north- western part of the beach. No structures are known upon it. (d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. Low bluffs extend along the shore from either end of the beach. These, with the beach, border a gently sloping plain extending inland. Directly back of the beach is a belt of wind-blown sand, possibly with dunes, about as wide as the beach itself. A track or trail runs close back of this sand belt, southward to the village of Carapcea, and northward along the shore four or five miles until it joins roads running inland and along the coast. (52) R?ri (Duran-Kulak) ? A. (Figure III - 39.) Re- liability fair. (a) Location and extent. The little village of Rg.cari lies inland of a lagoon, Lake Cartal (Duran-Kulashko-Blato), which is vaguely L-shaped, one leg extending westward upstream along the Gorensko-Dere, the other leg extending northward along the coast. The lagoon is separated from the sea by a wide sandy barrier beach about 234 miles long. The beach extends from latitude 43? 40' 05" N, longitude 28? 34' 00" E, and extends to latitude 430 42? 00" N, longitude 28? 34' 20" E. (b) Nearshore. The bottom slope is gentle; the 30-foot line lies about one mile off the shore in the northern part of ?the area, and more thanIA mile from it toward the south. It is composed of mud changing to sand near shore. There are no rock hazards in the approach to the beach. The beach is entirely unprotected from winds from any direction, except that the north end of it may be somewhat shielded from the prevailing northerly winds of summer. Southeast storms cause heavy wave action. Waves generally approach from southeast to east; they break a considerable distance from the shore. Offshore currents are generally southward. There are no tides. (c) Landing place. This barrier beach is 2h4 miles long and about 700 feet wide. It extends north and south in a gentle arc along the back of an open bay, and turns north- eastward at its northern end. There are no interruptions to it, although in rainy weather the lagoon back of it probably has an outlet across it. The foreshore has a moderate slope and is firm; the backshore is soft and has a gentle slope flattening toward the lagoon, and at the edge of the lagoon sloping inland to the foreshore along the lagoon. The surf covers a broad belt with many lines of breakers. Shore drift is slight and northward. There are no structures on the beach. A trail runs along the center the whole length of the beach. (d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. Back of the lagoon lies a broad plain sloping gently upward inland. The stream Gorensko Dere is incised in this plain in a shallow ravine-like valley and flows northeastward into the lagoon. Cereals are extensively cultivated. Exit from the beach can be had only at its extremities. At its north end the trail along it turns northwestward and joins a road leading northward along the coast and eastward to the village of RAcari, two miles distant. Southward the trail follows the coast about three miles to the village of Carapcea where there are roads leading in various directions. (53) cari?B. (Figure III - 39.) Reliability fair. (a) Location and extent. A sand and pebble beach one mile long lies at the foot of a 50-foot cliff one mile north of the lagoon Lake Cartal and 2 miles east-northeast of the village of Racari, its center about at latitude 430 43' 00" N, longi- tude 28? 34' 30" E. (b) Nearshore. The bottom slope is gentle, the 30-foot depth line lying about one mile offshore. Very little informa- tion is available regarding the hydrography in this area. The bottom is probably muddy. The cliffs backing the beach offer some shelter from winds close to shore. The prevailing winds are variable in the winter and from the north and northeast in summer. Waves approach generally from east to northeast and break a considerable distance from the shore. Currents offshore are generally southward. There are no tides. (c) Landing place. The beach is one mile long, with a maximum width of more than 500 feet in its southern part, but generally about half that width. It extends essentially in a straight line without interruptions. It is composed of sand and pebbles. The slope of the foreshore is moderate and its surface is firm. The backshore is somewhat softer and its slope is more gentle. The surf breaks over a broad belt with many lines of breakers. Shore drift is essentially lacking; though strong northeast winds may cause a slight drift to the south. No structures are on the beach. (d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach is backed directly and for its whole length by a cliff about 50 feet high. Back of the cliff is a gently sloping plain largely planted to cereal crops. There is no apparent exit from the beach, although at the top of the cliff is a road which runs southwestward 23/b miles to the village of RAcari, and north- ward about one mile to the Bulgarian-Rumanian border (as claimed in 1942) where it joins a road leading to the Rumanian village of Varna Veche (Ilanlk) one mile north- ward. However, just beyond the north end of the beach there are three very small ravines cut into the cliff not more than 400 or 500 feet, with trails running from the heads of the two northernmost ones to the road a few hundred feet to the south- west. This suggests that access to the inland up the cliff is possible for men but it is doubtful for vehicles. Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 FIGURE III - 39 JANIS No. 38 3 f dvi ibdeeo cFhoriAeshT gentle to moderate Barrier beach 2% sales lo by lagoon. Foreshcr firm m e ..rm; m F.11.0.5072. 2 3 Miles 3 4 5 Kilometers 2000 3000 4000 5000 Yards )NTOUR INTERVAL 10 METERS INDEX OF MAP SOURCES FRENCH HYDRO. CHART- 5072- ED,11398- CORR.I935 - (P3142.510) BULGARIAN TOPO. MAPS- 1:40.000 IV- 26,21-E0.1 920 V- 26.21- ED.I920 VI- 26.21- ED.I920 NORTH Approv d For Release 2000/08/$9: CIA-RDP79-01144A000100 o5- KAR APCFA COMPILED BEACH EROSION BOARD.,O, ENGINEERS.- U S ARMY? Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 0 6 : 0 ,e , r , '...,.' \ ?*,,,Aos . \ _ _ I \ \i i ' r: 1 N.. c' i''''":'? '"V * - i - a r' -1 . -? (7 7 3 \ 11 / 7 , ---4 -.. ,-., \ 1! .- __,--' a i , _ \it a p i 6 \ 4 ti, - ? 0 --.. '---- ---------------'-0 --41 i,a-:- a -----r- . --, ;711 ' I ! -,,-- ) l' - 58 1 CONVERSION GRAPH Metres Feet 10,000 000 ?=- _9.L 9,000 2,500 -99 8.000 7,000 2,000 ''-- 6.000 1,500 1.000 5,000 4,000 3.000 2,000 500 ?9 - 1,000 77_ _t ? LEGEND ? MARSHY MEADOW --- PATH ?}TRACKS AND UNIMPROVED ROADS PAVED ROAD NARROW GAUGE RAILROAD ?99: -4) 59 CULTIVATED FIELDS r000 Loopool FOREST r .)k?...4,f-.1 CUT-OVER LAND I LOOSE SAND (111-.510. I MAFISH , SvvAMP TREES ''__I -'- rV?, s, V V V MEADOW FOUL AREA o WELLS 110 SPRINGS SHOAL-LEAST DEPTH IN FEET. ROCKS: *-AWAS14,+ SUNKEN; i)P ,s3 ? ISOLATED ApiEgriaecilEsoReJease 2000/08/29: ------- __ Z-- ._------ --..--p f,..11- __--- > ,,--- '0 rn Cr) A , --_____---v 7 75__. _ ?--.)"... co r-, rn 2 Cl be??s? cioal %We 06 1010s - ?VARIABLE-4.x SUMMER WINTER PREVAILING WINDS 100.'0. WAVES CURRENTS -RDP79-01144A000100010005-5 NO TIDES I?I 1 0- 1000 0 loor Li L_I I _i -