IMPACT OF 200-MILE BOUNDARY CLAIMS ON SOVIET AND JAPANESE FISHING INDUSTRIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79B00457A000700010001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 22, 2002
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 1, 1977
• Content Type: REPORT

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Secret
Impact of 200-Mile
Boundary Claims on
Soviet and Japanese Fishing Industries
State Dept. review completed
Secret
ER 77-10437
July 1977
Copy N?_ 43
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NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
Unauthorized Disclosure Subject to Criminal Sanctions
Clattifled by 015319
Exempt from General Declassification Schedule
of E.O. 11652, exemption category,
Sec. 5B(1), (2), and (3)
Automatically declmdfied om
date impartible to determine
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Impact of 200-Mile Boundary Claims
on Soviet and Japanese Fishing Industries
Central Intelligence Agency
Directorate of Intelligence
July 1977
Overview
After more than three years of negotiations, the failure of the UN's
Law of the Sea Conference to establish a comprehensive oceans treaty has
led to a proliferation of national claims of 200-mile maritime boundaries.
Currently, 45 countries have declared such boundaries, 22 since 1 January
1977 (see appendix A and map). The growing trend toward 200-mile zones
will have its greatest impact on the USSR and Japan, the two leading fishing
nations, because most of the world's prime fishing grounds are within the
200-mile zones.
? Roughly 60 percent of the Soviet catch of 9.9 million metric
tons in 1975 was caught within 200 miles of foreign shores.
Moscow faces a potential fish loss of 2 million to 2.5 million
tons-nearly 25 percent of their total catch-from recently
imposed foreign quotas.
? Moscow can reduce this shortfall by increasing operations in its
own waters'-where foreign fishing fleets took over 2 million tons
in 1975-and by expanding agreements with less developed
countries (LDCs) to exploit new fishing areas.
? Japan will fare relatively better than the Soviets under the new
fishing zones. Only about 35 percent of its 1975 catch of 10.5
million tons came from within the 200-mile limit of foreign
waters. Moreover, the quotas imposed on the Japanese in US and
Soviet waters have not been overly restrictive.
? The Japanese, although facing a reduction of at least 1 million
tons in their fish catch worldwide, will increase imports to
maintain current consumption levels of this key protein source.
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Over the longer term, the adverse impact of the 200-mile maritime
zones on Soviet and Japanese fishing should lessen. Both countries have
developed a network of joint ventures around the globe, and these probably
will be expanded over the next decade to allow increased access to
productive new fishing grounds. In addition, the USSR and Japan could
increase their catch of species not normally caught now because of low
consumer demand or high processing costs; the successful adoption of such a
program, however, would take several years. Concurrently, fish usually
processed for nonhuman consumption-i.e., anchovies made into animal
feed-may increasingly find their way into the human diet.
ii
SECRET
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MAJOR UN FISHING AREAS FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES
34 Code, of major UN fishing areas
1 o% Percent of total 1975 USSR catch
2% Peroenl of local 1975 Japan catch
Boundaries ai major UN ti,hing areas
-- Boundaries of sal-tad subareas
within major UN fishing areas
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Impact of 200-Mile Boundary Claims
on Soviet and Japanese Fishing Industries
Soviet Catch To Be Reduced
The proliferation of 200-mile zones could
force a substantial reduction in the Soviet fish
catch. During 1975, the Soviets caught 9.9
million tons of fish, roughly 15 percent of the
world catch of some 70 million tons. Official
Soviet statistics indicate that roughly 60 per-
cent of the catch was obtained from within 200
miles of foreign coasts. Of their total, 18
percent came from the northwest Atlantic and
the northeast Pacific (primarily in Canadian and
US waters) and another 24 percent came from
the northeast Atlantic-including the waters of
the European Community (see table I and
accompanying map).
Under the allocations imposed by the US,
Canada, and the EC1-all of which established
1The Soviet fishing quotas in EC waters have been extended
several times this year while negotiations continue for a
permanent agreement. Quota levels for the interim period, now
extended until 30 September, have reduced the USSR's annual
allowable catch by over one-half, or 300,000 tons compared to
the 1976 level.
Area as %
of total
Total Catch 8 ............................... 7,252,200
7,337,000
7,756,900
8,618,800
9,235,609 9,876,200
100
Total High Seas Catch ............... 8,095,500
8,137,800
6,603,200
7,483,300
8,091,209 8,582,400,
87
UN Area and Number
Northwest North Atlantic (21).
811,500
1,021,700
1,150,000
1,357,400
1,157,033 1,166,900
12
Northeast North Atlantic (27) ..
1,565,900
1,377,500
1,272,100
1,611,100
1,996,996 2,406,300
24
Carribbean (31) ........................
0
11,200
73,800
8,900
25,600 69,000
1
Southeast North Atlantic (34) ..
612,500
789,800
848,800
942,700
1,145,000 1,106,400
11
West South Atlantic (41)...........
420,600
26,200
4,600
6,100
12,900 9,000
Negl.
East South Atlantic (47) ...........
422,600
438,600
719,800
648,600
447,480 420,700
4
West Indian Ocean (51)............
47,000
239,800
129,000
43,700
135,100 37,100
Negl.
East Indian Ocean (57) ............
0
2,600
0
500
700 0
Negl.
Northwest North Pacific (61) ..
1,447,600
1,562,100
1,434,200
2,232,900
2,358,100 2,719,000
28
Northeast North Pacific (67) ....
747,600
656,000
869,200
379,800
701,300 572,600
6
Southeast North Pacific (77).....
20,200
1,900
12,900
138,100
22,200 30,600
Negl.
New Zealand Area (81) ...........
N.A.
10,400
53,700
74,300
88,80 44,800
Negl.
Southeast South Pacific (87) .....
N.A.
N. A.
35,100
39,200
N.A. N.A.
N. A.
SOURCES:
FAO, Fisheries Yearbook. Areas include waters
z Includes:
Mainland USSR;
Mediterranean and the Black Sea area.
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Soviet Fishing Areas, Fishing Assistance and Joint Ventures with LOCs
Areas currently fished extensively
by the Soviet Union
Countries which are negotiating joint ventu
arty ~'
S t ,
Ga
Guinea BC saU f
Seer. Leude
Oda
t ia{
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200-mile zones this year-the total Soviet fish
catch could be reduced by nearly 1.5 million
tons. Moreover, the USSR may lose another
500,000 tons to 1 million tons from quotas
imposed by other countries that have extended
their maritime jurisdiction to 200 miles during
the past year. Thus, the potential Soviet fish
loss could equal about 25 percent of their
catch. The Soviets have a number of options to
offset these losses, including increased fishing in
their own waters and expanded operations in
new fishing areas in cooperation with LDCs.
Increased Soviet Exploitation of Their Own
Coastal Waters
Moscow will be able to offset some of its
reduced fish catch by limiting foreign fishing
operations in its own coastal waters. On 1
March 1977, the USSR established its own
200-mile fishing zone. During 1975, foreign
fleets took over 2 million tons of fish from
Soviet waters, of which Japan and South Korea
accounted for 1.8 million tons. A part of this
amount will now be allocated to the Soviet
fleet.2
The Soviets have been uncooperative with some
fishing nations in establishing quotas. The
USSR has refused to negotiate a fishing agree-
ment with South Korea, with which it has no
diplomatic relations. During 1975, the South
Koreans caught over 400,000 tons in Soviet
waters, nearly 20 percent of their total catch.
Even if Moscow comes to an agreement with
South Korea, Seoul's take in Soviet waters will
probably be cut by 50 percent or more.
Moscow has also taken a very hard line in
recent quota negotiations with the Japanese,
first declaring that Tokyo must explicitly affirm
Soviet sovereignty over the disputed four north-
ern islands and allow the Soviets to fish within
Japan's recently established 12-mile territorial
limit. After three months of haggling, Moscow
and Tokyo finally reached an agreement, after
Moscow backed off from mixing political and
economic issues. Under the new agreement,
Tokyo will be allowed to catch 700,000 tons in
Soviet waters-about half their 1975 take.
2See appendix B for a description of the Soviet fishing fleet.
Soviet Fishing Aid and Joint Ventures in LDCs
The Soviets are also likely to expand their
relatively new program of establishing joint
ventures with LDC fishing companies. Cur-
rently, the Soviet Union has 18 such ventures
with LDCs and is in the process of negotiating
another 9 (see table 2 and map). These ventures
require little investment and yield a high rate of
return. Soviet vessels, leased or purchased by
the joint company, are-jointly manhed and used
for training, research, and fishing. Part of the
catch is delivered to the LDC partner for local
distribution; the remainder is frozen and taken
to the USSR or sold in Western markets.
Status of Soviet Joint Fishing Ventures
with Less Developed Countries
as of 31 March 1977
Angola
Mozambique
Argentina
Indonesia
Benin
Philippines
Bangladesh
Liberia
Egypt
Sierra Leone
Ecuador
Malaysia
Ghana
Singapore
Gambia
Peru
Guinea-Bissau
Spain
Guyana
Iraq
Somalia
Mauritania
South Yemen
Mauritius
Sri Lanka
Morocco
Tunisia
' Joint ownership which in some cases involves Soviet aid to LDCs
beyond Soviet equity participation.
The Soviets also have been extremely active
in signing fishing aid agreements with LDCs. In
the last 15 years, they have signed agreements
to provide fisheries aid to 34 developing coun-
tries and remain the only fishing country to
extend such assistance. As of May 1977, the
USSR had committed about $225 million to
Third World countries for assisting the develop-
ment of local fishing industries (see table 3).
The success of Moscow's programs is evident
in the rapid increase in the Soviet catch off the
coast of West Africa during the past 10 years. In
1965, this region contributed less than 3 per-
cent of the total Soviet catch; by 1975, 15
percent of the catch, or 1.5 million tons, came
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Table 3 ably allow the Soviets to increase their catch in
Soviet Assistance Extended to Less the future.
Developed Countries for Fisheries, Impact on the Soviet Diet
1956-31 May 19771 The reduced Soviet catch could affect the
Million US $ Soviet diet. In 1975, Soviet per capita fish
Fisheries consumption was 16.8 kilograms and comprised
Total E ..................................................................................
Africa ..............................................................................
Algeria .........................................................................
Angola .........................................................................
Benin ...........................................................................
Equatorial Guinea .....................................................
Gambia ........................................................................
Ghana ...........................................................................
Guinea .........................................................................
Guinea-Bissau .............................................................
Kenya ..........................................................................
Mauritania ..................................................................
Mauritius .....................................................................
Morocco .......................................................................
Mozambique ...............................................................
Senegal ........................................................................
Sierra Leone ..............................................................
Somalia ........................................................................
Sudan ...........................................................................
Tanzania ......................................................................
Middle East ..................................................................
Egypt ...........................................................................
Iran ...............................................................................
Iraq ..............................................................................
North Yemen .............................................................
South Yemen .............................................................
South and East Asia ..................................................
Bangladesh ..................................................................
India ............................................................................
Indonesia .....................................................................
Malaysia ......................................................................
Maldives ......................................................................
Pakistan .......................................................................
Sri Lanka ...................................................................
Latin America ..............................................................
Argentina ....................................................................
Chile .............................................................................
Peru .............................................................................
Europe ............................................................................
Portugal .......................................................................
227.0 about 15 percent of the animal protein in the
11.2
7.8
1.5
2.0
7.0
6.5
3.1
5.0
4.4
5.0
38.4
0.4
0.9
74.1
16.5
9.3
25.0
7.8
15.5
25.7
2.2
0.3
1.5
0.1
3.6
3.0
24.5
5.0
17.0
2.5
0.5
0.5
1 In the case of joint ventures, only the aid portion is included
here.
2 Including estimated value of agreements, where data not 100
available.
from West African waters. Although several
West African states have declared 200-mile
fishing zones and expanded their own fishing
operations, Moscow's continued aid will prob-
0 I 1_ '17 - I 7-1 I~I
1965 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
5714461/76
Any attempt to lessen the impact of the
reduced catch on the Soviet diet would be at
the expense of badly needed foreign exchange
earnings. Soviet fish products are sold around
the world, with large amounts exported to
African countries such as the Ivory Coast, Togo,
Sierra Leone, and Egypt. Fish exports have
nearly tripled to 500,000 tons since 1970, while
imports have remained low (see figure 1). Net
Soviet Fish Trade Figure 1
102.2 Soviet diet. Moreover, according to the 10th
4.5 Five Year Plan (1976-1980), per capita fish
1.5 consumption was to increase to almost 21
0'S kilograms by 1980-a goal that may be difficult
0.5
2.0 to achieve.
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foreign exchange earnings from fish exports
reached more than $100 million in 1975.
Impact on Japan
Japan, the world's largest fishing nation with
a catch of 10.5 million tons in 1975, will fare
better than the USSR under the new fishing
zones.' During 1975, only about 35 percent of
Japan's total catch was taken within 200 miles
of foreign countries (see table 4). The largest
foreign catch was in US waters, where slightly
more than 1.4 million tons were taken. Under
current US allocations, Japan will be allowed to
take 1.2 million tons in US waters in 1977, only
about 200,000 tons less than in 1975. Japan
faces a much larger cutback in Soviet waters,
however, where it harvested about 1.4 million
tons in 1975. Under the recently imposed
3See appendix C for a description of the Japanese fishing fleet.
quotas, Japan will be able to take only 700,000
tons during 1977.
Tokyo is already adapting to the new situa-
tion. It has established a 12-mile territorial limit
and a 200-mile fishing zone, and launched a
$700-million, seven-year program to increase
yields in Japanese coastal waters. Moreover,
Tokyo can be expected to try to reduce Soviet
fishing in its waters, though enforcement will be
difficult.
The Japanese have established some 200 joint
fishing companies in 51 countries. About 40 of
these companies-of which 30 are jointly owned
with US interests-operate along North Ameri-
ca's Pacific coast. In addition, over 100 com-
panies fish waters in Asia and Oceania, while 27
companies operate off the African coast and a
like number in Latin American waters.
Japan: Fish Catches'
Total Catch s ................................... 9,371,200 9,959,200
Total High Seas Catch ............... 9,203,400 9,808,100
UN Area and Number
Northwest Atlantic (21) ............... 31,000 54,100
Northeast Atlantic (27) ............... 100 1,800
Caribbean (31) ............................... 10,200 12,600
Southeast North Atlantic (34) .... 142,900 114,600
Mediterranean-Black Sea (37)..... N.A. N.A.
West South Atlantic (41) ............ 14,800 1,900
East South Atlantic (47) ............. 84,800 113,100
West Indian Ocean (51) ............. 44,000 36,500
East Indian Ocean (57) .............. 28,400 33,300
Antarctic (58) ................................ 0 0
Northwest North Pacific 8 (61) .. 7,178,400 7,973,000
Northeast North Pacific (67) ..... 1,390,800 1,188,000
Malaysian-Indonesian-Phil-
ippine Area (71) ....................... 106,300 126,700
Southeast North Pacific (77) ...... 102,000 82,200
New Zealand Area (81) .............. 56,400 64,700
Southeast South Pacific (87)....... 13,300 5,600
Area as %
of total
10,247,800
10,747,600
10,804,000
10,508,500
100
10,108,900
10,569,100
10,593,800
10,310,200
98
37,300
48,000
33,000
27,100
Negl.
1,800
4,300
4,000
1,000
Negl.
4,800
3,400
9,100
8,000
Negl.
120,200
113,200
124,600
88,700
1
100
200
2,600
1,300
Negl.
4,800
500
100
400
Negl.
111,500
142,900
122,600
144,300
1
30,800
25,900
26,800
18,000
Negl.
25,600
18,300
19,700
15,900
Negl.
0
0
1,000
1,100
Negl.
8,072,700
8,905,500
8,703,100
8,535,200
81
1,385,300
964,100
1,081,400
1,113,800
11
136,500
163,700
215,300
205,600
2
94,200
94,800
89,300
69,000
1
69,600
74,200
152,800
71,700
1
13,700
10,100
8,400
9,100
Negl.
SOURCES:
FAO, Fisheries Yearbook. Areas include waters outside 200-mile zones.
Including mainland Japan.
' Including waters surrounding Japan.
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The joint companies are capitalized at an
estimated $150 million, over half of which is
Japanese. The companies, using leased or pur-
chased Japanese vessels, engage in the full range
of fishing operations, including fishing, process-
ing, and marketing. In some cases, they also
engage in research, pearl cultivation, and fish
farming. The local partner usually takes 52
percent of the catch for its own use, while the
Japanese partner sells its share in Western or
Japanese markets.
Japan-which relies more heavily on fish for
animal protein than any other developed coun-
try-is committed to maintaining its current
level of fish consumption. In 1975, consump-
tion of fish products accounted for over half
of the animal protein in the average Japanese
diet. Moreover, the share was considerably
higher for low-income families. As domestic
consumption outpaced the increase in the coun-
try's fish catch since 1970, Japan has shifted
from a net exporter to a large net importer. A
part of the increase in the value of Japanese fish
imports stems from more expensive products
Japan: Fish Trade
Million US $
1,200 r
Figure 2
0 1 1 1 1 J
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
570639 8.76
such as shrimp and herring roe. Fish imports
exceeded exports by almost $700 million in
1975; net imports supplied 15 percent of
consumption requirements (see figure 2).
Japan can afford to increase its imports of
fish, especially from the US. Last year, Japan's
trade surplus worldwide was $10 billion, of
which half was with the US.
25X1A
25X1A
The authors of this paper are L__~
International Trade and Services Division, and
Industrial Nations Division,
Office of Economic Research. Comments and
queries are welcomed and should be directed to
25X1A
25X1A
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The United States GD:a-nment has nor. recognized the
corporation of Eston.a, La-. and Lithuania Into the
Souret Union Names and boundary representation
are not necessarily su;noriladue
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Fishing Zone Claims and Major Fishing Grounds, Mid-1977
Fishing Zone Claims
in Nautical Miles
- 200 n m. Ilmil
-n, Major fishing grounds
k Maldive; Philippines. Twga-Modified archipelago claim
1. Ghanas limit provides for a 100 o.m. fishing conservation zone.
2. Although the EEC voted to extend member states fishing limits to 200 nm.
it has not yet been confirmed whether Belgium or the Netherlands have
implemented an extended fishery jurisdiction.
3 Ireland, in addition, has claimed a 50 are. extended fishing zone.
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Appendix A
Countries Claiming 200-Mile Maritime
Boundaries as of 1 June 1977
Territorial Seas 1
Argentina .................................... 1967
Benin ........................................ 1977
Brazil ........................................ 1970
Ecuador 1966
El Salvador .................................. 1950
Liberia 1976
Panama ...................................... 1969
Peru ......................................... 1947
Sierra Leone 1971
Somalia ...................................... 1972
Uruguay 1969
Economic Zones 2
Bangladesh ................................... 1974
Burma ....................................... 1977
Comoros islands .............................. 1976
Costa Rica ................................... 1948
Cuba ........................................ 1977
..........................
Dominican Republic 1977
Guatemala ................................... 1976
Haiti ........................................ 1977
India ........................................ 1977
Mauritius .................................... 1977
Mexico 1976
Mozambique ................................. 1976
Economic Zones 2 (Continued)
Pakistan ..................................... 1976
Portugal ..................................... 1977
Senegal ...................................... 1976
Seychelles .................................... 1977
Sri Lanka .................................... 1977
Vietnam ..................................... 1977
Fishing Zones 3
Angola ....................................... 1975
Bahamas ..................................... 1977
British Virgin Islands .......................... 1977
Canada ...................................... 1977
Chile ........................................ 1947
Denmark (North Sea only; does not include Baltic
Sea) ....................................... 1977
Federal Republic Germany .................... 1977
France ....................................... 1977
Guyana ...................................... 1977
Iceland ...................................... 1975
Ireland 1977
Nicaragua .................................... 1965
Norway 1977
United Kingdom .............................. 1977
United States ................................. 1977
USSR ........................................ 1977
1 Territorial seas give the national state complete sovereignty over the area.
2 Economic zones give the country complete control over living and nonliving resources within the area.
3 Fishing zones give the nation control over living resources.
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Appendix B
The Soviet Fishing Fleet
The Soviet fishing fleet is the largest, newest,
and the most aggressive in the world. It operates
around the globe using trawlers that feed
factory ships capable of intermediate and final
processing. Support ships are used to replenish
fuel, exchange personnel, replace and repair
equipment, and deliver general supplies.
The USSR's 4,400 fishing vessels account for
roughly one-fourth of the world's total; the
fleet's nearly 6 million gross registered tons
(GRT) account for 60 percent of world ton-
nage. If only factory ships are considered, the
Soviets have a staggering 84 percent of world
tonnage. Moscow's heavy investments over the
last 20 years explain both the large size of the
fleet and its relatively young age. Ships built
since 1965 comprise 45 percent of the fleet; 20
percent are less than five years old. Expansion
has slowed, however, and future investment will
likely be concentrated on vessel replacement,
modernization and improvement of existing
ships, and development of domestic fish farms.
Quota limits and other conservation steps in
newly declared 200-mile zones make further
rapid expansion of the fleet uneconomical. A
major effort is under way to reduce waste by
constructing new processing plants and refriger-
ated storage facilities at ports or near consump-
tion areas.
Soviet statistics indicate that productivity of
the Soviet fishing fleet is unusually low; the
fleet annually produces only 1.6 tons of fish per
GRT. The comparable figures for Japan and the
US are 8.6 and 6.9 tons, respectively. Even if
Soviet factory and support ships were omitted
from productivity calculations on grounds that
they perform the functions of land based
factories, Soviet production still would amount
to only around 3 tons per GRT.
Moscow depends on its fishing fleet to earn
badly needed foreign exchange. After 10 years
of moderate growth, fishing exports rose
sharply in 1974 and 1975. Imports, on the
other hand, have remained low. The fishing
ministry, like other ministries generating foreign
exchange, receives preferential treatment in the
allocation of investment resources.
The Soviet fishing fleet, the world's largest and most
aggressive, operates like a production line in the
Atlantic Ocean. In this photo, the small fishing vessel
in the foreground is unloading its catch into the
10
175-meter factory-ship Pionersk which will process the
fish into edible products and fish meal. The other
large ship is the refrigerated transport Carl Linne
which will carry the entire cargo to the Soviet Union.
SECRET
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Appendix C
The Japanese Fishing Fleet
The Japanese fishing fleet, which consisted of
3,100 vessels totaling 1.2 million GRT in 1976,
is the world's second largest, accounting for 20
percent of the total number of ships. Although
it takes about 90 percent of its catch within
200 miles of its own coast and those of the US
and the USSR, the fleet also operates in the
Indian and Arctic oceans, and in the waters off
Southeast Asia.
USSR. Government, industry, and the public
realize that there are limits to the fish catch,
and that worldwide competition for the catch is
increasing. Future investment in fishing will
probably be directed to joint ventures, replace-
ment of vessels, and fish farming. The Japanese
are world leaders in developing fish farming.
Most of their efforts have gone into raising
high-value speciality fish such as yellowtail.
Japan's demand for fish cannot be supplied
The Japanese are among the world's most even by its huge catch. Although it was a net
efficient fishermen. Per ton of fishing GRT, the exporter of fish until 1970, by 1975 its imports
Japanese produce 8.6 tons of fish, compared had risen to a record $1.1 billion and resulted in
with 6.9 tons for the US, and 1.6 tons for the net foreign-exchange losses of $700 million.
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Secret
Secret
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 ADMINISTRATIVE - INTERNAL USE ONLY
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22 July 1977
MEMORANDUM FOR: Chief, Distribution Section, P&PD/OL
FROM: Chief, Registry and Dissemination Branch, PPG
SUBJECT: Dissemination of OER Report, ER 77-10437
(Job 425-882-77), ;The,Impact of 200-Mile
Boundary Claims on the Soviet and Japanese
Fishing Industries, SECRET
Attached is the dissemination list for subject report. Copies # 1
through #45 will be picked up or forwarded to PPG/R&D, Room 7G07,
Hq. Please notify
when you receive
the remaining copies for distribution. When a report has an ELITE,
the elite copies must be disseminated before standard distribution is
made.
Attachment: a/ s
ADMINISTRATIVE - INTERNAL USE ONLY
STATINTL
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