Chapter lll OCEANOGRAPHY; COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY; COASTS; AND LANDING PLACES OF BULGARIA

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• Publication Date: October 1, 1943
• Content Type: IS

wei0far 1
Chapter III
*
OCEANOGRAPHY; COASTAL HYDROG-
RAPHY; COASTS; AND LANDING PLACES
OF
BULGARIA
(JANIS No. 38)
*
OCTOBER. 1943
4en;
Aga, r'3. u
.ctiv,istnen
CHANGED TO; TS S
IflE.VEW DATE:
0 REVIEWER' -12?(121?/
For Rel
Approved F -
CIA-RDP79-01144A0
/29: C
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Table of Contents
PAGES
30. GENERAL DESCRIPTION III - 1 to III - 2
A. Tides and currents III - 1
B. Seas and swells III - 1
C. Fogs III - 1
D. Hydrographic factors III - 1
E. Bottom III - 1
F. Fishing areas . . III - 1
G. Coastal hydrography III - 1
H. Coasts III - 1
31. OCEANOGRAPHY III - 2 to III - 15
A. Tides III - 2
B. Tidal currents III - 2.
C Non-tidal currents III - 2
D. Sea and swell III - 3
E. General discussion of hydrographic factors III - 7
F. Surface and subsurface temperatures III - 7
G. Surface and subsurface salinity III - 10
H. Density III - 10
I. Bottom sediments III - 11
J. Acoustic conditions III - 12
K. Transparency and color of water III - 12
L. Biological factors III - 13
32. COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY III - 16
A. Offshore zone III - 16
B. Coastal currents III - 16
C. Underwater defenses III - 16
33. COASTS
A. Cape Kuri to Galachiya Point
III - 17 to III - 50
III - 17
B. Galachiya Point to Tsarevo III - 18
C. Gulf of Burgaz and approaches; Tsarevo to Cape Zeitin III - 20
D. Gulf of Burgaz; Cape Zeitin to Sozopol . III - 22
E. Gulf of Burgaz; Sozopol Bay III - 24
F. Gulf of Burgaz; Kayos Svitera to Nos Sveta Anastasiya III - 26
G. Gulf of Burgaz; Nos Sveta Anastasiya to Burgaz III - 28
H. Gulf of Burgaz; Burgaz to Poporiye III - 30
I. Gulf of Burgaz; Pomoriye to Ravda Burnu III - 32
J. Gulf of Burgaz; Ravda Burnu to Cape Emine III - 34
K. Cape Emine III - 36
?L. Cape Emine to Cape Aspro III - 38
M. Cape Aspro to Kamchiya River III - 40
N. Kamchiya River to Cape Galata III - 41
0. Varna Bay III - 43
P. Varna Bay; Cape Galata to Varna III - 45
III - 47
III - 50
Q. Varna Bay; Varna to Cape Sveti Georgii
R. Cape Sveti Georgii to Balcic
34. LANDING PLACES III - 51 to III - 84
A. Introduction III - 51
B. Description of the coast and landing beaches III - 51
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Chapter III
OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY,
COASTS, LANDING PLACES
Page III -1
30. General Description-
A. Tides and currents.
?Tides and tidal currents in the Black Sea are negligible,
but sudden changes in barometric pressure or offshore winds
may cause the sea level to vary two or three feet. From
five to ten miles offshore a southerly current sets at one-half
to one knot.
B. Seas and swells.
Since uncertain and variable winds are characteristic of the
western Black Sea, the intensity and duration of the seas and
swells may change rapidly with the wind.
(1) Seas. Such rough seas as occur usually approach the
Bulgarian coast from the northeast. The waves are short,
steep and of short period. High seas are most frequent from
October through April and least frequent in May and June.
Throughout the year calm or slight surf may be expected
along the coast at least 20 days each month.
(2) Swells. During the Summer, swells three to six feet
high occur about five per cent of the time, while in winter
they occur about 10 to 20 per cent of the time.
C. Fogs.
Along the Bulgarian coast, fogs are least frequent in sum-
mer though occasional "white fogs" appear or disperse
rapidly during calms. Fogs are most frequent in spring.
D. Hydrographic factors.
The surface of the Black Sea is nowhere more than half
as salty as the open ocean. However, density gradients due
to temperature and salinity sdatification are of importance
to submarine operations. Good conditions for echo ranging
by surface vessels on submarines prevail during the winter,
but conditions become progressively poorer during the late
spring, and are bad in early summer. The water of the Black
Sea is probably never very clear, but luminescence (phos-
phorescence) is common. Electrical conductivity varies from
0.013 to 0.032 reciprocal ohms per cubic centimeter.
E. Bottom.
Along the open coast, the bottom out to depths of 30 or
40 fathoms is sand, and mud and sand. The Gulf of Burgaz
(Burghaz) and Varna Bay are the most probable, if not the
only feasible, locations for mining and counter-mining.
F. Fishing areas.
The chief marine fishing areas are in the bays and harbors
and within one and one-half miles of the shore on the open
coast. Fish weirs are set close to the headlands of harbors
but, to avoid the strongest currents, are not set directly on
the tips of the promontories.
*See Appendix I for all spellings of features. Cities and towns mentioned
in this Chapter are spelled in accordance with G.S., G.S. maps, 1:250,000,
Series #4088 or G.S., G.S. maps, 1:500,000, Series #4072, where the former
does not cover. The names of other maritime features are spelled in ac-
cordance with B.A. and H.O. charts. Variants follow in parentheses.
G. Coastal hydrography.
? The 30-fathom curve lies at a distance of about 18
miles off the coast of Bulgaria. The 20-fathom curve is about
one mile from the' southern shore. Off the Gulf of Burgaz,
this curve is near a line joining the two entrance points
(Baghlar Point and Cape Emine). North of the Gulf, the
20-fathom curve swings away from shore, increasing from
One and one-half miles .off Cape Emine to 15 miles offshore
at Batova Bay.
North of Cape Ernine the ten-fathom curve lies about 750
yards from shore, where the bottom is evenly sloping. Off
Varna Bay this curye is near the line joining the two entrance
points (Cape Galata and Cape Sveti Georgii). North of this
latter cape, the five-fathom curve is about 750 yards from the
shore, which is here fringed by a bank extending from Monas-
tary (Chingani) Reef to Balcic (Baljic).
H. Coasts.
The coastal frontage of Bulgaria on the Black Sea is only
79 nautical miles, measured in a straight line from the south-
ern to the northern boundary of the country. By following
the shore-line with a measuring unit of one nautical mile,
the length of the coast is found to be 117 nautical miles,
though the actual length is, of course, somewhat greater.
The coast, in general, is moderately high and backed by
mountains. It is fringed with a narrow strip of stony beach
behind which rise abrupt cliffs or hills, usually covered with
a thick growth of bushes. The shore is marshy in a few places
but sandy beaches are comparatively rare. The only impor-
tant indentations are Gulf of Burgaz and Varna Bay. At the
head of each of these is located the port of the same name.
The Gulf of Burgaz, situated about midway along the coast,
has a width of 23 miles between its entrance points and a
horizontal depth of 17 miles. The smaller Varna Bay, near
the northern boundary, has an entrance width of four miles
and a horizontal depth of three miles, or, if Lake Devna
(Devno), which is connected by a canal to the head of
the bay, be included, the depth is nine miles. This lake is
actually the estuary of the Devna River, which is one of the
two streams of any importance along the Bulgarian coast, the
other being the Kamchiya River, flowing into the sea about
ten miles south of Cape Galata.
From the southern boundary, near Cape Stefano, the coast
runs northwesterly as far as Burgaz Bay and is hilly and wild,
with several crescent-shaped coves in which small vessels may
find anchorage. Small streams, perhaps dry at times, flow
into most of these coves, but there are no rivers of any size.
The south shore of Burgaz Bay has three hilly, woocled
peninsulas jutting out to the north. The western shore of the
bay, south of the city of Burgaz, is low and sandy and cov-
ered with reeds. It extends to the northward as far as the
base of the high land on which the city of Burgaz stands.
This low shore separates the bay from a lagoon, which is
about Eve miles long from west to east and two miles wide.
The beach is only 200 yards wide at the northern end. There
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Page III - 2 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
are bathing beaches along the east side of the city, but behind
these beaches is a high bluff.
Immediately north of the city of Burgaz is a narrow strip
of marshy land separating the bay from a second lagoon.
Beyond this lagoon cliffs rise abruptly from the water's edge
and extend almost as far as Nesebr (Messemvria). This latter
town stands on a rocky peninsula and is connected to the
mainland by a narrow isthmus of sand which is sometimes
covered by the sea. To the south and north of Nesebr there
are sandy beaches, and the beach to the north is backed by a
marsh about three miles in length, covered with high reeds.
A short distance north of Nesebr the coast bends abruptly
to the eastward and continues in a straight line for nearly
eight miles to Cape Emine. This shore is very hilly and Cape
Emine itself is a bold headland. North of the cape the coast
has a northerly trend and is comparatively straight, with few
indentations. It is backed by high hills, between which small
streams wind their way to the shore. About ten miles south
of Cape Galata is the mouth of the Kamchiya River, an im-
portant stream, flowing along the northern edge of a broad,
marshy, densely wooded plain which here breaks through
the hills and white cliffs.
From the Kamchiya River to Cape Galata the coast runs
slightly to the east of north and is very hilly. At Cape Galata
it turns to the west to form Varna Bay, the south shore of
which is also hilly. The western shore of the bay, south of
the city of Varna, is low and marshy and consists of a neck
of land which separates the bay on the east from Lake Devna
on the west.
Along the east side of the city of Varna are bathing beaches,
behind which are buildings, presumably bath houses, and
above these a park rises steeply in terraces. To the north of
the beaches there is a cemetery and beyond this the coast is
lined with cliffs as far as Evksinograd Bay. These cliffs are
between 60 and 70 feet high from Varna to a point midway
between Varna and Evksinograd Bay, and between 100 and
130 feet for the remainder of the distance.
Hills and cliffs continue along the coast north of Evksino-
grad as far as Batova Bay, which lies off a thickly wooded
and swampy plain. North of this plain, cliffs backed by hills,
line the shore to Balcic and beyond.
31. Oceanography
A. Tides.
(1) Tidal range. The tide in the Black Sea is very small,
the range in the western part being less than three inches on
the average and only about four inches at springs. On the
coast of Bulgaria, this small tide is masked by the larger varia-
tions in level due to meteorological conditions and may be
disregarded for all practical purposes.
(2) Non-periodic changes in sea level.
(a) Changes due to wind and barometric pressure. A wind
from the sea raises the level and a wind from the land lowers
it. Occasionally at Varna (Figure III - 1) the wind may
change the level by two feet, but with unusual conditions
even larger variations have occurred. In general, the range of
oscillations is greater in autumn and winter (November to
January) than in summer (June, July). During the 20-year
period ending in 1914, the variation between the highest
and lowest levels observed at Varna amounted to three and
one-half feet.
A larger variation occurred on the Bulgarian coast south of
Cape Emine on January. 25, 1921 when, due to an atmos-
pheric low pressure area which moved eastward across Bul-
garia, the sea fell and rose several times, one rise amounting
to slightly more than four feet in one and one-half hours.
The barometer rose 0.9 inch in the 34 hours from 2100 Janu-
ary 24 to 0700 January 26. West and northwest winds were
very strong following the depression. At the beach of Nesebr,
a strip of shore 160 feet broad was exposed; at Pomoriye
FIGURE III - 1
28?
Caldaera
Emine
Nesebr
stasiya
Sozop' ol
isareuo
.Akhtopol
27? 28?
30P
43
42?
29? 30?
BULGARIA. Location of major places mentioned in Topic No. 31.
the water fell about three feet and receded about 30 feet
from shore. At Sozopol the drop was more than three feet
and the recession was 50 feet leaving the piers dry. At Burgaz
the water level, on January 25, first dropped 80 cm. (2.6 feet)
from 0600 to 0845, after which it rose 125 cm. (4.1 feet) in
the next one and one-half hours. In the following one and
one-half hours it fell 115 cm. (3.8 feet). Succeeding oscilla-
tions became progressively smaller.
(b) Seasonal changes. Because of the seasonal influx from
the rivers, the level of the Black Sea undergoes a seasonal
variation of one-half foot to one foot, reaching its maximum
height in May to July and minimum in October to December.
Usually from April to August, inclusive, the level is higher
than the mean for the year and from September to March it
is lower, the rise being most marked from April to May,
and the fall from August to September.
(c) Annual changes. From year to year the mean annual
sea level fluctuates over the very small range of about 2.2
inches.
B. Tidal currents.
Like the tide, the tidal currents along the coast of Bulgaria
are negligible.
C. Non-tidal currents.
(1) Average direction. The general circulation of the
Black Sea consists of two counter-clockwise currents, one in
the eastern basin, the other in the western (Fig. III - 2). The
latter is known as the "Devil" as it flows past the coast of
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OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
Page III - 3
FIGURE III - 2
General non-tidal currents in the Black Sea.
Bulgaria in a southerly direction, some five to ten miles off-
shore, with a width of roughly six to ten miles, and with a
depth of 19 fathoms. Below this depth little current is to
be expected.
(2) Velocity. The usual velocity of the current is 0.5 knot.
This value may be increased to slightly over one knot by
northerly winds or during the period of run-off of the spring
floods in the large rivers in the northern portion of the
Black Sea.
(3) Effect of wind from different directions. Winds exert a
considerable influence on the direction as well as the velocity
of the current. On a passage from Burgaz to Istanbul, it has
been reported "that with a moderate gale from north-north-
east, an unmistakable set on to the coast and to the southward
was experienced, amounting at first to only one-half knot,
but getting stronger as the wind increased," this current -was
such as might have caused the loss of vessels had the lights
not been seen. With calms and light southerly winds, no
current was experienced, which appears to point to the fact
?that the currents are greatly influenced by the prevailing wind.
Between the coast and the current of the Devil, there is
apparently at times, a northerly set of about 0.3 to 0.5 knot
as far north as the Gulf of Cavarna (Figure III - 2). In all
probability this is to be expected with a wind of several
days' duration from a southerly direction.
(4) Currents in Gulf of Varna. It is likely that a small
counter-clockwise eddy exists within the Gulf of Varna.
Thus, organic debris from the slaughterhouse on the western
shore is carried along the southern coast, resulting in an un-
usually luxuriant bed of eel-grass which extends toward
Galata, the easternmost point on the southern shore (Fig-
ure III - 14).
D. Sea and swell.
(1) Character. Empirical data on surf conditions along
the Bulgarian coast are not available. Consequently, the
character of surf on different beaches must be estimated from
a knowledge of variations in sea state and swell on the open
sea combined with information concerning the configuration
of the coast, the slope of the bottom near the coast and the
orientation of the coast line relative to the direction from
which the waves come.
The amount of sea, that is the height and character of
waves in the open sea caused by local winds, depends mainly
upon wind velocity, the length of time the wind has been
blowing and the area of open sea over which it has blown
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OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Jflientia
FIGURE III - 3
JANUARY
APRIL
JU LY
OCTOBER
FEBRUARY
MAY
AUGUST
NOVEMBER
MARCH
JUNE
SEPTEMBER
DECEMBER
0 10 20 30 40 50%
I I 1 I 1 Iii
7 8-12
----E111115 6
LEGEND
THE ARROWS FLY WITH THE WIND
SCALE OF PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY
(FROM PERIPHERY OF CIRCLE)
_FORCE OF WIND (BEAUFORT)
UPPER FIGURE INDICATES NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS
MIDDLE FIGURE INDICATES PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF VARIABLE WINDS
LOWER FIGURE INDICATES PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF CALMS
WIND ROSES FOR THE BLACK SEA AREA WEST OF 300 EAST LONGITUDE
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OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
Page III- 5
20
18
16
14
LU
LU
Li.. 12
MIC:1
Iiix
W8
.4>
6
4
2
0
FIGURE III - 4
From wind
From ship
force
observations
values
and fetch
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
4
---
--
Average
/
/
/
/
/
/
/.
/
/
/.
.
/
I.
I.
/
I.
7.
7
y'
.
,.
/
/
.
/
/7
/
/
.?
_?
.. VT?
--
...-
,/.
.0- ....
0 I 2 3 4 5 6
BEAUFORT WIND FORCES
Relationship between Wind Force and Wave Height in
the Western Black Sea.
(fetch). The swell represents the waves caused by past winds
or winds at a distance.
(2) Relationship between wind force and sea state. A defi-
nite average relationship exists between wind force and sea
state in the Black Sea. For the Bulgarian coast, this rela-
tionship as shown by the solid line in Figure III - 4, is the
mean of values of wave heights obtained (1) by calculation
from wind data assuming a fetch of 100 miles for winds from
N through W to SE, and a fetch of 200 miles for winds
from NE and E, and (2) by analysis of ship observations of
concurrent wind and sea. Table III - 1 gives the average wave
height values, the approximate wave height limits for each
wind force as shown by Figure III - 4, and the estimated
length, period and velocity for waves of these average heights.
It is evident that short, steep waves of short period are char-
acteristic of the western Black Sea.
TABLE III - 1
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WIND FORCE AND WAVE
HEIGHT IN THE WESTERN BLACK SEA, AND
APPROXIMATE WAVE CHARACTERISTICS
APPROXIMATE AVERAGE WAVE
WINDS
BEAUFORT
FORCE
WAVE HEIGHTS
AVERAGE LIMITS
(FEET) (FEET)
LENGTH
(FEET)
CHARACTERISTICS
PERIOD
(SECONDS)
VELOCITY
(KNOTS)
1-3
2
0.5-4
20
2
6
4
5
4-6
80
4
12
5, 6
9
6-12
180
6
18
7
13
12-15
260
7
21
>7
>15*
>300
>8
>24
*Estimated from wind data only.
(3) Percentage frequency of different states of sea by
months. Application of these average wave heights to the
percentage frequencies of the various wind forces shown in
Figure III - 3 gives the frequencies of wave heights by months
indicated in Figure III - 5.
FIGURE III- 5
PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF .WAVE HEIGHTS IN THE
WESTERN BLACK SEA
100
..Ng ?
./1111.
m/N
2
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
APPROXIMATE WAVE HEIGHTS IN FEET
0-0.5
0 5 - 4
4-6 4,I2-l5
6-12 [E759 >15
20
40
80
100
(4) Sea direction. Because of the configuration of the Bul-
garian coastline, only NE, E, and SE winds are likely to
cause troublesome seas near the shore. Consequently, the per-
centage frequency for each month of these winds in the open
sea?a good indication of waves from these directions?and
the average wave heights which may be expected to accom-
pany them are shown in Table III -2. The table shows clearly
that rough and high seas may be expected to approach the
shore predominantly from the northeast.
TABLE III - 2
PERCENTAGE FREQUENCIES OF WIND FORCES
AND ESTIMATED AVERAGE WAVE HEIGHTS
IN FEET FROM NE., E., AND SE.
WAVE HEIGHTS
WIND FORCE
0.5-4
1-5
4-6 6-12
4 5, 6
JANUARY
12-15
7
>15
8-12
Sums
NE
3
4 10
2
19
E.
2
2
4
SE
5
2
7
SUMS
10
4 14
2
30
FEBRUARY
NE
8
3 7
3
2
23
E
3
2 4
9
SE
3
?
3
SUMS
14
5 11
3
2
35
MARCH
NE
14
4 5
4
27
E
5
2 1
?
8
SE
1
? ?
?
1
SUMS
20
6 6
4
36
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OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES itraws**i
WAVE HEIGHTS
WIND FORCE
0.5-4
1-3
4-6 6-12
4 5, 6
APRIL
12-15
7
>15
8-12
Sums
NE
10
5 12
2
29
10
2 3
2
17
SE
5
2
7
SUMS
25
9 15
4
53
MAY
NE
7
6 2
15
E
11
4 2
17
SE
8
?
8
SUMS
26
10 4
40
JUNE
NE
8
3 2
13
10
2 1
13
SE
2
2
4
SUMS
20
7 3
30
JULY
NE
14
12 12
38
E
11
3 2
16
SE
5
?
?
5
SUMS
30
15 14
59
AUGUST
NE
18
12 12
2
44
E
7
5 5
17
SE
2
1 1
4
SUMS
27
18 18
2
65
SEPTEMBER
NE
17
9 6
32
E
10
3 4
17
SE
7
2
?
9
SUMS
34
12 12
58
OCTOBER
NE
12
7 5
2
26
E
13
2 2
17
SE
4
?
?
5
SUMS
29
9 7
2
47
NOVEMBER
NE
3
4 10
2
1
20
E
7
5 3
15
SE
7
2 2
?
11
SUMS
17
11 15
2
1
46
DECEMBER
NE.
7
6 10
1
2
26
E
5
3 1
9
SE
7
2
?
?
9
SUMS
19
11 11
1
2
44
CUMULATIVE PERCENT
FIGURE III - 6
THE PERCENTAGE OF VARIOUS STATES OF SEA ALONG THE
BULGARIAN COAST
70
so
50
40
30
20
10
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov, Dec.
APPROXIMATE WAVE HEIGHT IN FEET
E7.0 0.5-4 4-6
gitta 6 -12 ffA 12-15 UM >15
10 C
20 r-
30 -,??
40
50
rTl0
60
70
The monthly sums of the table are represented in Figure
III - 6 which shows that at the coast throughout the year calm
or slight surf may be expected to occur on at least twenty
days in each month, rough seas are least frequent during May
and June, and high seas are limited almost entirely from
October through April.
Along the coast, easterly onshore breezes (not shown in
Table III - 2) prevail during spring and summer afternoons.
These give rise to slight seas from the east near shore.
(5) Frequency and character of swell. Ship's observations
for March and wind data for several other months indicate
that NE swells three to six feet high occur about five per
cent of the time during the summer months and ten to 20
per cent of the time during the winter. These swells will have
a period of about six seconds and a wave length of 200 feet
or less. In November, an easterly swell six to ten or more feet
in height may be present ten per cent of the time, due to
strong easterly winds in the eastern half of the Black Sea.
The wave length of this easterly swell will be from 100 to
200 yards and the period from eight to 12 seconds.
(6) Duration and occurrence of sea and swell. Uncertain
and variable winds are characteristic of the western Black Sea;
the character of the sea and the swell thus change rapidly in
intensity and duration with the changing winds. From Octo-
ber to April atmospheric low pressure areas frequently pass
eastward across the sea. These are preceded by strong south-
erly or southeasterly winds, sometimes reaching gale force,
but usually of short duration, which create a short, trouble-
some sea. In the rear of these depressions strong winds set in
from the northwest. These are likely to shift to the northeast.
The shift of wind is usually heralded by a swell from the
northeast. After the passage of the depression, the northeast
wind may blow strong for two or three days with an accom-
panying persistent heavy sea. The infrequent passage of low
pressure areas in summer does not usually result in strong,
persistent winds but rather in thunderstorms and local squalls
which give rise to short, choppy seas. In late summer during
about three days in each month the prevailing northeasterly
winds increase to force five or six with an accompanying rise
in the sea state. As shown in Table III - 2, however, wind
forces greater than six and wave heights greater than 12 feet
only rarely occur in summer.
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OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
Page III-7
FIGURE III - 7
MONTHLY SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE
COAST OF BULGARIA (42?-44?N., 28?-
From ships observations (1900-1914) and Russian expeditions (1923-1926)
Fahrenheit
85?
80?
75?
?1\s
a 1
1
70?
,e,e/1
---irIT--month
65?
/
$/./ . cs
60?..-+,/
4, ,
,
47
ko,/
55?
c"'/-E;/--
.$)'
/
0, 4:
,v-',
bi
50?
45?
40?
diV
V
35?/
30?
Fahrenheit
Jan. Feb. Mar.
From continuous
April
daily
May
observations
June
SOZOPOL
July
over
Aug. Sept.
BAY
a two year
Oct. Nov. Dec.
period (1933- 1934)
85?
80?
, IN
month
.75?
o
70?
.zi
43..
F
Vil
65?
e
?
60?
a
v.,
S
50?
A :1
4
?C''
'
e
b
e
,.-
45?
?
40?
\,cis
35?
30?
Jon. Feb. Mar, April May June July Aug. Sept.
VARNA BAY
From continuous doily observations over a five year
Fahrenheit
Oct. Nov. Dec.
period (1933 ? 1937)
85
ri
\?Ic\
at
80?
75?
.
I
70?
b
*9\
0,)
65?
/
-, \
60?
4'
/
4'
.a.
\
55?
-----------'
--'//
,A,
a-
V
50?
///
/
/
N
\
Sc
45?
4"
?
lCs
- ---
\
40?
'35?
//
/
Oks1 ?
se,
30?
,,.
Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
E. General discussion of hydrographic factors.
(1) Application of temperature and salinity data. Surface
and subsurface temperature and salinity gradients in the open
sea determine the paths of sound rays and so delimit the
effectiveness of underwater sound-ranging equipment. Famil-
iarity with these conditions will therefore aid a submarine in
avoiding detection by diving to a certain depth, and it will
conversely inform surface vessels concerning ranges and depths
at which enemy submarines are likely to be encountered. A
knowledge of vertical density gradients due to temperature
and salinity distribution may also allow a submarine to
determine how much ballast must be pumped out or flooded
in during a dive, and whether or not balancing is possible at
mid-depths. The annual variation of surface water tempera-
ture when combined with synoptic meteorological data is
useful in fog and other weather forecasting. In coastal areas,
extremes of water temperature affecting the performance of
personnel and equipment, and the presence or absence of ice,
must be taken into account in planning amphibious opera-
tions. Likewise low salinities in coastal regions near river
mouths may be important in water circulatory systems and
in electrical systems when the conductivity of sea water
is utilized.
(2) Stability of hydrographic conditions in the Black Sea.
Hydrographic conditions are sufficiently stable and fluctuate
seasonally with such regularity that approximate average
situations can be predicted whenever adequate data are
available.
(3) Local hydrographic factors. Certain factors in the Black
Sea are different from those in the open ocean. In a partially
enclosed basin such as this, seasonal temperature changes
near the surface are relatively large, whereas at depths greater
than about 300 feet the temperature is nearly uniform through-
out the area and from season to season; this leads to marked
temperature gradients during certain seasons. The surface of
the Black Sea is nowhere much more than half as salty as the
open ocean. There is a definite increase in salinity with depth,
however, and this factor is important in determining accu-
rate sound ranges and buoyancy conditions.
F. Surface and subsurface temperatures.
(1) Seasonal variation of surface temperature.
(a) Horizontal distribution and temperature range. Figure
III - 7 shows the annual variation of the surface temperatures
in the open sea off the coast of Bulgaria. In addition to mean
monthly temperatures, the maximum and minimum tempera-
tures observed during each month are shown. The average
temperature varies from 42? F. in February to 74? F. in
August, and annual range of 32? F. On any given, day, the
sea surface temperature may be from 6? to 10? F. higher or
lower than the mean monthly values.
Surface temperatures at Sozopol and in Varna Bay are also
shown on Figure III - 7. In winter the mean surface tempera-
ture at these coastal points is nearly 5? F. lower than in the
offshore waters, but in summer there is little variation
between the three localities. In Varna Bay the temperature
on any one day may be higher or lower than the mean by
10? F. in winter and over 20? F. in summer. At Sozopol,
which is much less protected, the departures from the mean
values are like those in the open sea; this is apparent when
observations for the same years both at Sozopol and in Varna
Bay are compared.
(b) Ice. Although northern Black Sea ports are fre-
quently frozen over during the winter months, shipping is
not troubled by ice in the southwestern Black Sea, along the
coast of Bulgaria.
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Page III - 8 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
41011eMil
(c) Relationship between sea and air temperatures. The cor-
relation between mean temperatures of the sea surface and
those of the air is shown in Figure III - 7. From March
through July, which is the season when fogs are most preva-
lent in this region, the air averages from 1? to 2? F. warmer
than the water. During the remainder of the year the surface
of the sea is on the average 2? to 8? F. warmer than the air.
At any particular time throughout the year, however, the
air may be either colder or warmer than the water, depending
on the direction of the wind.
(d) Factors controlling surface temperature. Along the west-
ern shores of the Black Sea the variations in sea surface
temperature are associated with wind force and direction.
DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
030?
? 40500
600 70? 80? 90?
11
100
150
Lu
CI 200
250
o30?
February
50
100
2 150
a.
Lu
200
250
DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
4r. 5,0 61? 70? 80?
August
90?
BULGARIA Variation with depth
After a strong offshore wind has blown for some time, the
warm surface water is blown away from shore and is replaced
by cold water upwelling from the depths. This phenomenon
is especially conspicuous along the Rumanian coast, but it
probably exists also off Bulgaria. Near Constanta on July 15,
1932, the sea surface temperature was 73.4? F.; the following
day, after a strong westerly wind, it had dropped to 53.6? F.
This upwelling water, which is known to the local fisher-
men as the -glacial current,- is more saline than the warm
surface water which it replaces. It often has an odor of
hydrogen sulfide and is particularly destructive to the warmer
water fishes. During calms or light breezes in summer, the
surface waters become rapidly warmer, especially in protected
areas near shore, as at Varna (Figure III - 7).
(e) Occurrence of fog. Fog at Varna is most common during
the fall and winter (three to four days each month) and is
chiefly radiational in character (Chapter IV). On the open
Black Sea, however, along the Bulgarian coast, fogs occur
most commonly in spring when warm, moist westerly or
northwesterly winds are cooled at the base by contact with
the cold sea water. Fogs are most frequent in May (about three
days per month) and are rarest in August. During summer,
however, occasional heavy -white fogs- come on, at times
with great rapidity, in calm weather. These fogs are irregular
in character, sometimes rising off the surface or clearing away
altogether for a few moments.
Cold northeasterly winds in winter bring clear skies, but
after prolonged light winds from this direction a low thick
haze develops along the Bulgarian coast.
FIGURE III - 8
DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
30? 40? 50? 60? 70? 80? 90?
Lu
50
Ui 1111111111L111111111111111 li
1"911111111
Almmomm0111111 111111111
mumumiiir MINI II
LI- 1 00 IIIIIIIMINIMMEMENII NM MUMMA
I?
Z ::::::::::::::::::::::1111
1111111111IIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIII
a. mommommmommummormummimml
............mmom ..m.mm 11.1
01 200 Enialiiiill ?11 milli
1
11011:11111111111111111111111
? MaY ISIMM19??? ? AMEN
???????????? mEmoim??? ?
150
250
030?
50
Lu
u_w
100
CI 200
250
of mean temperatures in the open sea.
(2) Variation of temperature with depth. The variations
with depth of the mean temperatures in the open sea during
each season are shown in Figure III - 8. In depths greater
than 300 feet, the temperature is practically constant through-
out the year, ranging from 47? F. at 300 feet to 47.5? F. at
600 feet. In February and March the water column is roughly
isothermal to a depth of 600 feet, although it is coldest at
the surface. In May the surface layer begins to warm up and
a slight negative gradient (temperature decreasing with in-
creasing depth) is produced to a depth of 150 feet. In June
this gradient increases in extent and sharpness above 100 feet
and reaches a maximum in July and August when there may
also appear a subsurface layer of nearly isothermal water to
a depth of 20 feet. With decrease of the gradient in the
fall, the isothermal layer increases in depth, reaching a maxi-
mum of 100 feet or more in November. Temperature gradients
DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
40? 50? 60? 70? 80?
9CP
November
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OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Page III -9
FIGURE III- 9
27? 28? 29? 30? 1? 32? 33? 34?
,
\b?
611
r
1
.1011401111111111
NH
i'
460
, )
,.,
d
e
?6.0?
4
450
4 ?
i
PC 6
1
' s..?.....
\
..----- .
',...
0?
(
43?
43?
2?
4
k
1---
41
29? 30? 31? 3 ? 33? 3 ? 35?
SURFACE SALINITY
(Parts per Thousand)
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Page III - 10 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
o'?7dential
are sharper and closer to the surface in shallow water. In
winter there may be a pronounced positive gradient near the
coast during periods of rapid surface cooling.
G. Surface and subsurface salinity.
(I) Seasonal variation of surface salinity.
(a) Horizontal distribution. The general distribution of
surface salinities in the western Black Sea is shown in Figure
III - 9. Salinities at the surface vary from .a minimum of 2.68
parts per thousand near the northwestern shore to a maximum
of 19.61 parts per thousand south of the Crimea. Although
there is considerable variation from one station to another,
no definite seasonal distribution is apparent in the offshore
waters.
(b) Salinity range. Along the Bulgarian coast, the salinity
of the surface water is similar to that of the open sea, except
near the rivers where the values may be slightly to very
appreciably lower, depending upon the runoff from the river
and the wind direction and force. In Varna Bay, during
periods of river floods, the surface salinity south of the break-
water within a few hundred yards of the canal leading from
Lake Varnensko may be as low as ten parts per thousand.
This effect is not noticed along the north shore of the bay,
which is protected by the breakwater from the influence of
the inflowing fresh water. Elsewhere in the bay, the surface
salinity is never less than fourteen parts per thousand and it
usually varies between sixteen and eighteen parts per thou-
sand. It is probable that similar low salinities are found during
floods at the head of Burgaz Bay.
Strong west and northwest winds in winter may carry
much of the coastal surface water out into the open sea with
a resultant upwelling of deeper, more saline water; the salin-
ity may therefore become greater than 18.00 parts per thou-
sand for variable lengths of time in winter depending upon
the strength of these westerly winds.
The variation in surface salinity in Varna Bay for ten-day
periods throughout the year is shown in Figure III - 10. Dur-
SALINITY (Parts par Thousand)
20
19
FIGURE III - 10
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, AND MEAN SALINITY AT THE SURFACE OF
VARNA BAY
FOR EACH TEN DAY PERIOD DURING 1938
14
Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
ing a single day, the surface salinity may vary by as much as
three parts per thousand.
(c) Electrical conductivity. The specific electrical conduc-
tivity of the surface water at Varna, computed from the
minimum and maximum temperature and salinity values,
varies from 0.017 to 0.032 reciprocal ohms per cubic centi-
meter in summer and from 0.013 to 0.022 reciprocal ohms per
cubic centimeter in winter.
(2) Variations of salinity with depth. The subsurface wa-
ters increase in salinity with depth as shown in Figure III - 11.
FIGURE III - 11
SALINITY (Parts per Thousand)
7 18 19 20 21 22
0
100
200
LU
300
a.
400
500
600
VARIATION WITH DEPTH OF THE MEAN
SALINITY OF THE WESTERN
BLACK SEA
At 150 feet, the mean values range from 18.10 parts per thou-
sand along the edge of the shelf which makes up the floor
of the northwestern part of the sea to 18.50 parts per thousand
south of the Crimea. At 300 feet, there is a similar pattern
with mean values of 19.00 parts per thousand to 20.50 parts
per thousand.
H. Density.
(I) Variation of density with depth. Everywhere in the
ocean the density of the water must be either constant or
increase with depth, but the rate of increase depends on the
vertical distribution of temperature and salinity. Both tem-
perature and salinity gradients produce a marked effect on the
density distribution in the Black Sea, and these gradients do
not always coincide in depth. A density gradient of about
0.001 per hundred feet always exists in this area between 200
and 300 feet because of the salinity. In summer another and
much sharper density gradient develops at depths less than
100 feet because of the combined effect of temperature and
salinity (Figure III - 12).
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Page 111 - 11
1.008 1.010
0
100
X 150
Lu
C) 200
250
DENSITY
1.012 1014 1.016 1.018 1.020
February
?
DENSITY
1.008 1.010 1.012 1.014
0
50
Lu
Lu
100
X 150
August
1.016
1.018 1.020
1.008 .010
0
1? 50
LU
100
,Z
X 150
1?
a..
LU
C) 200
250
1.008 1.010
0
I? 50
Lu
LU
IL
100
X 150
250 250
BULGARIA. Variation of density with depth by seasons.
80.000
701000
60,000
8 20,000
o.
40,000
DENSITY FIGURE III - 1 2
1.012 1.014 .016 .018 1.020
DENSITY
1.012 1.014 1.016
1.018 1.020
November
T
FIGURE III - 13
80,000
cLI 30,000
20,000
10,000
.005
.010 1.0 I 5 .0201
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
BULGARIA. Buoyant effect of water of different density upon a
submerged submarine of 2,400 tons displacement.
(2) Use of density gradients by submarines. The density
gradient is sufficiently well marked in midsummer to allow a
submarine to balance in neutral trim with its motors stopped
at periscope depth in July and August. In September, October,
and November this gradient is somewhat deeper and less
sharp; it is probable that a submarine can balance during
these months at keel depths of from 120 to 170 feet. From
December through May balancing will be doubtful, and not
until June will it again become probable.
With the aid of Figure III - 13, a submarine of 2,400 tons
submerged displacement wishing to dive from one depth to
another may calculate the ballast adjustment necessary to
compensate for the vertical density gradients by using the
density values at the depth for a particular season given in
Figure III - 12. Submarines of other tonnages should multiply
the value obtained in this manner by the ratio of their own
submerged displacement to 2,400 tons.
I. Bottom sediments.
(I) Characteristics of sediment types. A knowledge of the
distribution of the bottom sediments over the continental
shelf is important in predicting underwater sound conditions,
in mine warfare, and in planning landing operations.
Data on bottom sediments for the coast of Bulgaria are
unfortunately particularly scanty, but a fair estimate may be
made from geologic and hydrographic reports and charts.
The characteristics of the types of sediments found along
the Bulgarian coast are given in Table III -3.
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Page HI - 12 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
TABLE III - 3
BULGARIA, CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF
SEDIMENTS ALONG COAST
Ti' OF BOTTOM
Sand. Firm relatively
smooth bottom, shells and
washed gravel included.
Sand and mud. Relatively
firm, smooth bottom, in-
cluding firm clay.
Mud. Soft, smooth bot-
tom.
Rocky. Rough broken bot-
tom, including bedrock
outcrops and areas cov-
ered by boulders.
EFFECTS ON SOUND RANGING
CONDITIONS WIIBN TEMPERATURE SUITABILITY FOR
GRADIENTS ARE NEGATIVE MINE FIELDS
Long extension of range Good.
commonly obtained.
Moderate extension of Good.
range.
Sound commonly ab-
sorbed, little extension
possible.
Strong reverberations
tend to mask echoes.
Extension of range un-
likely with either echo
ranging on listening.
Poor. Ground
mines may
sink in mud.
Poor. Strong
currents to be
expected.
(2) Horizontal distribution. Along the open coast, the bot-
tom out to about 30 Or 40 fathoms over the shelf is sand and
mud with some areas of sand. The greatest depth where sand
and mud occurs in the Black Sea is at a depth of 58 fathoms
opposite to the opening of the Bosporus, the sand being
transported there by the inflowing undercurrent. More or
less clean sands such as are found along the Atlantic coast
of the United States are confined to depths less than five
fathoms. Extensive banks of mussels, oysters, and scallops
are found in the sand zones and there is a considerable admix-
ture of mussel shells in the sand and mud sediments. Off the
headlands, hard, rough rocky bottom is probably to be found
even when not noted on the chart.
On the navigational charts (B.A. charts 2230, 2399 and
2285), mud occurs frequently within the 30 to 40 fathom
curve, but in all probability the deposit has a considerable
admixture of sand and shell and behaves acoustically and in
other ways like a firm sand and mud bottom as defined above.
The firm sediments combined with the level sea bottom
should give good sound ranging conditions in shallow water.
From the 40-fathom zone out to 100 fathoms, the bottom
material becomes softer and hence the classification mud (as
defined above) is justified. This mud is described as being
dark blue-black in color when freshly collected and contains
a considerable amount of shelly material.
The harbors and bays, as well as the shelf, show a firm
sand and mud bottom with occasional rocky patches and shoals
(see accompanying charts, for Burgaz Bay, Varna Bay, and
the area wstward. from Nesebr).
In Varna Bay, where the information appears to be quite
detailed and reliable, mixtures of sand and gravel (classified
as sand) occur around the periphery of the bay, while in the
open bay, there is a fine ash-gray clay (Fig. III-14).
In the Gulf of Burgaz, an equally reliable, but less detailed
report of the distribution of the ash-gray clay exists. In both
cases, this material is of a firm clayey consistency and has
therefore been classified as sand and mud on the accompany-
ing charts (Figures III - 15 and III - 16).
(3) Mines. The distribution of bottom sediments is such
that the entire Bulgarian coastline between ten and 100
fathoms is suitable for defensive moored mines. The most
probable location of plants would be the outer approaches to
harbors or at minimum distances of two to three miles off
possible landing beaches along the coast.
J. Acoustic conditions.
(I) Seasonal variation. Good conditions for echo ranging
by surface ships on submarines (assured range greater than
2,500 yards) prevail during the winter months, as shown in
Figure III - 17. However, false echoes and high reverberation
may be obtained at a range of about 3,000 yards due to a
concentration of sound reflected from the sea surface. Such
false echoes may be distinguished from a submarine echo by
the fact that they occur, all around the horizon and exhibit
no doppler effect. In spring, conditions for sound ranging
become increasingly less favorable, and in late spring and
early summer poor to bad echo ranges (assured range from
1,500 to less than 750 yards) will prevail in deep water (see
Figure III - 17), unless winds of force four or more mix the
subsurface layer. In late summer (see Figure III - 17), ranges
will be poor to fair (assured range from 750 to 2,500 yards)
depending upon the wind. Light winds and poor echo ranges
occur 50 to 60 per cent of the time; wind forces of three or
four will produce fair conditions during 20 per cent of the
time; and winds of force five or more will cause fair to poor
conditions 15 to 20 per cent of the time. In summer, during
periods of calms or light breeze, acoustic conditions will be
worse during the hours from 1200 to 2200 than during the
remainder of the day because of the -afternoon effect."
Listening ranges in deep water will be less than 2,000 yards
in late spring and early summer and will not exceed 4,000
yards in late summer. In the fall, listening and echo ranging
(Figure III - 17), conditions will improve rather rapidly in
the upper 50 to 100 feet. During summer, echo ranges will
probably be extended in water from 50 to 250 feet deep because
of reflection from the firm sand and mud bottom. Reverbera-
tions from rocky bottom will not be encountered in depths
greater than 50 feet, and will be unusual even near the coast.
The marked salinity gradient in the Black Sea must be
taken in precise calculations of sound ray paths, but it has
little practical effect on either echo ranging or listening.
(2) Variation with depth. Because of the pronounced
-layer effect- in summer, a submarine, by submerging be-
low 50 feet will gain protection from echo ranging detection
during that season. This layering is even more pronounced
in shallow water than it is away from the coast; a submarine
can therefore probably best avoid detection by resting on the
bottom. By September the thermocline has started down-
ward, and by November a submarine would need to submerge
to 150 feet to avoid echo-ranging surface vessels.
(3) Background noise. None of the noise-making animals,
which interfere with the use of listening devices in certain
areas, occur in the Black Sea. However, fish feeding on the
abundant molluscan fauna in shallow water might produce a
high background noise level. In offshore waters the abundant
schools of mackerel and shad, as well as the three species of
Black Sea porpoises, may make noises which would occasion-
ally be misleading to sound operators.
K. Transparency and color of water.
(1) Transparency. Although considerable Russian data
exist on transparency of the Black Sea, these data are appar-
ently not available in the United States. The scanty evidence
on hand indicate, however, that the waters of the western
Black Sea are never very clear and that the transparency is
particularly low in spring during periods of floods in the
Danube and in the other major rivers entering the sea along
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Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
GULF OF VA
BOTTOM SEDIME
Depth in Fathorr
Villa
Min. Sta
0/
.......... .....
Mud
Slaughter
House
6
Mud
? .
? .4 :0''''?'?????.. 0 ? o
? . go?liPo..0? . P .....1??? ? 0. 0;2 .0 ? 0
4. ? . ? ? ?
A A . A; ? ? x'-..'
?--_-.-=--
,' ) .. c\_) ,
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::-7--- if ilti4
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- - - ) / - . _ _ ,'''..-4----
or ' ....- ---
4c. A, ,
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,...,
. .
..--
,-, ,-.
....7. ,.., .,!-..r
? orkir, .1spy ? r 4
Sand, beach 4
les loos], 250
t
..
.,_,... .,? ..
.. 0..,,...._.
_,,,-.___ ,_... ..i'A,,
,..?,..,..
/ : v.

...
. ? 4 r,/
feet wide,:bac
ForeshorefIrm;
by dunes.
oderateslope.
i.:1
- -.' AVEE
''?:
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V
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, ?.____
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-?,?,-,,--,----,, ,
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I-101
1 I ----di 2
)
.9
;eau zeilmig
'g:
z ? ??
:14)
(eds) , ea pi J
nuou 7"Pclo
illgWd-/C
r
24 Fr T \
, _.)
7 -7?:_-. ,,....- .
Oil" ailjtal
LViki, .1,:frotigal
1 bV C4V tsti
.ty,' 44.14V?060e%
T.i(0.4..6.44,,,,le-51?\4?.
V.
alellaq
t?MkCYLU Y.)
soS /
001,40)/3 .geo) lq!lo,A Ilisieq!H
IS ' .1. ttlf Wiadt,9rid?
%so A '
A
012, \_ 1.
t
,
,....z.N,
(sulcIs3) IcIII0)1
i0>I -
,I
.. ? }-.
\,,s' .
I s . .,, /
Avn RN
I
' .. _
VAVA
, . ..
? ''' 1
''...?
--...., ,..
"30'
:' i'') Ovit,COS).`71:\.
'
-437347)
)1
1
? 42 .
!I' .. A
.: ' If
?NSA 0
11
, i i ; ?
SI,.
. e 14'
..?...-.
, ? . .
/ . u ? .
i' s? ?.
? , ?v
.'? .v.
,
i
:',
? v
?.-V
': .
1
, ii
6 i
1, I I
..:
.i.v;:-..
.!-J- v,
, i....v
, , ? .,;;, virptaocIF
peal JeJ
A401
itija ? 40/1h
'...1
.zi g e
oggza.4
g-011d140q
?
0
li il

041eilifr/ \'?.,
..' AA .
1
.
I ? ?
?
b4,k , ,?
atiAlis '
---?
wiliiivillit,
, ,,
, I ii f: _._,
- ?ri
?
. '1,qty
,,..,;\
CG'
^
" ? '.. .> ?,:._ ,
4, ?, .4?,.\
(It
\ -i -.-_-
.1i.
----,
t ,
i 1
,,, It094/-
; Ico,A-a
A
\ . /
?
iti -
1
-\- ?111.
..."?\ ;;:. ! , 1. ,
? 1.
-? .
\\
?????
. ,

/
?
......,-,.
0....,/co,m-seuei.
-.1..1
ipprrei
......
. .
e v ., .
A.
... ,- - II 1 If nip
'
_
Ce
_,,_ ,
_?qi-A-
..,
1
W-JI
A
? , ?
Ifaill. A.'\
.''' ?,..?0: i&ell!
' 001 6.1 'I 46117.
.
'''',:?1
IP: ? N:
COMPILED BY BEACH
?
\ '' .1
EROSION
1
BURGAZ
BOARD-
"nol? \
.. , \ , \
CORPS Or ENGINEERS. U.
-
''\
S..ARMY
,i
17., .:
?????? -
1
!in ?
Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
e
lodoz.
qir fflh?
4s0,1 iodozos
stt,OttOCO3
iltirOyg
niU4V4S,.F0
0 IldM.WO
SON I) IN
a1e3) J!Pososli LIN
70c1OZOS
1- A- 237 rrrr
-
/Is 7/Anv
trtlar/L
(ade0)'eXls
Wreck
ammomem
Four sandy
feel wide.
strafe slope.
'0
wo sma I pocket
beaches. I
CONVERSION
GRAPH
Meters Feet
3.000
1 0
CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METERS
10.000
0
1-1 1
1000 0
FT1=F1=1-1=1-1.1-
2
2
3 Mdes
3
4 5 Ndometers
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000 Yards
9,000
2.500 4_
8.000
NO
TIDES
7.000
2,000
6,000
2,500 ?E- --
Loco
3,000
-F
-r
^ 2,000
500
5,000
4.00C
SUMMER WINTER
PREVAILING WINDS
WAVES CURRENTS
--- PATH
? ?}.TRACKS AND
UNIMPROVED ROADS
PAVED ROAD
NARROW GAUGE
RAILROAD
LOOSE SAND
AND DUNES
MARSH ,5VVAMP
v ,MEAD.
5,
CULTIVATED FIELDS
'50?y
,r101-1S
QLS:,
ouploS
KO WELLS
Vo SPRINGS
proved For Felease 200
FOUL AREA SHOAL-LEAST DEPTH
IN FEET
/ 8/ :Rbfk-IIMP7901144A000:4(0004c0005-5
SOUNDINGS ARE IN FEET
50
Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
70rii OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
feet wide. A ! small stream discharges into the sea at the
extreme northeastern end of the beach. The foreshore slope is
moderate and the sand is firm. The backshore has a more
gentle slope and is somewhat softer. Surf is generally light,
but when waves are running the surf occurs over a wide belt
with severad lines of breakers. No structures are known on
the beach.
(d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach is
backed by a low, marshy area through which flows a sluggish
stream. The marshy area is surrounded on three sides by
Page III - 61
relatively steep slopes leading to hilly country. The hills are
forested. A road from Sveti Nikola to Burgaz runs along the
southern margin of the marshy area to the shore, and appar-
ently exit may be made from the beach to this road. A
branch of this road leads northeastward and joins with
another running along the shore.
(22) Chingani Bay-C. (Figure III - 26.) Reliability fair.
(a) Location and extent. At the head of Chingani Bay is a
small, sandy beach about IA mile long, with its center at
latitude 42? 25' 40" N., longitude 27? 30' 45" E.
64
FIGURE III - 27
78
t. I6s,
'59 82
4
.18
2.8
???111
11
sz N1,
9,
A. 8,
9, ...
76
YU.
4 / 7 \
4,
82 a s.,
92',
78 821 i 4
14 B URGAZ '..REEF -"??'' ;.
779
118
32
4, 5 !&
716.
46
5 5
5,
5
.55
DREDGED T0.-,1
7?METERS.
4'4 (LESS REPORTEDI.!
1932)
73 78 '8,\8,
6.9 v
5
5,
6,
.5 5,
59
59
6
4
es4 6
73 Z7 73
69
69
64
6g 78,
4f6
53
!4,
32.1
\
7
.5
78
63
78
78
8,
78
8x
73
98
28, 78 78
BURGAZ
78
87
8,
BAY
9,
5,1
a,
87 87
78
87
go 178
a,
87
go 96
9,
.96
8,
73 82
9/
gg
9, a,
Sd,
7, 78 8, 8,
POROS BAY
73 78
78
10
9.
? 6
/
73
87 L'' 82 8r .... 10, ...
....
87 73 .
76 .
9, /
(4 / 4' 99 .... / 77
e. ..., ?
517
\ Kr
87
rt,
' lig 84f 10
78 t 5 -
96 0
-81i.105a 11
ge
.. 10 a
878, \7 87 821 .... 77 ng
87 Fly!
14, 17
11.1
.9, 96
71
as
..
11 CR
.140
10
5 .?&I
.4?
117
la;
11
70,
11
los
11
T1
10,
11
70s
17,
a,
11
77
77
11
70
17,
11
78
451,,
71
178
716
119
779
116
119
778
128
778
126
84
128
a.
119
CONVERSION
TABLE
Meters Feet
3,000
2,500
2,000
-=
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
1,500
6,000
5,000
-=
4,000
1,000
3,000
_=
500
1,000
2,000
REPRODUCED PROM GERMAN HYDRO. CHART 1114--ED. 1934 (SCALED 20,000)
BULGARIA. Port plan of Burgaz showing approach to Poros (Foros) Bay beach.
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Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
Page III - 62 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
(b) Nearshore. The approach to the beach is clear of
hazards. The bottom slope is fairly gentle. The 30-foot depth
line lies about one mile from shore., The 18-foot depth line
is aboutIA mile from shore, and depths of about ten feet lie
500 feet from the beach. Some nearshore reefs are found along
the rocky shore northeast of the beach. The beach is exposed
to the north, but it is doubtful that wave action is ever heavy.
The current offshore of the bay moves eastward, but data are
lacking regarding the currents near the beach. There are no
tides.
(c) Landing place. The beach, which is composed of sand,
is about IA mile long and relatively narrow. The sand is
probably fine, becoming increasingly so toward the mouth of
a rivulet on the west which, it is reported, carries considerable
mud into the bay and has formed a bank several hundred
yards from the shore. The surf, which is believed to be very
light, breaks over a wide belt with several lines of breakers.
A landing place, named Chengene Skele is situated on the
beach near sheds and storehouses. There is a well at the east
end of the beach.
(d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach is
backed by hills which rise close behind the shore, but to the
west is a marshy river flood plain extending inland about a
mile, with a lagoon in its center. The hills are covered with
forests, locally cut-over. Exit from the beach is provided by
a highway which runs close to the shore along the eastern
part of the beach, leading westward to Burgaz and eastward
to Sveti Nikola.
(23) Chingani Bay?D. (Figure III - 26.) Reliability fair.
(a) Location and extent. About one mile southeast of Nos
Poros (Foros) is a narrow, sandy beach about A mile long,
its center at latitude 42? 26' 50" N., longitude 27? 29' 20" E.
(b) Nearshore. The approach to the beach is clear of
hazards. The bottom slope is moderate to steep. The 30-foot
depth lies 1,600 feet from shore, and the 18-foot depth line
lies about 500 feet from shore. The beach is exposed to the
northeast. Data are lacking regarding currents near the beach.
There are no tides.
(c) Landing place. The beach is composed of sand, prob-
ably mixed with pebbles. It is M mile long and may locally
be as much as 200 feet wide. Apparently the beach extends
northward for an additional IA mile as a narrow strand at
the base of a bluff, but there is some contradiction in the
source data. The foreshore slope is moderate to steep and the
sand is firm. The surf, which is believed to be light, breaks
over a narrow belt. There is a small pier near the southeastern
end of the beach, near which are the buildings of the
quarantine officer.
(d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The southeastern
part of the beach is backed by a limited plain, inland of which
moderate slopes rise to hilly country. A road runs behind the
beach on this narrow flat, joining the main Burgaz/Sveti
Nikola road to the southeast, and running to Nos Poros on
the northwest. The hill slopes are forested, the lower portions
are cut-over.
(24) Poros Bay. (Figures III - 26 and III - 27.) Reli-
ability fair.
(a) Location and extent. A wide, sand beach four miles
long lies southwest of the port of Burgaz, at the very head
of Burgaz Bay. It begins at latitude 42? 26' 55" N., longitude
27? 27' 45" E., and ends at latitude 42? 29' 15" N., and longi-
asjiliPIPPIFItz/
tude 27? 28' 05" E. The buildings of the town of Burgaz at the
north end of the beach stand on high land overlooking the
shore and serve as a landmark. A light is shown from a
cylindrical tower 28 feet high on the head of the eastern
breakwater in Burgaz harbor one mile east of the north end
of the beach.
(b) Nearshore. The approach to the beach, through a
broad channel, is clear along its southern part, between
Poros Pt. (Nos Foros) and a series of shoals lying south of
the main harbor breakwater. This channel is dominated by
the high land at Poros Pt. and at Burgaz. The 30-foot depth
line lies a little more than a mile from the beach, but the
18-foot depth line lies about 1,200 feet off the shore. The
bottom material is sand. No reefs occur along the beach
proper, but there is a partially submerged wreck offshore near
its southern end. The prevailing winds are from the north-
western quarter in winter and from the northeastern quarter
during summer. Winds from the east bring on a heavy swell.
Wave action is usually light. Data on currents are scarce, but
it is reported that there is a south-flowing current east of the
port. There are no tides. (Figure III - 27.)
(c) Landing place. The beach is four miles long and about
200 to 300 feet wide, grading inland to a dune belt. The fore-
shore slope is moderate and the sand is firm. The backshore
slope is gentle and the sand is somewhat softer. The beach is
continuous from its southern end almost to the harbor at
Burgaz, where it is interrupted by the outlet of the lagoon,
Lake Vaya-Koi (Vaya Koysko Yezero). At its southern end
the beach terminates with another lagoon outlet which leads
from Lake Mandrensko (Mandrensko Yezero). When waves
are running the surf breaks in a relatively narrow belt close
to the shore, although during heavy weather there may be
several lines of breakers extending some distance out. There
are no structures known on the beach.
(d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach lies on
a low, marshy coastal plain between two lagoons. The
northern half of the beach is a sandy peninsula which forms
the outer shore of the northern lagoon. A belt of dunes of
maximum width about IA mile lies behind the beach. Inland
of the dunes are marshy and meadow-like areas. Beyond the
plain on which the beach is built the terrain rises westward
to a series of hills about 200 meters high. The plain is partly
cultivated, the lower slopes of the hills are apparently set out
in orchards, and the higher land is forested. Exit from the
beach is afforded by a main highway which runs close to the
shore at the southeastern end of the beach and is connected
by a causeway or bridge across the inlet to the southeast. In
this direction the road runs to Sveti" Nikola, and a branch
runs inland south to Sredets (Zvedets), 25 miles distant, and
beyond. The road on the beach runs northward close to the
shore for about IA mile, swings inland to the northwest, then
loops to the north and northeast to Burgaz. Near Burgaz a
main road branches off, running 35 miles inland southwest to
Momina-Tsrkva and beyond.
(25) Burgaz. (Figures III - 26 to III - 28.) Reliability good.
(a) Location and extent. Beginning at the eastern mole at
the foot of the town of Burgaz is a broad, sandy beach extend-
ing about 31A miles northward. It follows a gentle curve from
latitude 42? 29' 20" N., longitude 27? 28' 50" E. to latitude
42? 32' 00" N., longitude 27? 29' 40" E.
(b) Nearshore. The bottom slope is gentle off the town
Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
/
FIGURE III - 28
Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-0114W4A1W13%005-5
7 i
/
T, , .N.N.
-
r.fing),
`,? ? )
)));?,' ?
il ..,,e.. ,
? -
? CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METER:1\'' S ring0.1. _fAIrtilf___
3 Miles
A'tan'
)SpringW
>
/
1000
711
altar 5,
spti
\
vtuu
Coam
I a
toz..07
Mogila
liaZa.sviiiurrtt
ound)
o Krotiriya (C
amsvpstis
AKAN THES BAY
Cape
0 F
Kamen Lak nathes
6
Sand ach 2 miles long, wi th variable.
Backed by cliff on southw I; by low-
land a northeast.
each 31/2 miles long 500 feet wide.
are firm with moder te slope. Back-
softer with gentle sloe.
27
Sand beach 2 miles long, 300
feet wide. Firm; gentle slope.
Spitfire Shoal
NO
TIDES
IMMER WINTER
PREVAILING WINDS
Afffoved EAW..iease 2000
6Z -
08/29 ;PG9h/-110g0M062110100.05-5
COMPILED BY BEACH EROSION BOARD CO E G , V. J. IRRIVIT
GONV5RSION
GRAPH
Meters Feet
3,00 ? 10,000
9,000
2,500 ?
--- 8,000
_= 7,000
2,000
6,000
1,500 5,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
? 2,000
500 --
1,000
Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
? LEGEND ?
--- PATH
?TRACKS AND
UNIMPROVED ROADS
PAVED ROAD
NARROW GAUGE
RAILROAD
LOOSE SAND
AND DUNES
--,?=1.1MAR5H , SWAMP
vv
Iv v V
MEADOW
FOUL AREA
Ii
MARSHY MEADOW
CULTIVATED FIELDS
Lr0 0 0 01
Of
I 0 FOREST
O
i**1 CUT-OVER LAND
2.1a.a TREES
_
KO WELLS
VO SPRINGS
SHOAL-LEAST DEPTH
IN FEET.
ROCKS: *...AWASH., +---SUNKEN; OR .-.1.::: -.ISOLATED
SOUNDINGS ARE INFEET
? ?:7,---...- -,:r...,,,,,,,,-.=,_, -
I.7-6 A(1114774- i .0,
\ 3i.,
, .?;),-.5., ot,,,o
,,,,',,tj?---v \ ': 'Ill ,':
/
..:L
)4 -
.- 4,, ,-- i
21105E
Fig. 111-26
G.H.0 111,4
PH.O 5072
INDEX OF MAP SOURCES
FRENCH HYDRO CHART- ?
5072 -ED.I89B- CORR.1935 ?`
(I:342,510)
GERMAN HYDRO. CHART-
1114 ED, I 934- (I:60,000) '
BULGARIAN TOPO. MAPS-
I :40,000
XI- 22 -ED.19Il
XI-23-ED. 1911
dynt.
1000
1" - 4
,
--?
'
'
ES ,
13.. /14 ?
cie.? I
tri;er-1
,itrr fbrl nit
kineral, Bathp
%12? Se1 !se
-
' 1, .;,Spriog
2yme q{^ ?
r Asp
\
- I
" IVO; o006-101 FOREST
[A(4ifi CUT-OVER LAND
%hail TREES
It C. WELLS
Vo SPRINGS
SHOAL-LEAST DEPTH
IN FEET
ROCKS: *.-AWASH.,
Approved FofoRelAacre p impp?
7CIA-RDP7
9-
\
VARIABLE
SUMMER WINTER
PREVAILING WINDS
1144A000100010005-5
WAVES CURRENTS
NO
TIDES
Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES Page III - 83
The bottom material is probably mud. Information is not
available on the location of rock hazards. The shore is.unpro-
tected from the winds, which are variable in winter, and
Illustration III - 96. Bol-Ata Dere.
Beach at the mouth of the stream Bol-Ata Dere. Before 1928.
prevailingly northerly in summer. Waves approaching from
northeast to east break with considerable force. Offshore cur-
rents are generally southward. (Figure III - 20.) There are no
tides.
(c) Landing place. The strip of shore extending for about
2Y1 miles along the foot of the cliff has a maximum width of
1,000 feet about one mile from its southwest end. The shore
is composed chiefly of rough debris fallen from the cliffs back
of it. Its most obvious features are several ridges of rock
extending lengthwise along it, particularly at its southern
end, and in its central part. In the central part a lake is ponded
between two rock ridges. (Illustrations III - 97 and III - 98.)
The beach surface is very firm, though rough, and slopes are
irregular but moderate. The surf is frequently heavy, with but
few lines of breakers. No structures are known.
(d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The 230-foot cliff
backing the beach borders a plateau extending many miles
inland. In this area it is unbroken by ravines. No exits are
known; access to the interior is apparently impossible.
(50) Lake Satalmas (Yezero Shablensko). (Figure III- 39.)
Reliability fair.
(a) Location and extent. Lake Satalmas is cut off from the
sea by a broad sandy barrier beach which is part of a beach
Illustration III - 97. Syurtyu-K'oy.
Limestone rubble at the foot of the cliffs near Syurtyu-K'oy. Hera-
klea Yezero (lake) shows in the middle distance. Looking south-
west. Before 1928.
beginning a short distance north of the lake, and extending
nearly four miles southward, fronting also the small lake
Tuzlata. It lies between latitude 43?. 32' 50" N, longitude
28? 36' 20" E, and latitude 43? 35 45" N, longitude 28? 34'
10" E. A lighthouse on Cape Shableh,IA mile south of the
beach, forms a good landmark.
(b) Nearshore. The bottom slope off the beach is fairly
gentle. Fronting Lake Satalmas the 30-foot depth line lies
aboutIA mile off the shore, but along the southern part of
the beach it is nearly a mile out. The bottom material is mud,
changing to sand near shore. In winter the prevailing winds
are variable. The beach is entirely unprotected from the pre-
vailing northerly and northeasterly winds of summer. Wave
action is heavy, the waves starting to break some distance
from the shore. The force of southeasterly storm waves is
somewhat broken by Cape Shableh (Sabla) along which the
southern part of the beach lies. Offshore currents are generally
southerly. There are no tides. Storms from the northeast raise
the water level.
(c) Landing place. The beach is nearly four miles long and
about 300 feet wide. For most of its length it is gently concave
in shape, bordering a broad slightly indented bay, but at its
Illustration III - 98 . Syurtyu-K'oy.
Looking northeast over Heraklea Yezero (lake). Before 1928.
southern end it becomes slightly convex as it approaches the
eastern extremity of Cape Shableh. It has a firm foreshore of
moderate slope, and a soft backshore with a gentle slope
gradually flattening inland. The surf covers a wide belt with
numerous lines of breakers. Shore drift is generally southward.
A track or trail runs the whole length of the beach, but there
are no known structures on it.
(d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach borders
a broad plain gently sloping upward from the shore. Lake
Satalmas is fed by two streams, one from the northwest, one
from the southwest, and arms of the lake, which is very
shallow, extend upstream in these two directions. The village
of $abla (Shableh, Shabla) lies three miles inland. The beach
is directly backed by a narrow belt of wind-blown sand, with
perhaps some dunes. A trail runs its entire length northward
two miles to the village of Carapcea (Karapcha), and south-
ward IA mile from the south end of the beach to the Cape
Shableh (Sabla) lighthouse, from which a road runs inland to
Sabla. There are cultivated gardens and grasslands near Sabla
and around Lake Satalmas. The terrain is largely devoted
to the cultivation of cereals.
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Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
Page III - 84 OCEANOGRAPHY, COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY, COASTS, LANDING PLACES
ial
(51) Carapcea (Karapcha). (Figure III - 39.) Reliability
fair.
(a) Location and extent. About one mile north of the small
village of Carapcea is a broad sandy beach about M mile long,
its center located at about latitude 430 38' 40" N, longitude
280 34' 20" E.
(b) Nearshore. The bottom slope is moderate off the beach;
the 30-foot line lies a little less than3A mile from the shore.
The approach to the beach is apparently clear. It is completely
exposed to winds from any direction. Southeasterly storms
are particularly violent. Waves approach from the east and
northeast generally and wave action is moderately heavy.
Offshore currents flow southward but are not strong. There
are no tides.
(c) Landing place. The beach borders a slight indentation
of the coast. It is about M mile long, uninterrupted. Its width
is some 250 to 300 feet maximum. It is composed of sand. The
foreshore has a moderate slope and a firm surface. The back-
shore is soft with a gentle slope, becoming flat inland. The
surf covers a wide belt with several lines of breakers. Shore
drift is slight and southward. There is a well on the north-
western part of the beach. No structures are known upon it.
(d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. Low bluffs extend
along the shore from either end of the beach. These, with the
beach, border a gently sloping plain extending inland. Directly
back of the beach is a belt of wind-blown sand, possibly with
dunes, about as wide as the beach itself. A track or trail
runs close back of this sand belt, southward to the village of
Carapcea, and northward along the shore four or five miles
until it joins roads running inland and along the coast.
(52) R?ri (Duran-Kulak) ? A. (Figure III - 39.) Re-
liability fair.
(a) Location and extent. The little village of Rg.cari lies
inland of a lagoon, Lake Cartal (Duran-Kulashko-Blato),
which is vaguely L-shaped, one leg extending westward
upstream along the Gorensko-Dere, the other leg extending
northward along the coast. The lagoon is separated from the
sea by a wide sandy barrier beach about 234 miles long. The
beach extends from latitude 43? 40' 05" N, longitude 28? 34'
00" E, and extends to latitude 430 42? 00" N, longitude
28? 34' 20" E.
(b) Nearshore. The bottom slope is gentle; the 30-foot
line lies about one mile off the shore in the northern part of
?the area, and more thanIA mile from it toward the south. It
is composed of mud changing to sand near shore. There are
no rock hazards in the approach to the beach. The beach is
entirely unprotected from winds from any direction, except
that the north end of it may be somewhat shielded from the
prevailing northerly winds of summer. Southeast storms
cause heavy wave action. Waves generally approach from
southeast to east; they break a considerable distance from the
shore. Offshore currents are generally southward. There are
no tides.
(c) Landing place. This barrier beach is 2h4 miles long
and about 700 feet wide. It extends north and south in a
gentle arc along the back of an open bay, and turns north-
eastward at its northern end. There are no interruptions to it,
although in rainy weather the lagoon back of it probably
has an outlet across it. The foreshore has a moderate slope
and is firm; the backshore is soft and has a gentle slope
flattening toward the lagoon, and at the edge of the lagoon
sloping inland to the foreshore along the lagoon. The surf
covers a broad belt with many lines of breakers. Shore drift
is slight and northward. There are no structures on the beach.
A trail runs along the center the whole length of the beach.
(d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. Back of the lagoon
lies a broad plain sloping gently upward inland. The stream
Gorensko Dere is incised in this plain in a shallow ravine-like
valley and flows northeastward into the lagoon. Cereals are
extensively cultivated. Exit from the beach can be had only
at its extremities. At its north end the trail along it turns
northwestward and joins a road leading northward along the
coast and eastward to the village of RAcari, two miles distant.
Southward the trail follows the coast about three miles to
the village of Carapcea where there are roads leading in
various directions.
(53) cari?B. (Figure III - 39.) Reliability fair.
(a) Location and extent. A sand and pebble beach one mile
long lies at the foot of a 50-foot cliff one mile north of the
lagoon Lake Cartal and 2 miles east-northeast of the village
of Racari, its center about at latitude 430 43' 00" N, longi-
tude 28? 34' 30" E.
(b) Nearshore. The bottom slope is gentle, the 30-foot
depth line lying about one mile offshore. Very little informa-
tion is available regarding the hydrography in this area. The
bottom is probably muddy. The cliffs backing the beach offer
some shelter from winds close to shore. The prevailing winds
are variable in the winter and from the north and northeast
in summer. Waves approach generally from east to northeast
and break a considerable distance from the shore. Currents
offshore are generally southward. There are no tides.
(c) Landing place. The beach is one mile long, with a
maximum width of more than 500 feet in its southern part,
but generally about half that width. It extends essentially in
a straight line without interruptions. It is composed of sand
and pebbles. The slope of the foreshore is moderate and its
surface is firm. The backshore is somewhat softer and its
slope is more gentle. The surf breaks over a broad belt with
many lines of breakers. Shore drift is essentially lacking;
though strong northeast winds may cause a slight drift to
the south. No structures are on the beach.
(d) Terrain inland and on flanks of beach. The beach is
backed directly and for its whole length by a cliff about 50
feet high. Back of the cliff is a gently sloping plain largely
planted to cereal crops. There is no apparent exit from the
beach, although at the top of the cliff is a road which runs
southwestward 23/b miles to the village of RAcari, and north-
ward about one mile to the Bulgarian-Rumanian border
(as claimed in 1942) where it joins a road leading to the
Rumanian village of Varna Veche (Ilanlk) one mile north-
ward. However, just beyond the north end of the beach there
are three very small ravines cut into the cliff not more than
400 or 500 feet, with trails running from the heads of the two
northernmost ones to the road a few hundred feet to the south-
west. This suggests that access to the inland up the cliff is
possible for men but it is doubtful for vehicles.
Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
FIGURE III - 39
JANIS No. 38
3
f dvi ibdeeo
cFhoriAeshT
gentle to moderate
Barrier beach 2% sales lo
by lagoon. Foreshcr firm m
e ..rm; m
F.11.0.5072.
2 3 Miles
3 4 5 Kilometers
2000 3000 4000 5000 Yards
)NTOUR INTERVAL 10 METERS
INDEX OF MAP SOURCES
FRENCH HYDRO. CHART-
5072- ED,11398- CORR.I935 - (P3142.510)
BULGARIAN TOPO. MAPS- 1:40.000
IV- 26,21-E0.1 920
V- 26.21- ED.I920
VI- 26.21- ED.I920
NORTH
Approv d For Release 2000/08/$9: CIA-RDP79-01144A000100 o5-
KAR
APCFA
COMPILED BEACH EROSION BOARD.,O, ENGINEERS.-
U S ARMY?
Approved For Release 2000/08/29 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
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58
1
CONVERSION
GRAPH
Metres Feet
10,000
000 ?=-
_9.L
9,000
2,500 -99
8.000
7,000
2,000
''-- 6.000
1,500
1.000
5,000
4,000
3.000
2,000
500 ?9
- 1,000
77_
_t
? LEGEND ?
MARSHY MEADOW
--- PATH
?}TRACKS AND
UNIMPROVED ROADS
PAVED ROAD
NARROW GAUGE
RAILROAD
?99:
-4)
59
CULTIVATED FIELDS
r000
Loopool FOREST
r
.)k?...4,f-.1 CUT-OVER LAND
I LOOSE SAND
(111-.510. I
MAFISH , SvvAMP TREES ''__I
-'-
rV?, s,
V V V
MEADOW
FOUL AREA
o WELLS
110 SPRINGS
SHOAL-LEAST DEPTH
IN FEET.
ROCKS: *-AWAS14,+ SUNKEN; i)P ,s3 ? ISOLATED
ApiEgriaecilEsoReJease 2000/08/29:
-------
__ Z--
._------ --..--p
f,..11- __---
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'0
rn
Cr) A , --_____---v
7
75__. _ ?--.)"...
co
r-,
rn
2
Cl
be??s?
cioal %We
06 1010s
-
?VARIABLE-4.x
SUMMER WINTER
PREVAILING WINDS
100.'0.
WAVES CURRENTS
-RDP79-01144A000100010005-5
NO
TIDES
I?I
1 0-
1000 0 loor
Li L_I I _i
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