HIGH-TENSION TRANSMISSION NETWORK OF THE URALS AREA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A000200010006-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 67
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 13, 2013
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: January 19, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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COPY NO. !) Cs k
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
FOR RESEARCH AND REPORTS 50X1
-StelitET--
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
HIGH-TENSION TRANSMISSION NETWORK
OF THE URALS AREA
CIA/RR 18
19 January 1953
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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A
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SECURITY INFORMATION
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
HIGH-TENSION TRANSMISSION NETWORK OF THE URALS AREA
CIA/RR 18
(CRR Project 7-51)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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CONTENTS
Summary
Page
1
1. Introduction
2
2. Recent Industrial and Electric Power Developments
5
3. Basic Industry Studies
6
a. Ferrous Metallurgy
6
b. Nonferrous Metallurgy
8
c. Electrified Railroads
10
d. Coal Mining
11
e. Chemical Industry
12
f. Oil Production and Refining
14
4. Future Developments
15
Appendixes
Introduction
21
Appendix A. Generating Capacity and Production of Electric Power
in the Urals Area, 1940-51
25
Appendix B. Power Center Studies
27
Appendix C. Additional Generating Capacity and Transmission
Information
57
Appendix D. Assumed Connections
61
Appendix E. Methodology
63
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Maps
Following Page
Map A. Urals Area: Electric Power Centers and
High-Tension Transmission Network, 1951 . 0, . . . 80
Map B. Uralenergo Electric Power Supply System 80
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SECURITY INFORMATION
HIGH-TENSION TRANSMISSION NETWORK OF THE URAIS AREA*
Summary
The estimated generating capacity** of the Urals area power stations
is 4.7 million kilowatts (kw), or about 20 percent of total capacity in
the USSR. Prior to the building of the first long transmission lines,
the capacity was installed adjacent to the industrial centers that it
supplied. The largest industrial centers were those built up around the
iron and steel plants. Bringing these ferrous metallurgical centers
into a single network was the primary aim when the network was first
built, before 1940. Power generating capacity increased 280 percent
between 1940 and 1951 in response to a rapid expansion of industries
using large quantities of electric power. The ferrous and nonferrous
metals industries were the most important in this development. Addi-
tional trends have been the building of large power stations near the
major coal basins of the Urals area and the electrification of the rail-
roads leading from these coal basins. These factors brought a probable
strengthening of the earlier lines and the building of new lines radiating
out from them.
The network now connects power centers accounting for about 90 per-
cent of the electric capacity installed in the Urals area. This set-up
permits a pooling of generating equipment and enables the power system
to use existing capacity more intensely and thus save additional outlay
of money, time, and material on generating facilities. Long-distance
transportation of fuel to power stations has been reduced about 15 per-
cent as a result of the transmission of power from power plants operated
on local fuel to localities without good fuel resources.
* This report contains information available to CIA as of 1 July 1952.
The Urals area referred to in this report is synonymous with Economic
Region VIII on provisional map USSR Economic Regions, CIA 12048, Sep 1951.
See also Map Al Urals Area: Electric Power Centers and High-Tension
Transmission Network, 1951, following p. 80. Map B, Uralenergo Electric
Power Supply System (also following p. 80), based on German documents, is
included for purposes of comparison (see Appendix E).
** For the purposes of this report, the term "generating capacity" is
construed to mean the rated capacity of the electric generators installed
in the electric power stations.
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In the future, capacity probably will be increased in proportion to
Industrial expansion, which is expected to continue at the same rate and
along similar lines as in the period since 1940. The tendency to locate
the capacity at the best energy sites is expected to favor Molotov Oblast,
where there are large coal reserves and a major portion of the water power
resources in the Urals area. The USSR has recently begun exploitation of
these resources.
The Urals area network is not now connected with other regional net-
works. It is expected, however, that when the 2 million-kw hydroelectric
plant now under construction at Kuybyshev is completed, lines will be
built to connect with the Urals area network. This will increase the
supply of power to the southern section of the Urals area, where at
present the electric power system is poorly developed. Lines may also
be built from the Urals area network to other neighboring regions, but
It appears that the flow of power will be outward instead of inward.
1. Introduction.
A high-tension transmission network* is important to the economy of
an area for four principal reasons.. Transmission of electric power is
more economical than transportation of fuel; the best energy resources
are utilized despite their distance from power consuming centers; the
interlocking of power stations requires less reserve generating equip-
ment to meet fluctuating power loads.; and equipment failures cause
fewer work shutdowns, since the network provides alternative sources of
electricity supply.
The USSR has recognized the importance of high-tension transmission
networks in the industrial exploitation of the Urals area. Faced with
tremendous transportation problems inherent in the vastness of the
* A high-tension transmission network consists of one or more circuits
by means of which power is transferred from one point to another at
voltages higher than 15,000. The amount of power transmitted over a
circuit varies directly with the voltage and the diameter and quality
of the conductors and inversely with the length of the line. Large
conductors and high voltages are needed for long-distance transmission
of large blocks of power, whereas small conductors at low voltages will
satisfy distribution needs over short distances, such as within a city.
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territory, as well as with a requirement to economize on electric
generating equipment, the USSR began the building of the high-tension
transmission network in the Urals area before 1940.
An efficient electric power network is particularly valuable in the
Urals area, where good energy resources as well as natural resources
are widely dispersed.
By 1941, much of the network as it appears today had been built.
The most important additions since then have been the Zlatoust-Ufa,
the Kushva-Krasnotur'insk, the Chelyabinsk-Magnitorgorsk, and possibly
the new Krasnokamsk-Berezniki connections.
In the early design and development of the electric power system
the. power requirements of the ferrous metallurgy industry played the
most important part because iron and steel plants were the basis of
most of the earlier industrial centers needing electric power in large
amounts. More recently the rapid expansion of the nonferrous industry,
railroad electrification, andithe greater use of power transmission to
save coal transportation costs have been responsible for the strengthen-
ing of the older connections, the extension of the network to cover a
larger area, and the building of loops which guaranteed better service
within regional subdivisions of the total area covered by the network.
Most of the Urals area network operates at 110 kilovolts (kv).
Lines connecting Magnitogorsk with Chelyabinsk and Zlatoust use 220-kv
current, while 25- to 35-kv lines are usually employed to tie outlying
towns to the main power centers.
The network is featured by a backbone line which connects Krasno-
kamsk, Molotov, Chusovoy, Kushva, Nizhniy Tagil, Sverdlovsk, and
Chelyabinsk. Attached to this backbone are several loops: (a) Chelya-
binsk-Magnitogorsk-Zlatoust-Chelyabinak, (b) Chelyabinsk-Mass-
Karabash-Kyshtym-Chelyabinsk, (c) Sverdlovsk-Degtyarka-Revda-
Pervoural'sk-Sverdlovsk, (d) Sverdlovsk-Asbest-Yegorshino-Nizhniy
Tagil-Sverdlovsk, and possibly (e) Krasnokamsk-Berezniki-Kizel-
Chusovoy-Krasnokamsk. The other two major parts of the network are an
extension of the Chelyabinsk-Zlatoust line to Ufa and a line from
Kushva to Krasnoturfinsk.
?
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It is estimated that power centers accounting for about 90 percent
of the total generating capacity in the Urals area are connected to the
network. The largest concentrations of this cdpacity are at the impor-
tant coal and metallurgical centers of Chelyabinsk and Krasnoturiinsk;
the large coal centers at Kizel; the metallurgical centers of Nizhniy
Tagil, Magnitogorsk, and Sverdlovsk; the chemical and magnesium center
of 2erezniki; and at Molotov, Krasnokamsk, and Ufa. Kamensk-Ural'skiy
is one of the two aluminum production centers in the Urals area and has
one of the largest power stations. It may be connected to the network,
but, there being no concrete evidence, it is assumed to be separate.
It appears from a study of generating capacity and industry in the
Urals area that possibly 85 percent of the power is produced close to
the points of consumption. This means that the network is used regularly
to transmit about 15 percent of the total power generated in the Urals
area to those districts which do not generate sufficient power to meet
requirements. Most of the generating capacity supplying this 15 percent
is believed to be located at the Chelyabinsk and Kizel-Gubakha power
centers. Krasnoturtinsk, Sverdlovsk, Krasnokamsk, Nizhnyaya Tura, and
Yegorshino also send power into the network for long-distance trans-
mission.
Industrial centers receiving power from the network are believed to
be located in the vicinity of Berezniki and Solikamsk, between Krasno-
kamsk and Lystval between Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk, between Chelyabinsk
and Ufa, and between Chelyabinsk and Magnitogorsk. The block of electric
power sent from Chelyabinsk to Magnitogorsk constitutes the largest
single transfer of power. Here it is estimated that 120,000 kilowatts
(kw) are transmitted via a 220-kw line over a distance of approximately
150 miles. By comparing the geographical location of power centers which
export power with those areas which must receive supplementary power from
the network, it is concluded that the Kizel-GUbakha and Krasnokamsk power
stations support the network in its northwest section; the Krasnoturiinsk
and Nizhnyaya Tura stations, in its northeast section; the Yegorshino and
Sverdlovsk stations, along the central section; and the Chelyabinsk sta-
tion, in the southern section.
The power centers having the most surplus power are those situated at
the coal basins. Two of these, Chelyabinsk and Kizel-GUbakhal are near
the end points of the backbone of the network and may supply as much as
75 percent of the power transferred by the network. Two other coal centers
at Krasnoturfinsk and Yegorshino contribute a relatively small proportion
of the power carried,by the network bui are important for strengthening it
in the vicinity of these two places.
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2. Recent Industriai"and Electric Power Developments.
The Urals area was one of the first important industrial regions to
be developed in the USSR. In the last century, when charcoal was used
almost exclusively in steel production, it was the leading producer of
ferrous metals. Development of the coking coal industry then gave the
advantage to the Ukraine. The decision to exploit the extremely high-
grade iron ore reserves in the Urals area, using Kuznetsk and Karaganda
coal, and the rapid expansion in the use of nonferrous metals revived
the industrial possibilities of the Urals area. The German occupation
of the wettern regions of USSR in 1941-42 and war demands for guns,
airplanes, and explosives enhanced the region's industrial significance.
In 1942 the Urals area produced the following percentages of total
Soviet production: pig iron, 65 percent; steel, 56 percent; rolled iron,
58 percent; zinc, 35 percent; blister copper, 52 percent; and refined
copper, 90 percent; and its share of the magnesium and aluminum output
reached 100 percent. 1/*
Even with the restoration of the western regions, the Urals area
has maintained a high position in the economy. Recent estimates credit
to this area the following percentages of total Soviet production: iron
and steel, 41 percent; blister copper, 60 percent; zinc, 25 percent;
aluminum, 65 percent; and magnesium, 100 percent. 2/
In modern technology, electricity is essential to the production of
aluminum, refined copper, magnesium, and high-grade steel and is by far
the most economical and practical form of energy used in many of the
other industries in the Urals area. A rapid expansion of generating
capacity was required to satisfy industrial need for electric energy
Generating capacity in 1951 is estimated to have been 380 percent of
that installed in 1940. The comparable figure for all the USSR is about
221 percent, 3/ with generating capacity in 1940 at 10.5 million kw and
in 1951 at 22.3 million kw. 4/ At present, it is estimated that the
Urals area has 20.9 percent of the total generating capacity in the USSR.
These figures reflect not only an industrial expansion accelerated by
war but also the concentration in the Urals area of those industries
consuming large quantities of power.
Although the information concerning the transmission network is
not so reliable as that concerning the generating capacity, it appears
that transmission facilities have expanded, particularly in the postwar
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period, but probably not at the same rate as generating facilities. In 1941
it was estimated that power centers connected to the network accounted for
approximately 80 percent of the capacity of the Urals area, whereas in
1951 the figure had risen to 90 percent as a result of the inclusion of
Ufa, Krasnotur'insk, and Serov. Large power centers believed not to be
connected to the Urals area network are Orsk, the Oktyabr'skiy-Tuymazy-
Urussy district, the Ishidbay-Sterlitamak district, and possibly
Kamensk=Ural'skiy.
It is assumed that the 250,000-kw power station at Kamensk-Urallskiy,
not far from Sverdlovsk, is not tied to the network, but its proximity
to other large power centers makes such a connection desirable. If
Kamensk-Uraliskiy is not considered, the only power centers outside
of the network that are believed to have received a substantial increase
in generating capacity since 1941 are the Oktyabr'skiy-Tuymazy-Urussy
and the Orsk Novo-Troitsk power centers. There is no information to?
show that the generating capacity in the Ishimbay-Sterlitamak area has
been increased since that time.
3. Basic Industry Studies.
a. Ferrous Metallurgy.
The iron and steel industry of the Urals area has been the
principal factor determining the growth of the Urals area electric
power system. It had a head start over the other basic industries
and has become very large, reaching a point in 1951 where it contrib-
uted 41 percent of the total iron and steel produced in the USSR. 5/
Ferrous metallurgy became the base upon which many of the present large
industrial centers grew. Before the building of the Urals area network,
power stations were built to satisfy all the local electric power demands
in these industrial centers. This dependency on local supply is still
heavy despite the number of industrial centers that are tied to the net-
work. Almost every industrial center not immediately adjacent to another
one has one or more power stations which provide a major part of the
power needed in the immediate area. The most important exception is
Magnitogorsk.
Because the power stations at the ferrous metallurgical centers
were in most instances the first large ones put into operation, they
became the first to be tied together by a network. The backbone of the
Urals area network was built through many of the more important early
metallurgical centers, from Molotov through Chusovoy, Kushva, Nizhniy
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Tagil, and Sverdlovsk to Chelyabinsk. More recently, lines extending
from this backbone have connected the power stations serving almost
all the other iron and steel plants to the network. It is estimated
that the capacity of power stations at industrial centers where the
most important basic industry is ferrous metallurgy now constitutes
about 50 percent of the total capacity in the Urals area.
The generating capacity at ferrous metallurgical centers is
not necessarily proportionate to the level of iron and steel produc-
tion at these centers, as can be shown by examining the three largest
iron and steel centers, at Magnitogorsk, Nizhniy Tagil, and Chelyabinsk,
which contribute about 60 percent of the total production of iron and
steel in the Urals area. 6/ The metallurgical plants at these three
places are all modern, integrated plants with their own coking plants
and steel mills. The amount of electric power required for the blast
furnaces, open hearths, Bessemer converters, coking plants, and steel
mills and for fuel handling and ore mining is assumed to be proportionate
to the level of iron and steel production, while the amounts of power
required by electric furnaces may vary. Without any allowance for
electric furnace capacity, about 73,000 kw are required for each 1 mil-
lion tons of steel per year. On the basis of recent estimates for
steel production at these three centers, 7/ the following generating
capacity is required: Magnitogorsk, 300,000 kw; Nizhniy Tagil,
150,000 kw; and Chelyabinsk, 87,000 kw. The actual generating capacity
existing at these power centers is believed to be, respectively,
133,000 kw, 315,000 kw, and 64o,000 ky. By showing the disproportionate
amounts of capacity at these centers, these figures go a long way in
explaining (1) why a synthetic nitrogen plant has been installed at
Nizhniy Tagil and not at Magnitogorsk; (2) why Chelyabinsk has the
only large ferrous alloy plant as well as industries normally requiring
high-grade steels; (3) why Magnitogorsk is so dependent on outside
sources of power; and (4) why the USSR has found it necessary to export
crude steel shapes from Magnitogorsk inftead of building industries
which could consume the steel on the spot as at Nizhniy Tagil and
Chelyabinsk.
The future growth of the electric power system and the future
growth of the iron and steel industry will affect one another, but it
is a question whether the expansion of an iron and steel plant will
cause an expansion of a local power station or an increase in trans-
mission of power. The answer to the question depends on several economic
factors such as the losses involved in transmission, the cost of building
new transmission facilities, the expense of transporting fuel, and the
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ease with which various iron ores found in the Urals area may be
, processed. The geographical relationship of iron ore deposits to
coal deposits and the quality of the iron Ore deposits will strongly
Influence the future development of the Urals area electric power
system. Examples of the various solutions which the Soviet govern-
ment has adopted for varying sets of conditions are found at Chelya-
binsk, Magnitogorsk, and Or8k. At Chelyabinsk there are deposits
of?good iron ore and plenty of coal for power station use, but coking
coal for steelmaking must be imported. Both iron and steel production
and local power-generating facilities have been expanded rapidly.
At Magnitogorsk, there is an excellent local supply of iron ore but
no coal. The USSR has felt justified in building a long, Costly
transmission line to Chelyabinsk in Order that the Magnitogorsk produc-
tion of iron and steel might be expanded. It is believed that no
generating units have been added at Magnitogorsk since the war,
although iron and steel production has dm/bled. At Orsk the contem-
plated vast exploitation of the good iron ore deposits has been post-
poned. 8/ Iron and steel are being produced on a relatively limited
scale. It is probable that the expense of building transmission.
lines from other pOwer centers and the lack of good supplies of local
fuel for power stations and industry are partly responsible for caus-
ing the USSR to give priority to other projects.
b. Nonferrous Metallurgy.
Nonferrous metallurgy in the Urals area is generally of more
recent origin than ferrous metallurgy. Because of the extent to which
it has developed and the large quantity of electric power needed for
the mining and refining of nonferrous metals, this type of metallurgy,
like ferrous metallurgy, has resulted in the growth of industrial
centers which are among the strongest power centers. In some locali-
ties, nonferrous metallurgy is not the only basic industry, but in
most instances it is the principal consumer of electricity and is,
therefore, the controlling influence in the development of the local
electric power systems. The principal exceptions to this statement
are industrial centers where ferrous metallurgy is also located, such
as Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, and Orskiand the major chemical center of
Berezniki.
Whereas most iron and steel plants have become the basis for
the growth of many other industries in the immediate area of the iron
and steel plant, nonferrous metals, after they have been processed
near the source of the ore, are ordinarily distributed to manufacturing
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plants throughout the USSR. These centers of nonferrous metallurgy, there-
fore, unlike centers of ferrous metallurgy, usually require only the
electricity needed for mining and refining the ore.
The Urals area leads all other economic regions in the USSR in
the production of nonferrous metals. In 1951 it produced the following
percentages of the Soviet production: aluminum, 65 percent; magnesium,
100 percent; copper, 60 percent; and zinc, possibly 25 percent, 2/
Most important of the nonferrous metals from the point of view
of electric power are aluminum and magnesium, since the production of
either requires about 22,000 kilowatt-hours (kwh) per ton, as much
electricity as it takes to furnish the daily electric power require-
ments of 4,400 average American homes. 10/
Aluminum production is concentrated at Kamensk-Uralfskiy and
Krasnotur'insk, each aluminum plant being served by its own power plant.
Total capacity of the two plants is 533,000 kw; of this total it is
estimated that a capacity of 370,1)00 kw is being used for aluminum
production alone. The Krasnotur'insk power center has recently been
connected to the backbone of the Urals area network, but there is no
reliable information to indicate that the Kamensk-Ural'skiy power center
has been so connected.
The advantages to the USSR in extending the network to Kamensk-
Ural'skiy are such as to suggest the possibility that it has been done.
It is assumed that both aluminum plants could draw substantial amounts
of electric power from the Urals area network, should a rapid expansion
in aluminum production be necessary. It is thus concluded that informa-
tion showing expansion of power stations at either Kamensk-Ural'skiy or
Krasnotur'insk would indicate an increase in aluminum production.
The magnesium industry is located in the adjacent cities of
Berezniki and Solikamsk. In both places there are power plants which
are almost large enough to supply the magnesium industry as well as
other industries in the area. These power plants are connected to
the Urals area network not far from Kizel, where recently there has been
considerable expansion of generating facilities. This suggests the
possibility that the magnesium industry also has been expanding in the
last few years.
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The copper, zinc, and lead industries depend heavily on elec-
tric power but not so heavily as the aluminum and magnesium industries.
Mining, smelting, and refining of these metals are done in localities
near the backbone of the Urals area network in the vicinity of Chelya-
binsk and Sverdlovsk. Most smelters are supplied with electricity by
small local power plants supplemented by the network.
c. Electrified Railroads.
In mileage of electrified railroads and in tonnage of freight
carried by them, the Urals area leads all other regions in the USSR.
Circumstances which have led to the rapid expansion of the elec-
tric power system also have caused the Soviet government to make the
heavy investments required for electrification of the railroads, and
there has developed a certain interdependency between the transportation
and power systems. The coal found in the Urals area is generally of
low quality, and most of it is mined at three widely separated points:
Kizel, Khrpinsk (near Krasnoturfinsk), and Chelyabinsk.. Since the coal
is not a satisfactory fuel for locomotives, because of its inferior
grade, but is an economical fuel for power stations, electric motive
power in the Urals area railroads is preferable to steam motive power.
This same characteristic of Urals area coal has also encouraged
the Soviet government to transmit the electric power where power is
needed, because of the great expense of transporting low-grade coal.
Not only have circumstances been somewhat parallel in the develop-
ment of the transmission of electric power and electrified railroads,
but also the two are physically connected. On the basis of the informa-
tion available, it is concluded that every electrified railroad is
paralleled by a section of the Urals area network which helps to supply
power to the railroad. Electrified railroads in 1945 included the
Kizel-Chusovoy-Goroblagodatskaya*-Sverdlovsk, Chusovoy-Molotov, Chelya-
binsk-Zlatoust, and Zlatoust-Berdyash lines. 11/
All these railroads, except the last one, are known to have been
paralleled by high-tension transmission lines in 1945. Work has been
proceeding more recently and now may be completed on the electrification
of the Berdyash-Ufa, Sverdlovsk-Chelyabinsk, and Goroblagodatskaya-
Krasnotur'insk railroads. It is known that transmission lines connect
* Located 3 km south of Khshva.
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Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk and that transmission lines have been built
to parallel the other railroads. With the completion of the electrifica-
tion of the Sverdlovsk-Chelyabinsk and the Goroblagodatskaya-Krasnoturlinsk
railroads, the USSR will have connected the three major coal basins and
all the major intervening industrial centers in the Urals area.
Railroad electrification has not been extended to the southern
part of the Urals area. This again shows the interdependency of the
electric power system and the electrified transportation system because
this is also the region where there are longer distances between power
stations, the power network not being so well developed as in the area
north of Chelyabinsk.
By using US parallels, it is estimated that generating capacity
required by railroads in the Urals area amounts to 25,000 kw for every
100 miles of electrified double-track line. A tentative estimate of
electrified trackage in the Urals is 1,236 kilometers (km) of double-
track line and 349 km of single-track, corresponding to 1,411 km, or
876 miles, of double-track equivalent.* Such a length of electrified
trackage might, therefore, require 220,000 kw, or about 5 percent of
total generating capacity of the Urals area.
Much of this power is supplied from the large power centers such
as Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Krasnokamsk, Kizel, and Krasnotur'insk, but
in certain stretches of the transmission line which are particularly
long, power stations,, such as the Nizhnyaya Tura and Kropachevo power
plants, have been built whose primary purpose is to supply the railroad.
The inclusion within the network of all plants known to be supplying
the railroads shows how railroad electrification has served to strengthen
the electric power system in the Urals area and that railroad electrifi-
cation is well integrated with the Urals area network.
d. Coal Mining.
The coal mining industry in the Urals area is in a very favorable
position with respect to electric power supply. More than 90 percent of
The following electrified railroads were assumed for this estimate:
Molotov-Goroblagodatskaya-Sverdlovsk-Chelyabinsk, 756 km
(double-track);
Chelyabinsk-Ufa, 480 km (double-track);
Chusovoy-Kizel, 113 km (single-track); and
Goroblagodatskaya-Krasnotur'insk, 236. km (single-track).
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the coal production is in the Kizel, Chelyabinsk, and Krasnoturtinsk
districts, and the power stations in these districts can be easily
supplied with fuel. The USSR has taken advantage of these conditions
to electrify coal mining.
It is estimated that an average of 13 kwh, including power
station use and losses, is required to mine 1 ton of coal in the
Urals area. It is reported that 36.3 million tons were mined in the
Urals area in 1951. 12/ The resulting electric power requirement is,
therefore, 472 million kwh. This corresponds to about 120,000 kw,
or only about 2.6 percent of total generating capacity. Thus the
requirements of the coal mining industry for electric power are not
a direct determining influence on the development of the electric
power system. However, the advantage of generating power at the coal
deposits and thus saving heavy transportation costs has caused the
Soviet government to build some of the largest power stations adjacent
to the coal mining areas. Generating capacity at Chelyabinsk and
Krasnotursinsk and in the Kizel coal area is estimated at 1,267,000 kw.
At Yegorshino, the fourth largest coal producing center, a generating
capacity of 69,000 kw is installed. The total corresponds to 28 per-
cent of the total generating capacity in the Urals area.
These four coal and electric power centers are joined to the
network and supply most of the electric power which is transmitted
via the Urals area network to places where there is an insufficient
supply from local power stations. Since World War II a high proportion
of generating capacity in the Urals area was installed at these four
points, and it is likely that they will receive continued emphasis in
the future. The geographical location of these major Urals area coal
centers, but not the demand of the coal industry for power, has played
and will also continue to play a strong role in the development of the
electric power system.
e. Chemical Industry.
Except for the electricity used in the production of coke
chemicals, and that used in a possible synthetic nitrogen plant at
Nizhniy Tagil, requirements for electric power in the chemical
industry of the Urals area are concentrated in small districts that
include Berezniki and Solikamsk. It is estimated that practically all
the chlorine and caustic soda and most of the synthetic ammonia and
soda ash produced in the Urals area are produced in these districts.
There are many other chemical plants scattered throughout the Urals
area, but they may be disregarded in a consideration of the electric
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power system, as they use such a small proportion of the total elec-
tricity supplied to the chemical industry.
US factors of consumption are utilized in estimating require-
ments for electric power in the major USSR chemical industries. Total
consumption requirements were estimated at 1,200 million kWh in 1941. 13/
This total was distributed as follows: 730 million kWh in the
Berezniki-Soli.unmsk district; 297 million kWh in the production of
coke chemicals at Chelyabinsk, GUbakha, Magnitogorsk, Bizhniy-Tagil,
and Orsk; 150 million kWh in probable synthetic ammonia plants at
Nizhniy Tagil; and small amounts at Sterlitamak and Kirovgrad. In terms
of generating capacity, 1,200 million k4h equal possibly 240,000 kw, or
about 5 percent of the total generating capacity of the Urals area.
Chemical production is the most impOrtant industry and the
heaviest power consumer in the Berezniki-Solikamsk district, and the -
power plants there primarily serve that industry. These power plants
are connected to the Kizel-GUbakha power center so that the electric
power supply to the chemical plants can be quickly increased if
necessary.
There appears to be not quite enough generating capacity at
Blerezniki and Solikamsk to meet the electric power requirements for
chemical and Magnesium production, as well as for municipal, domestic,
and commercial use. It is probable, therefore, that additional power
is imported via the network from the Kizel-GUbakha power center.
Recent additions of generating capacity at Kizel suggest the possibility
that the flow of power northward to Berezniki and Solikamsk has been
increasing. Such an increase is additional evidence of .a tendency to
rely more heavily on generating power where fuel is locally accessible
and transmitting the power to industrial consumers in other localities.
Power consumed in the production of coke chemicals is propor-
tionate to the size of the coking plants, the capacities of Which are
in turn ordinarily determined by the capacity of the iron and steel
plant with Which they are associated. The electric generating capacity
required to meet the demands of the coke-chemical plants may equal
60,000 kw, but inasmuch as production of coke chemicals is distributed
among five plants, there is not a very large demand at any one place.
The location of the coke-chemical plants in the stronger power centers
means that power supply to the coke-chemical industry is relatively
secure.
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Information on the production of synthetic ammonia from coke-
oven gas is scanty, and the estimate for the requirements of electric
power for such production is correspondingly weak. A recent estimate
indicates that a synthetic ammonia plant exists at Nizhniy Tagil but
none at Magnitogorsk. 14/ The good position of Nizhniy Tagil with
respect to supply of electric power and the known tendency of the
USSR not to increase power requirements in Magnitogorsk beyond what
is needed for efficient exploitation of the iron ore deposits tend
to support such an estimate. Since, however, the production of syn-
thetic ammonia requires substantial amounts of electric power, the
Soviet government may increase ammonia production by the water-gas
process at Berezniki or from coke-oven gas at Bakal near Chelyabinsk,
because cheap electric power could be supplied at both places in
large quantities.
f. Oil Production and Refining.
The lack of good information on supply of electric power to
the oil industry in the Urals area prevents reasonably accurate esti-
mates of the generating capacity required to serve the industry or
the extent of integration of the industry into the Urals area power
network.
The oil industry in the Urals area is less integrated with
the electric power network than any of the other basic industries.
It is believed that oil refineries and producing regions near Krasno-
kamsk, Ufa, Molotov, and Chusovoy-Gorodki are the only oil centers
tied to the network. In all cases where there is no tie-inpthe "
Soviet government has had to install generating capacity sufficient
to meet the entire local demand.
Oil is generally refined at industrial centers which are also
good transshipment points. Perhaps as much as 66 percent of the
refining capacity is located at Ufa and Orsk. In the past, power plants
were built as integral parts of the refineries and were large enough
to supply all refinery requirements. If this is still true, it would
mean that about 66 percent of the generating capacity supplying oil
refineries in the Urals area is located at Ufa and Orsk.
The principal oil fields in the Urals area have their own
power plants. The tendency is toward utilizing central power plants
large enough to supply individual oil regions. Nothing is known
about the possible enlargement of the electric power supply for oil
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production in the Ishimbay-Sterlitamak district Or at Krasnokamsk, but
information does show the addition of possibly 36,000 kw in the last
5 years at Urussy (near Tuymazy) and 12,000 kw at Buguruslan. 21/
Soviet authorities have recently complained of a shortage of
electric power in the oil producing district in the southwest part of
the Urals area. This district, known as the "second Baku" area,
includes most of Bashkir ASSR and Chkalov Oblast. The electric power
system is poorly developed in this district, but it is believed that
the USSR has been able to install enough generating capacity to keep
up with the growing demands of the oil industry.. These demands
probably do not exceed 200,000 kw, or 4.2 percent of the total capacity
of the Urals area. Consequently, even with allowance being made for
a rapid expansion in oil production, satisfactory power supply to the
oil industry can probably be maintained.
Since the oil industry is one of the few industries in the
southwest part of the Urals area, it has had a large influence on the
development of electric power supply in this area. The location of
the larger oil refineries in the larger cities of this area has contrib-
uted to the concentration of power generation at these points. On the
other hand, the geographical dispersion of the oil drilling regions
has resulted in a series of widely scattered, medium-sized pdwer centers
which are not sufficiently powerful to justify their being tied together
into a network. It is expected that within 5 to 7 years, when the
gigantic hydroelectric plant now under construction on the Volga at
Kuybyshev will have been completed, high-tension lines will be built to
bring cheap power into the region as a substitute for electric power
now largely generated on the basis of natural gas and expensive fuel
oil. These high-tension lines probably will also connect with the
main Urals area network, with the consequence that a sufficient and
reliable supply of electric power will be assured to the oil industry
of the Urals area for the future.
4. Future Developments.
The USSR has demonstrated a desire to substitute electric power
transmission for fuel transportation and to employ the best energy
resources. Furthermore, the Soviet government is now working energet-
ically, with the help of German technicians, to design transmission
lines up to 600 miles in length and with a voltage of 400 kv, which is
as high as that attempted anywhere else in the world.
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The growth of the Urals area network will depend principally on where
new generating capacity is installed. Such expansion is expected to be
accomplished at the larger power centers. Especially large additions
will probably be installed at those closest to the coal deposits and at
the best hydroelectric sites. More transmission facilities will in turn
be required not only for the transfer of increased quantities of power
from source to user but also for voltage regulation purposes. The
future thus should see additional circuits from Kizel, Molotov, Krasno-
tur'insk, and Chelyabinsk and others between the larger power Centers.
These new circuits probably will in most cases parallel existing lines.
The number of circuits now constituting the backbone Of the Urals
area network is not accurately known. Because of the importance of
this backbone and the probability that it will have to carry additional
power generated in Molotov Oblast and at Chelyabinsk for intermediate
points, additional circuits will no doubt be added to parallel the exist-
ing ones.
If the Kamensk-Utal'skiy power Center has not yet been brought into
the network, it probably will. be in the near future. Construction of
lines from Kamensk-Utal'skiy to Sverdlovsk and to Yegorshino is feasible.
Little development is expected in transmission lines south of the
Ufa-Chelyabinsk line until the Kuybyshev hydroelectric plant is completed.
Before World War II a 220-kv line was built to connect Magnitogorsk and
Zlatoust, and at some time after the beginning of the war it is probable
that another 220-kv line was built between Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk.
There were also indications that a Magnitogorsk-Ufa line was planned.
These existing and proposed transmission lines show that the USSR has
been intent on tying Magnitogorsk closely to the network. However, the
lack of industry between the Chelyabinsk-Ufa line and Magnitogorsk gives
the impression that the Magnitogorsk-Zlatoust line was unwarranted and
that the USSR instead of making additional investments in transmission
lines in this region is more likely to spend its money in other areas.
Unlike the other major networks in the USSR, such as those in the
Central Industrial, Northwest, Ukraine, and Caucasus economic regions,
hydroelectric power in the Urals area has played a very minor role in
the development of the electric power network. Probably no more than
5 percent of the electricity is so generated. The Soviet government,
however, has worked out a long-range plan to exploit the water-power
resources of the region. This plan includes the building of dozens of
small and medium hydroelectric power plants, with a combined generating
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capacity of 670,000 kw, 11?,./ on some of the many streams flowing off
both sides of the Ural Mbuntains Divide and the construction of two
large stations on the Kama River at Levshino near Molotov and at
Solikamsk. The generating capacity of the latter two plants is
planned for 400,000 kw and 200,000 kw, 22/ respectively. This
capacity, totaling about 1,270,000 kw, is to be distributed as
follows: Molotov Oblast, 745,000 kw; Sverdlovsk Oblast, 80,000 kw;
Chelyabinsk Oblast, 66,000 kw; Chkalov Oblast, 40,000 kw; and Bashkir
ASSR, 340,000 kw. 1g/
This plan is being realized very slowly, with possibly only 15
percent of the generating capacity planned for the small and medium
projects being installed.* The Solikamsk project has not been
started. The Levshino hydroelectric plant near Molotov, the construc-
tion of which began in 1948, 19/ probably will not be ready for the
installation of its first units until 1953.
In considering the effects that these hydroelectric plants will
have on the development of the network, it should also be mentioned
that Molotov Oblast contains 65 percent of the water power in the
Urals area, 60 percent of the coal, and 50 percent of the peat, as .
well as a number of big oil fields. 20/ The use of peat and oil for
power stations has been and, will be very Email, but, as has been
mentioned, the Soviet government has shown a tendency to concentrate
generating capacity, particularly that required for the operation of
the network, at the coal basins.
Because of the caMbination of good water and coal resources,
Molotov Oblast not only will have sufficient power to supply expanding
industry but also will be able to take over the supply of an increasing
portion of the Urals area network. Without discounting the coal basins
near Krasnoturfinsk and Chelyabinsk, it would appear that, from the
point of view of electric power, the area bordered by the Kama River
and the Molotov-Chusovoy-Solikamsk railroad is the best site in the
Urals area for power-hungry atomic energy installations.
The small- and middle-sized power stations are well dispersed
throughout the Urals area and will serve a useful function in regulating
the network and in lessening the need to transport coal to areas a long
distance from the coal basins. Thus in one sense these plants will
* Estimate made on the basis of plants said to be under actual construc-
tion in 1945 21/ and assumed to be finished at this time.
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strengthen the network, but in another they will limit its expansion by
permitting a cheap local supply of electric power without the necessity
of tying out-of-the-way localities into the network.
At present the Urals area network is not tied in with any power sta-
tions outside the region. Furthermore, there are presently no large-
capacity generating stations or networks near enough to the Urals area
system to warrant the expense of interconnection. In the more distant
future (1955-60), however, the completion of the gigantic hydroelectric
projects on the Volga, particularly the 2-million-kw plant at Kuybyshev,
would justify the construction of power lines to connect the Volga region
with the Urals area network, probably at Ufa.
Additional transmission lines may be built from Molotov to Kirov and
then to Gor'kiy after the completion of the Levshino and SolikPmsk plants
and the hydroelectric plant now being constructed at Gor'kiy.
Such connections would be part of an enormous ring which may eventually
bring together the Urals, Central Industrial, Ukraine, and Volga economic
regions. Such a ring would make it postible to supply the presently under-
developed southwest part of the Urals area with cheap hydroelectric power
from the Volga region and permit the transmission of power from Molotov
Oblast, with its good energy resources, to the northeast section of the
Central Industrial Region, where peat is the only local fuel of importance.
There is also a possibility that Orsk might be linked to Aktyubinsk
to the south in Central Asia, that a transmission line might be extended
from Magnitogorsk through Kartaly towards Akmolinsk, and that Chelya-
binsk might be tied in with some of the industrial centers along the
railroad leading from Chelyabinsk through Khrgan and Petropavlovsk to
Omsk. Information was not collected on areas outside of the Urals area,
so that it is difficult to judge whether these speculations are completely
justified. They are suggested merely as possibilities in light of the
Soviet practice of bringing as many industrial centers into a sidgle net-
work as is practicable in order to obtain the advantages of conservation
of generating equipment and reduction of transportation loads by the
substitution of power transmission.
The importance of the Urals area network in the future will depend
on the industry which it Serves and the amount of fuel transportation
which, it is able to save. The fact that as much generating capacity was
added between 1946 and 1951 as between 1940 and 1946 indicates that the
circumstances peculiar to World War II were not the only factors causing
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rapid electric power and industrial expansion in the Urals area. The
postwar expansion shows that the USSR considers it an economic advantage
to continue to exploit the rich metal and mineral deposits in the area.
There is no reason to believe that expansion of any of the six basic
industries will slow down. Expansion of these industries will result in
the building of additional pinnts to convert the basic products into
finished goods. For these reasons, the existing industrial pattern
probably will not change very much. Generating capacity will have to
be added at a rate proportionate to industrial expansion, some measure
of which can be gained by examining the level of production of the basic
industries.
Where industrial expansion takes place in any of the larger power
centers, an increase in generating capacity can be expected., However,
an increasing proportion of electric power will be transmitted via the
network and consumed at industrial centers Which are more than 50 miles
from good fuel or water-'ower resources.
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3 rj APPENDIXES' -171
,1:?.1- ? J:.
Introduction
1
1'
The appendixes are designed in such a way that 'practidally'all the
substantive material which contributes to the conclusions in the text
is included ina -donvehient -7f-Orni Which Pertit the ,adclition Of' 'neW s.
data 'bY a-Snalyst. Akjendixes A",-B,: and C summe?rize infotriaticm o-'*-1
generating -Capacity rend iiidustriar-trequirenientS2:af:Apiindiked -113T-C,
D contain- infOrMetion traneitilabion",of?lelectrieptitrefr Which:ids ",
summarized -in the rox ? map 'fobdwing :appezidikee. ? (Map 'A)
Except "es- OtherWide frtOtedi- ?iEtei in the appendixes'
conditions att-the"end. ol*-1951. J?!-Jt7 ? 7 1
f '
In order -to'clafily ternis used and to help"the reader to
evaluate'? the iiifOrmetiO4-the7-f011acting 'explattetiOni-dre- predented,,
in tha'oider which they ?eppear 1.11 the* 'appendixes ' ?v2-- ?
The figures in Appendix A for generating capacity and production
of electric ?por,:ter' are'lgiven only .fOr'`thcide' yea:re- 't?there-sfeltlY-?''reliable
iliferMetion, 'c011ected. ' The 4nargiii.. of rerrOt is '5. pereent! for -
all figures. - Rurel,"eleetrid- power ?Stetiont. ere *riot .
. .- ".? ? -..
The: tei-nrrpower ApPendik B 'refeit to la geographical area
close' proximity to -electric power* stetiOnaLthat' are '?'SO.'near one,"
another 'that. the generating 'capadity in the- Towel- stations 'idej be ?
considered- as 'beirig, installed in' One-poWeri.plant*. eXclUded.`large,
rural areas where electricr-pOWer :-trtimpoitarit.d Such a term'
convenient where two or three towns within a_ few miles of one another
are engsige et, in siti.i.lar` producticin and' Where the rpowe r` ;Stations 'may be
assumed:, td. be'Ainder.:a.:?single'::Operating, contr? '
'
?
?
"f;": :.:t
'The population-I' ig-Ures
out of date; and theiil is conSidered to be poor.: ?
? ' - ? r. 3
? The" term "basic industry!' 'refers -t6:1?SiX:Indttitiiei which 'provide L:.).
mbs-V of- the, raw inateiiersCra.nd 'semifinished -prodUets' for the nianu-1 r
lecturing' and %fabricating 'Except for 'electrified railroads c.
and a -pOi.gtion of.7**the chemical 'industry, these, basic indtidtries
. have the common chetacteristia, that 'a metal dr mineral is extracted'
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_ _ _ _ _
from the ground and by means of such processes as cleaning, crushing,
smelting, and refining is converted into a product useful for other
industries.
Under "other industry" are grouped those industries which are
believed to absorb a sizable fraction of the electric power available
at any particular locality.
Generating capacity figures are the totals of all electric power
plants within an individual power center.
In many cases, reports on the consumption of fuel by a particular power
plant or the size of a building were used in making the estimate.
Appendix C includes generating capacity figures taken directly from
German documents, but, in accordance with the method used, in writing
this report, the German documents were used only for purposes of?
comparison or where there was absolutely no other information on a
plant. For the smaller plants the margin of error may approach 100
,percent. The margin of error decreases according to the size of the
power center.
Estimates of transmission line routes and voltages should be treated
with the greatest reserve. Appendix B includes only those lines reported
in Soviet publications or by postwar, observers. In Pinny instances a
connection was assumed on the basis of a report by an observer that he
saw a line leading in a certain direction from the town where he was
stationed. Reference was then made to a map to see whether another town
was located at a reasonable distance and in the direction reported.
Transmission lines have in general not been cross-referenced, so that
the reader will find it helpful to refer to Map A.
It was felt that inasmuch as generating capacity was expressed in
kilowatts and no attempt made to convert each capacity figure into a
production figure (kilowatt-hours), consumption should also be expressed
in kilowatts. Ordinarily power consumption figures are given in kilo-
watt-hours. Kilowatts usually are employed as a measure of the peak
load, average load, or potential load which any particulAr consumer
might put on an electric power system. In this report, however, consump-
tion is expressed in kilowatts and includes not only the average load of
a consumer but also the generating capacity required to male up for power
station use of electricity and losses in the system. In other words, the
kilowatt figures represent what generating capacity must be added to a
system if a consumer is connected. Power station use and losses were
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50X1
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applied across the board, as insufficient information is available to
calculate the variations throughout the system. In effect, the terms
"consumption" and "power requirements" are used interchangeably through-
out this report.
Most power center studies include an estimate of power requirements
by municipal, domestic, and commercial users. These estimates are
extremely unreliable because of an almost total lack of details as to
use in these categories. They were based on the following reasoning:
(1) that 16 billion kwh were consumed by municipal, domestic, and
commercial users in 1951; (2) that 40 percent of the approximately 200
million people in the USSR live in urban centers; (3) that only urban
centers consume electric power domestically or utilize electric power
in municipal and commercial establishments; (4) that municipal, domes-
tic, and commercial use may be assumed (for purposes of this report)
to be proportional to the urban population; and (5) that capacity
supplying the power operates an average of 4,000 hours per year.
Dividing the urban population of 80 million people into 16 billion kwh
consumed gives 200 kwh per person. This figure was multiplied by the
population of each power center, and the product was then divided by
4,000 hours to give the generating capacity required for municipal,
domestic, and commercial users.
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APPENDIX A
GENERATING CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
IN Tar.; URALS AREA, 1940-51
Year
Capacity Production
(Thousand KW) (Million KWh)
1940
1,220 a/
6,200 a/
1941
1,257 b/
1942
1,700 a/
9,000 c/
1943
2,068 d/
10,500 c/
1944
N.A.
N.A.
1945
N.A.
N.A.
1946
2,800
,N.A.
1950 (Plan)
416co a/
N.A.
1951 (Estimate)
4,677 fi
N.A.
f. This estimate represents a summation of the
generating capacity figures appearing in Appendixes B
and C and an assumption of 175,000 kw unreported
generating capacity.
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1. Beloretsk.
a. .Location
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APPENDIX B
POWER CENTER STUDIES
b. Local Population. 1932: 32,000; 1949: 45,000. 21/
c. Local Industry. Basic: ferrous metallurgy (including mining,
pig iron and steel production, electric furnace). Other: steel cable
and wire.
d. Generating Capacity. 11,000 kw, including 5,000 kw hydro-
electric.
The new hydroelectric plant was reported without any statement as to
generating capacity. 28/ The capacity was estimated at 5,000 kw
because this station is far upstream on a tributary above two proposed
hydroelectric plants that are to have a generating capacity of 14,000 kw
and 15,000,kw. 29/ The estimate for the generating capacity of the
thermal electric station (TETS) is based on a statement that it is for
emergencies 30/ and on a figure of 5,000 to 10,000 kw given by another
source. 31/
e. Transmission. There is-one line of 110 or 220 kv with a single
or double circuit from Magnitogorsk. (Available information favors a
double-circuit 110-kv line.) 32/
f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial users are
estimated to require 2,250 kw. Level of steel production may be the
indicator of the level of industrial activity, as it probably influences
the amount of ore mined and the quantity of steel available to the cable
and wire factory. Steel production is estimated at 197,000 metric tons, 33/
or about 2 percent of total steel production in the Urals area. The
existence of a possible double-circuit line to Magnitogorsk would suggest
that power is being imported from that point. However, an examination of
Magnitogorsk reveals that it must import about 120,000 kw from Chelya-
binsk, so that it is assumed that no power is transmitted from Magnitogorsk
to Beloretsk. If it is assumed that the steel production and the genera-
ting capacity figures are correct, there would be insufficient power to
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operate the steel plant and the wire and cable Plant. It is impossible
at this time to decide which estimates are wrong.
2. Berezniki.
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1946: 150,000. ]).1/
c. Local Industry. Basic: chemicals (chlorine, caustic soda,
synthetic ammonia, soda ash) and nonferrous metallurgy (magnesium plant).
d. Generating Capacity. 178,000 kw.
This estimated generating capacity is believed to be installed in four
power plants. The estimate for this capacity was made by assuming that
three out of the four plants reported as existing during the war 35/ -
were still in existence, that the fourth was dismantled,-and that a new
plant of 50,000 kw was added in the postwar period. 36/ This new plant
has been reported to have 25,000-kw units. 37/
e. Transmission. There is no reliable postwar information concerning
transmisa6h lines at this location, but information on Solikamsk and
Kizel reveals that there is a transmission line running from Kizel through
Berezniki to Solikemsk. A large transformer station to the east of
Voroshilav Chemical Works is reported and is obviously an important sub-
station in the Urals area network. 38/ The information given below
suggests that the area has no power available for export.
f. Consumption. Berezniki is the largest producer of basic chemicals
in the Urals area. Consumption of electric power by the chemical industry
at Berezniki has been estimated at about 650 million kWh, 39/ which
corresponds to a generating capacity of approximately 130,000 kw. NO
estimate of production by this plant has been found, although it is one
of the two large magnesium producers in the Urals area. Inasmuch as
magnesium is an extremely heavy consumer of electric power, it is
reasonable to assume that it requires all the power available which is
not being used by the chemical industry or by municipal, domestic, and
commercial use. Assuming that the latter category accounts for 7,500 kw
and using 130,000 kw for the chemical industry, there would be 41,000 kw
available for the maghesium plant, without making any assumption for elec-
tric power imported or exported from the area.
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Mk.
3. Chelyabinsk.*
a. Location.
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b. Local Population. 1950: 725,000. 40/
c. Local Industry. Basic: ferrous metallurgy, nonferrous
metallurgy, chemicals, coal, and electrified railroad. Other: tractors
and agricultural equipment, armaments, tanks, pipe, motor vehicles and
abrasives.
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d, Generating Capacity. 64o,000 kw.
Most of the capacity is installed in three plants: 150,000 kw in the
Chelyabinsk GRES (Government Regional Electric Station), 41/ 120,000 kw
in the Bakal TETS (thermal electric station), 42/ 350,000 kw in the
Chelyabinsk TETS, 43/ and 12,000 kw in a plant at Kopeysk. 44/ 18,000 kw
were added to the estimate to make allowance for possible old DC generating
units and small emergency power units. Because of a lack of good report's
of recent origin, the total may be low by 25 percent.
e. Transmission. Chelyabinsk is a terminal point for the Urals
area network, 45/ which is reasonable in view of the fact that it is
the largest power center in the area. Transmission lines radiate Out
in all directions, and it is safe to assume that any point of industrial
importance within 100 miles is connected in some way to the power stations
in Chelyabinsk. The following lines are known: (1) Chelyabinsk-
Miass 46/; the voltage and number of circuits is not known; best estimate
is a double-circuit 110-kv line. (2) Chelyabinsk-KyshtymIllAthis may
also be double-circuit line at 110 kv. (3) Chelyabinsk-Plast 48/; a
25-kv line which may run off the Chelyabinsk-Magnitogorsk line:? A Chelya-
binsk-Magnitogorsk line is estimated from fragmentary information.
f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial requirements
are estimated at about 36,000 kw. This would leave 594,000 kw for
industry and transmission to other areas. The Chelyabinsk center is one
of the most important zones of basic industry in the Urals area, producing
10 percent of the steel and 80 percent of the ferrous alloys of the region.
It is estimated that 840,000 tons of steel are produced at Bakal and
290,000 tons at the pipe plant. 49/ The ferrous alloy plant appears to
be the only large plant of its kind in the Urals area. Production was
* This power center includes Chelyabinsk, Bakal, Gornyak, Kopeysk,
and Korkino.
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estimated at 300,000 tons in 1946 50/ but has presumably increased in
the same proportion as the aircraft, motor vehicle, tank, and tool
industries which it supplies. All of the lead and zinc refined in the
Urals area is produced in the Chelyabinsk center, as well as about 9
percent of the coke chemicals and 33 percent of the coal production.
The power center is the terminus for two electrified railroads extending
to the west and the north, two of the most heavily used lines in the
Urals area. 51/
A large power plant of 120,000 kw was built as an integral part
of the Bakal steel combine, which is located north of the city of
Chelyabinsk and where possibly 66 percent of the steel producing capacity
and the entire coke-chemical production of the city are situated. The
rolling mills and a large electric furnace associated with this steel
combine and the ferrous alloy plant ;would be the largest consumers. It
may be assumed that most of the 120,000 kw is consumed by the Bakal
plant except for a small amount sent over the Urals area network.
A power station with a capacity of 150,000 kw was the first large
power plant built in the area and had to supply most of the industry
existing in the vicinity of Chelyabinsk as of 1937, when the last units
were installed. The major industries at that time were the large ferrous-
alloy plants, the abrasives plant, and the lead and zinc plant. It was
called a regional power plant and presumably still supplies areas to the
west, including Miass and.Zlatoust.
The third power plant of large size was begun just before the
war and was expanded during and since the war up to a generating capacity
of 350,000 kw. In the immediate vicinity of this plant are located
tractor, armament, tank, pipe, and motor vehicle plants which were built
and expanded at the sane time. It is assumed that this power plant and
the small Kopeysk plant supply these industries, in addition to the large
coal mining areas at Kopeysk and Korkino and the electrified railroad.
These power plants also probably transmit a large amount of power to the
south to Magnitogorsk and probably support the other two power plants in
supplying the areas to the west and north of the city of Chelyabinsk.
4. Chkalov.
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1949: 200,000. 52/
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c. Local Industry. Basic: oil refining. Other: aircraft,
motor vehicle parts, machine tools, and locomotive repair.
d. Generating Capacity. 45,000 kw, in three plants: 36,000 kw
at Krasnyy Mayak, 53J estimated 3,000 kw at the municipal plant, 54/
and estimated 6,000 kw at the locomotive works. 55/
e. Transmission. There is no evidence to indicate that this power
center is tied into any network.
f. Consumption. Only 35,000 kw are available for industrial use
when 10,000 kw are subtracted for municipal, domestic, and commercial
use.* Chkalov is an example of a regional center with a population of
considerable size that must specialize in industries not requiring
large quantities of electric power, ther& being no large energy resource
base which could support large power plants. It is also too distant
from the principal electric power centers to receive power via trans-
mission lines. The industries here, therefore, are those emphasizing
hand labor, with the exception of the oil refinery/ which evidently does
not require much electric power.
5. Chusovoy.'
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1950: 50,000. 57/
c. Local Industry. Basic: .ferrous metallurgy (including mining,
iron and steel production, and mills), oil refinery. Other industry
is insignificant.
d. Generating Capacity. 36,000 kw (including 20,000 kw hydroelectric).
This is a very weak estimate. It is based on the assumption that. there
are three plants: (1) one old 4,000-kw plant 58/; (2) a recently built
12,000-kw plant 59/; (3) a 20,000-kw hydroelectric plant which was reported
as under construction in 1944 at Ponyshsk, 25 km from Chusovoy, for the
supply of that city's industry. 60/ It is assumed to be completed by now,
but there has been no further information.
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e. Transmission. Chusovoy is tied in with the Urals area power
transmission network, 61/ presumably with Kizel and Molotov.
f. Consumption. The amount of generating capacity and transmission
is not sufficiently well known to permit an estimate as to how much power
is available for industry. The only industry requiring a large quantity
of electric power would be the metallurgical plant with an estimated
production rate of 750,000 tons of steel per year. 62/ A threefold
increase in industrial expansion during the war period coincided with
the expansion of local power facilities. The oil refinery in the area
is small and would not be an important consumer.
6. Ishimbay-Sterlitamak.
a. Location. Ishimbay:
Sierlitamak:
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b. Local Population. Ishimbay;
available;
no estimate
Sterlitamak, 1947: 35,000.
0/
c. Local Industry. Basic: oil. Other: oil drilling and
refining equipment.
d. Generating Capacity. 72,000 kw.
This figure has a wide range of error.. It Includes two power plants
on which there have been no recent reports. 64/
e. Transmission. There is insufficient information. It is probable
that the two towns of Ishinibay and Sterlitamak are connected, but there
is no evidence that these localities are Connected to any other major
town.
f. Consumption. There is no evidence of network connection from
this power center. The estimate of generating capacity is weak. Oil
production and its associated industries are the only important indus-
tries in the Ishimibay-Sterlitamak district. Therefore, if generating
capacity were known, electric power consumption by the oil industry
could be estimated with reasonable accuracy. This district contains
about 20 percent of the crude-oil distillation capacity 6f the Urals
area and has facilities for thermal conversion.
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7. Izhevsk.
a.
Location
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b.
Local Population.
1949:
200,000.
c.
Local Industry. Basic:
ferrous netallurgy. Other:
metal
products plant (including tool plant).
d. Generating Capacity. 55,000 kw (including 5,000 kw hydro-
electric). 66/
e. Transmission. An area with a radius of 50 km is connected to
this power center. 67/ This would include Votkinsk, which is a town
about a fourth as large as Izhevsk but with similar industry.
f. Consumption. Izhevsk has a remarkable resemblance to Chkalov,
having about the sane size, type of industry, and generating capacity.
Like Chkaloy, it is the administrative center for a large, slightly
industrialized region and contains numerous industries processing the
products of the farms and forests in the vicinity. It was also used
during World War II for war industries requiring a large labor force
but little electric power. The largest plant is the metal products
plant, which is also the largest consumer of electric power in the.
area. 68/ Assuming 10,000 kw for municipal, domestic, and commercial
use and 10,000 kw for outlying localities and small industries in
Izhevsk, there is estimated to be 35,000 kw available to the metallurgical
and metal products plant. 69/
8. Kamensk4Tral'skiy.
a. Location
b. Local Population. 1939: 50,000. 12/
c. Local Industry. Basic: nonferrous metallurgy (aluminum).
Other: industries using aluminum and steel, such as cable, pipe,
aircraft parts, and tank parts.
d. Generating Capacity. 1939: 25,000 kw 71/; 1949: 250,000 kw. 72/
e. Transmission. There is no information.
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f. Consumption. No figure for municipal, domestic, and commercial
consumption of electric power can be estimated without a postwar popula-
tion figure. The aluminum plant, producing about 60 percent of the
aluminum in the Urals area, 73/ consumes the bulk of the power generated
at Kamensk-Uralfskiy. Without knowing the size of the other industries,
it is estimated that the aluminum plant uses about 200,000 kw.
9. Karabash.
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1948: 40,000.
c. Local Industry. Basic: nonferrous metallurgy (copper mining
and smelting).
d. Generating Capacity. 6,000 kw. 74/
e. .Transmission. A single-circuit 110-kv line connects with the
Urals area network, probably at Ky'shtym, by which means the town imports
power from the Chelyabinsk power center. 22/ There is also a probable
110-kv line from Miass. There is considerable information on trans-
mission lines at Miass, but it presents a confused and contradictory
picture. Two sources report a line which is estimated at 110 kv leaving
Miass to the north-northeast in the direction of Karabash and Kyshtym. 76/
f. Consumption. Two thousand kw are estimated as the requirement
for municipal, domestic, and commercial use. A substantial but unknown
amount of electric power is available? to Karabash because of the
existence of the 110-kv connection to the Urals area network. Most of
this power is consumed by mining. It is estimated that 1,260,000 tons
of copper ore, about 12 percent of the total in the Urals area, are being
mined each year. 77/ Copper ore then goes to a smelter, where it is
converted into blister copper preparatory to being refined at Chelyabinsk
or Verkhnyaya Pyshma. Most copper refining is done at large power centers
where there is no need for long-distance transmission and where the copper
refining plant can better serve its users.
10. Kirovgrad.
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1946: 37,000. 78/
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c. Local Industry. Basic: nonferrous metallurgy (copper mining
and smelting).
d. Generating Capacity. 6,000 kw. 79/
e. Transmission. There are one line to Sverdlovsk ITY and one
line to Nizhniy Tagil. 81/
f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial use is esti-
mated to require 1,900 kw. Mining is the principal electric power
consumer. It has been estimated that about 2,620,000 tons, or 25 per-
cent, of the copper ore extracted in the Urals area comes from Kirov-
grad.. 82/ This copper ore is smelted locally and then sent to Sverdlovsk
for refining. The area has great similarity to Katabash in size and type
of industry except that the amount of copper ore mined in Kirovgrad is
twice that estimated for Karabash. No estimate for electric power consump-
tion can be made on the basis of availability, inasmuch as this town is
'connected to two of the largest power centers in the Urals area at Nizhniy
Tagil and Sverdlovsk
11. Kizel-Gubakha.*
a. Location. Kizel:
Gubakha:
of Kizel,.
POlovinka:
and Kospaef: (several kilometers to the east
b. Local Population. 1949: 200,000. One source gives a 1949
population estimate of 160,000 for Kizel, Polovinkal and.Gdbakhal but
the fact that a fairly large area around these towns is being considered .
encouraged the estimate of 200,000.
c. Local Industry: Basic: coal mining, chemicals (coke chemicals),
and electrified railroad.
d. Generating Capacity. 344,000 kw.
This estimate includes the following power plants: (1) Kizel GRES at
Gdbakha, with a capacity of 98,000 kw. 83/ (2) Kizel GRES II, located
south of Kizel. This plant was being finished in 1950. 84/ The esti-
mated capacity is 100,000 kw. (3) New power plant north, of Kizel.
Information is poor on this plant, but an estimate of 100,000 kw to be
* This power center includes 1Kizel, Polovinka, Gdbakhal and Kospash.
They are being treated together, since they are all within the limits
of a large coal mining area and are closely knit together by electric
power transmission lines.
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installed by 1952 was made on the basis of observation in 1949. 85/
(4) A hydroelectric plant in Kizel, with an estimated capacity of
10,000 kw. 86/ (5) A 25,000-kw hydroelectric plant called Shirokovsk
.GES (Hydroelectric Station) Which was just recently completed. 87/
(6) An 11,000-kw hydroelectric plant called Vilukhinsk GES. 881
It is believed that only the GUbakha plant and the Kizel hydroelectric
plant existed prior to World War II.
e. Transmission. Transmission lines connecting the towns in this
power center are well reported. .c.32/ There is a considerable amount of
exportable electric power in this area. This power is sent to the
south into the main backbone of the Urals area network and to the north
to Berezniki and Solikamsk. The line to the south has been reported as
a double-circuit line. 90/ The line to the north may be a double-
circuit line. 21/ It is believed that the voltage of these lines leav-
ing the Kizel-Gubakha power center is 110 kv, since this is the usual
transmission voltage for this area.,
f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial use is esti-
mated at 10,000 kw, leaving 334,000 kw available for industry and trans-
mission. The district is the largest single coal producer in the Urals
area, accounting for about 37 percent of the total production. Genera-
ting capacity required to meet this demand is probably not more than
50,000 kw.* Another consumer is the coke-chemical plant at Gubakha,
but, according to estimates, this is a relatively small plant, accounting
for only about 9 percent of the total production of coke chemicals in the
Urals area. Demand for power would probably not exceed 10,000 kw. 92/
More important as a consumer of electric power are the electrified
rail-
roads. The railroad is now electrified from Kizel south to Chusovoy and
from that point west to Molotov and east to Sverdlovsk. A transformer
station at Kizel appears to be a major supply point for the railway.
This station has been heavily expanded recentlylindicating further rail-
way electrification of the main lines in the north part of the Urals area.
* This maximum estimate is based on 16 kwh per ton of coal mined
(including power station use and losses) multiplied by 13 million
tons of coal mined per year and divided by 4,000 hours.
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Assuming that 200 km of double-track railroad are supplied with elec-
tricity from this area, the demand might be about 30,000 kw.* Even
with a large range of error in the above estimates, a large quantity
of power is available for transmission to other districts. Using these
estimates and allowing 20,000 kw for all other industrial uses in the
area, such as repair shops and manufacture of explosives, it is esti-
mated that 224,000 kw are available for transmission outside the
district, or a figure almost equal to the generating capacity of the
hydroelectric and thermal power stations installed at this power center
since 1949.
12. Krasnokamsk.
50X1
a.
Location.
b.
Local Population. 1949:
50,000.
94/
c.
Local Industry. Basic:
oil and electrified railroad.
Other:
paper and cellulose.
d.
Generating Capacity. 1939:
50,000 kw; 1952: 150,000 kw.
The generating capacity available at Krasnokamsk is installed in one
plant. The plant was begun in 1935. The fourth, fifth, and sixth
turbines were added during the period 1946-50. It is possible bui
not proved that only two turbines were installed by 1939. Since all
units appear to be 25,000 kw, the 1939 generating capacity is estimated
to have been 50,000 kw. 95/
e. Transmission. There are two 110-kv single-circuit lines to
Molotov, 96/ possibly one 110-kv single-circuit line to Berezniki, 97/
and possibly a line to an unknown destination to the westward. 98/
Reports are-extremely contradictory concerning number and destination
of lines. Only one 110-kv single-circuit line to Molotov is certain.
*. Only the roughest sort of estimate is possible here, since there are
so many factors to take into consideration. Such factors are the amount
of traffic, grade of track, and track miles, as well as route miles
supplied from one point and type of traffic. The type of traffic in the
Kizel-GUbakha region is similar to that carried by the route of the
Norfolk and Western Railroad from Bluefield to Iaeger, West Virginia.
The figures for consumption by the US route were used for making the
estimate of 30,000 kw for the USSR route. 93/ .
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f. Consumption. Consumption of electric power by the oil industry
at Krasnokamsk is believed to be small, since distillation capacity is
only about 6 percent of the total for the Urals area. Some thermal
conversion capacity exists but no catalytic cracking. Too little informa-
ation has been collected to estimate the power requirements of the oil
industry here. Krasnokamsk is reported to be a supply point for the
electrified railroad which runs from Molotov to Kizel via Chusovoy. 22/
How many track miles this plant supplies is unknown. It probably
supplies less than Kizel. Assuming that only 75 miles is supplied and
using 25,000 kw per 100 miles of line, the power requirement would
amount to 18,000 kw. The paper and cellulose plant may be the largest
single consumer in Krasnokamsk. It is said to be the second largest
paper mill in the USSR. 222/ Insufficient information has been collected
to justify an estimate. Although there appears to be no way of esti-
mating the amount, it is certain from reports by observers both at
Krasnokamsk and at Molotov that this power center exports power to
Molotov. 101/ The rapid expansion of the Krasnokamsk power plant during
1939-50 seems to indicate increased needs on the part of the paper and
cellulose plant and Molotov.
13. Krasnotur'insk-Karpinsk.*
Location. Krasnotur'insk:
and Volchanka:
Karpinsk:
b. Local Population. 1949: At least 120,000. Includes an
estimated 50,000 at Krasnotur'insk, 50,000 at Karpinsk, and 20,000 at
Volchanka. 122/ This estimate is probably low for this area, since
early postwar expansion is believed to have continued up to the present
time.
c. Local Industry. Basic: nonferrous metallurgy (aluminum) and
-coal. Other: minor industries such as mining equipment, repair
facilities, and installations necessary for construction activities.
d. Generating Capacity. 283,000 kw.
This estimate includes three power plants: Krasnotur'insk TEZ
(250,000 kw), 122/ Krasnotur'insk GES (30,000 kw), Lit/ and the
mobile power station at Karpinsk (3,000 kw). 122/
* Krasnotur'insk, Karpinsk, and Volchanka are considered as one
power center because of their proximity, their strong dependency on
the large Krasnotur'insk power station, and the fact that they all
sit on the same coal basin.
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e. Transmission. Krasnotur'insk, Karpinsk, and Volchprilm are tied
together by a 35-kv ring. 106/ There are probably a 35-kv line to
Serov from Khrpinsk, probably through Krasnotur'insk, and probably a
line to Severoural'sk from Volchanka.
f. Consumption. An allowance of 6,250 kw for municipal, domestic,
and commercial use leaves 277,000 kw for industry. The aluminum plant
at Krasnotur'insk is the largest power consumer in the area. It is
estimated to produce about 55,000 tans per year, or approximately
40 percent of the total aluminum output of the Urals area. This produc-
tion would require approximately 173,000 kw of capacity.* According to
estimates, this district also accounts for about 24 percent of coal
production in the Urals area. Most of this is produced at Khrpinsk and
'Volchanka,where substations receiving power from Krasnotur'insk have
been expanding. A maximum amount of 13,000 kw may be used for coal
mining.** The minor industries may require substantial quantities of
electric power, particularly the cement and concrete plants, but it is
doubtful that they require more than 20,000 kw. These rough estimates
of industrial electric power requirements give a total of about 205,000 kw,
which would leave nearly 72,000 kw for transmission outside the power
center. The estimated line to Serav may take some of this, but it is
probable that some power is also transmitted north to the Severoural'sk
area, where the principal industry appears to be the mining of bauxite.
14. Krasnoural'sk.
50X1
a.
Location
b.
Local Population.
1946: 37,000.
c.
Local Industry. Basic: copper. Other:
insignificant.
d.
Generating Capacity. 12,000 kw. 108/
* Aluminum production requires about 20,000 kwh per ton. This was
multiplied by the estimated production figure. The resulting figure
was then divided by 7,000 hours, which is the nuMber of hours per year
during which the generating capacity is assumed to operate (usually called
"hours of use"); 15,000 kw were added to allow for losses and station use.
** Seven loth per ton of coal mined are assumed (this includes power
station use and losses), since strip mining requires less power than
shaft mining. This was multiplied by 7.5 million tons and then
divided by 4,000 hours of use.
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e. Transmission. There is a single-circuit 110-kv line to Knshva
via Verkhnyaya Tura. 109/
f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial consumption
probably does not exceed 1,850 kw. The copper industry is believed to
be the only important electric power consumer. It has been estimated
that about 15 percent, or 1,644,00o tonspof all copper ore tined in
the Urals area is extracted here. 110/ Presumably this copper ore
is also smelted in Krasnoural'sk, but there is no electrolytic refining.
Although no 'accurate estimate is possible, it appears that this area is
not a large electric power consumer and probably could get along with
what power is available locally, with the transmission line in a position
to serve in case of an emergency.
15. Kropachevo.
a. Location.
b. Local Population. Unknown.
c. Local Industry. Basic: electrified railroad.
d. Generating Capacity. 50,000 kw. 111/
e. Transmission. There is no information.
f. Consumption. It is reported that the above generating capacity
will primarily serve the Ufa-Chelyabinsk Railroad. 112/ The generating
equipment was just recently installed and may supply the entire
Zlatoust-Ufa section of the line, although one postwar observer states
that the power plant will serve only 100 km of track. The town of
Kropachevo is located halfway between Ufa and Zlatoust, which are
320 km, or about 200 miles, apart. If the estimate for generating
capacity and the assumption that this plant will supply the entire
Zlatoust-Ufa section are correct, then it may be concluded' that
50,000 kw are required for 200 miles of heavily traveled track.
16. Kushva.
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1946: 37,000. 113/
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c. Local Industry. Basic: ferrous metallurgy. Other: equipment
repair facilities.
d. Generating Capacity. 9,000 kw. 114/
e. Transmission. At least two lines of 110 or 165 kv (probably
110 kv) pass Kushva, coming from Sverdlovsk. 115/ There is, in
addition, a single-circuit line to Krasnourallsk 116/ through Verkhnyaya
Tura, and a single-circuit line connects installations at Kushva to
the main 110- or 165-kv (probably 11O-kv) trunk line. 117/
f. Consumption. Municipal, commercial, and domestic requirements
are estimated to be 1,850 kw. The only industry here is the mining,
crushing, and smelting of iron ore. One source reports two blast fur-
naces. 118/ An estimate puts the steel production rate at 200,000
tons. 1157 It is doubtful that the local power plant can satisfy these
requirements, and it is probably necessary, therefore, for Kushva to
tap the 110- to 165-kv lines for additional power.
17. Kyshtym.
a. Location
b. Local Population. 1948: 6o,000. 122/
c. Local Industry. Basic: copper. Other: graphite, kaolin
(porcelain), corundum, and a plant engaged in secret production.
? d. Generating Capacity. 5,000 kw. 121/
e. Transmission. There are a double-circuit 110-kv line to
Chelyabinsk and a single-circuit line to Sverdlovsk via Polevskoy. 122/
f. Consumption. Three thousand kw are estimated to be required
for municipal, domestic, and commercial use. Basic indudtry at Kyshtym
does not require much electric power. The copper electrolytic refinery
produces about 10,000 tons of refined copper, or 8 percent of the total
for the Urals area. 123/ This requires not more than 1,000 kw if
the USSR is following the US practice of 315 kwh per ton of refined
copper. The graphite, kaolin, and corundum plants and mines are believed
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to require not more than 4,000 kw.* No estimation of the secret plant
requirements can be made, but the transmission lines appear to have
sufficient capacity to supply a large quantity of electric power if it
is required and if Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk power centers can male it
available.
18. Magnitogorsk.
50X1
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1949: 200,000.
c. Local Industry. Basic: ferrous metallurgy and chemicals.
Other: subsidiary industry to the metallurgical plant and construc-
tion industry.
d. Generating Capacity. 133,000 kw.
This capacity is installed in two plants: Magnitogorsk station
(123,000 kw) 126/ and a 10,000-kw power station which has not been
reported by postwar observers. 127/
e. Transmission. There are a single-circuit 220-kv line (operated
at 110 kv) to Zlatoust 128/ and a single-circuit 220-kw line to
Chelyabinsk. 129/
f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial requirements
are estimated to be 10,000 kw. Industrial activity in Magnitogorsk is
almost exclusively related to ferrous metallurgy. The chemical industry
operates on the by-products of the coke plant which serves the blast
furnaces, whereas the construction industry exists to take care of the
expansion of the metallurgical industry and to provide living quarters
for the population. About 33 percent of the steel production in the
Urals area 130/ is estimated to be located at Magnitogorsk. The iron
and steel plant is a large integrated operation with cokeries, blast
furnaces, converters, electric furnaces, rolling mills, and associated
Installations for production of ore, lime, and firebrick. Recently a
* A description of the transformers supplying electric power to the
graphite plant lay indicates that the plant requires no more than 1,000
kw. The existence of only a single 3-kv line leading to the kaolin
plant 122/ shows requirements to be no greater than 2,000 kw. Since
these two installations along with the copper' refinery are considered by
postwar observers to be the more important ones in the town, it is felt
that all other consumers, except the secret plant, require small amounts
of electric power.
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new wire and cable plant has been put into operation, and a large area
was being cleared in 1947-49 in the middle of the city for new rolling
mills. This last operation necessitated the transfer of a large segment
of the population across the river to Novo-Magnitogorsk, where extensive
civilian housing has been constructed. Since most of the industrial
activity in the city is integrated to the final output of steel and
rolled steel products, it it practical-to relate all the generating
capacity and imported electric power to steel production, with the only
exceptions being the power reserved for municipal, domestic, and
commercial use and the small amounts for construction activity, which
is not intimately connected with the steel plant. AUS plan drawn up
in 1931 for an integrated steel plant at Magnitogorsk envisaged an
average demand of 85,000 kw for the production and rolling of 2.1 million
tons of steel. 122/ Average demand must be converted to the generating
capacity that is required. This demand may equal 150,000 kw. Recent
estimates place present production at about double the amount originally
planned for by the Americans. 12/ Doubling the 150,000-kw figure
would mean that at least 300,000 kw are required by present steel
operations. If it is assumed that 30,000 kw in addition are required
for all other industry, such as the steel wire and cable plants, and
for the construction industries, the total requirements of the city
would be in the neighborhood of 340,000 kw, or about 200,000 kw in
excess of generating capacity. The only power center capable of meeting
these requirements is at Chelyabinsk. Although 200,000 kw of generating
capacity are required, only an average of 120,000 kw need be transmitted
from Chelyabinsk to Magnitogorsk. Since the reliability of this esti-
mate depends on the estimates of steel production and the generating
capacity at Magnitogorsk, the estimate is admittedly weak.
19. Molotov.
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1949: 500,000.
c. Local Industry. Basic: chemicals and ferrous metallurgy.
Other: armaments, aircraft engine and component parts, munitions,
electrotechnical, and machine building.
d. Generating Capacity. 325,000 kw.
Capacity estimates are extremely weak. It is assumed that there are
two large power plants, several small plants attached to various
industries, and one municipal plant. These include a 1500000-kw plant
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at the site of the AC engine plant No. 19 211/ and a 75,000-kw plant
close to the telephone factory. 134/ Other small plants are believed
to be located at Gun Factory No. 172, at the Kirov chemical and muni-
tions plant$ and at Plant No. 33. These smaller power plants are
assumed to total 75,000 kw. There is also assumed to be a 25,000-kw
municipal power plant in the residential section of the city.
6. Transmission. There is a double-circuit 110-kv line to Krasno-
kamsk. 135/
f. Consumption. Molotov is too large, and the information on
generating capacity is too weak for consumption estimates. There is
a certain similarity to Sverdlovsk, since both cities are of respectable
size, their principal industries require large quantities of iron and
steel, and the industrial processes in each city require a great deal of
forging, casting, and machining.
20. Nizhniy Tagil.
a.
Location. Nizhniy Tagil:
56X1
b.
Local Population. 1949:
200,000. 136/
c.
Local Industry. Basic:
ferrous metallurgy and
chemicals.
Other:
railroad cars, aircraft frames,
and munitions.
d.
Generating Capacity. 315,000
kw.
This capacity is installed in five power plants: a 100,000-kw plant at
the railroad car factory, 1.1// a 125,000-kw plant at the Novo-Tagil (new)
iron and steel works, 138/ a 25,000-kw plant near blast furnaces for the
Novo-Tagil iron and steel works, 139/ a 50,000-kw plant at the Kuybyshev
iron and steel plant, 140/ and a 15,000-kw plant at the munitions plant. 141/
e. Transmission. This power center is connected to the Urals area
network at a point east of the railroad car plant. The power lines of
the network appear to run in a southwest-northeast direction until they
enter the substation east of the railroad car plant and proceed to the
north-northwest. 142/
f. Consumption. On the basis of the above population figure,which
is believed to be low,municipal, domestic, and commercial requirements
are estimated to be greater than 10,000 kw. One source reports that the
population was expected to reach 800,000 by 1949. The ferrous metallurgical
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plants at this power center have the second highest output in the Urals
area; estimated steel production is 2,062,000 tons. Without any
allowance made for electric furnace capacity, such a level of steel
production would require about 500 million kwh per year in addition to
about 30,000 kw for blast furnace draft.* Translating the kilowatt-
hour figure into generating capacity and adding the blast furnace
requirement give 130,000 kw. Integrated with the metallurgical indus-
try is the production of coke chemicals and synthetic ammonia. These
make use of the by-products of the coke ovens and the blast furnaces
but also require substantial quantities of electric power. Production
of coke has been estimated at 2 million tons, which would enable this
center to produce about 12 percent of the coke-chemical output in the
Urals area and would require possibly 66 million kwh, or 11,000 kw.
Synthetic ammonia production is supposed to be 42,000 tons, or 30 per-
cent of the total output in the Urals area. This output would normally
require 150 million kwh, or about 25,000 kw, of generating capacity.
The other principal consumer is the railroad car plant, which is the
largest producer of railroad cars in the USSR. It may also be engaged
in the production of aircraft frames and gun carriages. Power require-
ments are extremely difficult to estimate for such a plant, but it is
possible that the 100,000=kw power plant built as a part of this combine
has sufficient capacity to meet the demands. Nothing is known as to the
size of the munitions plant located south of Nizhniy Tagil, but it is
believed that the 15,000-kw plant located on its grounds is able to meet
its electric power requirements. On the basis of sketchy information,
it is concluded that each of the major industrial plants at this power
center has a power station capable of meeting its normal demands, that
these power stations are tied together in order to take care of load
fluctuations, and that the power center balances the power taken from
or sent into the Urals area network.
21. Oktyabr'skiy.**
a. Location. Tuymazy:
southwest of Tuymazy; Urussy:
OktyabrIskiy.: 22.5 km 50X1
about 15 km west of Tuymazy.
* A US engineering consultant company was asked to draw up plans for
a steel plant at Nizhniy Tagil with a capacity to produce 1,775,000 tons
of pig iron, 1,703,000 tons of steel, and 1,250,000 tons of rolled
products. This company estimated that such a plant would require 420 mil-
lion kwh in 1 year and, in addition, would need a 24,000-kw unit for
blast furnace draft. The consumption of 500 million kwh is derived
from a use factor developed from these plan figures.
** This power center includes Tuymazy, Oktyabriskiy, and Urussy.
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b. Local Population. Not available.
c. Local Industry. Basic: oil (production and pumping).
d. Generating Capacity. 1946: not over 20,000 kw. 1952: 50,000 kw.
The capacity is installed in three old but recently enlarged plants (two
in Oktyabr'skiy and one in Tuymazy), none of which appears to be larger
than 5,000 kw, and a recently built plant is estimated at 36,000 kw. There
may also be some diesel-generated power supplying the oil fields. 143/
e, Transmission. Although 35-kv lines connect the three towns
included in this power center, there is no known tie to other cities.
f. Consumption. The population estimate for the entire electric
power center is not available. Descriptions of the area give the
impression that it is quite backward and that transformation from an
agricultural to an industrial center began with the relatively recent
exploitation of the oil deposits. Probable major consumers are the
pipeline to Ufa and the water-pumping system which forces water into
the ground to increase oil production. Since the oil industry is the
only one in the area, it would be possible to obtain a factor of
consumption by relating the generating capacity to the oil production
if there were a figure for the latter available. However, oil produc-
tion has been estimated only for a larger area of which this power
center is only a part, so that a factor has not been calculated.
22. Orsk.*
a. Location.
50X1
b. Local Population. Orsk, 1948: 100,000 (estimate includes
Novoorsk); Novo-Troitsk, 30,000.
c. Local Industry. Basic: ferrous metallurgy, chemicals,
and oil. Other: heavy machinery and meat combine.
* Includes Orsk, Novoorsk, and Novo-Troitsk.
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d. Generating Capacity. 1949: 102,000 kw, consisting of capacity
in two plants: 78,000-kw power plant at Navoorsk 144/; 24,000-kw power
plant at oil refinery. 145/ 1952: 182,000 kw, assuming the completion
of a 30,000-kw hydroelectric station 60 km up the Ural River 146/ and
the installation of two 25,000-kw units in a newly built plant at
Novo-Troitsk which was unequipped as of 1949.
e. Transmission. There is some information concerning a 35-kv
line connecting the three towns within the power center but none
relating to connections with other power centers. 147/
f. Consumption. With a population of 130,000, 6,500 kw are esti-
mated to be required for municipal, domestic, and Commercial use. Orsk
is one of the newer large -industrial centers in the Urals area. Begin-
ning as an important regional center in which the principal industries
were transportation and processing of agricultural products, Orsk then
developed as a nickel producing and oil refining center. A few years
before World War II, construction began on an iron and steel plant and
a large machine building or heavy equipment plant. With respect to
industry, Orsk appears to be similar to Chelyabinsk except that it is
smaller and is of more recent origin. Another difference is that Orsk
is also an important oil refining center. In comparing the two cities
it might be noted, however, that whereas the ratio of steel production
between the two cities is 3 to 1 in favor of Chelyabinsk, the ratio of
generating capacity is probably close to 5 to 1. The difference in the
ratios can be explained by the fact that the Chelyabinsk power center
helps supply a larger district and also must supply electrified rail-
roads, which do not exist in the vicinity of Orsk.
23. Pervouralisk-Revda-Degtyarka.*
a. Location. Pervoural'sk:
Degtyarka: Bilimbay:
rtevda:
? b. Local Population. 1949: 100,000. Population estimates for
Pervoural'sk, Revdaland Degtyarka total 95,000. 2yil/ This figure
was rounded off to 100,000 to take BiliMbay and MOgnetka into account.
* This power center includes Pervouralisk, Revda, Degtyarka, and
BiliMbay, and also Nagnetkal which is located to the southeast of
Pervoural'sk. All these towns are grouped together because of their
common interest in copper mining and because they are closely tied
together by a distribution network.
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c. Local Industry. Basic: nonferrous metallurgy (copper mining
and smelting), ferrous metallurgy (iron ore mining and crushing), and
chemicals.
d. Generating Capacity. 24,000 kw installed in two plants.
1101f of this capacity is located in the building that also is the
central heating plant for the Sums copper smelting works near Revda,
and the other half is installed in a so-called municipal plant located
in the northwest part of Revda. 149/ A prewar source 122/ reported a
10,000-kw power plant at the Pervoural'sk tube mill, but this is dis-
counted, since no postwar observer in the area reported it. There are
believed to be other small generating stations at various mines in the
region, but it is assumed that these are too old to be of service at
the present time.
e. Transmission. There are a 110-kv single-circuit loop (Sverdlovsk-
Pervoural'sk-Revda-Degtyarka-Sverdlovsk) 151/ and a 35-kv single-circuit
line from Pervoural'sk to BiliMbay. 152/
f. Consumption. Requirements for municipal, domestic, and commercial
use are estimated at about 5,000 kw. Most of the electric power available
in the area is probably consumed in the mining and milling of copper ore.
It has been estimated that 3,350,000 tons of copper ore is extracted in
the area each year. 153/ Assuming 40 kwh per ton of ore mined and milled,
134 million kwh, or a capacity of about 35,000 kw, would be required for
these operations. The copper smelting plant near Revda is similar to
that at Kirovgrad in that it has a power station immediately adjacent to
it. It is assumed that most of the power generated by this power station
of 12,000 kw is used in the mining and milling operations rather than in
the smelting plant. One source reports that the iron ore mine has a
transformer station with 6,000 kva of transformer capacity. 154/ It might
be assumed, therefore, that electric power requirements come to about
3,000 kw for this industry. The Khrompik chemical plant located near
Pervoural'sk is a small consumer of electric power, as its products are
dyes, acids, salts, and other chemicals which do not require much elec-
tric power. The pipe factory, with its own steel plant, probably
consumes a significant amount of electric power. Their location, adjacent
to a transformer station stepping down 110-kv current from Sverdlovsk,
is an indication of this, but there is insufficient information to esti-
mate the electric power requirements for these three plants. Unless the
estimates for generating capacity are badly in error, it is obvious that
this district is heavily dependent on the Sverdlovsk power center for
power supplies, perhaps to the extent of 50 percent.
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24. Serov.
50X1
a.
Location:
b.
Local Population. 1946:
75,000.
155/
c.
Local Industry. Basic:
ferrous metallurgy.
Other:
not well
known (probable production of railroad cars and possible production of
armaments).
d. Generating Capacity. 61,000 kw. 22Y
e. Transmission. There is a line to Krasnotur'insk. 157/ Serov
is the center of a "regional" net. 158/
f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial requirements
are estimated to be about 4,000 kw. Very little is known about this
power center. The iron and steel plant has an estimated production rate
of 614,000 tons of steel per year. 159/ This output presumably is
utilized in forging, casting, and metalworking processes in the reported
railroad car and armaments plants. The industrial production is similar
to that at Nizhniy Tagil but much smAller and less diversified. A trans-
fer of power from Krasnotur'insk amounting to 30,000 kw would make the
ratio between Serov and Nlzhniy Tagil for electric power consumption
about 1 to 30 about the same
25. Solikamsk-Borovsk.
as
for population
and steel
Borovsk:
production.
50X1
50X1
a.
Location. Solikamsk:,
b.
Local Population.
Solikamsk,
1945: 47,000;
Borovsk,
1949:
20,000.
160/
c.
Local Industry.
Basic: chemicals and nonferrous metallurgy
(magnesium). Other: paper and cellulose.
d. Generating Capacity. 72,000 kw.
This capacity is installed in a 48,000-kw plant at Solikamsk 161/ and
a 240000-kw plant at Borovsk. 1L2/
e. Transmission. There are a double-circuit line probably of
110 kv from Berezniki to Solikamsk 11?2/ and a line with an-unknown
nuMber of circuits from Solikamsk to Borovsk. 1211
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f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial use is esti-
mated to require 3,000 kw. The major consumer in the district is the
magnesium plant, which also produces chlorine, at Solikamsk. Two recent
estimates state that this plant produces 12,000 tons of magnesium and
14,000 tons of chlorine per year. Assuming a consumption of 22,000 kwh
per ton, the production of magnesium alone would require 264 million kwh
annually, or a generating capacity of 42,000 kw.* The chlorine produc-
tiod, assuming a consumption of 3,200 kwh per ton, would require 45 mil-
lion kwh annually, or a generating capacity of 7,000 kw.* It is assumed '
that the paper and cellulose plant at Borovsk requires almost all the
24.1000 kw installed there. These requirements total up to approximately
72,000 kw, or the estimated generating capacity of this power center.
26. Sverdlovsk.**
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1941: 585,000 165/; 1950: 600,000.
c. Local Industry. Basic: nonferrous metallurgy (copper)
ferrous metallurgy, and railroad electrification. Other: armaments,
machine tools, equipment manufacturing (electrical, textile, communica-
tions, chemical, and construction), ball bearings, tires, and instruments.
d. Generating Capacity. 399,000 kw.
This capacity is installed in eight plants: 285,000 kw at Sredneurallsk 167/;
20,000 kw in Kuybyshev plant, in the western part of the city, on the south
side of Nizhniy Isetskiy lake 168/; 28,000 kw in a plant which is adjacent
(
to the south side of Uralmash Ural Machinery Plant) 169/; 40000 kw in
a plant serving an electrical equipment plant near Ura1mash 170;
50,000 kw in a plant in the southeast corner of Sverdlovsk 171/; 60,000 kw
in a plant in a suburb of Uktus 2t000-kw hydroelectric plant in
a suburb of Aramill 213/; and 4,000 kw in a plant at Berezovskiy. 2111/
e. Transmission. There are a line to Nizhniy Tagil 175/ and a line
to Yegorshino: 176/
* Using a plant factor of 7,000 hours per yearl, the demand for magnesium
production would be approximately 38,000 kw, and that for chlorine produc-
tion would be 6,000 kw. In order to obtain the necessary generating capacity
required, the maximum demand was increased by 10 percent to account for
station and transmission losses.
** This power center includes Sverdlovsk, Berezovskiy, Verkhnyaya Pyshma,
and Sredneuralisk.
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f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial use is esti-
mated to require a generating capacity in excess of 30,000 kw, since
the older, larger cities in the USSR are known to have better living
conditions than the average. This situation would mean more electric
energy per inhabitant. In Sverdlovsk, there is again the problem of
a large number of industries without sufficient information as to size,
products, and processes to establish power requirements. The largest
electric power consumers are believed to be Uralmash, the Viza (Verkhne
Isetskiy) steel works, the Verkhnyaya Pyshma electrolytic copper works,
and the electrified railroad. Uralmash is the largest heavy equipment
producer in the Urals area and also has a subsidiary steel plant produc-
ing an estimated 259,000 tons of steel per year. 177/ Other large
installations, such as an electrical equipment plant, a chemical appara-
tus plant, and a substation supplying the electrified railroad, are
located in the immediate area in the middle of the city. In addition to
using the 28,000 kw of a power plant located in the vicinity, this
industry depends on imports of power from the 285,000-kw plant north of
the city. The other two heavy power consumers also are located north
of the city and close to the 285,000-kw power station. The Verkhnyaya
Pyshma electrolytic refinery is estimated to produce 100,000 tone of
refined copper per year, 178/ and probably requires about 5,000 kw.*
The other large consumer is the Viza steel works. Although it produces
only an estimated 233,000 tons of steel per year, 179/ this steel is
high-grade metal used in transformers, turbines, springs, and the
aviation industry, and, therefore, much of it must be produced by elec-
tric furnaces. If one assumes that 120,000 tons out of the total 233,000 tons
of steel are produced by electric furnace methods, then about 13,000 kw
would be used by the electric furnaces alone. Total reguirements of the
steel plant might be 20,000 kw.** This power center also supplies a fairly
large region around Sverdlovsk. It is believed that the Pervouralisk-
Revda-Degtyarka and the Severskiv-Polevskoy districts to the west and
south, respectively, receive power from the 285,000-kw power station to
the north of the city which is called a regional power station by the
Soviets. The region to the east is believed to be adequately supplied
by the 250,000-kw plant at Kamensk-Uraliskiy and the 69,000-kw plant at
Yegorshino (Artemovskiy).
* Using 315 kwh per ton, 7,000 hours per year per kw of generating
capacity, and 10 percent upward adjustment for power station use and losses.
** Using 600 kwh per ton, 6,000 hours per year per kw of generating
capacity, and 10 percent upward adjustment for power station use and losses.
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27. Ufa-Chernikovsk.
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1942: 330,000.*
c. Local Industry. Basic: oil (refining). Other: aircraft
engines, woodworking, cable, and locomotive repair.
d. Generating Capacity. 162,000 kw.
This capacity is installed in four. plants: 50,000 kw in a power plant at
Chernikovsk 180/; 75,000 kw in a power plant on the southwest corner of
the eastern section of the aircraft engine works in Chernikovsk 181/;
36,000 kw in a power plant supplying the oil refinery in Chernikovsk
(the estimate for generating capacity represents a poor guess,
and 800 kw in a power 50X1
plant supplying the locomotive repair works. 182/
50X1
5nx1
e. Transmission. There is possibly a 110-kv line to Zlatoust.
f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial use is esti-
mated to require 17,000 kw. Except for the locomotive repair plant,
all the above industries are located in Chernikovsk, which is the
northern suburb of Ufa. The oil refinery and aircraft engine plants
have their own electric power plants, and it is possible that the genera-
ting capacity of these power plants is equivalent to the requirements
of their respective industries. Since they are closely grouped together
around Ufa, it is believed that the woodworking industry (veneer, ply-
wood, and matches) as well as the cable works depends on the 50,000-kw
power plant and, therefore, must share this generating capacity with
minor industry and municipal, domestic, and commercial consumers. The
Ufa-Chernikovsk power center is similar to Chkalov, a city with a large
population and a relatively small amount of electric power. Both cities
were developed as administrative and trade centers for a large, pre-
dominantly rural area because of their convenient locations at the inter-
sections of rivers and railroads. Neither has sufficient coal reserves
to provide energy for large power stations and basic industry.
* The population presumably has not increased and may have decreased,
since estimates based on figures for voting districts give a population
figure of 240,000 for 1939 and 225,000 for 1949. 183/
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28. Verkhnyaya Salda-Nizhnyaya Salda.
a. Location. Verkhnyaya Salda:
Nizhnyaya Salda:
b. Local Population. Verkhnyaya Salda: 40,000; Nizhnyaya
Salda: no estimate.
c. Local Industry. Basic: ferrous metallurgy. Other:
aluminum utensils.
d. Generating Capacity. 17,000 kw (including 2,000 kw
hydroelectric) installed in three plants: a 2,000-hydroelectric
plant at Verkhnyaya Saldanear the rolling mill, a 12,000-kw plant at
Verkhnyaya Salda near the rolling mill, 12Vii,_and a 3100u-kw plant at
Verkhnyaya Salada near the aluminum utensil plant. 185/
e. Transmission. A 30- to 60-kv line from Nizhniy Tagil runs
past Verkhnyaya Salda to Nizhnyaya Salda. 186/
f. Consumption. No estimate is possible for municipal, domestic,
and commercial consumption. This is a small ferrous metallurgy center
with an estimated output of 310,000 tons of steel per year. 187/ The
blast furnaces are located at Nizhnyaya Salda and the rolling mills at
Verkhnyaya Saida. The alnminumutensil plant, which appears to be the
only other significant industry in the area, is located at the latter
locality. One source implies that the power plants in Verkhnyaya Salda
supply those factories which are close as well as the adjacent residen-
tial and commercial sections of the town.12,/ If this is correct and
If the generating capacity estimates are reliable, then, after making a
20-percent allowance for a municipal, domestic, and commercial load, it
can be assnmPd that the rolling mill obtains about 11,000 kw, and the
aluminum plant 2,500 kw. Nothing is known concerning the supply of
electric power to the blast furnaces, but, in any case, only a small
amount would be required, which could be supplied by the high-tension
line extending from the main line at Nizhniy Tagil.
29. Yegorshino.*
Location. (Approximate).
b. Local Population. 1950: 50,000. 1?2/
* This power center includes Artemovskiy, Bulanaihland Yegorshino,
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c. Local Industry. Basic: coal. Other: mining maChinery produc-
tion and repair.
d. Generating Capacity. 69,000 kw. 190/
e. Transmission. There are a single- or double-circuit 110-kv
line to Sverdlovsk, a single-circuit 110-kv line to Nizhniy Tagil, a
110-kr line to Alapayevsk, a line to Rezh, and a line to Irbit. 191/
f. Consumption. The population figure for the area is believed to
be too unreliable to make an estimate concerning municipal, domestic,
and commercial consumption. There is very little industry in this area.
The coal mining industry is important because of the quality of the
coal, but production represents only about 3 percent of the total out-
put in the Urals area, or about 750,000 tons. The rest of the industry
in the area requires a relatively minor amount of electric power, so
that probably more than half of the power available is being transmitted
to other industrial centers. This power station probably helps to
supply Alapayevsk with its machine tool and its metallurgical industry;
Irbit with its motorcycle factory and its glass factories; Rezh, which
has a mining industry; and Asbest, where asbestos is mined and processed;
and also probably contributes some power to the main line running between
Nizhniy Tagil and Sverdlovsk.
30. Zlatoust.
a. Location.
b. Local Population. 1949: 200,000. 192/
c. Local Industry. Basic: ferrous metallurgy. Other: machine
tools and armaments.
d. Generating Capacity. 38,000 kw (including 3,000 kw hydroelectric)
is installed in three plants, none of which is sufficiently reported for
reliable estimates: 15,000 kw in an electric power plant at the Lenin
steel plant, 193/ 20,000 kW in an electric power plant at an ammunition
plant, 194/ and 3,000 kw in a hydroelectric plant. 195/
e. Transmission. There are a single-circuit 110-kv line to
Miass 196/;'a single-circuit 110-kv line to Kusa; a single-circuit
110-kv line to Ufa, via Kropachevo; and a Single-circuit 110-kv line
to Magnitka. 197/
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f. Consumption. Municipal, domestic, and commercial use is esti-
mated to require 10,000 kw. A recent estimate gives steel production
in Zlatoust as 565,000 tons per year. 198/ Presumably this steel is
used in the machine tool and. armaments industries located in the city.
As these industries would require high'-grade steel, it is probable
that there is considerable electric furnace capacity both at the steel
plant and in the armament and machine tool plants. Information is too
scanty, however, to make estimates f6r electric power requirements.
Furthermore, it cannot be assumed that the generating capacity figure
represents the total requirements of the city. The capacity estimate
is so weak that no reliance can be placed on it, and although it is
probable that Zlatoust imports power from Chelyabinsk, the quantity of
power imported is not known.
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APPENDIX D
ASSUMED CONNECTIONS
are believed to be some transmission lines 50X1
whose existence is indicated by other evidence ,50X1
and the reasons for assuming them are given below.
These lines
1. 110-Kv Lines from the Vicinity of Kushva to Krasnotur'insk.*
The electrification of the railroad between Nizhniy Tagil and
Krasnotur'insk 245/ indicates this line, as it would be the sensible
thing for the USSR to accompany electrified railroad with 110-kv
transmission lines.
Also, the recent completion of the Nizhnyaya Tura power plant of
100,000 kw would make such a connection more worth while. A 110-kv
line is subject to excessive losses where the distance between two
regulating stations is more than 100 miles. Prior to the building of
the Nithnyaya Tura power plant, there was no power plant of sufficient
size between Krasnotur'insk and Nizhniy Tagil which could regulate the
line. The air-line distances between the Nizhnyaya Tura plant and the
electric power centers at Krasnotur'insk and Nizhniy Tagil are about
82 miles and 48 miles, respectively, so that the route length of trans-
mission lines between the regulating stations can be kept below the
economic distances for a 110-kv line.
2. 110-Kv Line from the Vicinity of Kushva to Molotov.
According to in 1945, the Urals area 50X1
system has one main transmission line from Molotov through Sverdlovsk
to Chelyabinsk. 246/
This main line is assumed to run between Sverdlovsk and Goroblago-
datskaya, near Kushva, since the region between these two points is
heavily industrialized. No important consumers appear to exist be-
tween Pervoural'sk, just west of Sverdlovsk and Molotov, and such a
line would be justified only where there was industry along the way.
* Goroblagodatskaya is the meeting point near Kushva for transmission
lines coming from the west and south. It may, therefore, be the point
from which this estimated line extends north.
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It is probable that the line follows the Sverdlovsk-Kushva-
Chusovoy-Molotov railromkas it would be economically sensible for
the transmission line to supply the same localities as are served
by the railroad.
3. 110-KV Line from Zlatoust to Ufa.
This is a weak estimate and is made only because it is likely that
transmission lines connect those cities also connected by electrified
railroads. After World War II a power plant with an estimated capacity
of 50,000 kw was built at Kropachevo apparently for the sole purpose of
electrifying the Zlatoust-Ufa section of the railroad. For continuity
of railroad service, it would be highly desirable to have the power
stations at Ufa and Zlatoust tied to the Kropachevo power station. It
is assumed that the USSR has done this, but there is no supporting
evidence.
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APPENDIX E
METHODOLOGY
A discussion of a high-tension transmission network is useful only
when it explains how industry is served by it and to what extent its
operation contributes to the ecOnomic potential of the region. This
requires not only a description of existing transmission facilities but
also the relation of generating capacity and industrial requirements of
electric power to these facilities. A complete study along these lines
would require that an estimate for electric power requirements be made
for every industrial installation. This has not been attemptedpas it
is believed that too many errors would be introduced through lack of
adequate information and that estimates on which fair reliability can
be placed would suffer by becoming enmeshed with many unreliable estimates.
This report attempts to describe not only the physical layout of the
electric power network but also the geographic distribution of the
generating capacity and power consumption, as these two subjects must be
examined in order to measure the contribution of the network to the
economy of the Urals area.
In the course of research, it became clear that the entire story
could not be toldp)because of the quality of the source material available.
50X1
The best estimates seemed to group themselves as follows: the
generating capacity of power stations, the production level of certain
basic industries which control the production level of most of the
industries producing semifinished or finished goods, the location of
electrified railroads, the existence of transmission lines between
industrial centers, and the existence but not the production level of
industries other than the basic industries.
Some system had to be devised of assembling these estimates in order
that they might tell as much as possible about the network and its
contribution to the economy. It was decided to select the 30 most impor-
tant industrial centers in the region. The above categories of estimates
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were set down for each of these industrial centers. Estimates of elec-
tric power requirements, were then made on the basis of the production
levels of the basic industries wherevei it appeared that comparison with
US practice would be fairly accurate! Conclusions with respect to
electric power requirements and the role played by the network were drawn
wherever possible.
The appendixes to this report give the substantive information. The
principal one is Appendix Bojwhich includes. a description of the 30 indus-
trial centers in the Urals area where basic industrial processes of sig-
nificant proportion are located. In addition to showing how much genera-
ting capacity is locally available, 'these sketches usually give the produc-
tion rates of basic industries located in eaCh tenter and a listing of'
other industries which are significant consumers Of electric power.
Originally it was hoped that all the generating capacity known to
exist could be allocated to specific users. This task was found to be
impossible for the time being. However, it is believed that the
appendixes are so organized that additional estimates of electric power
requirements and transmission lines can easily be addeSso that eventually
a more complete report can be written.
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German documents. A comparison of the two shows that they have a certain
basic similarity.. Some of the differences between the two can be attrib-
uted to the fact that the date of the German information is, on the
average, 6 years prior to the average date of the information used for
the other map.
Only the non-German transmission information was used in drawing
conclusions in the text, but it is possible that Map B may be better
in some respects than Nap A. Na B is included, therefore, as it
makes some contribution to the total body of information and can be
of assistance, after checking against new information, in drawing more
accurate conclusions as to the status of the transmission network.
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KOBRIN
50 MW
110 KV FOSFORITNAYA
SOL 1K
MS
K1RS
87 MW
SLOBODSKOI 0
KIROV
24 JAW
10 MW
105 MW
0
75 MW
BEREZNIKI
KIZEL
100 MW
OMUTNINSK
CHEPTSA
50 MW
GUBAKHA
100 MW
fr
USVA
GL AZOV
24 MW
0
KRASNOKAMSK
100MW ZAKAMSK
NYTVA
6 MW
CHUSOVAYA
oo
MOLOTOV
75 MW
24 MW
16 MW
1ZHEVSK
48MW
40MWiF
27MW I
VOTKYNSK
4.4 -En 24 MW
KUNGUR
12 MIN
4 MW
LYSVA
7 5 MW
110 KV
BOGOSLOVSK
25 MW
SEROV
50 MW
NOVAYA LYALYA
1-511 13 MW
VERKHNAYA TURA
NIZHNI
TAG IL
KUSHVA
73 MW
,I0MW
KRASNOURALSK
25 MW
75 MW
EN 1 40 MW
0 50 MW
NG
4.
50 MW
KIROVOGRAD 1
18 MW
NIZHNAYA
SALDA
A 50X1
Map
YEGORSHINO
50 MW
10 TO 25 MW
7'
SREDNEURALSK
...
7'n 4=1
- 50 MW
50M
ASBEST
PERVOURALSK
VYATSK1E POLYANY
SARAPUL
50 MW.
12 MW
? KAMA
111111 i10 KV
MW
111 110 MW
24 MW SVERDLOVSK
I 50 MW
28 MW
20 MW
POLEVSKOY
ZLATOUST
UFALEY
KARABASH
10 MW
KYSHTYM
BALASHEVO
24 MW
SUKHOI
LOG
..diAMENSK
150 MW
80 MW
BAKALSTROY
(5o)mw
10 (OR 75 MW
110 KV
SATKA
110 KV
W 40 MW
UFA
25 MW
50 MW
STERLITAMAK
50 MW
CHKALOV
50 MW
5.5 MW
BELORETSK
8 MW
ORSK
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250 MW
10 MIN
MAGNITOGORSK
150 MW
68 MW
50 MW
MIASS
25 MW
GHEBARKUL
250 MW
CHELYABINSK
85 MW
50 MW
24 MW
LEGEND
Ell POWER AND HEATING STATION
POWER STATION
POWER SUBSTATION
ELECTRIFIED RAILROAD
1 MW 1000 KW
NOTE: Information based on German documents.
URALENERGO ELECTRIC
POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
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