SEVENTH NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INFORMATION DISPLAY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 30
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 6, 2012
• Sequence Number: 36
• Publication Date: October 26, 1966
• Content Type: MEMO

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NPIC/P&DS/D/6-1649
26 October 1966
MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD
SUBJECT: Seventh National Symposium on Information Display
The Society for Information Display held its Seventh National
Symposium in Boston on 18-20 September 1966. The Society concerns
itself with "all methods and media used to present dynamic information
to people." It was my privilege to attend the first two days of the
meeting.
The technical sessions encompassed a wide range,of-science and
engineering fields including information theory, information processing,
human factors research,system design, optics, electro-optics, and -
storage media. A considerable amount of the presentation included
human factors research on viewing systems, keyboarding operations, etc.
Included with this memorandum is a copy of the abstracts of the
papers felt to be of interest to our staff. I have a copy of the
technical session proceedings that will be available to anyone desiring
further information.
The exhibits were rather disappointing in that there were only
about a dozen manufacturers represented. Inasmuch as the attendance
of the Symposium must have approached a thousand it is felt that more
companies would have participated. While reviewing the exhibits I
talked with some representatives of Litton Industries Electron Tube
Division.
They manufacture high resolution, flat tubes. I asked
if a CRT with a small spot size -could be used at about
a 500 line display mode to present visual data to an observer and then
switched to a 2000 (or greater) line mode for hard copy making. Even
though the high resolution mode would probably cause flicker, the
camera used in obtaining the copy would integrate the flicker on the
film, felt that such a system could readily be assembled although
he!_=warn6d:thatuany high resolution system would be expensive. This
two mode system may be a compromise method of transmitting detailed
pictorial information.
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As part of the Symposium, I attended a field trip to the Air
Force Cambridge Research Laboratories where an exhibit of an on-line
computer-controlled colOr oscillopscope was used for graphic data
presentation. Straight lines, circles and other pre-selected symbols
could be composed in color on a CRT. Although the systm was adequate
for producing simple line drawings or wiring or piping diagrams,
it did not present the clarity and high quality produced by this
building's graphics personnel.
Also demonstrated were some real-time man-computer communication
capabilities in the form of visual games: "Space War" and "Billiards".
While these programs are used for dramatizing the uses of these
displays, they are in themselves of little value. Nevertheless, they
are extremely interesting and the "Space War" game will be described
to illustrate the types of real-time information that can be displayed
on these systems.
Two rocket ships are displayed on a CRT. Each player has control
of the speed, direction, and attitude of his space: vehicle. He also
is able to fire bullets in,an attempt to destroy his opponent's ship.
His number of bullets and fuel are limited so that they must be used
conservatively. In order to complicate the game a sun can be placed
in the center of the screen. The sun's gravitational force tends to
draw the rocket ships toward it so that the participant must maneuver
to avoid crashing into the sun's surface.
I encourage all P&DS personnel to read the abstracts attached to
this memorandum. Please see me if you desire further information
from the published proceedings.
Distribution:
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HUMAN PERFORMANCE STANDARDS IN DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONS
Abstract
A new form of specification for display equipment has been written for several computer-based
systems. This form departs from the conventional form in many ways, the most unusual of which is
a section on legibility testing. The testing involves humans who perform recognition and reading
tasks, and the errors and times of reaction are given as acteptance criteria and standards for the
display. The usual display parameters are given as design guides or as suggested ranges of values.
The new form has several advantages over the conventional form. It is clearer, more precise, less
redundant, and more directly relevant to actual requirements of any visual display, namely, its
visual quality., The new form has some limitations, but these are subject to improvement by typical
laboratory methods.
Reactions to this new form have been favorable after an initial period of confusion and mistrust.
Since this form of specification emphasizes what is wanted in a visual display, it shows promise
of increased usefulness in the future, and can provide a new basis for display standards.
The information contained in this document has been released for public dissemination by the
Directorate for Security Review, Office of the Secretary of Defense.
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EXTENDING IMAGE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
ANALYSIS TO INCLUDE THE OBSERVER
ABSTRACT
Image reproduction systems such as photographic projection and television
displays produce a visual display which is an analog reproduction of a source
pattern. The technique of employing a modulation transfer function (MTF) to
characterize image reproduction systems of all kinds has been found very use-
ful for predictive analysis. While such analytical methods are effective for
characterizing physical image systems, they have not provided quantitative
evaluation of the display from the observer's viewpoint.
Recently, efforts have been made to define a modulation transfer function that
characterizes a standard human observer and could be combined with the MTF
of the physical image system to evaluate the total display-observer system.
This approach can be shown to be invalid, since the human visual system, unlike
the physical system, does not respond at all at contrast levels below the contrast
threshold and, above this threshold, responds as a nonlinear function of modu-
lation (contrast).
This paper proposes a graphical method for extending image reproduction system
analysis to include the observer. A procedure is outlined for plotting the con-
trast threshold function of a standard observer on the same coordinates as the
system modulation transfer function; obtaining difference values which represent
the objective physical modulation (or contrast) transfer above threshold; and
finally, converting the physical modulation levels above threshold to the Munsell
psychophysical response scale.
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EVALUATION OF SOME DISPLAY PARAMETERS
WITH HUMAN PERFORMANCE MEASURES
ABSTRACT
The physical parameters which affect display "quality," such as screen luminance
and contrast, are well known and readily measured. However, display system
designers need to know how the user of the display, the human observer, will
perform as a function of many display parameters. Traditional human factors
literature is helpful, but such sources usually treat the human visual process at
threshold levels and typically consider only one of the many physical parameters
at a time. Therefore, human performance measures are generally necessary to
evaluate the effects of specific parameters in the suprathreshold situation of com-
plex real display systems. Subjective judgments, such as preferences for various
physical parameters, can also be obtained, but such criteria usually show high
variability and are often misleading.
In a study conducted with a rear projection teaching machine, human performance
measures were used to evaluate certain display parameters. The physical param-
eters of screen luminance, ambient illumination and image polarity (positive or
negative) were investigated. The human performance measures were the amount
of time taken and the number of errors made on a programmed course of instruc-
tion. Preference information was also obtained as a function of the physical
parameters by allowing the observer freedom in choosing his viewing conditions.
The preference information here shows a positive correlation with the performance
measures.
In another study, television displays were compared to film displays to determine
points of equal "quality." The physical parameters were character size, tele-
vision bandwidth and original film image size. The human performance measure
was legibility, i.e., the percent of correctly identified letters. Preference
information was also obtained which demonstrated how discrepancies can occur
between subjective judgments and objective performance measures.
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NUMERICAL DISPLAY EVALUATION
Ab tract
An exploratory Study of numerical display evaluation techniques is reported. A
general formula applicable to display systems for any complex larger system with
a well defined mission is presented. This formula is simply a tool for evalu-
.ating'the effect of Mistransfer of information from the display system to the
operator on the probable outcome of the. mission. Besides a general formula, .
several other general conclusions are drawn. First, an adequate numerical dis-
play evaluation technique must be highly complex. The implication is that in
many cases judgments must be made by only partially adequate techniques. Second,
alw2lysis allows 9,pme theory to be applied on both
display design and system design achieve optimum matching between the display
and the system in which it is incorporated. third, numerical display evaluation
is unsuited to certain broad classes of displays.
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A NEW DEVICE FOR VERSATILE DISPLAY SYSTEMS:
THE ELECTROSTATIC STORAGE DISPLAY TUBE
ABSTRACT
approach to the storage and display of information
,y,...ines the intrinsic charge-storage property of a die-
membrane and the high-speed, high-resolution
of a newly developed electron gun with an
,,::endent optical system to provide bright, high-
large-screen display.
?; technology has now been incorporated in a new
wbe which does not require the use of vacuum
ing equipment. The tube essentially separates the
H..-j1recording function from the actual display func-
. 4nd thus provides several significant advantages over
,entional storage display tubes. The write gun can be
led for high resolution at very high writing speeds.
cs not draw a high current since there is no phosphor
, excited.
,ptical display system can be independently designed
. a number of specific applications from high-density
.eaing on film to bright, flicker-free, theater-size
Other advantages include resolutions of the
of 2000 TV lines per useful field of view, frame
times varying from about an hour down to a few
,?:teconds, storage times of over one month (requiring
r!rcIric power), and update or cycle times of less than
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
dectrostatic Storage Display Tube (ESDT), originally
?:r :vived by C. K. Clauer and J. D. Kuehler,(1) iso
:::..-charnber cathode ray tube. The two chambers are
?,..::?aIed by a thin dielectric membrane which serves as
the recording and storage medium. One of the chambers
contains a high-resolution electron gun and, usually, a
secondary flood gun. The other chamber contains an
electrographic developer. Schematically, this is shown
in Figure 1. The electrographic developer is a mixture of
DIELECTRIC
MEMBRANE
DEFLECTION
ELECTRON YOKE
GUN
TRANSPARENT
/ FACEPLATE
ELECTRO'GRAPHIC
DEVELOPER
Fig. 1 Basis of electrostatic storage display tube
. carrier beads and a pigment or toner, which, when tribo-
electrically excited, leaves a net positive charge on the
toner particles.
Basic technology, as used in conjunction with
demountable type tubes, has been described in a previous
(1) C. K. Clauer and J. D. Kuehler, "Electrostatic Writing and Printing Device," U.S.
Patent #3,109,062 (October 29, 1963).
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CAPACITY AND OPTIMUM CONFIGURATION OF DISPLAYS
FOR GROUP VIEWING
Abstract
Deterioration of legibility with increasing viewing distance and obliquity limits the amount
of information a display screen can convey to an immobile audience. The resulting display
capacity and the degree of its utilization determine the efficiency of the display, where
efficiency relates audience area to screen size for the most favorable screen/audience
configuration.
The underlying geometric relationships, derived from legibility experiments, are pre-
sented in quantitative form and illustrated by examples. Their application enables a
designer to determine optimum display configurations on the basis of geometry rather
than .intuition.
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11 NON-LINEAR OPTICAL FILTERS
FOR HIGH CONTRAST DISPLAYS
ABSTRACT
A new class of hybrid optical filters has been developed
which exhibits markedly different transmission properties in
opposite paths through the filter structure. In one direction,
optical energy may be efficiently transmitted with only moder-
ate effective attenuation: in the opposite direction, the fil-
ter will almost totally absorb energy, with negligible specular
or diffuse reflection. This unusual transfer function is obtained
by a combination of both fluorescent and passive optical media,
and in part exploits the irreversible Stokes' Law emission proper-
ty common to fluorescent materials.
The presence of complementary "easy". and "hard" transmission
characteristics is akin to diode-like action for energy transfer
at optical wavelengths, and suggests application for efficient
contrast enhancement for a number of classes of displays in the
general aerospace environment. gr,e-aent,rarra'977TY0w4mdts,..Wa4,.
this filter c as,s.muli6Implaovra high immunity to waahaun41"
direcu am ient at a_c_c,e_pL4b3.76.770_77r7777-71.-evels which
will_no,Lf41.1gue th,p observer, and without
of view. view. giTtrni-c17"75T-ITT"rtechnique to a CRT display is present-
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HIGH RESOLUTION MULTI-COLOR STORAGE TUBE
ABSTRACT
? splay storage tube having resolution and environ-
u6gedness equal to monochromatic display storage tubes
has been demonstrated..
Thestructures utilized in this new tube design are
identical to those in standard direct view storage tubes
except for a special phosphor. There is no phosphor dot
structure to align with the target assembly and only one
writing gun is needed.
The stored color is determined by the storage surface
potential or halftone level to which that portion of the
display has been written. The color in this color storage
tube is thus seen to be a function of the grid drive, the
sweep speed or, since the storage tube is an integrating
device, the number of pulses or hits in a given location.
The color is independent of the time at which video is
applied to the tube.
The direction of color shift, halftone level at which
color shift begins, rate of color shift and color saturation
at equilibrium brightness may be optimized by electronic
adjustments external to the tube itself. This straight-
forward associated circuitry is easy to operate and adjust.
The color tube may be fabricated with either the standard
direct view storage tube or Multimode storage tube
capabilities. In addition to the color-shift display, a
monochroic halftone mode of operation in one of several
colors is provided. System applications are suggested.
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A DISPLAY SPECIFICATION
ABSTRACT
, ? 1J r ccSS of procuring an electrolurninescent (EL) display system, it was necessary to develop
efinition of the display requirements and terminology consistent with the manufacturer's terms;
:,t-cify the product required in measurable parameters; and (3) establish the measurement tech-
instruments and procedures.
isic nature of the electroluminescent illuminant, insofar as it is a non-thermal source, creates
?:.i! distribution and color definition difficulties as well as brightness definitions,. Also the factors
, tliumination color and que scent color, in addition to their associated contrasts and susceptabil-
, lmbient effects, created requirements for new definitions, terminology; and measurements.
of the study, development, and measurement effort have not been wholly satisfactory.
still exist in definitions of standards, instruments for measurements, and to some extent,
of nature of the EL lamp. What was achieved is a general specification for Electro-
, ent Indicator Lamps, a model Material Specification for EL lamps and test data to determine
..;itveness of these solutions. The specification covers design, construction, performance, test
, tcst equipment and calibration for the EL lamp.
?:.rcification and its problems are presented to the members of the Society for the consideration
in the hope that it will further solutions to the display me.asurement, specification and
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CONSTRUCTING DATA PICTURES
Abstract
The advantages of using graphic displays for presenting data to human obser-
vers are well known and documented. The advantages appear to be due to the
fact that measures can be sensed more directly when shown as geometrical
properties in some physical model than when presented in the form of arbitrary
symbols. If we represent a measure by its. conventional symbol, "2" for
example, it is in no visible sense half of four or one-third of six, but when it
is represented by a length of line or by the position of a point it is. Conventional
graphic displays are largely limited to the "length of line-position of point"
approach. This has been partly a matter of habit, ?but mostly a matter of con-
venience and economy. Large amounts of data from many research disciplines,
however, have forced us to explore for some more global graphic techniques,
and developments in computer graphics have made a number of new approaches
economically feasible. The present paper will suggest some new approaches
to graphic displays in which data measures control a wide variety of geomet-
rical properties in a data picture. The resultant displays may take on the
appearance of some substance or process, and the subjective "data analysis"
may be in the form of certain physical descriptions of the display such as
descriptions of its softness, flexibility, jaggedness, bushiness, etc.
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? to.)
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SOME NOTES ON MEASURING PERFORMANCE OF
PHOSPHORS USED IN CRT DISPLAYS
ABSTRACT
The technique used for measuring brightness of a cathode ray tube display has
considerable bearing on the results obtained. Line and raster type measure-
ments are compared and it is shown that there are advantages to be obtained by
measuring the brightness of an isolated line with a spot photometer. However,
this instrument can only be relied upon if certain precautions are taken; these
are discussed.
A display is usually required to achieve a specified writing brightness, which is
a function of Cathode Ray Tube beam current, spot size, accelerating voltage,
screen material, writing speed and refresh rate. When designing an efficient
system the inter-relationships between these parameters are important and are
considered with other constraints such as freedom from flicker.
The connection between each of these parameters and brightness often becomes
obscured by comparing systems which may use different phosphors for the CRT
screens, different guns and different combinations of operating conditions. The
results outlined in this paper have been obtained from tubes with several phosphors
deposited on each of their faces; in making screen comparisons this almost
eliminates the effect of the gun.
The distribution of brightness in a spot is used to establish the effect of the
relative sizes of the spot and the spot photometer aperture. The experimental
results from measurements of many commonly used phosphors are then used
to develop an empirical formula connecting the properties of the screen, refresh
rate, beam current, writing speed, spot diameter and accelerating voltage.
Measured values are given for thirteen screens operating over a wide range
of conditions.
Finally, a brief investigation of flicker and its relationship to refresh rate for
a few screen materials has produced some interesting results. In particular,
it is shown that persistence is not a good criterion for the critical frequency.
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APPLICATION OF THERMOCHROMIC MATERIALS IN DISPLAY DEVICES
Abstract
?
The feasibility of using thermochromic materials in display devices is currently under study.
These materials exhibit color changes when heated and revert back to their original color when
cooled. The observation of the color change depends on a change in reflection and not on the
emission of light, as is the case in electroluminescent materials. Thus, displays utilizing
thermochromic materials are visible under wide ranges of ambient illumination. Two prototype
numeric display devices have been constructed in which pure ternary compounds, Ag2Hg14 and
CuoHgl4, were used as the thermochromic display materials. These prototypes gave high
coril'rast images and demonstrated the feasibility of devices of this kind. Various new thermo-
chromic matericils have been prepared. Some of the more important properties of thermo-
chromic materials, such as their stability, reversibility, thermodynamic characteristics and
contrast are presented. Experiments are described in which a laser beam was employed to
"write" on a thermochromic material, and others in which the thermochromic material was
substituted for the phosphor in a cathode ray tube.
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EVALUATION OF PROBABILISTIC DISPLAYS
Abstract
Many situations in which humans are required to act are probabilistic in nature.
That is, the human is reauired to respond in a situation where he is presented
with uncertain or fallible information. In such a situation, it may be useful
to present information to the human using a display in which the essential
probabilistic structure of the information is preserved and explicitly presented.
This paper presents a study of four different probabilistic displays. The
effectiveness of operators in estimating Probabilities using these displays and
in making decisions with such displays is evaluated and compared with the
effectiveness of operators using a non-probabilistic (conventional) display.
The results support the feasibility of probabilistic information presentation.
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HUMAN FACTORS IN AIRBORNE TELEVISION DISPLAYS
ABSTRACT
L7.
siystss.C.7".a7-127
sensitivity, have caused an increasing interest in
television displays for military aerial operations.
Each type of mission calls for its own particular
design characteristics to optimize operator effec'-
tiveness. This paper discusses the variables
involved in television viewing related to visual
interpretation.
The principal variables which must be considered
are: (1) the mission characteristics, (2) the im-
aging system, including contrast rendition, line
coverage and signal-to-noise properties, (3)
human visual capabilities, in terms of resolution
and contrast perception and search time, and (4)
viewing conditions such as kinescope size and
shape and the ambient environment.
One of the most important factors influencing the
selection of display characteristics for airborne
use is the nature of the observation task which is
involved. Performance capability related to the
nature of the targets sought, altitude and velocity
conditions is discussed, and data is presented
from simulation research showing how visual in-
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Cockpit environmental factors such as the ambient
illumination and space limitations ar analyzed ?
with respect to their influence on the display re-
quirements. The presentation concludes with a
summary of the operator-oriented system ana-
lytic approach necessary to the definition of dis-
play system performance specifications.
1. INTRODUCTION
To set the stage for the analysis which follows,
we may consider that a military mission employ-
ing a television monitoring task is similar, in
some respects, to the "mission" of flying from
Los Angeles to Boston in one of the aircraft car-
rying closed circuit television as in-flight enter-
tainment. For in-flight viewing, the camera is
made operable just as the aircraft pulls away frOm
the ramp. The first view is a forward look at the
runway - "what the pilot sees" - so that takeoff
may be observed out the window or at the display.
After takeoff, the camera is dropped to provide a
vertical view of the ground below. Monitors for
viewing are placed between each pair of seats in
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EVALUATION OF NARROW BM T.V. DISPLAYS
ABSTRACT
The design of a narrow BW TV for transmission over acoustic channels is being
investigated. Among the problems associated with such a system are the identifi-
cation of the properties of various scan formats which maximize the amount of
usable information which can be conveyed by the system, and the determination of
the limits of the observer's ability to make the kinds of discriminations which
might conceivably be required with the use of such a system. The approach being
followed involves performance of certain visual tasks selected to develop and
sample relevant perceptual criteria. Among these tasks are discriminations of
simple shape and line orientation, recognition of hidden objects, and determina-
tion of thresholds for angularity and curvature. Also under study is the possi-
ble advantage afforded by stereoscopic viewing as opposed to ordinary two-dimen-
sional presentation. Special attention is being given to pseudo-random dot
scans, and dot-line interlaces, since conventional line scans at the reduced
bandwidths under study result in frame rates which are unsuitable for practical 0
use. Basic results and technical considerations will be discussed.
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1/441)
THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER DRIVEN
ELECTROLUMINESCENT VERTICAL SCALE INDICATOR
ABSTRACT
The design and development of a digital computer driven electroluminescent (EL) vertical scale indi-
cator under contract NAS 7-420 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administratiorf involved the
application of advanced techniques to the fabrication of a spacecraft instrument. The pr esentation
describes the design, the developmental problems, and the solutions chosen for the fabrication of two
types of solid-state instruments. Emphasis was placed on size, weight, power, reliability, and dis-
play readability consistent with conditions encountered in a spacecraft environment. Detailed data are
presented describing the digital microcircuit, EL lamp controls, and EL lamp selection and perform-
ance results. The EL lamp brightness regulated display concept utilized is described in detail.
The fabrication of the instrument is continuing and existing units will be evaluated by NASA in a -simu-
lation environment. The flexibility provided by this cdesign will allow display color combination, ob?
server evaluation of the functional presentation method. The process of new presentation methods is
necessary to provide instruments that can support man's expanding effort in the exploration of space.
Ames Research Center
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TWO-SLIT SPOT ANALYZER
Abstract
The Two-Slit Analyzer is an instrument designed to simplify the task of making measurements of
Cathode Ray Tube spot size. The working definition of spot size is the "width at the. half-amplitude"
of the energy distribution in the spot.
Distance calibration is built into the Two-Slit Analyzer. It is useful for making all of the many types
of resolution measurements used in Cathode Ray Tube displays. Two-line raster, single-line raster,
shrinking raster, bar chart resolution, spatial frequency response, linearity, 'phosphor noise, rise
and decay time measurements can be made in addition to "width at half-amplitude".
The Two-Slit Analyzer is relatively simple to use, accurate and reliable. Operator decisions and
eye fatigue are eliminated in measuring resolution.
A standard method for CRT spot measurements is suggested which will be useful in computer, radar,
television and other types of information displays in defining performance of CRT's, deflection yokes,
focusing coils, astigmatic correctors and associated devices which effect performance at the display
interface.
1 73
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L.)
A MULTICOLOR LASER DIGITAL DATA DISPLAY SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
A large-screen, digital data display system which is presently being developed
will be discussed. This real-time, projection display system is particularly
suited for on-line operation with a digital computer. Coherent light from red,
blue and green lasers is modulated and deflected to produce a 512- by 512-point,
seven-color display. System specifications call for a 10-foot-lambert bright-
ness display on a 5-foot by 5-foot rear projection screen. The design is such
that the resolution can readily be increased to 1024 by 1024 points.
This laser display system differs from the previously described television type,
raster scan laser displays in that all 262,144 points of a computer-generated
image are stored magnetically and reproduced 60 times a second to generate a
flicker-free display image. The means of scanning is such as to insure nearly
perfect linearity and color registration.
The display's update rate is limited only by computer information transfer rates
and can exceed one million bits per second.
The optical and electronic design of the display will be described with particular
attention being given to laser selection, light modulation and deflection tech-
niques and image storage.
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A 210 kc/sec PHONEVISION SN5TEM
ABSTRACT
The principal psychophysical requirements of the human eye are satisfied by a television frame frequency
of about 1 or 2 cps. To avoid flicker with low frame rates, a pseudo-random dot scan is employed in
conjunction with a medium-persistence phosphor. A 210 kc/sec phonevision system is described that has
100,000-element pictures and a frame rate of 3.75 cps.
203
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HIGH DENSITY TAPE RECORDING OF
REDUCED-BANDWIDTH TV SIGNALS*
I. INTRODUCTION
The frequency response of a signal recorded on
one track is limited by different factors, such as:
Practical tape velocity,final width of the head gap,
graininess of the tape, etc. In order to be able to
increase the frequency response of the recording,
without going into the inefficient and expensive
high speed recording, we take advantage of the
width of the tape. There are two methods to do
that. The one currently widely used for tele-
vision recording is recording with rotating heads
sweeping transversely across the tape, the longi-
tudinal tape motion being just fast enough to space
properly the transverse tracks. The disadvantage
of this sytem besides being quite expensive is that
its mechanical construction is extremely' complex,
sensitive and requires extensive maintenance.
The other method, which is used in our system,
is multi-track recording.
The most obvious thing would be to use time
division multiplexing, i. e. divide the high fre-
quency signal through sampling into a number of
low frequency channels and record each onto a
separate track, and then reassemble them into
the original signal after playback. This would
allow us to record a signal of approximately
Ei(:) kHz on a 1/4" tape running at 15"/sec since
.eight tracks each having about 45 kHz bandwidth
can be recorded on 1/4" tape. However, this
is not as easy as it seems due to skew and
flutter of the tape.
Skew is defined as the variable time displacement
encountered between different tracks at playback.
Therefore, when skew is present the samples
would not be read out at the proper time or even
sequence. It is impossible then to reassemble the
signal.
STAT
Flutter is defined as the velocity variation which
is uniform across the tape. While flutter is bother-
some even in recording on one track,it is im-
possible to generate the sample signals in order
to sample the different tracks.
To overcome those difficulties an electronic skew
and flutter compensation system was developed.
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF
THE SYSTEM DEVELOPED
The signals to be recorded are obtained from the
pseudo-random scanned TV System. Since the re-
cording system has to be reasonably economical, a
tape drive using .1" tape at a velocity of 15 inch/sec.
was thought to be satisfactory.
The flutter and skew compensation system that is
used has two reference signals recorded on the
two outer tracks. All other tracks can be used for
recording of multiplexed data. Sound is also re-
corded on the reference signal tracks. The maxi-
mum number of tracks that are normally recorded
on a 71," tape is eight. All those tracks have to be
recorded (plaved-backl usinrY hpic ,,,,unted in one
Z I I
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K?07
?
PULFRICH SPACE FORM
ABSTRACT
A little-known stereo effect, the Pulfrich stereophenomenon, is capable of pro-
ducing stereo depth from single displays in a dynamic situation. A virtual
depth excursion is generated by a stimulus point'(target) moving horizontally,
when the observer receives unequal binocular retinal illuminances (obtained,
for example, by viewing with a neutral density filter before one eye).
The effect is attributed to the existence of a significant time delay between
retinal stimulation and receptor response, and the resulting differential
delay that exists when viewing ala Pulfrich. This differential delay in a
dynamic display produces a retinal image disparity resulting in stereo depth.
The subjective space form so produced is the Pulfrich space form PSF.
The Pulfrich effect can be most simply studied with mechanical arrangements;
for example, using an oscillating pendulum bob as target. Another system,making
use of an oscilloscope allows virtually any target motion to be conveniently
produced, and permits the use of complex target shapes. A further experimental
refinement is to use a stereo oscilloscope. This device offers two advantages:
(1) differential intensities can be used on the two CRTs to produce a range of
differential retinal illuminances for the two eyes; (2) a real pattern dis-
parity can be introduced to test its interaction with the subjective Pulfrich
effect. Experiments with such instruments have shown that the Pulfrich effect
is capable of completely negating the effect of a real pattern disparity of the
opposite type.
General functional expressionsare given for determining PSF from the equations
of motion of the target. Also, a graphical method is presented for use when
equations are not available. It is shown that when target motion is sinusoidal,
the PSF is elliptical. The PSFs corresponding to several target motions are
given.
Indications are that applications may exist for the Pulfrich effect in some
areas of 3-D data display.
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EYE MOVEMENT TECHNIQUE
TO MEASURE VISUAL SEARCH BEHAVIOR
Abstract
Onc,' of the missions of the Display Techniques Branch at Rome Air Development
Center is to identify variables which influence visuR1 search behavior,
investigate their interactions and specify standards which should be used
in designing and evaluating Large Scale Display Systems. In the Information
Techniques Section of the Display Techniques Branch, :this research has been
two-pronged. First, "in-house" and contractual efforts primarily in the
area of psychophysical studies (color specifications, coding, TV resolution)
and secondly, display criterion development. This latter has as its purpose
the development of a metric to evaluate the information transfer potentiality
of Large Scale Display designs.
In the area of Visual Search, the Information Techniques Section has recently
turned its attention to the development of an eye movement device which would
aid in evaluating the influences of various display parameters and be an
additional diagnostic tool in the criterion development field. This paper
will present the approach used in developing this device and a more detailed
explanation of possible uses of the apparatus.
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- kr,
A SOLID STATE MATRIX DISPLAY EMPLOYING
GALLIUM PHOSPHIDE DIODES
ABSTRACT
This paper describes a solid state diode matrix display employing Gallium Phosphide light
sources, which have been devised to investigate the possibility of use as a solid state display and a
data recording device. The matrix is composed of 4 (rows) x 5 (columns) diodes which emit light of
about 7000 k in wave length with a quantum efficiency of about 0.5% when forward biased?at 4 to 8 volts.
By making use of the above mentioned characteristics of light emissive properties, the diode matrix was
scanned by two separate scan generators for row and column lines respectively.
Characters 0 to 9 were successfully displayed on this device by a row pulse and a signal from an
"AND" gate having input signals from column and character generator signals. According to the ex-
periments with this device, the scanning speed per character is 40 psec and the light intensity of a
diode is 30 foot-lamberts at a current of 80 ma. As for the characteristics .of light emission from a
GaP diode, it was shown that its color changes continuously from red to green with increasing current
as well as with the doping conditions of donors and acceptors. Green emission rather than red would
be more fitted for use in a solid state matrix display for photographic recording since it matches the
sensitivity of ASA 100 film for an exposure time of 5 x 10-6 sec.
1. INTRODUCTION
In response to the recent development of
computors, theineed for a matrix addressed dis-
play has been enhanced as means of man-machine
communication. There are a few proposals (1) (2)
about it, however, they are at present far from
ideal. It is one of our aims to check the pos-
sibility of the application of the light emitting
Gallium-Phosphide diode as a display device. In
this paper, we will discuss experiments with a
4 x 5 diode matrix.
A diode matrix has been scanned by suc-
cessive impulse voltages such that the char-
acters 0 to 9 could be represented at the speed
of 40 psec/word.
From the point of view of light inten-
sity and human vision, such a matrix as 150 x
150 diodes could be used for a display. Data
recording experiments show that the green light
from Gallium Phosphide blackens ASA No. 100 film
approximately 30% in an exposure time of
5 x 10-6 sec.
Additionally, the light emissive char-
acteristic of a diode doped with Ga203 and Zn
will be reviewed as well as a discussion of
possible introduction of memory functions into
a diode.
2. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A LIGHT
EMITTING DIODE
Two kinds of diode:; have been used in
the experiments, one of which is a Sn-alloyed
single crystal doped with Zn and Ga203, and the
255
other a p-n junction of GaP doped with Te and Zn.
As is well-known, the light emission of GaP is due
to the pair recombinations of electrons captured
by donors with holes captured by acceptors.
When an electric field is applied, the
single crystal doped by Zn and 0 emits light with
a center wave length of 7000 R, while that doped
by Zn and Te or Zn and S has a light emission with
a center wave length of 5600k.
2.1 GaP Doped with Zn and Ga203
By inserting the compounds of Ga, GaP,
Zn and Ga203 into a quartz-tube and heating and
cooling gradually, we can obtain many crystals
as small as 2 x 2 x 0.3m3. As each of them is
p-typed, a p-n junction is formed by alloying
Sn on it. Figure 1 shows the relation between
the doping quantity of Ga203 and the ill,!=ensity of
emitted light when a current of 50 mA flows
through a diode in which more than 30 mg of
Ga203 is doped to produce a sufficient amount of
light omission.
The voltage-current characteristics of a
diode are represented in Figure 2, which show that
the reverse bias breakdown voltage is more than
8V and a current of above 100 mA flows for a
forward bias of 8V. These characteristics enable
its use for scanning of a diode matrix.
The relations or light :,nsity with a
forward biased current are shown in Fip:re 3. It
is typical that the intensity of light goes up
exponentially with increasing current, which
suggests the possibility of use as an cptical
memory.
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0
A PROGRAMABLE DISPLAY SYNTHESIZING SYSTEM
FOR MAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH
ABSTRACT
Much of the experimental development required in the area of flight control-display interface design can
be accomplished in the time-proven research simulator. ? However, the methods ustilized .to implement sim-
ulator display panels have been encumbered by the long time lags and high costs of instrument develop-
ment and by the inflexibility and clutter of single-purpose instrument arra:/s. This paper describes a
new concept for research simulator display, the purpose of which is to provide for ,a more effective,
less costly, and less time-consuming means of creating dynamic instrument replicas for simulator evalu-
ation. This concept employs the synthesis of desired instrumentation at the control-display interface
of the man-machine loop-utilizing a programable electronic 'display system.
The synthetic display concept described is based on an .electronic animation technique which allows the
.cockpit display designer to proceed directly from static instrument mockups to dynamic di-Splays which
' are simulated at-he display interface by high-resolution alosed-circuit monochrome TV. The electronic
animation technique utilizes the principle that most desired flight displays are composed of static pat-
terns and dynamic patterns Which can be separated for photographic storage and, under the control of
,programed instructions, machine dynamics, and manned inputs,, can be electronically recombined for com-
posite, dynamic display.
This paper includes a description of the display system configuration with regard to major components
required, to achieve electronic animation. Major subsystems described include. a stored program control
unit and a digitally controlled vidicon film scanner, flying spot film scanner, and scan converter.
Programing techniques and system operational modes are discussed from the viewpoint of relating how
dynamic and static display patterns are called up from random access film storage, how individual
dynamic patterns are electronically modified, written into transient storage, and updated to convey
motion, and how dynamic and static portions of the display are combined to form animated composites.
Examples' of synthesized flight displays are exhibited. System performance is discussed and compared
with that of conventional computer-CRT stylized displays. The advantages of electronic animation with
regard to format change, program complexity, regeneration rates, and image characteristics for certain
classes of displays are presented.
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?
MAGNETO-OPTIC DISPLAY
A class of magneto-optic devices has attracted the
interest of the informalioh recording, processing,
and display community in the past few years.
These devices can perform many of the functions
associated with memory arrays; in addition, the
state of an element in the array can be sensed
optically. . These properties, combined with the
ability to fabricate arrays with more than 106
elements and drive them at computhr. rates with
solid state drivers in a matrix format, make them
attractive. Initial use will be in display. They
will find use as interfacesbetween electronic and
optical channels and ultimately as man-machine
interfaces.
This paper presents the physics of the device, tne
? present display characteristics, and a look at the
future. The current state-of-the-art in operation-
al magneto-optic displays, recited herein, has been
sponsored by the U. S. Army Electronics Command
under DA-28-043,-AMC-014112(E).
1. Physics of Magneto-optic Display Device
1.1 General
The magneto-optic phenomena, subject in this paper,
has evolved from the Bitter technique of studying
domain structures in thin magnetic films. Speci-
fically, a colloidal suspension of ferromagnetic
particles (Bitter's solution) is placed on th sur-
face of the magnetic film. The fringing field at
the surface of the film, associated with the do-
rmdin structure within, attractthe ferromagnetic
particles. A glomerate of these particles is
formed on the surface of the film along the domain
walls. If the domain structure is sufficiently
regular, the glomeration forms a regular line array
or grating. This grating is capable of diffracting
281
light.
When the magnetization vector is rotated in the
plane of the film, the domain structure also ro-
tates. A new optical grating will be formed at
the new location of the domain walls. The old
grating is thermally dissipated by. the Brownian
nature of the Bitter solution. The film is mag-
netized in some preferred direction by means of a
coincident current matrix, wire loop, or magnetic
recording head. For coincident current matrix
writing and erasing, the grating is usually ro-
tated through 90?.
1.2
Magnetic Film
The films used in this work are electroplated
nickel-iron. They are negative magnetostrictive
isotropic tensiIastress films of 10,000 to .40,000 F.
thickness and are usually electroplated on a gold
layer on a glass substrate. The film is switched
by using creep rotation
This results in angular
structure in and at the
of the magnetic anisotropy.
rotation of the domain
surface of the film.
1.3 Colloidal Suspension
The principal colloidal suspension used in these
devices is an aqueous suspension of magnetite,
Fe304. Particle size is about 100 Nonacueous
suspensions have also been evaluated. The colloid-
al suspension of ferromagnetic particles is sealed
between the top surface of the nickel-iron film
and a cover glass.
Aqueous suspensions. are rior in -mi niohtnese
and contrast to the nonaqueous anemone cur examinee.
Some initial difficulty with useful device life
was experienced. Modifications to ha seal and:
film have increased device lifeiiMe to more than
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