REAR PROJECTION SCREEN MATERIALS STUDY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 175
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 6, 2012
• Sequence Number: 116
• Publication Date: March 1, 1962
• Content Type: REPORT

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Final Report
REAR PROJECTION
SCREEN MATERIALS STUDY
F. 0. 046564
Project Closed: March 1, 1962
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Final Report.
REAR PROJECTION
SCREEN MATERIALS STUDY
F. 0. 046564
By
February 12, 1962
STAT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT
I TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
A. Literature Survey 1
B. Diffusing Screens in Rear Projection 1
C. Description of Samples 2
II EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND TESTS
OtttCntzi>
3
Test Approach and Method Selection 3
Definition Threshold Test Equipment 3
Contact Resolution Test 4
Luminance Tests and Equipment 4
Transmission Tests and Equipment 5
Polarization Tests and Equipment 5
Miscellaneous and Selected Tests 6
1. Profilometer Tests 6
2. Photomicrographic Tests 6
3. Microdensitometer Scanning Tests 6
III EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
8
A. General Tabulation and Recording 8
B. Results by Specific Tests 8
1. Definition Threshold Test 8
2. Contact Resolution Test 8
3. Luminance Tests 8
4. Transmission Tests 9
5. Polarization Tests 9
6. Miscellaneous Tests 9
IV SUMMARY OF RESULTS 10
V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 11
REFERENCES 12
APPENDICES
A. Tables
B. Data Sheets
C. Photomicrographs and Microdensitometric Traces
D. Diffusing Screen Properties
E. Definition Threshold Test Equipment
F. Profilometer Tests
G. Shape Factor
H. Bibliography
I. Glossary of Terms and Definitions
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ABSTRACT
The Photographic Systems Development Department (G-53) of
Bausch & Lomb has conducted an evaluation of rear projection
screen materials suitable for viewing high definition photographic
transparencies and prints. The program included the assembly
of test apparatus, the use of this equipment in measuring screen
sample definition, distribution of illumination, and polarization
characteristics. Conclusions are in terms of:
a) Best group viewing screen.
b) Best individual viewing screen.
c) Best stereo group viewing screen.
d) Best individual stereo viewing screen.
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I TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
? A. Literature Survey
A literature survey was conducted in which fifty-one published
papers Were selected as generally applicable to the characteris-
tics and/or evaluation of rear projection screens. The majority
of this material pertains to luminance distribution factors as
applied principally to theater projection and background screens
for television studio work or process photography. Although many
of4hepapers offered information that was of partial interest and
value, there was little in the literature which indicated prior con-
centration on high definition projection. The bibliography is in-
cluded as Appendix
B. Diffusing Screens in Rear Projection
The basic purpose of this prograni.was to evalitate the performance
of various screen materials in. the rear projection of high definition
photographic records. The term "high definition" photography in this
use is construed to mean quality in the order of 100 to 200 medium
cOntrast lines per millimeter.
To understand this problem we 'must first visualize the process of
image formation in a,iturbid or ,diffusing medium. Basically a pro-
jection optical system forms an image at the screen plane and this
pattern, because of scattering .of 'light within the medium, is seen
multidirectionally at the ssreen.; This scattering process may be
caused by any one or a combination of such physical properties as
surface roughness, pigmentation; layers of small spheres, or other,,
types of light scattering particles.
The ground surface, as an example, has two optical characteristics
- an array of microsurfaces of random, tilt with respect to the datum
and a random depth or layer thickness A light bundle striking this
surface is therefore scattered by a combined prismatic - lenticular
action in:that each micro surface deviates the rays intercepted by
its area as a function of air index of refraction, angle of incidence
on the microsurface and the material index. The random devia-
tions within the material direct the rays in all angles from the
points of incidence, to the condition wherein the critical angle is
exceeded. Thus the angle of the emergent cone indicates the dis-
tance off the optical axis the observer may see the image.
The image spread in a rear projection screen as a result,. Of light
scattering and diffusion is similar in Concept to the spread which
occurs in the image formation process of a photographic' emulsion.
The photographic situation has been exhaustively discussed as a
result of theoretical and experimental studies 1, 2. Therefore,
the apparent "granularity" or a,screen becomes the major factor
controlling the image fidelity presented to the viewer in terms of
dimensional alteration of the image and its contrast. To function
as a rear Oojectipn screen, it must always present an image
that is distorted in size and contrast with reference to the original
object, otherwise the characteristics causing the screen to serve
its function approach zero as image fidelity is maximized.
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It therefore follows that, in the presence of a granular structure,
the screen image fidelity is dependent on the size of the incident
image structure.
As this micro structure approaches granularity magnitudes, the
spreading increases in terms of size and shape distortion and
contrast reduction until a "threshold' of apparent detection or
recognition is reached, beyond which, with decreasing incident
image size, the screen structure is incapable of definition.
Variation of projection magnification is a method whereby the
image size may be varied for determination of this threshold
region. The change from the "micro" condition to the threshold
condition, should be continuous,- thereby permitting the operator
to seek the "image breakup threshold" without thg error inducing
distractions of "stepped" magnification changes.
Since the determination of the granular threshold is a visual func-
tion, there enters the problem of eliminating experimental errors
induced by human acuity limitations. Auxiliary magnification must
therefore be provided in amount to insure that visual acuity is not
a restricting factor.
The use of such a projection technique would differ from a contact
situation, wherein the target is placed in direct contact with the
diffusion surface of the sample and read With a microscope view-
ing through the sample. This difference is evident by the fact that
"granularity" is the major factor controlling the image fidelity of
a rear projection screen, and as it is decreased the spread effect
is decreased and the function of the material as a screen decreases
to zero. However, in the case of the "contact situation", as the
granularity is decreased, the capability to read higher resolutiOns
increases to the point where at maximum image fidelity, there
would be no granularity present on the screen.
It is obvious that the technique of "contact resolution", testing
that is, examination of a resolving power target in contact with
the screen sample, of materials is of limited, if not misleading
value. No basis for assessing the better screens exists other
than the loss of information as compared to the target. Also,
the position at the image is fixed at the target itself, not in or on
the screen. As a result the diffusion process acts as a filter
rather than an image transducer.
C. Description of Samples.
A total of 114 specimens were collected for the program as a
result of a survey of 17 organizations, advertising the produc-
tion or marketing of rear projection screens.
Particular effort was made to obtain representative types of
materials and diffusing surfaces, such as ground glass, matte
plastic, beads on glass, chemicals deposited on plastic, single
layer, double layer, and homogeneous type and lenticular con-
figuration. These materials were cut and mounted in 2" by 2"
photographic slide holders. A coded listing is given in Table I.
Throughout the remainder of the body of the report, the number
or type of screen only will be used.
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Controlled, auxiliary visual magnification is necessary
to maintain a.cOnstant- apparent image scale.
Thus a basic test fixture was outlined requiring the projection of high
definition, target-- objects with a lens capable of 200 lines per milli-
meter quality at the short conjugate. Semi-automatic mechanical and
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A. Test Approach and Method Selection
The following experimental philosophy was adopted:
1.
A test utilizing projection techniques most realistically
indicates a screen's performance as ultimately used.
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The performance of the projection test equipment must
be that of a high definition system.
3. - A Variable magnification ratio technique provides the
necessary means to establish the screen sample's
threshold. of definition.
ptical features were provided to maintain consistent image quality
during the operation of the equipment.
Other 'test, providing thignifica.nt information were considered to be:
Contact Resolution Test
Luminance Tests
Transmission Tests
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Polarization Tests
Profilometer 'Tests
Photomicrographic Tests
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Microdenthitdmeter Tests
The equipment and operations will be discussed in the following
sections.
B. Definition Threshold Test Equipment
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The variable 'projection test fixture constructed for the screen
sample evaluation is illustrated in Figure 1. The components
of the projection system were located on a double rail nine foot
lens bench. A carriage which could be moved along the rails by
a pulley arrangement held the target-object, the lens, and the
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autofocusing arid manual focusing mechanism. The light source
was located to one side but unattached to the fixture because of
the need for vibration isolation. The sample holder and viewing
miCroscope were located'at one end of the bed.
The target object was a reduced positive transparency of 200
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line per millimeter quality, on Minicard emulsion, of a vertical
aerial photograph.
The portion of the image selected for this test is shown outlined
in the enlarged copy of the target object, reproduced here as
Figure 2. The image was projected with a representative 50mm
f/2 lens working at f/2.8, which is capable of 202 visual lines
per millimeter on axis using a high contrast USAF resolution target.
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The projection magnification range of the instrument was from
40:1 to 1:1 with a coarse autofocus by a cam-activated mechanism
and a manual fine focus override. Thus the image focus was moni-
tored on the sample plane throughout the range of magnification.
The image at the sample plane was viewed by the operator with a
StereoZoom Microscope with a calibrated, continuously variable
range of 14x to 50 x.
The apparatus was used in the following manner to determine the
definition threshold of each screen material sample. A specimen
was placed in the slide holder with its diffuse side toward the
operator. The movable carriage was set at the indexed position
of 401 and the projected image viewed with the StereoZoom
Microscope at 14x. The best focus' was selected by remote ad-
justment with the fine focus knob. The munification ratio of the
projected image was then reduced by carriage movement, result-
ing in the image becoming progressively smaller in size on the
sample plane. The operator varied the magnification of the view-
ing microscope, maintaining the apparent' image size equal to
that of the 40:1 condition.
This process was continued until the operator determined the
image to be degraded at which point the magnification ratio was
recorded as the "definition threshold," for that sample.
The method of arriving at a decision of definition threshold there-
fore included assessment of the overall quality, edge sharpness,
contrast and the recognition of fine detail. The ability to search
for the region of apparent image disintegration was found to be
a critical factor in the evaluation process. The results are re-
corded in Table II of Appendix A and the data sheets of Appendix
B.
C. Contact Resolution Test
The contact resolution test method was used in this study as a
supplemental means of screen performance evaluation. Since
this method is simple and easily reproduced with reservations
indicated by the more elegant projection method, possibilities
of correlation for future sample assessment are provided.
The tests were performed on each screen material using a
resolution target with black bars on a clear background and a
B&L StereoZoom Microscope with a variable magnification
range of 7x to 60x. (Figure 3.) The results of this test for each
sample are shown graphically, resolution versus magnification,
in the data sheets in Appendix B.
D. Luminance Tests and Equipment
The brightness ratio or fall-off with angle is an important factor
in the performance of a rear projection system because of the
common requirement of off-axis viewing by multiple observers.
In such cases where there is more than one observer, this fac-
tor becomes a prime condideration.
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To determine the distribution of photometric brightness of each
of the sample screen materials as a function of angle from the
normal, a breadboard goniophotorneter was assembled. (Fig-
ure 4)
The pholometer portion of the apparatus was a Photo Research
Spectra', 5 Brightness Spotmeter,, Model SB - 1-1/2?. The
b rightness meter was mounted to pivot in an arc around a point
beneath the screen sample. The illumination of the sample, pro-
vided by a 750 watt projection source, was measured at the sample
plane as 1600 foot candles with a Weston foot-candle meter. Read-
ings were made of a 0.4 inch diameter portion. The results of the
luminance tests for each sample are shown, luminance in percent
versus angle of measurement, in the data sheets in Appendix B.
E. Transmission Tests and Equipment
Transmission values of the screen samples are necessary data
in the selection and evaluation of screen material because of the
interdependence of the projection source illumination, the density
of the original record, lens speed,. and the screen brightness re-
quirements of a system.
The illumination analyzer, shown in Figure 5, was used to obtain
the transmission readings of the screen samples.
Two sets of reading were made for each sample; one with the
diffusing or matte surface of the sample toward the analyzer
and one with the smooth surface toward the light source. These
values are recorded on the individual data sheets in Appendix B.
F. Polarization Tests and Equipment
The purpose of the polarization examination was in anticipation
of use with polarizing stereoscopic rear projection viewers.
Jenkins and White discuss the basic thebries of polarization in
reference 7.
Two tests were performed, the first to sort out those samples
which wholly depolarized, and the second to measure the amount
of depolarization of those samples whichindicated partial depolar-
ization. A visual process with a simple polariscope was used in
the initial process in which the sample was placed between a polar-
izer and an analyzer, type HN32, on a light table as shown in Fig-
ure 6. The polarizers were crossed and uncrossed and the change
in appearance or lack thereof indicated whether or not the material
required further test and measurement.
Those samples which had a minimum of depolarizing qualities
were further tested with an apparatus which was a combination
of the goniophotometer and the polariscope. The technique is
basically similar to the above test except that the photometer
permits the measurement of the efficiency by the amount of light
passing through the system under crossed and uncrossed condi-
tions of the polarizer and analyzer. This efficiency is a ratio of
the two values. The results are included in Table II of Appendix A.
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The aerial image of the pinhole is then focused with the pickup
microscope and the focusing eyepiece scanned and recorded.
The samples that had been photographed were scanned and a
basis for measuring their spreads was established since the trace
of each sample could be overlaid with the trace of the aerial image.
In each case the qualitative results of the photomicrographs were
confirmed quantitatively by this scanning method.
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III EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. General Tabulation and Recording
The test series results are catalogued in terms of each of the 114
samples in Appendix B. In addition, the data are shown in tabular
form in TABLE II, which lists each sample by number in the order
or rating of performance for each test.
B. Specific Tests Results
Definition Thresholds Because of the nature of the testing equip-
ment, the data results are given in the form of magnification
ratios. Of the 114 samples tested, 78 were within the range of the
instrument with readings from 40:1 to 11:1. The remainder were
of such quality that they were beyond the 40:1 limitation. In the
data sheets this "definition threshold" value has been termed "image
breakup magnification. "
Contact Resolution Contact resolution performance is given in lines
per millimeter and range from 142 to less than 3. The individual
graphs each show the resolution values plotted against microscope
magnification. The tabular form records the peak values in de-
creasing order according to their performance.
Luminance Tests A total of the readings of the luminance or
photometric brightness for each screen is plotted graphically
with the relative luminance expressed in percent versus the
angle of observation. The 100% value is the axial reading as
shown. Thus each plot shows graphically the relative distribu-
tion of illumination throughtout the 00 to 45? area of interest.
From this relative distribution another evaluation criteria is
derived, which is called the 50% Fall-off Angle. This is the
angular position off-axis where the luminance intensity drops
to 50% of the on axis value. These are arranged in order in
Table II.
The "Axial Gain", or luminance divided by the illumination (foot
Lamberts divided by foot candles, on axis)8 is calculated and
recorded for each screen as a "power" rating of the screen's
performance and direction ability.
Hill also developed a single number figure of merit to indicate
luminance characteristics called the "Shape Factor. "9 It is based
on an empirical formula derived by treating the screen as a type
of diffuser which redistributes the light as a calculated power of
the cosine of the angle of observation. The theoretical values
were computed and plotted in dashed line against the actual bright-
ness values for comparison purposes. Departure from the two
curves can be attributed for the most part to absorption and other
losses within the screen. Further discussion of the formula, its
derivation and an example of a calculation is included in Appendix
G.
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Transmission Tests Two measurements in percent are given in
the data sheets for each sample, i. e. , matte side facing the light
source, or reversed. Table II records the values With the smooth
side toward the source in order of decreasing transmission.
Polarization Tests The first phase examination resulted in the
selection of 19 samples out of the 114 worthy of further testing.
Eight of the 19 were ground glass materials. The performance of
each sample is rated in order in Table II and individually on their
respective data sheets.
Profilometer Tests The test results expressed in micro-inches
(rms) for #74 through #80 are given in the individual data sheets.
Photomicrography and Microdensitometer Scanning Results. These
results are pictorially illustrated in the Appendices. The measured
value of the spread effect of the microdensitometer tracings at the
50% level (halfway between peak and base) is ratioed with the "no
sample" aerial condition and the results tabulated in Appendix C.
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IV SUMMARY
In the process of determining which screen materials are most suit-
able-for various categories of rear projection under cOnditions of
high definition, 114 specimens were collected, various testing tech-
niques and equipment were developed, and performance ratings were
established. Five basic and three selective tests were performed on
these materials. A special test was devised which represented a
realistic, high quality projection system using a transparency of an
aerial photograph as a target object. The selection of this target
object in lieu of test objects such as bar resolution charts, point
sources, squares, discs, was to provide the necessary realism rep-
resenting the conditions of photographic interpretation. Thendefini-
tion threshold" of each of the sample materials was established as
one of the parameters of rating. Contact resolution tests provided
a rapid and simplified means of performance rating although these
results were not directly correlative with the projection date.
It was generally observed, as a result of definition and luminance
distribution tests that, as the granularity of a screen material in-
creases, the brightness distribution becomes more uniform, the
image spread factor increases, the definition threshold rises numer-
ically (quality decreases), and the transmission value decreases. The
results of each of the tests defining a screen's performance must
therefore be carefully weighed according to the use of the material.
The data from this investigation are sufficient to permit the selection
of the most suitable material from among the samples tested for
particular rear projection applications. Some of the requirements
might be; availability of illumination, number of observers, image
quality desired, screen size, ambient lighting conditions, brightness
uniformity, stereo or non-stereo application, sensitivity to damage,
and cost. None of the screens tested in this project is capable of
handling all the requirements that might arise in rear projection
systems specifications. The selection of a "most suitable?' screen for
a given a-pplication is governed by the importance of each requirement
at a sacrifice to the least important factors.
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V CONCLUSIONS
The following screens are suggested in the order of their listing
for each of the general categories.
A. Most suitable group viewing screen (3 to 5 persons)
Samples, #106, 113, 41, 104, 59
B. Most suitable group viewing screen (6 or more persons)
Samples, #59, 47, 66, 83, 8
C. Most suitable individual viewing screen (without auxiliary
viewing aid)
Samples, #97, 114, 42, 105
D. Most suitable individual viewing sereen (with auxiliary
viewing aid) ,
Samples, #35, 104, 63, 97, 16
E. Most suitable stereo group viewing screen
Samples, #64, 6 3, 7
F. Most suitable stereo individual viewing screen.
Samples, #84, 56
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REFERENCES
1 Moroz, L. P., "Imaging of Separate Linear Objects of Different
Width and Contrast with Surrounding Field by a Combination of
an Optical System and A Granular Layer," Optics and Spectro-
scopy, Vol. X, No. 2, Feb. 1961, p. 124-127.
2. Perrin, F. H., "Methods of Appraising Photographic Systems,"
Journ. SMPTE Vol. 69 Nos. 3 & 4, 1960.
3. Selwyn, E. W. H., "Theory of Resolving Power",
Optical Ithage Evaluation, NBS circular #526, 1954, p 228.
4. Crandell, F. F. and Freund K. "A Photoelectric Telephotorneter
of High Sensitivity and High Angular Selectivity", Illuminating
Engineering Vol. LII, No. 6, June 1957, p. 319-22.
5. Snyder, E., and Shuh, L., "Study of Rear Projection Screen
Characteristics," a summary report for U.S. Naval Photo-
graphic Interpretation Center, Contract No. NOas 55-775-c,
by Mast Development Company, Inc., May 1956.
6. Bausch &/ Lomb Incorporated, "B&L Illumination Analyzer,
Model 3, Operating Manual," Class #80-2-51, #054101-4
under contract No AF33(601) 2440 with Wright-Patterson
Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio.
7. Jenkins, F. A. , and White, H. E. , Fundamentals of Physical
Optics, McGraw-Hill Book Co. , 1937.
8. Hill, A. J. , "Analysis of Background Process Screens,"
Journ. of SMPTE, Vol. 66, July 1957, p. 396.
9. Hill, A. J., "A First-Order Theory of Diffuse Reflecting and
Transmitting Surfaces," Journ. of SMPTE, Vol. 61, July 1953,
p. 19-24.
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7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
APPENDIX A
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TABLE I
List of Rear Projection Screen Materials by Sample Number
Sample
No.
Manufacturer
Identification
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Trans-Lux Corp.
Trans-Lux Corp.
Trans-Lux Corp.
Trans-Lux Corp.
Trans-Lux Corp.
Trans-Lux Corp.
Trans-Lux Corp.
Luxchrome "50"
Luxchrome "70"
Stewart Black
TV Blue
S-50-R
Luxchrome
Hi Trans.
8
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6OVSR
9
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6OF
10
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6OUR
11
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6OPL
12
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS75PL
13
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6OG
14
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS75G
15
Celanese Plastics Co.
S-719
16
Celanese Plastics Co.
S-704
17
Celanese Plastics Co.
Acetate A-78, L822
18
Nylco Products, Inc.
White plastic matte one surface
19
Nylco Products, Inc.
White plastic matte one surface
20
Nixon Baldwin Chemicals,
Inc.
VCU 3047 15
21
Nixon Baldwin Chemicals,
Inc.
CX 9642
22
Nixon Baldwin Chemicals,
Inc.
CX9643
23
Nixon Baldwin Chemicals,
Inc.
CX 9644
24
Nixon Baldwin Chemicals,
Inc.
CX 9645
25
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
KDA 2905 White 164
26
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
KDA 2930 Blue 811
27
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
KDA 2930 Clear-21
28
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
VCA 3353 White 154
29
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
VCA 3353 White 203
30
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
VCA 3353 White 363 Matte 02
31
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
VCA 3353 White 363
32
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
VCA 3604 White 1023
33
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
VCA 3604 White 1023
34
Keuffel & Esser Co.
Stabilene Film 130
35
Keuffel & Esser Co.
?
R-133H
36
Keuffel & Esser Co.
R-132H
37
Keuffel & Esser Co.
Y132H
38
Keuffel & Esser Co.
130T
39
Keuffel & Esser Co.
R 133H
40
Keuffel & Esser Co.
Opaque Drawing surface
41
Gordon Ent.
332 GE-1
42
Gordon Ent.
332 GE-2
43
Gordon Ent.
3D-332GE-3
44
Gordon Ent.
3D-332GE-4
45
Gordon Ent.
3D-332GE-5
46
M. M. M.
TiO -1
47
M. M. M.
? TiO2-2
48
49
M. M. M
M. M. M.
TiO2-3
2
TiO -4
50
M. M. M.
Tiq-5
A-1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
Sample
No.
Manufacturer
Identification
51
M. M. M
Ti02-6
52
M. M. M
ZnO
53
Monsanto Chemical Co.
Ultron UL-3
54
Monsanto Chemical Co.
Ultron UL-15
55
Monsanto Chemical Co.
Ultron UL-50
56
Transilwrap Company
VCA 3310 Matte
57
Transilwrap Company
VSA 3310
58
Picture Recording Company
Solarbrite
59
Eaton Paper Corp.
Drafting Paper (tracing bond)
60
Kalvar Corp.
Kalvar
61
Eastman Kodak Co.
Kodak Dayview Black
62
Eastman Kodak Co.
Kodak Dayview Type 4R
63
Eastman Kodak Co.
Kodak Dayview Type 1
64
Eastman Kodak Co.
Kodak Dayview
65
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
HE 1169
66
*Union Carbide Plastics Co. Vinylite
Sample #30 & Vinylite (clear)
67
No 'particular manufacturer
Acetate, matte one surface
68
No particular manufacturer
Acetate, matte two surfaces
69
No particular ? manufacturer
Acetate, matte one surface
70
No particular manufacturer
Acetate matte two surfaces
71
No particular manufacturer
polaroid material
72
.No particular manufacturer
polaroid material
73
No particular manufacturer
plexiglass
74
No particular manufacturer
Ground Glass RMS 30-40
75
No particular manufacturer
Ground Glass RMS 15-18
76
No particular manufacturer
Ground Glass RMS 20-25
77
No particular manufacturer
Ground Glass RMS 35-40
78
No particular manufacturer
Ground Glass RMS 5-6
79
No particular manufacturer
Ground Glass RMS 28-30
80
No particular manufacturer
Ground Glass RMS 30-35
81
No particular manufacturer
Emulsion on glass
82
No particular manufacturer
White coating on glass
83
No 'particular manufacturer
Blue coating on glass
84
No particular manufacturer
Vinylite
85
No particular manufacturer
Plastic matte one surface
86
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
Krene type (white)
87
No particular manufacturer
Transparent plastic
88
No particular manufacturer
Green plastic
89
No particular manufacturer
Lucite or plexiglass
90
No particular manufacturer
Plastic matte two surfaces
91
No particular manufacturer
W 2447 white
92
No particular manufacturer
Lucite
93
No particular manufacturer
Plastic matte two surfaces
94
.No particular manufacturer
? Plastic green
95
Union Carbide Plastics Co.
VCAL 3354 white 64
96
Da-Lite Screen.Co. , Inc.
Da-Tex
97
Eastman Kodak Co.
Translucent Plate type 3
98
Fast Fold
Polavue PV-60
99
Raven Screen Corp
Thruvision
100
Keuffel & Esser Co.
Herculene 1630
101
Keuffel & Esser Co.
E-132n
102
Keuffel & Esser Co.
130
103
Keuffel & Esser Co.
130H
104
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6OSTG
105
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6OVR
A-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
Sample
No.
Manufacturer
Identification
106
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS60GPL
107
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6ONG
108
Polacoat, Inc:
Lenscreen LS6 OPL
109
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS75G
110
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS7 OBFM
111
?Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen 0C5OFM
112
Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6 OBFM
113
? Polacoat, Inc.
Lenscreen LS6 OFM
114
Polacoat, Inc
Lenscreen LS75BG
*This sample is a combination of Vinylite, Sample #30 and clear Vinlite
A-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
The table following gives the ratings of the screen samples by num-
ber in the order of their performance for each of the various tests.
The various categories of rating are listed across the top of the
table with the data progressing in columns beneath. A use of this
reference data is indicated by the following example of screen
selection.
If a screen ma.terial is desired for use in a rear projection system
,by on individual with the possibility of using auxiliary viewing aids
(normally not exceeding 60x) the following selection procedure might
be used. The strongest requirement in this case would be informa-
tion capacity so the best values of the definition threshold magnifica-
tion test would be chosen from the table. Thus sample #35 becomes
the choice in this respect. Fifty % of its relative luminance occurs
within 3? from its axis, the "axial gain" is relatively high, and the
transmission of 54% is about normal. If the auxiliary viewing is an
important requirement and would be in use most of the time, Sample
35 would be the choice. However, if auxiliary viewing is to be only
moderately used, sample #104 would be preferable because of its
better brightness distribution (12? for 50% Fall-off angle).
A-4
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CDeclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
U
U
0
Table II
Definition
Threshold
Mag. Sample#
Peak Contact
Resolution
l/mm Sample#
Transmission
T% Sample #
Axial Gain
ft.c.
Gain Sample#
Angle(0)507.
Relative
Luminance
/c) Sample#
Polarization
% Samble #
ON ON ON ONON ON ON ON 0% V V ???.I ??..I ????4 03 CO 03 03 CO CO CO 03 CO 1/40
I-' Lo 1/4/1 ***?1 00 0 0 1.?.) ts.) tA 1.4 ?P'? -P- tit CS ON V V V CO 03 1/40 1/40 1/40 ?0 0 0 I-, t1/4.) IV CS\ 0
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
tit 1/4.n 1/4./1 VI VI U Ui lfl ln
TRANSMISSION (%) (smooth side toward light source)
Lri 1-4 t.n 0 0 0 %.C1 0 00 1/4C1 ON 0 ln ?-.1 V 01/4 la 01/4 vo 03 03 oN o'N .L???? Ln tv
Co ON W4:- 0 O.) Ln La C1/4 cs. co co ra .L?-? co La -a ks) Lri ON ON -P??? ?-?.1 03
312.0
46
,9995
I99.87
78
11:1
35
142
87
68.75
92
99.93 84
15
104
142
88
62.5
54
99.92 56
15.5
41
141
71
55.625
84
92
61
141
72
52.5
56
99.86 79
62
127
16
51.3
26
99.852 81
105
127
94
50.0
27
99.850 77
16.5
II 64
113
35
48.75
34
99.80 74
.8 106
11346
43.8
19
99.79 63.
17
H 42
113
2
67
43.75
,9 89
99.76 7
63
101
p
69
40.6
18
99.68 64
17.5
9 1
100
4
17
38.2
38
99.60 61
97x
100
.?1,
38
36.9
35
99.47 93
18
5 5
90
R
18
36.25
H 16
>1
99.36 76
0 16
W
0 114
90
90
H
c.,
;11
15
19
35.0
33.33
.< 67
69
99.33 , 62
18.5
19.5
4
H 6
90
80
0
0
56
34
32.25
31.25
15
97x
ANGL
(a.
?c) co ln
ON 0 VD Ul t`) h. 0 ?.0
g 39
80
92
30.00
79
H 98
E-4
71
:.1
54
28.75
102
21
H 113
z
43
71
64
N
89
39
28.1125
27.5
77
103
21.5
w
2 74
63
85
25.6
17
76
57
77
25.0
85
89
57
84
24.375
65
92
57
100
22.5
93
22
46
57
102
19.375
90
75
51
12
16.25
109
100
51
14
14.375
57 ,
22.5
103
50
53
13.75
68
111
50
103
13.75
100
23
109
45
97
12.5
43
23.5
96
40
109
12.5
53
112
36
30
12.5
70
24
82
36
114
11.25
7
24
110
32
104
10.625
63
24.5
10
32
10
10.625
74
24.5
18
32
11
10.0
114
24.5
19
32
13
9.38
12
24.5
101
32
36
9.375
64
25
102
32
58
9.055
45
25
10$
328.75
77R
2
25.5
11
32
8.75
14
34
32
101
7.825
104
85
28
37
7.5
81
107
28
64
6.88
3
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fl
L Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
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171
Table II (continued)
7,
Definition Peek Contact Axial Gain Angle(?)50
Threshold ? Resolution Transmission Relative
ft.c. Luminance
Mag, Sample #.1/mm Sample# T7. Samp1e# Gain Sample4 ? /0 SampleIV
25.5
26.5
27
27.5
28
29
29.5
29.5
30
31
31.5
31.5
32
32.5
33.5
34
35
35
37
37.
37.
37.
38.
39
39
39.
40
out at 40X Iddric
13 28
53 28
12 28
58 28
83 26
15 25
59 25
Z 14 25
H 17 25
`4 44 25
81 22
z 8 20
9 20
27 20
p) 67 20
x 7 20
,E 80 18
54 18
3 18
8 26 18
0 66 18
30 16
44 38 16
56 16
52 16
47 16
77 14
69 14
2 13
20 13
21 13
22 13
23 11
24 11
25 11
28 11
29 10
31 10
32 10
33 10
36 10
37 10
40 9
45.9
48 9
49 9
PEAR CONTACT RESOLUTION
81
105
106
108
79
74
47
52
63 42
76
161
27
51
62
65
66
7
31
43
48
50
9
26
49
68
107
29
70
3
5
41
44
1
42
59
80
6
8
82
96
98
113
4
110
111
112
60 14
58.5 75
58 80
57.5 111
57 107
56 42
56 6
55.5 105
55 9
0-...
55 8 2
54 P 91
54 ? 10
m
5435
.IJ
53.5 IS 30
53 ;I:', 98
53 ,0 104
52.5 til 87
52.5 B 112
52 "J 82
w 99
52 - a
51.5 1.4 5
51 ?a 60
4-)
51o 11
o
51 e 4
50.5 .5 41
50.5 .... 106
0
49 ...., 96
48 z 1
484) 62
H
m
48 m 88
45 M 31
44.5 Z 8
43El 113
42.5 29
41 83
40.5 59
40 28
39.5 86
39 33
38.5 95
38 47
38 110
38 71
37.5 52
35.5 72
35 44
6.875
6.18
6.125
6.125
5.937
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.6875
4.685
4.685
4.68
4.375
4.375
4.3125
4.25
4.0625
4.0
3.875
3.8125
3 .31
3.25
3.185
2.875
2.875
2.8125
2.81
2.81
2.5
2.22
2.1875
2.125
1.5625
1.5
1.375
1.3125
1.25
1.0
0.9375
0.875
0.875
0.7825
0.75
0.688
0.656
0.625
0.618
44
113
13 190
96
17031 199(c;
75 190 111
106
105 18? 12
107 18? 105
9 18? 107
96 170
6
58 17?
76 17o 110
6 16? 112
z
H
42 16? 13
Lo LA LC 4> La ON CN N) La co Na Ln
CO ON C) Co cn 1,.) h. CD LA/ Ln
0.562
32
Na Lo La 4> 4- ln LA Ln Lii Ln Ln Ln ON ON ON ON CN
0 ? 0 ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O.
Ln LA 0 LA Ln
0 0 0 0 0
ANGLE (P) (50% Rel. Luminance
4> -.4 La Lo ln Na CD CD Co 08 ln ln v) Co Ln
ON CO ln CO 00 LA -.4
0?X
ESHOLD MAGNIFICATION
co CO CO -.4 -4 -4 -.4 ON ON ln ln ln
co Up CO La 0 Co Ln *-4 Ln ha C
0,55
20
0.50
25
0.362
37
0.25
51
0.25
24
0.25
48
0.2375 z
49
0.23125 1
108
0.222 ?
50
0.1625
22
0.106 >1
36
1_1
( CONTACT
N, Na Na Na Na
4> La Na i-0
0.03 '14
40
0.01875
21
0.0106
23
60
71
omitted
72
not
78
applicable
87
88
94
**
* #71 & #72 Polaroid Materials not applicable, hence not included.
** 114 Samples recorded.
*** H&V indicate horizontal and vertical orientation of sample for
measurement of values.
**** Out at 40:1 indicates that the definition threshold magnification
is beyond the range of the test instrument.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
rDeclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
APPENDIX B
DATA SHEETS
The following data sheets are provided as reference data for each
of the individual rear projection screen materials tested and
evaluated.
B- 1
'Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
CDeclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/06: CIA-RDP79B00873A001900010116-6
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