SOVIET FISHERIES AGREEMENTS WITH LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79B00457A000600060001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 34
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 18, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 1, 1977
• Content Type: REPORT

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Secret
Soviet Fisheries Agreements
With Less Developed Countries
State Dept. review completed
Secret
ER 77-10392
July 1977
Copy N ? 3
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NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
Unauthorized Disclosure Subject to Criminal Sanctions
Classified by 015319
Exempt from General D.closdfication Schedule
of E.O. 11652, exemption category,
sec. 55(1), (2), and (3)
Automatically declassified on.
date impossible to determine
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Soviet Fisheries Agreements With
Less Developed Countries
Central Intelligence Agency
Directorate of Intelligence
July 1977
Since the inception of its program in 1959 to
extend fisheries aid to less developed countries,
Moscow has signed agreements with 38 LDCs
throughout the world. More recently Moscow has
stepped up the establishment of joint fishing
ventures in LDCs to gain additional advantages
in using their territorial waters. The USSR has
created 18 joint fishing companies in the last six
years. Highlights of the Soviet program are as
follows:
? Moscow's aid to fisheries is the largest
program of its kind in the world.
? The Soviet program is designed to give the
Soviet fleet access to the waters within the
200-mile limit of the LDCs and to procure
shore services for the fleet.
? In exchange, the LDCs receive equipment,
training and technical assistance, port and
processing facilities and, in some cases, the
first semblance of a domestic fishing
industry.
? Typically Moscow receives at least half of the
fish catch in joint ventures with LDCs.
Soviet-LDC Fisheries Programs
Among the major fishing nations, the USSR has
the most widespread and largest program for
assistance to fisheries in the LDCs. Since its first
offer of assistance in 1959, the USSR has signed
fisheries agreements with 38 countries through-
out the Third World in a program designed to
support the operations of Moscow's farflung
fishing fleet-the largest in the world (see map
next page). Although the Soviet commitment has
involved less than US $230 million, the effort has
expanded into a broad program of cooperation
that yields faster and more enduring returns to
the Soviets than those derived from most other
Soviet aid efforts. (Details of the fisheries
agreements appear in the table following the
text.)
Fisheries aid now reaches almost 90 percent of
all Soviet aid clients along the African seacoast,
two-thirds of those Middle East - South Asian
clients that border on oceans, and an increasing
number of Latin American recipients. The
program has grown from a few small grants and
credits in the early 1960s for developing the
fishing industries of the LDCs into an aggressive
search for joint ownership ventures that will give
Moscow a management role and a share of the
profits.
Following a 1959 credit to Guinea for onshore
storage facilities, the Soviets offered assistance to
a chain of 18 countries along the coast of Africa.
With an eye to exploiting their mutual interests
and tapping Africa's rich sardine resources,
Moscow was willing to offer everything from
improved port facilities to trawlers and research
and training for LDC crews. From the beginning
the yield on its investment was high.
The early Soviet aid initiative was geared
largely to satisfying the requirements of the
USSR's own fleet. The use of larger refrigerated
vessels and factory ships extended the fleet's time
at sea and made it more heavily dependent on
support from other countries around the world.
In exchange for small outlays to developing
countries for fisheries aid, the Soviets were able to
obtain services needed by their fleet. Aid
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Seviet Fishing Areas, Fisheries, and Maritime Agreements with LDCs
Areas curtently fished extensively
by the Soviet Union
Countries which have accepted Soviet offers
of fisheries assistance
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agreements provided grants or long-term credits
that were repaid with LDC services, such as the
use of repair facilities, refueling privileges,
transfer of Soviet crews, transshipping the catch,
and onshore processing.
These agreements were concluded with willing
LDCs adjacent to all major Soviet fishing areas,
initially in the Atlantic and more recently in the
Indian and South Pacific Oceans. The increase in
Soviet interest in fisheries agreements coincided
with substantial technical improvements in Soviet
fishing operations. The use of LDC facilities
enabled the USSR to extend its fleet's range and
operating time by as much as 15 percent per
season. By 1974, Moscow had established bunker-
ing and transshipment points in almost every area
fished by Soviet ships through fisheries
agreements.
In 1971, Moscow began to press LDCs to
engage in joint ventures that would give the
Soviets a voice in LDC domestic fishing opera-
tions and more direct control of services. More
recently Moscow has used joint ventures to
circumvent LDC limits on foreign use of their
waters. This became an especially critical consid-
eration with the proliferation of national 200-
mile maritime zones, because about 60 percent of
the Soviet catch comes from within 200 miles of
the coasts of other countries (see map next page).
Joint ventures are intended to reduce the effects
of the new limits by guaranteeing long-term
access to LDC local waters (in some cases
exclusive privileges) and a greater voice in LDC
fisheries policies. Since half the LDCs with which
Moscow has agreements claim 200-mile limits,
the joint venture route appears to be the main
thrust of current Soviet-LDC fisheries policies.
A Small But Important Soviet Program
Africa, where Moscow showed its earliest
interest, remains the focal point of Soviet fisheries
programs in the Third World. Not only has the
USSR continued to concentrate fisheries as-
sistance in Africa, it also has moved vigorously to
buy its way into local enterprises. As a conse-
quence of the growing ties, more than 15 percent
of the Soviets' total catch in 1975 was landed off
West Africa, compared with 3 percent in 1965.
In the mid-1960s, the Soviets spread their
operations and offered assistance to Middle East
and South Asian countries that bordered the Red
Soviet Assistance Extended to Less Developed Countries
For Fisheries and Maritime Development
1959-31 March 1977
TOTAL'
Africa 102.2
6.1
Algeria 4.5
3.0
Angola 1.5
NA
Benin 0.5
0
Cape Verde Islands 0
NA
Equatorial Guinea 0.5
NA
Gambia 2.0
NA
Ghana 11.2
0
Guinea 7.8
2.5
Guinea-Bissau 1.5
0
Kenya 2.0
0
Mauritania 7.0
0
Mauritius 6.5
0
Morocco 3.1
NA
Mozambique 5.0
NA
Senegal 4.4
0
Sierra Leone 5.0
0
Somalia 38.4
NA
Sudan 0.4
0
Tanzania 0.9
0
Tunisia 0'
0.6
Middle East
Egypt 16.5
16.6
Iron 9.3
1.5
Iraq 25.0
1.5
North Yemen 7.8
16.5
South Yemen 15.5
0
Syria
South and East Asia
Bangladesh 15.0
NA
India 2.2
0
Indonesia 0.3
15.1
Malaysia 1.5
0
Maldives 0.1
0
Pakistan 3.6
0
Sri Lanka 3.0
0
Latin America
Argentina
5.0
0
Chile'
17.0
0
Peru
2.5
0
Europe
0.5
Greece
0
7.7
Portugal
NA
In the cam of joint ventures, only the aid portion is Included here.
Includes estimated valor of agreements, where data not available.
Purely commercial fisheries transactions include Kuwait, the Philippines, Singapore, Spain, and
Tunisia.
' Program discontinued.
Sea and Indian Ocean. Egypt, North and South
Yemen, India, Kuwait, and Pakistan all received
offers of fisheries assistance during this period as
3
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200 Mile Maritime Zones
................
iT i
200 mile maritime zone
200 mile national claim expected later in 1977
200 mile national claim in force
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Moscow moved its fleet into the Indian Ocean
and required shore services and access to national
fishing grounds. By the end of 1976, the Soviet
catch in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean had
doubled. Slowly, LDCs in the Western Hemis-
phere that bordered on the South Pacific and
South Atlantic Oceans became Soviet targets, and
last year Soviet expansionism was carried to the
western South Pacific. Offers of port construc-
tion, training, and equipment were made to
Western Samoa, Fiji, Tonga, and Papua New
Guinea.
Major Soviet fishing assistance has gone to
Somalia ($38.4 million), Bangladesh ($15 mil-
lion), Egypt ($16.5 million), Ghana ($11.2 mil-
lion), Iraq ($25 million), and South Yemen ($15.5
million). The largest and most extensive agree-
ments have been with Somalia. Its strategic
location and the desire of the Soviets to obtain a
base for their fishing and naval fleets between the
Red Sea and Indian Ocean led to Moscow's
initiatives in the early 1960s. Soviet agreement in
1963 to build a fish cannery and a port was
followed by a joint venture in 1974 and Moscow's
largest credit for fisheries aid ($33 million) in
1975. The 1975 agreement called for Soviet
fishing boats and gear and equipment to outfit
Table 2
Soviet Fisheries Agreements With Less Developed
Countries
1976-31 March 1977
Value
(million
US$)
Angola
1.5
Benin
0.5
Maldives
0.1
Mozambique
5.0
Provisions
Technical assistance and training, supply
equipment, and to establish joint fishing
company.
Probably to establish commercial joint
ventures.
Soviet assistance to local fisheries and
training on board Soviet trawlers.
Joint fishing venture, training and technical
assistance, construction of refrigeration
and port facilities.
Joint fishing venture to operate in local
waters.
with maintenance and repair facilities,
training, and formation of a joint
company.
Creating joint Tunisian, French, Soviet
company with port facilities at Bizerte.
several fishing bases on Somalia's coast. It also
provided for improvement of the port at Berbera,
including construction of processing plants, repair
facilities, and schools for training crew and shore
personnel. The USSR also supported the massive
relocation of Somalian nomads to fishing centers.
Recent Initiatives
In the past 15 months, the USSR signed new
fisheries agreements with seven LDCs-Angola,
Benin, Maldives, Mozambique, the Philippines,
Sierra Leone, and Tunisia-and committed at
least $12 million of aid to them. All but one of the
new accords created joint fishing ventures,
continuing the pattern of the past several years.
The new agreements also point up the increased
regional diversification of Soviet fishing interests
as Moscow continues to seek support for its fleet.
New regulations that limit access to national
waters have increased Soviet interest in joint
ownership arrangements. The Soviets usually
contribute 49 percent of the capital for an
equivalent share in management and profits.
Profits are paid by apportioning the catch-the
LDC partner takes its share for local sale; the
USSR takes the remainder, which is processed
and exported for sale in Western markets or in
Status of Soviet Joint Fishing Ventures
With Less Developed Countries,'
31 March 1977
Agreement Signed Offer Under Negotiation
Angola Argentina
Benin Bangladesh
Egypt Ecuador
Ghana Gambia
Guinea-Bissau Guyana
Iraq Indonesia
Mauritania Liberia
Mauritius Malaysia
Morocco Peru
Mozambique
Philippines
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Spain
Somalia
South Yemen
Sri Lanka
Tunisia
' Includes joint ownership, which in some cams involves Soviet old to LDCs beyond Soviet equity
partlcipotion.
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Soviet Fishing Vessels Supplied to Third World Countries, by Class
VAt~szet class
teq~)overall
~
zzst?7r=i :exiYc3t-
T7
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x a,
F: M-no none
MIS
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the USSR. Equipment is usually of Russian origin
and leased or purchased by the joint company. It
is jointly manned and used for training, research,
and fishing. Soviet personnel instruct and provide
technical know-how. In addition, Soviet credits
sometimes are extended to cover part of the LDC
share.
The Soviets first joint fishing ventures with
Egypt and with Sri Lanka occurred in 1971.
Since then, Moscow has established 18 such
companies with LDCs and has offered to
participate in at least nine others. The amount of
direct Soviet aid to these companies, beyond the
Soviet participating share, is generally small,
although in some cases the USSR provides free
training and equipment. Moscow sometimes
helps to develop port and processing facilities, in
addition to its ownership share, to be paid off in
reciprocal services to the Soviet fleet.
Some joint ventures (such as those with
Singapore, Spain, and the Philippines) are
straight commercial enterprises, designed to
arrange, via private brokers, ship-chandling for
Soviet fishing ships and, in some cases, to help
process, freeze, and market the Soviet fleet's
catch. No Soviet development assistance is known
to have been extended to fishing industries of
countries in which the Soviets have engaged in
commercial enterprises, but the USSR obtains
required fleet services in these countries.
A unique joint company, Fransov, was estab-
lished by the Soviet Ministry of the Fish Industry
and a French fishing engineering firm in 1975 to
act as an agent for the Soviet fishing fleet.
Fransov was to obtain fishing rights in territorial
waters of certain countries, such as Sierra Leone
and Tunisia, where access would otherwise have
been closed. Moscow also has used Fransov to
market the Soviet fleet's catch from the waters of
Angola, Mozambique, and Somalia. It has regis-
tered Russian trawlers in LDCs and may manage
construction of Soviet onshore facilities in several
countries.
Assessment
Soviet assistance often has had a greater impact
than the small financial outlays would suggest.
Soviet expertise and high-level technology at least
initially have been well received by cooperating
countries. An estimated 800 Soviet technicians
were in less developed countries in 1976 conduct-
ing research, training local personnel, and con-
structing and managing port facilities. About 300
trainees from LDCs went to the USSR for
training.
Soviet assistance often has meant the establish-
ment of domestic fishing industries in LDCs for
the first time with important spin-offs in
increased employment and improved domestic
diet. The movement to joint ventures has proven
even more lucrative for both parties. Beyond the
capital input, Soviet know-how for exploiting fish
resources and Soviet management have given
LDCs almost immediate returns from the new
industry. Almost all countries that have received
Soviet fisheries assistance, and especially those
that have engaged in joint operations with the
Russians, have increased their catch by signifi-
cant amounts in a short time.
Benefits to the Soviets far outweigh the small
outlays they make for direct assistance or
participation in joint companies. Access to
foreign coastal waters is by far the most
important return at present. Participation in local
companies also provides the Soviet fishing fleet
with greater flexibility and shore facilities and
privileges. Its ownership-management responsi-
bilities give Moscow a voice in LDC fisheries
decisions. We expect the Soviets to continue to
pursue and to consolidate their gains in this vital
area.
7
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Africa
Algeria
Equatorial
Guinea
Soviet Assistance to Fishing Industries in Less Developed Countries,
1959-31 March 1977
1968 Included under an October 1963 $100 million
line of credit: 18 trawlers; port construction
after feasibility studies; fisheries training for
Algerians; and oceanographic research as-
sistance.
Aid
Extended
(million
Status as of 31 March 1977 US$)
1976 Agreement to provide assistance and training
on Soviet ships in exchange for exclusive
fishing rights within Angola's 200-mile fishing
zone.
1977 Protocol, signed during first session of Soviet-
Angolan fishery commission, to establish joint
fishing operations, supply Angola with 10
trawlers, give 12 percent of fish to Angola,
provide training, and supply equipment and
materials for Angola's fishing industry.
1977 A fishing agreement was signed in January
1977, but details of the accord are unknown.
The agreement probably includes assistance in
construction of shore facilities and creation of
joint venture.
1973 The USSR agreed to provide fish from the
catch and to train Equatorial Guinean person-
nel on Soviet trawlers in exchange for fishing
rights in territorial waters and the use of Luba
port facility.
1975 Agreement to construct port facilities in
Gambia, to provide training and fishing ships
for the Gambian fleet.
1960 Fisheries agreement, under $40 million credit
extended August 1960, for construction a
fishing complex at Tema, including port and
processing facilities, cold storage and ice
plant, a workshop to produce fishing gear, and
several fish processing plants.
1963-64 Protocol to 1960 agreement for: temporary
facilities for floating dock; training 100
Ghanians in fishing techniques; equipment for
fisheries school; and joint research studies.
Soviets are fishing Angolan waters with
Angolans on board Soviet trawlers. Five
Soviet technicians assigned to Angolan re-
search ship. In 1976, 20,000 tons of frozen
fish given without charge to Angola and
30,000 tons to be given in 1977.
TheSoviets use Luba as a base for their fishing (0.5)
fleet, but the USSR has provided little
assistance.
Second phase of fisheries survey completed in (2.0)
1976. Soviet technicians are studying port
construction. Negotiations on implementation
are continuing.
Work suspended after 1966 coup. Drydock 11.2
facilities, completed by Ghana in 1967.
Presently, 30 Soviet fisheries technicians are in
Ghana assisting the Ghanian firm Mankoagze
Fish Company and in construction of the Tema
fishing port.
8
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Table 4 (Continued)
Soviet Assistance to Fishing Industries in Less Developed Countries,
1959-31 March 1977
Aid
Extended
(million
Status as of 31 March 1977 US$)
Africa (Continued)
Ghana 1976 Protocol signed in June 1976 to increase
Soviet participation in Ghanian fisheries and
to create a joint Soviet-Ghanian company for
the production and processing of tuna.
Guinea 1959 A cold storage plant at Conakry allocated
under a $35 million line of credit.
1966 Under a $13 million 1962 line of credit, aid
allocated for 10 fishing seiners, 3-year techni-
cal training in the USSR for 60 students, and a
dock for fishing boat repair at Conakry.
1969
1973
1974
Guinea-
Bissau
1975
Completed by mid-1963 and expanded in 2.3
1968. Technical training also provided.
Four seiners delivered in 1966; six canceled. 4.0
Soviet and Guinean personnel operated boats.
Fifty Soviet technicians currently in country to
assist in fisheries. The USSR is now Guinea's
larget supplier of fish. Six Soviet trawlers
supplied 6,000 tons of fish in 1976. Soviet
research ship is currently operating off coast.
Protocol signed to renew 1966 accord as well
as to establish a leasing arrangement for
Soviet trawlers.
Grant for oceanographic research center at
Conakry.
Protocol calling for a hydrographic ship to be
permanently assigned to Conakry as well as
construction of service and repair facilities for
the ship.
Agreement for joint commerical ventures.
Soviets to supply refrigerated trawlers and 90
percent of the personnel. Possible installation
of an ice factory and refrigeration facility in
Bafata.
Kenya 1964 Under a $44 million line of credit the USSR
agreed to construct a fish cannery and other
facilities.
Mauritania 1973 Agreement included Soviet training of Mauri-
tanian personnel and fisheries research in
coastal waters.
Planning for center was started in 1976. 1.5
Center is expected to be operational in 1979.
The joint venture, Estrela-do-mar, is in opera- 1.5
tion with as many as 20 trawlers fishing the
coastal waters. Guinea-Bissau is disenchanted
by the relatively small Soviet investment in
local infrastructure and training. Guinea-
Bissau has also noted dismay at the Soviet
rapid exploitation of Guinea-Bissau's fishery
resources.
Forty Soviet ships operate in Mauritania's 3- (7.0)
to 10-mile territorial zone for sole purpose of
supplying fish to local industry in Nouadhibou.
Fifteen Soviet trawlers operate in Mauritanian
waters beyond 10-mile zone without fee.
Feasibility studies are being completed for $5
million research center. Center is to be in
operation in two years. Each trawler operat-
ing for the joint company must employ crew of
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Table 4 (Continued)
Soviet Assistance to Fishing Industries in Less Developed Countries,
1959-31 March 1977
Africa (Continued)
Mauritania 1973
1975 Protocol under 1973 agreement for a fish
processing complex, research facility, Soviet
ships, and a joint fishing company; 250
Mauritanians to be included in enterprise.
1976 Protocol calling for continued implementation
of 1973 agreement was signed in May. Fish
processing complex to include a cannery and
refrigeration plant at port of Nouadhibou.
Mauritius 1970 Credit for two trawlers, marine equipment,
and services of Soviet fishery specialists.
1974 Agreement signed in 1974 and renewed in
1976 to replace 1970 accord included a joint
fishing company which would conduct research
and supply local markets with 60 tons of fish a
year as a grant. Ten trainees to study in USSR
each year.
Morocco 1973 Fisheries research on Soviet ships under
UNDP-FAO program, training of specialists in
USSR, and creation of training center in
Morocco. Joint company to be organized to
operate leased Soviet ships in Moroccan
coastal waters and to construct and operate a
fish processing plant and refrigeration ware-
house.
Mozambique 1976 Agreement includes a joint venture, training
and technical assistance to local fishing
industry, and the construction of refrigeration
and port facilities.
Senegal 1965 Credit for tuna fishing complex, including 10
fishing boats, a fish cannery, workshop and
repair facilities, and cold storage plants.
Aid
Extended
(million
Status as of 31 March 1977 US$)
five Mauritanian. To dote no progress in
emplementing joint venture, although 25
Mauritanians are training in the USSR and
two Soviet trawlers (reportedly in poor repair)
have been transferred to Nouakchott.
Early in 1976 research ship Aelita operating in (1.5)
Mauritius territorial waters. Five Soviet re-
search technicians in Mauritius.
Feasibility studies completed for joint venture. (3.1)
Morocco rejected Soviet proposals for imple-
mentation suggested by joint commission early
in 1975. An estimated 25 Soviet fisheries
technicians are in Morocco.
Joint fishing venture to operate eight boats 5.0
with mixed crews beginning in late 1977, while
14 Soviet trawlers operate duty free in
Mozambique waters. Research ship Aelita was
in Mozambique waters until late 1976. The
first Soviet trawlers to be used in the joint
venture are scheduled to arrive by June 1977.
Fisheries survey completed in 1972. In 1973 all 4.4
10 tuna boats had been delivered. In August
1976, the fishing agreement was suspended.
The plant, cannery, and cold storage facility
had been canceled after a 1966 feasibility
study, and the credit was reduced from $6.9
million.
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Table 4 (Continued)
Soviet Assistance to Fishing Industries in Less Developed Countries,
1959-31 March 1977
Africa (Continued)
1968 Protocol for study of deep-sea fish resources.
1971 Protocol for joint fishery survey and Soviet
training program.
Sierra Leone 1976 Agreement signed in Freetown to provide for
joint studies of fishing resources, port construc-
tion, training, and organizing a joint venture.
1977 Protocol signed for continued cooperation in
the construction of fishing harbors, training
Sierra Leone fishermen, and facilities for
maintenance and repair.
Somalia 1963 In a protocol to a 1961 line of credit, the
USSR agreed to provide equipment for
constructing a fish cannery with annual
capacity of 6 million cans at Las Koreh.
1974 Joint deep-sea fishing venture to run 10 years,
to use 12 Soviet-built trawlers.
1975 Agreement includes $14 million in grants; the
remainder in soft loans; to train 2,200
personnel; to supply 400 boats ($4 million);
fishing gear worth $800,000; onshore port
and processing facilities costing $9 million;
repair facilities and a training school for
supervisory personnel.
Sudan
1961
Tanzania
1966
Tunisia
1976
Survey of fish potentials of the Red Sea and
Nile River. Fish cannery to be established at
Jebel Aulia.
Protocol under a $20 million credit for marine
equipment, to construct a fish drying plant at
Kigoma, and four cold storage plants.
Aid
Extended
(million
Status as of 31 March 1977 US$)
In August 1976, Moscow offered a 10-year 5.0
guarantee of up to $4 million for six
refrigerated warehouses, an icemaking plant,
and a fish cannery in Sierra Leone. Implemen-
tation is to be handled by a joint French-
Soviet company, Fransov. Soviet research ship
Prognoz in Sierra Leone waters in September
1976 under the auspices of the May agree-
ment.
Plant completed in 1970. 4.2
In operation. (1.2)
Forty trawlers delivered. Local training in- 33.0
cludes fish processing technology in 40 cooper-
atives set up along the coast. Fishing bases
probably have been established at three
locations on Somali coast. An estimated 200
Soviet fisheries technicians present in Somalia
in 1976.
Survey completed in 1964. Cannery feasibility 0.4
report prepared in 1965, but no subsequent
activity.
Marine equipment delivered. Cold storage and 0.9
fish drying plants canceled. Soviet research
ship Professor Mesyatsev was in Tanzanian
waters in mid-1976 conducting surveys for
UNFAO.
Agreement calls for joint Tunisian, French, NA negl
Soviet fishing company to be formed to
develop fishing industry in Tunisian waters.
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Table 4 (Continued)
Soviet Assistance to Fishing Industries in Less Developed Countries,
1959-31 March 1977
1964 Agreement included: Soviet ships for deep-sea
fishing and research; Soviet technical and
research assistance; training Egyptian person-
nel; and assistance in developing a fishing
center at Ras Benas on the Red Sea.
Aid
Extended
(million
Status as of 31 March 1977 US$)
Ten trawlers delivered. Research studies con- 15.0
tinuing.
1967 Mixed Soviet-Egyptian commission increased
the number of Egyptians receiving fisheries
training in the USSR from 200 to 300.
1969 The USSR agreed to train an additional 110
Egyptians.
1971 Agreement at seventh mixed commission
meeting to provide Egypt with 12,000 tons of
fish annually, to undertake a joint fisheries
survey, and to assist in developing Lake
Nasser. Joint fishing venture authorized.
1972 Soviets to provide additional equipment and
technical assistance, to train 22 additional
Egyptians in the USSR, to construct a wharf
on the Red Sea, and to conduct another
fisheries survey.
1973 Soviet ships to aid Egyptians fishing off
African coast with fuel, fishing tackle, and fish
processing equipment, and to deliver frozen
fish to Alexandria from areas of joint fishing
operations.
Survey completed.
Survey and training completed.
Despite abrogation of Friendship Treaty in
March 1976, joint venture is still operating.
1975 Joint commission provided for further Egyp-
tian training in the USSR, and trawling
equipment for deep-sea operations.
1963 Agreement for Soviet assistance in developing
Caspian Sea resources, including equipment
for large fish hatchery, marine resource
survey, reclamation work, and technical as-
sistance.
1966 As part of a $17 million trade credit, USSR
agreed to assist in port expansion and to
construct a cold storage plant.
Of the 432 trainees sent to the USSR over the
10-year period since the 1964 agreement, 323
had returned by 1975. As of 31 December
1976, an estimated 60 technicians were in
Egypt.
First section of hatchery and cold storage (2.0)
plant completed. in 1969. Port equipment has
been arriving periodically since 1968.
12
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Table 4 (Continued)
Soviet Assistance to Fishing Industries in Less Developed Countries,
1959--31 March 1977
Year Character of Assistance
Middle East (Continued)
Iran 1971 Protocol for fisheries survey of Persian Gulf.
1973 Agreement for six additional fish hatcheries on
the Caspian.
Iraq 1969 Agreement to construct processing plants,
refrigeration facilities, training and marketing
centers.
1970 Protocol allocated aid to develop marketing
facilities and two technical training centers
from a $137.5 million 1959 credit.
1972 USSR agreed to build cold storage plants and
a port in Umm Qasr. Iraq will rent two Soviet
fishing boats, and 50 Iraqis will study fisheries
in the USSR in 1973.
1973 Mixed commission agreed to set up a Soviet-
Iraqi fishing company with six Soviet trawlers.
Soviets to train Iraqi technicians in servicing
deep-sea ships. USSR agreed to aid construc-
tion of additional trawlers and refrigeration
ships and to establish a fisheries research
center in Basra.
1965
North Yemen
1964
1971
1974
South Yemen
'1969
Agreement signed for Soviet assistance in
developing fisheries industry, including port
and cold storage facilities and ship construc-
tion.
Fisheries and related projects, including two
repair shops, seven fishing boats, processing
facilities, and technical training.
Protocol for construction of fish processing
facilities and technical training.
Protocol calling for further expansion of
Hodeidah facilities.
Agreement included credit for research, mari-
time equipment, construction of a training
center, a fishing boat, and feasibility studies
for conning and cold storage facilities. Also
included grant aid for two completely
equipped seiners.
Aid
Extended
(million
Status as of 31 March 1977 US$)
Completed.
Construction underway. Estimated 25 Soviet
1.6
technicians are working on project.
Completed.
5.0
Soviet-Iraqi fishing company Rafidan is in 12.0
operation with six Soviet ships, with initial
capitalization of $34 million. Two more
refrigerated trawlers are expected to be
delivered to the company by mid-1977.
Workshop and cold storage plant at Hodeidah 7.8
completed, fishing boats delivered. A small
number of Soviet advisers are present at
Hodeidah port supervising construction of fish
processing facilities.
Seiners, engine, and nets delivered in 1970. 6.0
Training center established. Cannery design
completed in 1971 and the Soviets agreed to
supply an oil and flour unit. Surveys for six
cold storage plants completed. Three fishing
boats delivered as ordered under 1972
protocol.
13
SECRET
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 Approved For Release 2002/0%1J ETCIA-RDP79B00457A000600060001-1
Table 4 (Continued)
Soviet Assistance to Fishing Industries in Less Developed Countries,
1959-31 March 1977
Protocol for Soviet supply of three fishing
boats.
1974 Agreement for creation of joint company and
expansion of port facilities.
1976 Protocol for Soviet construction of fish
cannery, port facilities, and supply of five
fishing trawlers.
South and East
Asia
Bangladesh 1972 USSR grant for 10 fishing boats, port
refrigeration facilities, and training center at
Chittagong and Soviet fisheries technicians.
India 1966 Deep-sea fisheries assistance to include use of
two Soviet trawlers and construction of a
shipyard for fishing ships.
Indonesia 1964 Agreement under a 1956 credit to establish
fishing complex that would include processing
facilities and trawlers.
Malaysia 1974 Agreement calling for Soviet fisheries as-
sistance, port construction, and a possible joint
venture.
Maldives 1976 Agreement concluded in November for Soviet
assistance to local fisheries and training on
board Soviet trawlers.
Pakistan 1965 Soviet trawlers to be purchased under No-
vember line of credit.
1968 Agreed to conduct oceanographic research,
design a fishing port, and train fishermen.
Philippines 1976 Agreement calls for joint fishing venture to
operate in Philippine waters.
Aid
Extended
(million
Status as of 31 March 1977 US$)
Five trawlers valued at $7.8 million were 9.5
delivered to Aden under the 1976 protocol--
two medium-sized trawlers delivered in De-
cember 1976 and three small boats in March
1977.
Boats delivered. Cold storage plants partially (15.0)
completed. Training center completed. An
estimated 25 Soviet fisheries technicians in
country.
An estimated 30 Soviet fisheries technicians in 2.2
country.
One trawler delivered in 1965. Agreement 0.3
suspended in 1966.
Four Soviet experts studied land facilities in 2.0
1968. In January 1969, three Soviet trawlers
used to train fisheries personnel and conduct a
two-year fishing survey. Survey completed.
Joint company Filsov has undergone reorgani- negl 2
zation since its creation in May 1976.
President Marcos was known to be dissatisfied
with agreement between the USSR and
private Philippine interests in July 1976.
During first quarter 1977, no implementation
noted.
14
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Table 4 (Continued)
Soviet Assistance to Fishing Industries in Less Developed Countries,
1959-31 March 1977
South and East
Asia (Continued)
Singapore 1975 Agreed to create joint company, construct
Singapore's first, fully integrated seafood
processing and storage complex, and provide
local market with seafood and fishmeal.
Sri Lanka 1971 Fisheries agreement includes technical training
and development of a training center, joint
fisheries operations, and possible future sale or
rental of Soviet fishing ships.
Argentina 1974 Fisheries assistance agreement for: joint re-
search and exploration program; training for
Argentine fishermen; construction, moderniza-
tion or adaptation of fishing port south of
42nd parallel; and setting up a joint fishing
company.
Chile 1968 Following surveys by Soviet fisheries experts,
USSR agreed to establish a fishing port and a
crabmeat plant under a 1967 line of credit.
1971 Agreement calls for; building one or more
fishing ports with complementary industrial
installations; training Chilean fishermen on
Soviet ships; creating training center for
middle-level fisheries technicians; and renting
Soviet fishing ships.
Peru 1971 Agreement provides: aid for constructing a
fisheries complex in Paita; training Peruvians
at Soviet fisheries institutes; and joint fisheries
research.
1972 Protocol to begin construction of Paita port
and to train 30 Peruvians on Soviet research
ship.
Europe
Portugal
1976 Protocol signed for continued fisheries re-
search surveys and Soviet assistance at Paita.
1975 Agreement for Soviet equipment to outfit
fishing ships and Soviet training for Portu-
guese personnel.
Aid
Extended
(million
Status as of 31 March 1977 US$)
Joint venture in operation. Processing facility negl2
to be built at Jurong for $4.5 million with
construction to begin in 1977.
Oceanographic research survey began in (3.0)
February 1972. Soviet technicians arrived in
June 1973 to assist in setting up training
center. In 1975, the USSR granted 20
scholarships for training Sri Lankan personnel.
Preliminary oceanographic studies completed. (5.0)
In late 1976 Soviets reopened discussions on
projects, offering Soviet technical assistance
and financing. No progress.
Commission on Soviet-Peruvian fisheriies co- 2.5
operation formed in 1972. First and second
stage of Paita complex completed in 1975.
Port equipment was installed at Paita in
November 1976.
15
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SEET'
Table 4 (Continued)
Soviet Assistance to Fishing Industries in Less Developed Countries,
1959-31 March 1977
Aid
Extended
(million
Year Character of Assistance Status as of 31 March 1977 US$)
Europe (Continued)
Spain 1971 Agreement to create a joint company, Sovi- Sovispan is in operation: it wholesales, freezes, negl 2
span, operating in Canary Islands. and packs products caught by Soviet fleet in
Atlantic.
' Parentheses indicate an estimated value of aid extended.
2 Agreement to establish joint ventures probably called for negligible Soviet aid or was a cash contract.
16
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The author of this paper is
Developing Nations Division, Of ice o Eco-
nomic Research. Comments and queries ar
25X1 A welcome and should he directed to
25X1A
25X1A
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7 July 1977
MEMORANDUM FOR: Chief, Distribution Section, P&PD/OL
FROM: Chief, Registry and Dissemination Branch, PPG
Dissemination of OER Report, LR 77--10392
(Job 425-759-77), Soviet
:,gen war; a,ss Developed Countries ,
Attached is the dissemination list for subject report. Copies # 1
through # 35 will be picked up or forwarded to PPG/R&D, Room 7G07,
Hq. Please notify
when you receive STATINTL
the remaining copies for distribution. When a report has an ELITE,
the elite copies must be disseminated before standard distribution is
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STATINTL
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 (COPY)
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The Honorable Harold H. Saunders
Director
Bureau of Intelligence and Research
Department of State
Attached is your personal copy of
our memorandum, "Soviet Fisheries Agree-
ments with Less Developed Countries," ER
77-10392, SECRET.
STATINTL
"Director of Economic Research
Central Intelligence Agency
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 N
_ `rte ~~ . ~~~ Gf S: J/p~~ ~~~ /~'~i C~ 15 .~ /~
'~' _
_ _
T-24 91 72 E I A7 27 PAGE Z 1 /,A r_- NC' 7 40 49
) z7
TO K: 13 1912E OC T 77 C,ti~rc vf"~ j,~,
R i31625EE UCT 77
FM U SM IS S I ON U SN AT 0
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 6519
INFO RUFHKK/ALL NATO GAP ITALS
RUcHMO/AMEMBA5SY MOSCOW 4499
RU OSSAA/US LO SACLANT NORFOLK VA
RUDOkRA/USNMR SHAPE BE
aT
25X1A
C 0 N F I D E N T I A L SECTION'01 02 USNATO 09672
BRUSSELS ALSO US_EC+ PARIS ALSO USOECD
E.U. 11652: GDS
TAGS: E'WwT, EEi,T - EFIS, NATO, U'P
SUBUECT: ECONADS: PREPARATION FOR DECEMBER 15-:6 REINFORCED
MEETING ON SOVIET SHIPPING AND FISHING FLEETS
1. ECO NA DS CHAIRMAN HAS CI RC Li 'LATED MEMORANDUM (ED/EC /77/78)
RE C'UES Ti NG NAT 1ONAL CO NT RI 3U TI ONS IN ADVANCE Or DECEMBER
15-16 REINFORCED MEETING 0N SOVIET MERCHANT AND FISHING
FLEETS, IDEALLY BY NUV EX BE R 15 TO FACILITATE TRANSLATION
AND DISSEMINATION, (THE CLOSER TO THAT DATE MATERIAL IS
RECEIVED) THE GREATER WI LL BE CO JFLI "TING DEMANDS OF NATO
FACILITIES DEDICATED TO PREPARATIONS FOR THE DECEMBER 6-9
DPC AND NAC MI N1. STERIALS,)
2. MEMO 0 N 7E 5 DIRECTORATE IS PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN THE
FOLLOWING DATA: BEGIN TEXT: (1) MERCHANT NAVY.
-- (1) RECENT GROWTH OF THE SOVIET MERCHANT FLEET. AND ORDERS
?- FOR NEw VESSELS UNDERWAv FY TYPE OF SHIP, WITH SPE-
C IAL REFERENCE TO UNIT LOAD SHIPS ( WHERE FOSS IBLE, IT
WOULD BE VERY USEFUL TO OBTAIN STATISTICAL DATA ON
-? T I-E FOL LC WING TYPES OF S-4 IP5:
.?- (A) Ft'LL "0NTAINERS HIPS
-- C A (0) RO- PG S HIPS;
-- ( D) BARGE C AR RI ER S;
-- (E) FULL GENERAL CARGO VESSELS. )
- - ( 2 ) EXTENT c CROSS TRADE AND OF BILATERAL SOVI-T-ALLI-
ANCE NAT.ONAL TRADE OTH. UDDER THE SOVIET FLAG.
-(3) EVOLUTION IN SOVIET ATTITUDES ON THE CONFERENCES,
-- E5P TALLY AS REGARDS TH_ NORTH ALANTI C.
-- (4) RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TARIFFS A=(PLIED BY SOVIET
?? MERCn4NT FLEET.
C 0 N F.I D E N T I A L
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 CAD-LE SEC t)ISSEM 8Y--,APPr1DW
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ACTION UNIT
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00600060001-1
REPRODUCTION BY OTHER TH
STATE MESSAGE
708:13.19122 OCT 77
25X1 C
--(5) SIEE CF THE TRANS-SIBEERIAN LAND BRIDGE SERVICE.
(b) ACTIVITIES O7 SOVIET RIVER TRAFFIC UNDER A THIRD
?- FLAG.
tI I) FISHING FLEET
-- (:) THE BASIC SOURCE- BOOKS USED BY THE DIRECTORATE ARE
THE UN FISHERIES YEARBOOK AND THE LLOYD'S REGISTER OF
SHIPPING FOR CATCH AND FLEET TONNAGE RESPECTIVELY.
-- ANY SUGGESTIONS ON BETTER SOURCES?
-- (2) AS NOTE: IN THE PAST, DISCREPANCIES HAVE OCCURED,
I L L BE TWEEN DATA PRESEN-
T _ D i N THE ABOVE PUBLICATIONS AND T HOSE PUBLI SHED
-- I N THE NATO COUNTRIES YEAPBOOKS. WE -WC ULD APPRECIA -
-- T_ RECEIVING OFFICIAL FIGURES RELATING
-- TO ALL ALLIED COUNTRIES FOR FLEET TONNAGE (GROSS
-- REGISTERED TONS)--AND A BREAKDOhN FOR MAJOR VESSEL
-- CATIG0R !ES--AND FOR THE FISH CATCH, INCLUDING AND
-- EXCLUDING ACsUATIC MAMMALS,
--(3) PR DJ CT IV ITY CALCULAT ION FOR 71E S 0 V IET FISH ING
-- FL=ET (E.G, TDNS OF CATC~i PER TON OF VESSELS, TONS
-- OF CATCH PER EMPLOYEE) ARE A MAJOR CONCERN OF THE
DIRECTC-ATE. WE WOULD LIKE TO RECEIVE IDEAS ON ANY
-- POSSIBLE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES FROM THE NATIONAL
-? EXPERTS. IN PARTICULAR, DO THEY AGREE WITH THE
-- PROCEDURE WE HAVE FOLLOh'ED IN THE LAST PAPER ISSUED
BY NATO (C-M(77)397?
RESEARCH INTO AE RD FL UT: ALTHOUGH A SEPARATE RESEARCH
SECTOR MEMBERS MAY WELL FIND IT USEFUL T0. REDUEST THEIR
-CAPITALS TD PFCVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE UTILISA-
TION OF AEROFLOT AS A MAJOR FREIGHT MEDIUM WITHIN THE USSR.
THE ONLY INPUT TO DATE IS A VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION BY THE
UK O F JUNE 1977t. AC/127-WP/521 (NATO SECRET) . END TE XT .
Cr Cr N r I E N T I A L
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I \ A ISSUING OFFICE IS PROHIBrTI
03
TOR: 1319122 OCT 77
STATE MESSAGE
N e4
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I I L ISSUING OFFICE IS PROHIBITL
ST AT E ME SS AGE
BY AT 2
' ~+-c=--
Pt G ;E
TCR:13_913E OCT 77
R 13 16 254 01" T 77
Fri JSMISS I ON: LS'~AT 0
TO RUEHC /SECST AT E kASHDC 6520
INFO RU" HKK/ALL NATO CAS' IT ALS
RUE~MO/AMEMBASSY M0SG0W 452?
RU CE SA A/ US LO SA CL ANT N0 RF 0L K VA
RUD0RPA/USNMR S!'.AP E BE
ET
C 0 N F' I D E N T I A L SECTION C2 OF 22 USNAT 0 09872
WE w'OULD APPRECIATE RECEIVING 20 COPIES FOR CIRCULATION
TO ECCNA DS.
5. WHILE WE REA LIEE TX0 MONTHS REMA IN BE?F0;E THE MEETING
ITSELF, WE W OULD APPRECIATE INDICATION OF LIKELY US EXPERT
PART IC 1P AT IUN, DATA UN TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS, HOTEL PRE -
FERENCES, AND CONFIRMATION OF NATO SECURITY CLEARANCE
COULD FO.LLOk IN CUE COURSE,
6. ACTION RECUESTEC: INFOR MA TID1% /GUIDANCE AS NOTED APC VE,
GLITMAN
C 0 N F I D E N T I A L
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