SOLID FUELS IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 334
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 24, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: January 29, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
,16.-----
50X1
3
SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
SOLID FUELS IN THE USSR
CIA/RR 28
29 January 1954
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
50X1
SECRET
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
SOLID FUELS IN THE USSR
CIA/RR 28
(ORE Project 5-52-I)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S,E-C-R-E-T
I
Summary
I.
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
1
6
II.
Coal
12
A. General
12
1. History
12
a. Before World War II
12
b. World War II
15
c. Postwar
18
d. Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55)
,19
2. Organization
20
B. Supply
22
1. Production
22
a. Total Production
22
b. Production of Various Coals
23
c. Production by Region
25
d. Trends of Coal Production
25
e. Potential Production
31
2. Imports and Exports
32
a. Imports
32
b. Exports
33
3. Stocks
35
I
C. Consumption and Distribution
38
1. 1950 Plan
38
2. Consumption in 1950
38
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Page
3. Distribution in 1950 42
D. Reserves, Quality, and Deposits 46
1. Reserves 46
a. General Reserves 46
b. Coking Coal Reserves 48
2. Quality of Production 50
3. Principal Deposits 52
a. Donbas (Eastern Ukraine and Rostov Oblast) . . . 52
b. Moscow Basin 55
c. Pechora Basin (Komi SSR) 56
d. Tkibuli Deposit (Georgian SSR) 58
e. Kizel Basin (Urals) 58
f. Bogoslovsk Deposit (Urals) 60
g. Chelyabinsk Basin (Urals) 60
h. Yegorshino Deposit (Urals) 61
i. Poltavka - Bredy Deposits (Urals) 62
j. Dombarovka Deposit (Urals) 63
k. Karaganda Basin (Kazakh SSR) 63
1. Kizyl-Kiya Deposit (Central Asia) 65
In. Kok-Yangak Deposit (Central Asia) 66
n. Sulyukta Deposit (Central Asia) 66
o. ?Tash-Kumyr Deposit (Central Asia) 67
p. Shurab Deposit (Central Asia) 68
q. Angren Deposit (Central Asia) 68
r. Kuzbas (West Siberia) 69
s. Minusinsk Basin (East Siberia) 71
t. Kansk Basin (East Siberia) 73
u. Chulym-YeAisey Basin (East Siberia) 74
v. Irkutsk Basin (East Siberia) 74
?w. Lena Basin (East Siberia) 76
x. Bureya Basin (Khabarovsk Kray) 76
y. Suchan Basin (Primorskiy Kray) 77
E. Mining Technology 78
1. General 78
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
2. Underground Mining
a. Production
b. Mine Construction
c. Number of Underground Mines
d. Mining Systems
e. Mechanization
f. Underground Mining Equipment
Page
79
79
80
83
83
91
110
(1) Cutting Machines
110
(2) Combines
113
(3) Coal Planers
117
(4) Cutter-Loaders
118
(5) Coal Loaders
119
(6) Rock Loaders
121
(7) Underground Haulage Locomotives
122
(8) Conveyors
124
(9) Mine Cars
126
4
3. Strip Mining
127
a. Production
127
b. Construction
129
c. Number of Strip Mines
130
d. Thickness of Seams and Overburden
130
e. Volume of Overburden Removal
131
f. Methods and Equipment
131
4. Coal Preparation
144
a. Before World War II
144
b. World War II and Postwar
148
5. Underground Gasification
153
F.
Labor Productivity, Labor Force, and Wages
156
1. Labor Productivity
156
2. Labor Force
159
3. Wages
162
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Page
III.
Coke
163
A.
General
163
B.
Supply
165
C.
Consumption
165
D.
Quality
167
E. ` Labor
169
IV.
Peat
?
169
A.
General
169
B.
Production
173
1. Before World War II
173
2. World War II and Postwar-
174
3. Producing Areas
174
C.
Consumption
177
D.
Technology
178
1. Hand-Cut
179
2. Elevator
179
3. Hydraulic
179
4. Milled
180
5. Dredge
180
E.
Reserves
181
F.
Future of the Industry
181
V.
Fuel Briquettes
181
A.
General
181
B.
Production
183
C.
Consumption and Distribution
183
D.
Plants
184
1. Coal Briquette Plants
184
2. Peat Briquette Plants
184
VT.
Fuelwood
188
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
v
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Page
A. General 188
B. Supply 189
C. Consumption 191
D. Reserves 192
VII. Charcoal 192
VIII. Oil Shale 193
A. General 193
B. Supply 195
C. Consumption and Distribution 199
D. Reserves 200
IX. Intentions, Capabilities, and Vulnerabilities 201
A. Intentions
B. Capabilities
C. Vulnerabilities
201
202
203
Appendixes
Appendix A. Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) 205
Appendix B. Administrative Organization of the Coal Industry
in the USSR 209
Appendix C. List of Coal Combines and Trusts in the USSR . . . 217
Appendix D. Estimated 1950 Coal Production in the USSR by Kind
and by Area 233
Appendix E. Estimated Coal Production in the USSR by Major
Areas, 1913, 1938-52 239
Appendix F. Estimated Coal Production in the USSR by Major
Areas in Percent, 1913, 1938-52 241
Appendix G. Total and Regional Coal Production in the USSR . . 243
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Appendix H.
Appendix I.
Appendix J.
Appendix K.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Page
Coal Production Trends in the USSR by Major Areas,
Showing Percentage of Change from Preceding Year,
1939-52 285
Coal Resources in the USSR According to the Report
of the Seventeenth Session of the International
Geological Congress, 1937 287
Estimated Inventories and Production of Soviet
295
Underground Mining Equipment
Soviet Coke Plant Data, 1951, and Coke Production,
1950 315
Appendix L. Planned Peat Production in the USSR by Economic
Regions, 1941 319
Appendix M. Methodology
323
Tables
1. Production of Primary Sources of Energy in the USSR, 1932,
1937, 1940, 1950 Plan
2. Estimated Distribution of Primary Indigenous Energy in the
USSR by Sources, 1937; 1940, 1950 8
3. Coal Production in the USSR, 1913, 1921-22 - 1952 26
4. Coal Production of Principal Basins in the USSR, 1950 Plan,
1950-52 Estimates
S-E-C-R-E-T
28
50X1
a
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Page
5. Estimated Annual Increase in Coal Production in the USSR,
' 1946-52 30
6. Soviet Imports of Coal, 1913, 1929-51 34
7. Soviet Exports of Coal, Coke, and Briquettes, 1913, 1930-38 35
8. Soviet Exports of Coal and Coke to Non-Bloc Countries,
1950-52 36
9. Soviet Coal Requirements 1940, 1950 Plan 39
10. Estimated Consumption of Coal Produced in the USSR by Economic
Regions and by Consumer Groups, 1950 40
11. Comparison of Coal Production and Consumption in the USSR by
Economic Regions, 1950 43
12. Railroad Transport of Coal and Coke in the USSR, 1940,
1945-46, 1950 Plan 46
13. Soviet Classification of Coals 49
14. Coal Reserves and Coal Utilization in the Donbas and 101zbas 49
15. Proportion of the Various Classes of Coal to the Total Coal
Reserves of the Donbas 53
16. Chemical Analyses of Donbas Coal 54
,17. Estimated Production of Deep-Mined Coal in the USSR, 1913,
1922, 1927, 1932, 1937, 1940-51 79
18. New Mine Construction in the USSR, 1929-50 81
\19. Planned Construction Costs of New Mines in the Donbas by
Capacity of Mine and Depth of Shaft, 1950 81
20. Planned Length of Construction Time of Mines in the Donbas,
1950 82
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
21. Planned Distribution of Investment Costs of Mines in the
Donbas, 1950
Page
22. Coal Extraction by Mines of the Ministry of the Coal Industry
in the USSR According to Mining Systems, 1940, 1946-49 . 88
23. Coal Extraction by Various Mining Systems in the Donbas,
Selected Years 1913-49 89
24. Coal Extraction by Various Mining Systems in the Kuzbas,
1940, 1946-49 go
25. Mechanization of Processes of Coal Extraction in the USSR
by Major Regions, Selected Years, 1913-49 93
26. Deep-Mined Coal Production in the USSR by Method of
Extraction, 1932, 1933, 1937-49 95
27. Index of Mechanization in Development Work in Coal Mines
in the USSR, 1949-51 101
28. Extent of Mechanized Development as Percent of General
Horizontal Development Work in Coal Mines in the USSR,
1949-51, March 1952 102
29. Movement of Coal from Working Faces in Mines of the USSR
by Method of Conveyance, 1932-49 105
30. Development of Different Methods of Haulage in the Coal
Industry of the USSR, 1932-33, 1937-49 107
31. Degree of Mechanized Haulage in the Donbas, 1941, 1950 . . 108
32. Capacity and Size of Cars Used in Underground Mines
in the USSR
33. Estimated Production of Strip-Mine Coal in the USSR, 1913,
1922, 1927, 1932, 1937, 1940-51
? S-E-C-R-E-T
127
128
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
34. Number of Strip Mines and Thickness of Coal Seams and
Overburden at Principal Producing Fields in the USSR,
1950,
35. Volume of Overburden Removal and Use of the Registered,
Inventoried Park of Strip-Mine Excavators in the Coal
Industry in the USSR, Selected Years, 1917-51
Page
132
134
36. Strip-Mine Production and Removal of Overburden in the USSR,
Estimates, 1950 135
37. Capacities of Excavators in Use in the USSR 137
38. Average Annual Productivity of Excavators in Removing Over-
burden in Strip Mines in the USSR, 1949
139
39. Idle Time of Excavators in Removing Overburden in Strip
Mines in the USSR 140
4o. Idle Time of Excavators in Loading Coal in Strip Mines in
the USSR 140
41. Capacities of Soviet Models of Draglines 141
42. Capacities of Soviet Models of Power Shovels 141
43. Soviet Plants Producing Excavator Machinery 142
44. Transport Method, Maximum Depth of Pits, and Relative Cost
of Mining Coal at Various Pits in Strip Mines in the
USSR, July 1951 145
45. Operating Results of Soviet Coal-Washing Plants in the
Donbas Prior to 1936 . 147
46. Operating Results of Soviet Pneumatic Cleaning Plants
in the Donbas Prior to 1936 147
47. Coal-Cleaning Plants in Operation in the USSR at the
Beginning of the Third Five Year Plan (1938-42) 149
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
48.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Relative-Labor Productivity in Principal Coal Basins in
Page
the USSR
158
49.
Estimated Number of Wage Earners in Coal Mining in the
USSR, Selected Years, 1913-51
160
50.
Labor Productivity and Estimated Number of Wage Earners
at Strip Mines in the USSR, 1940, 1945, 1949, 1950,
1955. Plan
162
51.
Production of High-Temperature Coke in the USSR, 1928-51
166
52.
Estimated Consumption of Coke in the USSR, 1951
168
53.
Analyses of Coke Produced from Various Coals (Beneficiated)
in the USSR
170
54.
Peat Production in the USSR, 1913-40, 1942-49, and 1950-51,
and Planned Production for 1941, 1950, and 1955
175
?
55.
Peat Output in the USSR by Methods of Production, 1946,
1950 Plan
178
56.
Peat Reserves in the USSR, 1 July 1937
182
57.
Bituminous Coal Briquette Plants in the USSR
185
58.
Brown Coal Briquette Plants in the USSR
186
59.
Peat Briquette Plants in the USSR
187
60.
Annual Fuelwood Production in the USSR, 1913, 1920-51 . .
190
61.
Production of Oil Shale in the USSR, 1920, 1925, 1928-51
196
62.
Characteristics of Oil Shale Mined in the Estonian SSR .
200
63.
Oil Shale Reserves in the USSR, 1932
201
64.
Estimated 1950 Coal Production in the USSR by Kind and
by Area
233
S-E-C7R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
65. Estimated Coal Production in the USSR by Major Areas,
1913, 1938-52
66. Estimated Coal Production in the USSR by Major Areas in
Percent, 1913, 1938-52
67. Soviet Coal Production, 1913, 1921-52
68. Soviet Coal Production in
1910-52 ...
69. Soviet Coal Production
1913-52
70. Soviet Coal Production
the Donbas, Selected Years,
in the Moscow Basin, Selected Years
71. Soviet Coal Production
1913-52
in the Pechora Basin, 1931-52 .
?
in the Georgian SSR, Selected Years,
72. Soviet Coal Production
73. Soviet Coal Production
74. Soviet Coal Production
1913-52
in Spitzbergen, 1932-52
in Other Western Regions, 1931-52
in the Urals, Selected Years,
75. Soviet Coal Production in the Karaganda Basin, Selected
Years, 1913-52.
76. Soviet Coal Production in Kazakh SSR (excluding Karaganda),
Selected Years, 1913-52
77. Soviet Coal
1913-52
Production in Central Asia, Selected Years,
78. Soviet Coal
1913-52
Production in the Kuzbas, Selected Years,
79. Soviet Coal Production in East Siberia,
1913-52
S-E-C-R-E-T
Selected Years,
Page
239
241
243
21[5
248
251
255
258
259
262
264
267
269
274
277
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Page
80. Soviet Coal Production in the Far East, Selected Years,
1913-52 279
81. Coal Production Trends in the USSR by Major Areas, Showing
Percentage of Change from Preceding Year, 1939-52 . . . . 285
82. Distribution and Depth of Soviet Coal Reserves,
1937 Estimate 287
83. Distribution of Soviet Coal Reserves by Classes of Coal,
1937 Estimate
291
84. Estimated Inventory of Heavy and Light Coal-Cutting
Machines in the USSR, Selected Years, 1927-52 295
85. Estimated Production, Imports, Exports, and Inventory of
Coal-Cutting Machines in the USSR, 1945-52 297
86. Estimated Production of Coal-Cutting Machines in the USSR
by Plants and by Models, 1945-52 298
87. Estimated Inventory of Coal Combines, Coal PlanPrs, and
Cutter-Loaders in the USSR, 1945-51 300
88. Estimated Production of Coal Combines in the USSR by Plants
and by Models, 1945-51 301
89. Estimated Production of Coal Planers in the USSR, 1946-51 305
90. Estimated Production of Cutter-Loaders in the USSR,
1946-52 306
91. Estimated Inventory of Working Loading Machines in the USSR,
1940, 1947-51
92. Estimated Production, Export, Retirement, and Inventory of
Coal-Loading Machines in the USSR, 1946-51
93. Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory of Rock-
Loading Machines in the USSR, 1947-51
S-E-C-R-E-T
307
308
309
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
JI
S-E-C-R-E-T
_ _ _ _ _
94. Estimated Inventory of Rock-Loading Machines in
the USSR by Types, 1951
Page
310
95. Inventory of Underground Electric Coal Mine Loco-
motives in the USSR-by Types, 1927-28, 1931-51 . 310
96. Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory of
Coal Mine Locomotives in the USSR, Selected Years,
1927-28, 1931-51 312
97. Soviet Coke Plant Data, 1951, and Coke Production,
1950 315
98. Planned Peat Production in'the USSR by Economic
Regions, 1941 319
Map
USSR: Coal Deposits Inside Back Cover
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
CIA/RR 28 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORB Project 5-52-I)
SOLID FUELS IN THE USSR*
.Si mmnry
Solid fuels provide the main source of energy in the USSR. In 1950
they represented roughly 80 percent of the Soviet energy balance from
primary sources, with coal accounting for nearly 65 percent, fuelwood
about 10 percent, peat slightly less than 5 percent, and oil shale less
than 1 percent. Petroleum hydrocarbons, including natural gas, provided
nearly 20 percent, and hydroelectric power provided only 0.5 percent.**
In the Soviet economy, coal is the basic industrial fuel, required
in large amounts in rail transport, ferrous metallurgy, and electric
power generation. In the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) these uses
amounted to about two-thirds of total planned consumption in the USSR.
Railroads, the major consumer group, use slightly less than 30 percent,
much of it of very high ash content. Iron and steel plants use about
20 percent, the greater part in the form of coke. Electric power sta-
tions use about 15 percent, much of it of poor quality, including
considerable amounts of brown coal.
The USSR now ranks second only to the US in the volume of coal, out-
put. Soviet coal production in 1952 amounted to approximately 301 million
metric tons.*** More than one-fourth of this amount, however, consisted
?
of brown coal and lignite, and the total, in terms of US hard coal
(anthracite and bituminous coal),XXXX would equal only about 240 million
* This report contains information available as of 15 July 1953.
** These estimates refer only to current domestic production. Esti-
mates referring to total supply, including net imports and stocks,
would not differ greatly.
.xxx Tonnages throughout this report are given in metric tons.
**** The term hard coal is used in the European sense. In the US,.
anthracite is customarily referred to as hard coal, and bituminous coal
as soft coal.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release .2013/09/24 : CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
tons.* In 1952 the US produced 457 million tons of hard coal, in
addition to a few million tons of lignite.
Soviet coal production in 1950, the last year under the Fourth
Five Year Plan, exceeded the Plan figure by about 12 million tons. The
goal for 1955, the last year under the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55),
is an increase of 43 percent over 1950. The indicated objective of about
375 million tons production in 1955 and the more distant objective of
500 million tons set for 1960 appear possible of attainment on the basis
of postwar experience. It is, however, more likely that 1955 output
will be nearer 365 million tons and that it will be 1961 or 1962 before
annual production reaches 500 million tons.
At present, the Soviet coal supply situation appears to be rela-
tively.satisfactory, except for coking coal. Current domestic pro-
duction accounts for all but a small part of total supply. Coal stocks
generally are low; it is doubtful that they are sufficient to last more
than 30 days. Much of the coal mined in the USSR will not store satis-
factorily, because of disintegration with loss of moisture or because
of a tendency toward spontaneous combustion. Imports account for a
very small part of Soviet supply. The chief Soviet coal imports come
from Poland, which has furnished the USSR from 5 to 9 million tons
annually since the end of World War II. Soviet exports have been
negligible in the postwar period, although the USSR began shipments to
Western Europe in 1949 and increased them by 1951 to more than 400,000
tons.
The USSR has large coal reserves. They were estimated before
World War II at about half the size of the very large US reserves, and
discoveries of many new deposits have been reported since that time.
* The average heat value of US coal has been determined as approxi-
mately 13,100 British thermal units (Btu) per pound. The average
heat value of Soviet coal in 1950 is calculated at 10,450 Btu per
pound, which is assumed to be the average heat value also in 1951.
For the comparison made above with US coal production, Soviet coal
production in 1951 has been converted to an equivalent tonnage by
the use of these values.
- 2 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
A
S-E-C-R-E-T
The only serious deficiency is the inadequacy of known deposits of
good-quality coking coals, indicated in the Fifth Five Year Plan;
which lists exploration for coking coal deposits in the same strate-
gic category as exploration for nonferrous ore deposits. Over 90 per-
cent of Soviet reserves, however, are in Asiatic USSR, and deposits of
good-quality coal are so located that long-distenoe transport of coal
is unavoidable. Mining conditions, moreover; are generally not partic-
ularly favorable in the USSR for the acquisition of good-quality coal in
a relatively cheap and easy manner. -There are thick deposits of brown
coal in the eastern region which are being mined cheaply by strip
methods, but to obtain good-quality coal it is almost always necessary
to sink shafts or slopes. In nearly all the major producing districts
and many of the minor producing districts the Soviet coal-mining in-
dustry also must reckon with one or more specific difficulties- such as
very thin orvery thick or steeply pitching seams, unstable roof or
bottom conditions, rock partings, excessive water, gas conditions, or
susceptibility of the coal to spontaneous combustion.
Prospecting for coal deposits and the development of new coal mines
In the USSR were accelerated by World War II, In particular by the near-
ly total loss during 2 years of the war of the *portant coal pro-
duction from the Donets Basin (Donbas) and by the slow recovery of the
_heavily damaged Donbas mines, which did not regain prewar levels of
ipropihmtlannntia7theibm'Ata'nf.1949. _TheTwartIme and. postwar
development of other producing areas in. the USSR is indicated by the
fact that Donbas production, which accounted for 57 percent of total
Soviet production in 1940, accounted for only 35.5 percent of total
Soviet production in 1952.
European USSR still depends heavily on Donbas coal, Much of which
is moved long distances to supply the large demands of this great area.
Out of 161.2 million tons produced in European USSR in 1952, the Donbas
accounted for about 107 million tons, including virtu-1ly all the
anthracite and most of the bituminous coal. The only other important
source of bituminous coal in European USSR is the Pechora Basin, which
increased production from some 400,000 tons in 1940 to nearly 13
million tons in 1952. The other important coal-producing region in
European USSR, the Moscow Basin, produces lignite. The lignite, high
in moisture, ash,and sulfur and low in heat Value, is used chiefly in
the generation of electric power. Since the Moscow Basin deposits, al-
though of poor quality, are well located, coal production in the Moscow
Basin also has increased greatly during and since World War II, the 1952
- 3 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
production of 33.6 million tons being more than 3 times the tonnage
mined in 1940.
Asiatic USSR accounts for an increasingly important part of
Soviet coal production. The chief producing regions in Asiatic USSR
are the Urals area, the Karaganda Basin, and the Kuznetsk Basin
(Kuzbas), which together accounted for about 72 percent of the 1952
production of Asiatic USSR. The rest of the production of Asiatic '
USSR is well scattered. The Urals area produced about 40 million
tons in 1952, about one-third rather low-grade bituminous coal from
the Kizel Basin and about two-thirds brown coal and lignite, together
with minor amounts of anthracite and semianthracite. The Karaganda
Basin produced nearly 19 million tons, and the KUzbas about 42 million
.tons in 1952, including a large amount of bituminous coal sUitable for
producing coke, much of which is used in the Urals area.
In spite of Soviet efforts to develop mines near the market and
to build up a market near the mines, the cost of transporting coal in
the USSR remains high. The average length of haul for each ton of
coal transported by rail was 694 kilometers in 1940 and 695 kilometers
in 1946 and probably has not varied much from these figures in recent
years.. Practically all coal is transported from the mines by rail,
and coal is the major commodity moved on the railroads. In 1940, coal
and coke traffic on the railroads amounted to 106.9 billion ton-kilo-
meters; the 1950 Plan figure was 143 billion ton-kilometers. Separate_
figures are not available for coal, but it constituted all but a minor
part of the coal and coke traffic.
Within the limits imposed by unfavorable mining conditions, the
USSR has had marked success in increasing productivity in coal mining
during recent years. The Soviet coal-mining industry is becoming
rather highly mechanized in the Soviet sense of the term, which in-
cludes the use of pneumatic picks and the blasting of coal from the
solid, by which methods nearly half the underground output has been
obtained in recent years. Although the Soviet industry has placed
great reliance on, and may never be able to eliminate entirely, such
relatively laborious methods of coal mining, the Soviet industry has.
made great progress in the use of coal-mining machinery. The single
most important new development in Soviet coal-mining machinery is the
so-called coal coMbine, designed to cut and load coal simultaneously
without blasting. Coal combines, introduced in considerable numbers in
the postwar period, are contributing to much higher labor productivity,
- 14-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-IRDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
and the Soviet industry intends to use themiwberever possible, as well
as other specialized machinery designed for cutting, loading, and
transporting coal. All indications are that the USSR is callable of
supplying all the coal-mining machinery necessary to carry out announced
plans for increasing production and lowering costs.
In spite of mechanization, labor inputs represent a major element in
the cost structure of the coal?mining industry. The wages offered to
laborers in coal mines are the highest in the USSR. Several coal-mining
areas, however, depend for the most part on forced laborers, women, and
children. The number of mine workers is believed to be in the magnitude
of 875,000, and the total number of workers associated with the industry
probably would amount to more than 1 minim.
The lack of adequate supplies of coking coal presents perhaps the
most serious current technological problems in the Soviet solid fuels
industries. Coke has several important industrial uses. Of a planned
gross output of 30 million tons of coke for 1950, the Fourth Five Year
Plan (1946-50) allocated 70 percent to ferrous metallurgy (20 million
tons to blast-furnace operations, 1 million tons to foundry smelting)
and the balance to nonferrous metallurgy, the manufacture of producer
and water gas, and various chemical processes. Coke production may
have fallen as much as 5 million tons short of meeting the 1950 goal
and fell slightly short of it even in 1951, when production was about
29.5 million tons. It is possible to compensate to some extent for the
lack of adequate supplies of straight coking coal by solving two
problems, neither of which has been satisfactorily solved in the USSR.
First, adequate coal-cleaning facilities must be established to prepare
run-of-mine coal so that it may be used for coking or blending for cok-
ing. In this field, Soviet technology and plant construction have
lagged badly. Second, satisfactory coal-blending practices must be
developed to provide the best possible grade of coke. Soviet technology
in this field, too, has not been entirely satisfactory. Failure to
solve these problems has not prevented the iron and steel industry from
meeting planned requirements, but the qualitative deficiency in coke
supplies has affected production processes in iron and steel plants.
Fuelwood, peat, and oil shale are all of some local importance in
the solid fuels supply of the USSR,- primarily because their use reduces
the tonnage of coal hauled long distances. Historically, fueIwood is
the most important, although there are no very reliable statistics on
its use. Under the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50), however, the USSR
-5-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
set out to reduce the production of fuelwood through improved technol-
ogy in the production of lumber and through development of the wood-
chemical industry and to substitute cheaper, more efficient mineral
fuels. This aim may have been continued under the Fifth Five Year Plan.
Peat, doubtless, will remain an important supplementary fuel, valuable
for saving coal and Coal haulage. The USSR produces more peat than all
the rest of the world. The Soviet peat industry had its most rapid
rate of growth during the early 1930's, and since that time the rest of
growth has become gradually slower. In the Fifth Five Year Plan a re-
latively modest increase of only 27 percent over 1950 has been laid
down for 1955. The USSR has large peat reserves, however, and continued
development of peat mining can be expected, despite the low heat value
of the fuel, as further improvements in technology lead to lower costs.
Oil shale exploitation has been expanded since World War II, and It is
of importance as a solid fuel for local use. It has been developed as
a source of gas for industrial and domestic use in Leningrad and
Estonian cities and also is exploited as a source of liquid fuel.
None of the solid fuels can be regarded as sensitive indicators of
Soviet military intentions. Plans for continued expansion in prOduction
of all solid fuels (with the possible exception of fuelwood) during the
Fifth Five Year Plan period are in accord with general objectives for
Industrial growth. Higher production of solid fuels, particularly coal
and coke, will, of course, contribute materially to the basic industrial
capabilities of the USSR.
I. Introduction.
In the USSR, solid fuels furnish about 80 percent of the energy
derived from primary sources. Coal is by far the most important source
of energy in the USSR, and it has been increasing in importance. Soviet
data on the relative importance of the various primary sources of energy
have been limited and conflicting, partly as a result of the difficulty
in estimating the use of fuelwood. Table 1* presents statistics on the
subject These statistics do not cover hydro-
electricity, which is of minor importance in the USSR. It appears that
* Table 1 follows on p. 7.
- 6 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
4
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
the percentages given in Table 1 have been arrived at by conversion of
the production of each kind of fuel to a standard fuel equivalent,
which in the USSR is 7,000 kilocalories (Cal) per kilogram (kg), or
12,600 British thermal units (Btu)* per pound.
Table 1
Production of Primary Sources of Energy in the USSR 1/**
1932, 1937, 1940, 1950 Plan
Percent
1932
1937
1940
1950 Plan
Coal
59.4
69.5
71.9
75.6
Fuelwood
19.9
13.6
13.9
9.7
Peat
3.7
5.8
6.2
6.2
Oil Fuel
17.0
11.0
7.9
6.3
Natural Gas
1.4
Oil Shale
0.1
0.1
0.8
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
The figures given in Table 1 are at considerable variance with the
estimates given in Table 2,***
The only year for which Soviet data are
available giving the production of different fuels and conversion to
standard fuel equivalents is 1937. Such estimates for
Table 2 with modification for a breakdown between hard
coal and slight changes in production figures. used for
and fuelwood. The same heat-value factors as used
for the different fuels in 1937 have been applied to the available
production data for 1940 and 1950 so as to arrive at valid estimates
of standard fuel equivalents.
1937 are shown in
coal and brown
peat, oil shale,
* A British thermal unit (Btu) is the quantity of heat required to
raise 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.
*** Table 2 follows on p. 8.
- 7 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
? Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 2
Estimated Distribution of Primary Indigenous Energy
in the USSR by Sources .21
1937, 1940, 1950
Source of
Primary Energy
1937
Coal (tons)
Production Standard Fuel
(Thousand Equivalent Percent of Total .
Units) (Thousand Tons) 2/* primary Enery
Hard Coal
Brown Coal and Lignite
110,397 12/
17,571 12/
105,660 2/
81780 2/
50.1
4.2
Total
127,968 12/
114 44o g./
54.3
Peat (tons)
25,000 2/
11,160 1/
5.3
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (tons) 5./
30,480 2/
45,720 1/
21.7
Oil Shale (tons)
520 II/
200 h/
0.1
Firewood (cu m)
208,000 1/
38,73012/
18.4
Hydroelectric Power (kwh)
4,200,000 2/
516 2/
0.2
Grand Total
210,766
----
100.0
* Footnotes for Table 2 follow on p.
?
- 8 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 2
Estimated Distribution of Primary Indigenous Energy
in the USSR by Sources 21
1937, 1940, 1950
(Continued)
Source of
primary Energy
1940
Coal (tons)
Production Standard Fuel
- (Thousand Equivalent/ Percent of Total
Units) (Thousand Tons) 2i Primary Energy
Hard Coal
Brown Coal and Lignite
Total
139,200 El/
26,800 2/
1662_ 000 12/

133,235 2/
13,400 2/
146 635
51.7
5.2
56.9
......_
Peat (tons) ?
32,000 a/
14,285 1/
5.5
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (tons) B/
33,600 2/
50,400 1/
19.6
Oil Shale (tons)
2,686 II/
1,036 11/
0.4
Firewood'(cu m)
240,000 1/
44,688 2/
17.4
Hydroelectric Power (kwh)
5,064,000 2/
622 2/
0.2
Grand Total
257.666
100.0
-9-fl
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4 -
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E -C -R -E -T
Table 2
Estimated Distribution of Primary Indigenous Energy
in the USSR by Sources 2/
1937, 1940, 1950
(Continued)
Source of
Primary Energy
1950
Coal (tons)
Production
(Thousand
Units)
Standard Fuel
Equivalent
(Thousand Tons) 2/
Percent of Total
Primary Energy
Hard Coal
Brown Coal and Lignite
190,800 2/
71,200 El/
182,200 E/
35,600 E/
54.1
10.6
Total
000 EV
262,---
---
217 800 E/
64.7
Peat (tons)
35,700 g/
15,938 1/
4.7
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (tons) E/
43,900 2/
65,850 1/
19.5
Oil Shale (tons)
5,920 ?I/
2,283 ly
0.7
Firewood (cu m)
180,000 1/
33,516 EL/
9.9
Hydroelectric Power (kwh)
12,660,000 2/
1,555 2/
0.5
Grand Total
336 942
100.0
a. The heat value of standard fuel equivalent in the USSR is 7,000 Cal per kg, or 12,600
Btu per pound.
b. Reported Soviet figure.
c. Estimated on the basis of approximately 6,700 Cal per kg for hard coal and 3,500 Cal per
kg for brown coal and lignite.
- 10 -
?
4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 2
Estimated Distribution of Primsr Indi enous Energy
in the USSR
1937, 19 0, l'5
(Continued)
a.
Estimated
e.
f.
g.
on the basis of average
value for total production of 6,260 Cal per
See section on peat. Also reported as 23.8 million
Estimated on the basis of 3,125 Cal per kg,
Crude petroleum, natural gas liquids, and natural gas.
i. Estimated
fuel,
j. See Table
k. Estimated
1. See Table
in. Estimated
on the basis of 1 ton of petroleum hydrocarbons
61 for production of oil shale.
on the basis of 2,700 Cal per kg,
59 for production of fuelwood.
on the basis of 1.3 million Cal per cu
kg,
equivalent to 1.5 tons of standard
o.
p.
ci?
Estimated on the basis
Estimates.
See Tdble 53 for
of 8,139.5 kwh equal to 1 ton of standard fuel (860 Cal equal to kwh).
production of peat.
r. Estimated on the basis of average heat value of 5,805 Cal per kg (10,450 Btu per pound) for
total production and assuming average of 3,500 Cal per kg for brown coal and lignite.
-11-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
50X1
50X1
50X1
bUX1
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
It is believed that the estimates given in Table 2 are more in
accord with the actual relationships of the various sources of
primary energy than those shown in Table 1. It is pointed out that
the proportion of energy from coal is estimated in Table 2 as a
significantly lower figure than in Table 1, whereas that from petro-
leum is estimated at a significantly higher figure than in Table 1.
The two tables agree, howeVer, in indicating an increase in the im-
portance of coal in the energy balance in 1950 as compared with 1940
and 1937.*
II. Coal.
A. General.
1. History.
a. Before World War II.
Coal mining in Russia started in the early part of
the nineteenth century, and production began to increase rapidly to-
ward the end of the century, but the peak production before World
Wax I (in 1913) amounted to only 29.1 million tons. By 1920, because
of the damaging effects of World Wax I and the Russian Revolution,
production had fallen to 8.5 million tons. In the same year, the US
produced 597.2 million tons, and the UK produced 233.2 million tons
of coal. These figures indicate the magnitude of the increase in
coal production that the USSR had to undertake if it was to become a
great industrial power.
Steady progress was made in coal mining during the
1920's and 1930's. Production rose to 56.8 million tons in 1931 and
to 166 million tons in 1940. In absolute terms, increases during
the 1930's were particularly impressive. During this period, old
mining fields were expanded, several new fields in the east were
developed, and considerable quantities of new mining equipment and
machinery were introduced.
The Donets Basin (Donbas),** the most important coal
basin in the USSR, declined in relative importance during the decade
preceding World War II. Although production of the Donbas increased
These figures have not been adjusted to reflect heat value.
See the map, USSR: Coal Deposits, inside back cover.
- 12 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
?
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
steadily from 41 million tons in 1931 to 94.4 million tons in 1940,
its share of the Soviet total declined from 72 percent in 1931 to
57 percent in 1940. The Donbas has large reserves of good coal ranging
from high-volatile bituminous to anthracite. Before World War II,
Donbas coal was used by about 6o percent of the Soviet metal industry
and railroad transportation, about 70 percent of the chemical industry,
and about 50 percent of the electric power stations, together with most
of the machinery-building factories located in and adjacent to the
Donbas. 2/
The Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbas) in West Siberia is the
second most important coal basin in the USSR. In 1913 it accounted
for only 774,000 tons of coal, or 2.7 percent of total annual produc-
tion, but it increased production rapidly during the 1920's and 1930's,
by 1931 reaching 5,459,000 tons (9.6 percent of the total) and by 1940
slightly more than 21 million tons (12.7 percent of the total). The
Kuzbas was developed primarily to supply coking coal for the Urals and
Kuznetsk iron and steel plants.
Soviet authorities rank the Karaganda Basin in
Kazakh SSR third in importance.* The Karaganda Basin, which produces
a fair grade of bituminous coal, had produced minor quantities of coal
before World War I for the Spassk copper works (foreign-owned). It
began production under Soviet auspices in 1930, when the railroad to
Akmolinsk and Petropavlovsk was completed. This basin grew in import-
ance because it is nearer to the Urals than is the Kuzbas and provides
coal that is satisfactory for coking, although not of so good a quality
as the Kuzbas coal. Production increased from only 11,900 tons in
1930 to 6.3 million tons, or 3.8 percent of the total annual production,
in 1940.
? Coal production in the Urals developed rather slowly.
The Kizel, Chelyabinsk, and Karpinsk-Volchanka areas contain the
principal coal deposits. In 1913, of 1,217,000 tons of coal produced
in the Urals, 897,000 tons of bituminous coal came from the vicinity
of Kizel, 317,000 tons, of lignite from deposits near Karpinsk in the
north Urals and the Chelyabinsk area in the central Urals, and only
3,000 tons of semianthracite from the Yegorshino deposits. By 1931
the Urals production was only 2,891,000 tons, but thereafter it
* The Moscow Basin now produces nearly twice as much tonnage, but the
Moscow fuel is a law-grade lignite.
-13-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
developed more rapidly. By 1940 it had increased to 11,840,000 tons.
Several -other areas in the Urals were supplying coal in 1940, including
the Dotbarovsk and Poltavka - Bredy mines, which produce anthracite
(possibly semianthracite), and a few mines in the Chkalov region, which
produce lignite. The Urals have no coking coal, but the coals produced
at Kizel are used for coking by blending them with other coals obtained
from the Kuzbas and, more recently, from the Karaganda Basin, which is
much nearer the Urals than the Kuzbas.*
In 1940, 2 regions in the west, the Donbas and the
Moscow Basin, and 3 in the east, the Urals, the Kuzbas, and the
Karaganda Basin, furnished 86.5 percent of the total Soviet production.
The balance was scattered in many parts of the country from the western
Ukraine to Sakhalin Island and from the far north to Central Asia. The
Soviet policy was to develop local sources of fuel as much as possible
and to reduce the need for long freight hauls. This policy was
responsible for the development of many deposits of low-grade fuel,
such as the Moscow Basin, which produced nearly 10 million tons in
1940.
Additional areas assuming importance before World
War II were the following: (1) the Minusinsk Basin, south of
Krasnoyarsk; (2) Cheremkhovo, in the Irkutsk Basin; (3) Suchan, east
of Vladivostok; (4) the Artem Basin, north of Vladivostok; (5) the
Kivda - Raychikhinsk mines in Amur Oblast; and (6) the mines at
Chernovskiye Kopi in Chita Oblast. The first 3 areas produced
bituminous coal, and the last 3 lignite. The output of each was from
1 million to 5 million tons in 1940.
Of still less importance were the Tkibuli deposit in
the Georgian SSR, which had been mined since before World War I, al-
though production had always been small, and the Tkvarcheli deposit
in this same area, which was opened in 1935. Both produce bituminous
coal and in 1910 had a combined output of 620,000 tons. In addition,
there were mines operating in 1940 at 6 deposits in Central Asia, but
the combined output was only about 1.9 million tons. The coal varies
from lignite to low-grade bituminous. The remainder of the production
came from a number of localities, none of which furnished much more
than a few hundred thousand tons a year.
* During World War II, a railroad was completed from the Karaganda
fields to Magnitogorsk via Kartaly which shortened the distance
considerably.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S -E -C -R -E -T
b. World War II.
In 1941 and 1942, the last 2 years of the Third Five
Year Plan (1938-42), the USSR planned to produce 190.8 million tons
and 243 million tons of coal, respectively. World War II intervened,
however, and production was less than 140 million tons in 1941 and
only about 77 million tons in 1942, the lowest production since 1933.
The German invasion resulted in an almost total loss Of Donbas output
for 2 years, which led to acute fuel. shortages and severe hardships.
It is estimated that the USSR obtained from the Donbas only 1 million
tons in 1942 and 4.2 million tons in 1943. The effects caused by the
temporary occupation of the Moscow Basin by the Germans were minor in
comparison and probably did not cost the USSR more than a few million
tons. In 1943 the Moscow Basin produced 45 percent more than it had
in 1940. .
The coal industry of the Donbas was badly damaged
during the war. In the Donbas, in 1940, the Peoples' Commissariat for
Coal (Narodnyy Komissariat Ugol noy Promyshlennosti Narkomugol')
controlled 314 primary large- and medium-capacity mines; about 2,000
small mines which belonged td other departments) and 72 other mines
under construction, some of which had been put into partial use.
Narkomugol' also owned 282 locomotives, 1,342 railroad cars, and 1,520
kilometers of railroad track. When the Red Army retreated in the
autumn of 1942, the USSR had managed to evacuate to the east thousands
of Miners and some mining and power plant equipment and to destroy much
of the mining facilities that remained. The result was that the larger
mines could not be worked and became filled with water. The Germans
attempted rehabilitation on a small scale, but were able to operate
only the smaller mines, by primitive methods. According to Soviet
estimates, they obtained only about 6.5 million tons in 1942 and. 3.5
million tons during the first 8 months of 1943. When the Germans were
forced to retreat, they completed the destruction by demolishing equip-
ment, surface structures, and shafts. The Donbas also was a center of
the machine-building industry, including coal-mining machinery which
was produced at the Gorlovka Machine Construction Plant imeni Kirov, the
Krivoy Rog Kommunist Mining Equipment Plant, the Toretsk Plant imeni
Voroshilov, the Voroshilovgrad Mining Equipment Plant imeni Parkhomenko,
and others.* These plants furnished hoisting equipment, cutting
machines, ventilators, centrifugal pumps, belt and scraper conveyors,
conveyor gears, and mine locomotives among other essential equipment.
-15 -
S -E -C -R -E -T
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
They supplied all local needs and a large portion of the needs of
other coal basins. The Gorlovka Plant imeni Kirov was the major pro-
ducer of cutting machines in the USSR. All these plants were totally
or partially destroyed.
When the Germans were expelled completely from the
Donbas on 5 September 1943, the USSR was confronted with a stupendous
task of rehabilitation. The State Committee for Defense was well
aware of the importance of the rapid recovery of the Donbas not only
as a prerequisite to the recovery of industry in the southern USSR
but also as a guarantee of the continuous movement of railroad trans-
portation to the front.. With these facts in mind, the State Commit-
tee for Defense passed a resolution giving high priority to the
restoration of the coal mines, mining machinery plants, and mine
development in the area.
According to the Minister of the Coal Industry,
A.F. Zasyad'ko, It/ the destruction in Donbas was as follows: 44 per-
cent of the shafts were completely destroyed and 56 percent partly
destroyed; 2,100 kilometers of mine tunnels were destroyed or flooded
(flooded mine tunnels contained 250 milliOn cubic meters of water,
or about 6 times as much as in the French mines following World
War I); 515 elevators and 570 principal ventilators were partly or
completely destroyed; and 8 million cubic meters of industrial build-
ings and 3.6 million square meters, or 90 percent, of the living
quarters were blown up or destroyed. A conservative estimate of total
destruction cost was given as 31 billion rubles.
Zasyad'ko gave the following report of destruction in
the Moscow Basin: over 50 percent of the principal shafts were
destroyed; over 55 kilometers of mine tunnels were completely destroyed
(flooded mines contained over 2 million cubic meters of water); 58 per-
cent of the elevators, 55 percent of the ventilating fans, 94 percent
of the compression equipment, and 85 percent of the electric sub-
stations were partly or completely destroyed; and 40 percent of the
coal bunkers, 43 percent of the buildings, 48 percent of machinery
buildings, 24 percent of buildings housing fan installations, and
68 percent of the living, social, and cultural facilities were com-
pletely destroyed. The total cost of the destruction was placed at
300 million rubles.
By 1944, 220 primary mines, which accounted for 70
percent of the prewar total output of the Donbas, were in process of
-16-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
*
S-E-C-R-E-T
reconstruction, and many of the machine and equipment plants had
started operating. During the first year of liberation, about 100
primary mines and more than 300 kilometers of mine workings were re-
stored. By the end of the year, 442 cutting machines, 567 conveyors,
90 electric locomotives, and many other machines were in use in the
Donbas. In comparison, the Donbas had 2,800 cutting machines in 1940.
By June 1945, 240 elevators, 253 ventilators, and 100 compressors had
been constructed or repaired; 600 kilometers of mine workings were
restored; about 200 million cubic meters of water had been pumped out;
and about 1.3 million cubic meters of industrial buildings had been
restored.
World War II caused feverish effort to expand output
in the eastern regions of the country, although the increases appar-
ently were not so great as the USSR announced at the time. In
reviewing war conditions, Nicholas A. Voznesenskiy mentions that the
Kuzbas did not increase output in 1941 and 1942, 2/ indicating that
annual output was only about 21 million tons.
The same author also mentions that Kazakh SSR (in-
cluding Karaganda) and Central Asia had a combined output of 9.4
million tons in 1942, as compared with 8.7 million tons in 1940. How-
ever, by 1945, the Kuzbas had pushed its production to almost 29
million tons, and the Karaganda Basin production had increased to
11.3 million, as compared with only 6.3 million tons in 1940.
The Urals more than doubled its production during the
5 war years and reached almost 25.5 million tons in 1945. Statistics
on other regions in the east indicate no significant expansion during
the war. The estimated increase in coal output between 1940 and 1945
in the eastern regions was from 59.2 million tons to 86.9 million
tons, or an increase of nearly 47 percent.
During 1945 the Donbas produced about 36.5 million
tons, and the Moscow Basin doubled its production as compared with
1940. The Pechora Basin showed the most rapid growth of any area,
however, increasing its output nine times that of 1940. The com-
pletion of the railroad to Vorkuta (Pechora Basin) in December 1941
added an important source of coal supply to the USSR during the war.
Thus, in 1945, before the start of the Fourth Five
Year Plan (1946-50), the USSR produced 149.3 million tons, or about
90 percent of the tonnage in the last prewar year, according to the
-17-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
best available estimates. Coal shortages had existed all during the
war, and it had been necessary to allocate coal almost entirely to
consumers that served war needs.
c. Postwar.
The Fourth Five Year Plan* established a great number
of objectives for the coal industry. The more important ones were as
follows: (1) a total coal production of 250 million tons in 1950;
(2) the restoration of the Donbas by 1949, and production of 88 million
tons in 1950; (3) the bringing into operation or starting of construc-
tion of over 300 new mines, with a total annual capacity of 115.3
million tons; (4) the opening of new coal fields; (5) the increase of
production of coking coal to 57.7 million tons in 1950; (6) the in-
crease in the number of machines used in the coal industry by 3 or 4
times the prewar number; (7) the improvement of coal quality by
building 271 coal-cleaning plants with a total capacity of 175 million
tons annually; and (8) the mechanical cleaning of 150 million tons of
coal in 1950, comprising 53 million tons of coking coal (with ash
content exceeding 7 percent) and 97 million tons of coal for electric
power (with ash content exceeding 10 percent).
The Plan represented an ambitious program, considering
the conditions existing at the end of the war. The task of restoring
the Donbas to prewar capacity was a major undertaking in itself.
Large quantities of equipment were required, which the USSR was ina
poor position to provide. The USSR concentrated mainly on restoring
production at the Donbas mines, which received the bulk of the avail-
able new equipment during the 1946-50 period.
Because draining the larger mines was a slow process,
the gmsller mines in the Donbas were put into operation first. All
the mines in this area are shaft operations, and some of the largest
mines exploit as many as a dozen or more seams. In the course of
their development, the working faces had become more and more distant
from the shafts, and quantities of water had to be drained from each
level before mining could commence. Although coal was soon being ex-
tracted from the higher levels, water still remained in the deeper
parts of some mines as late as 1950.
* See Appendix A for details of the Fourth Five Year Plan.
-18-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
4.
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
In 1949 the USSR announced that during the fourth
quarter of the year the rate of output in the Donbas,had reached the
1940 level. The production target for 1950 was exceeded. The USSR
was successful, therefore, in attaining its primary objective, but .
it was accomplished only by an all-out effort, involving round-the-
clock operation of mines and machinery.
Despite some shortcomings, production attainments
during the period-1946-50 were considerable, even though they depended
heavily on forced labor. Thousands of prisoners of wax were impressed
for mine work, and what they lacked in skill was made up for in
numbers. Individual productivity in most cases was low, and generally
the only remuneration was food, which the Soviet management used as an
incentive to compel quota fulfillment. As these prisoners were re-
patriated, they were replaced by many women, youths, and political
prisoners. Labor turnover was reported as rather heavy during this
period.
As an incentive to greater productivity, the Russians
have raised wages in the coal industry to the highest in the country
and include bonuses for length of service as well as for exceeding
work norms. The bonuses permit very high earnings in cases where the
quotas can be greatly exceeded, because the pay rates increase in
accordance with units of output above the norms. Stakhanovite crews
have been able to earn very high wages as compared with the ordinary
miners. As more workers exceed the norm and productivity increases,
the standards are increased. There are frequent reports of the
establishment of higher norms, which have been rising as workers be-
come more skilled in the use of new machinery.
Labor productivity was law at the end of World
War II, and the USSR reported in 1950 that it Was still under the pre-
war level. This was caused by employment of large numbers of in-
experienced workers, by poor condition of mining marhinery, and, in
many cases, by almost total lack of machinery.
d. Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55).
The announced objectives for the coal industry during
the Fifth Five Year Plan are as follows: (1) to increase coal pro-
duction 43 percent as compared with 1950 -- the 1955 target is about
375 million tons; (2) to provide in the coal industry for a more rapid
increase in the production of coking coal, increasing in 5 years the
-19-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
production of coking coals by not less than 50 percent and increasing
production capacity.by 80 percent; (3) to increase the use of coal and
oil shales for the production of gas (oil shale production is controlled
by the Ministry of the Coal Industry); (4) to improve the quality of
-coal by increasing its concentration (cleaning) approximately 2.7 times
in 5 years and by expanding substantially its briquetting; (5) to im-
prove systematically the methods of working coal deposits by introducing
on a wider scale coal-mining machines and equipment for comprehensive
mechanization and to aim at further technical re-equipment of the coal
industry and at a growth of labor productivity; (6) to develop in every
way the mechanization of the heavy labor-consuming processes in coal
mining, primarily the cutting and haulage of coal and rock during the
tunneling of preparatory workings, as well as to introduce on a wider
scale mechanized methods of propping walls; and (7) to increase the
commissioning of the collieries' capacities by approximatelSr 30 per-
cent as compared with the Fourth Five Year Plan, which set a goal
(probably not attained) of opening over 300 new mines with a capacity
of 115.3 million tons.
2. Organization.
The coal industry was originally a part of the All-Union
Peoples' Commissariat of Heavy Industry. A decree of the Presidium,
Supreme Soviet USSR, of 24 January 1939, established the All-Union
Peoples' Commissariat of the Fuel Industry, which included the coal,
oil shale, and petroleum industries. A decree of 12 October 1939 sub-
divided the All-Union Peoples' Commissariat of the Fuel Industry into
the All-Union Peoples' Commissariat of the Coal Industry USSR
(Narkomugol') and the All-Union Peoples' Commissariat of the Petroleum
Industry USSR.
Narkomugol' was split by a decree of 19 January 1946 into
the All-Union Peoples' Commissariat of the Coal Industry of the
Western Regions USSR and the All-Union Peoples' Commissariat of the
Coal Industry of the Eastern Regions USSR. A decree of 28 January 1946
established the Peoples' Commissariat of Ministry of Construction of
Fuel Enterprises USSR. The three commissariats became ministries on
15 March 1946. A decree of the Presidium, Supreme Soviet USSR, of
28 December 1948, created the present All-Union Ministry of the Coal
Industry USSR by merging the three ministries created by the decree of
28 January 1946.* 7/
* See Appendix B for the administrative organization of the coal in-
dustry.
- 20 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
At the beginning of World War II, Narkomugol' controlled
mines that accounted for about 90 percent of the production. The
balance of the mines were under the jurisdiction of other industrial
ministries, the NKVD, and local commissariats. At the present time,
some mines are known to be operated by the Ministry of Local Industry
in the various Republics and evidently produce for local consumption.
It is believed that the Ministry of the Coal Industry currently
controls about 92 percent of the production. The 1950 Plan called for
production of 120 million tons in the western regions and 107 million
in the eastern regions of the USSR. These figures, assumed to be for
the Ministry of the Coal Industry only, represented 90.8 percent of
total Soviet production of coal in the 1950 Plan.
The coal mines of the Ministry of the Coal Industry are
under the administration of trusts that in turn are subordinate to .
combines, and these are under direct supervision of the Ministry, which
has its main offices in Moscow.* There are 22 combines, and each con-
trols from 2 to 12 trusts. There are 96 trusts which have been
identified as belonging to specific combines. Several other trusts
have been reported of which the controlling combine is not known.
Each trust may control from a few mines up to 50 or more.
These trusts may, in some cases, have jurisdiction over a mine
administration, which has several mines under it, although some ad-
ministrations apparently are under the direct control of a combine,
as are several in Primorskiy Kray in the Soviet Far East.
The central office of the Ministry draws up production
plans for each individual combine, trust, and mine; prescribes methods
of exploration of coal reserves; determines quality standards for coal;
and prescribes official requirements with respect to production costs,
payrolls, mechanization, and other matters.
The Ministry exercises absolute centralized control over
all combines, trusts, and mines with the aid of annual, quarterly, and
monthly programs for every technical aspect of the production process.
The subordinate organizations, in turn, are required to make regular
reports by the month,'quarter, and year, corresponding to the plans
set forth by the Ministry and declaring the extent to which each re-
quirement has been fulfilled. It has been reported that, in practice,
the control system is so complicated that the managers have not
* See Appendix C for a list of combines and trusts With the number of
A mines in each.
- 21 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
sufficient time to translate every detail of the countless plans into
figures at the end of each month.
The Ministry is divided into 10 or more main administra-
tions, each with supervision over a particular phase of the coal
industry and mining of oil shale. There are administrations for
surveying, planning new mines, mine machinery, materials supply,
cleaning and briquetting, transport, coal marketing, workers' supply,
personnel, and the mining of oil shale. The construction of new mines
is carried out by Shakhtstroy Trust and the building of living
quarters by Zhilstroy Trust, both of which belong to the Ministry of
Fuel Enterprise Construction. All managing, engineering, technical,
and other personnel in coal mining and contiguous enterprises are
assigned to the Ministry of the Coal Industry.
B. Supply.
1. Production.
a. Total Production.
Until recently the USSR had announced no absolute
figures for total coal production for any year since 1940, when it was
166 million tons. This round figure is the one given by all Soviet
sources except one, which furnishes what was probably the actual
figure of 165,926,000 tons. Production of 300 million tons in 1952
was forecast by Malenkov in a 'speech during the autumn of 1952.
The first key to postwar output was given in a press
announcement of 20 March 1949, which stated that 26.3 percent more
coal was produced in 1948 than in 1940. L8/ This announcement would
establish output in 1948 at about 209,650,000 tons. Increases with
respect to the preceding year have been reported as 12.6 percent in
1949, 11 percent in 1950, 7.8 percent in 19510and 6.7 percent in 1952.
Production in 1949 is therefore estimated at 236.1 million tons; in
1950, at 262 million tons; in 1951, at 282.4 million tons; and in 1952,
at 301.3 million tons. These estimates include anthracite, bituminous
coal, lignite, and brown coal. They may be slightly in excess of
actual production. Production in 1950 exceeded by about 4.8 percent
the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) goal for 1950, which was
250,030,000 tons. During the period covered by the Fourth Five Year
Plan, production increased a total of 112.7 million tons, or an
average of 22,540,000 tons annually.
-22 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
b. Production of Various Coals.*
? (1) Bituminous.
Most of Soviet coal production always has con-
sisted of bituminous coal, which amounted to 153 million tons in 1950,
or 58.4 percent of total production. The western regions furnished
74 million tons, or more than 48 percent, of the bituminous coal mined
in the USSR. It is estimated that the Donbas produced 61 million tons;
and the Pechora Basin, 10.85 million tons. The balance came from the
Tkvarcheli and Tkibuli deposits in the Georgian SSR and a few other
scattered areas.
The areas of important production of bituminous
coal in the eastern regions include the following: Kizel Basin, in
the western part of the Ural Mountains; Karaganda, in central Kazakh
SSR; Kuzbas, in West Siberia; Minusinsk Basin, in Khakas Autonomous
Oblast; Cheremkhovo, in Irkutsk Oblast; Bukachacha, in Chita Oblast;
Suchan, in Primorskiy Kray; and various places in north and south
Sakhalin. These production centers accounted for almost 94 percent of
the estimated total production of 79 million tons in the east. in 1950.
Of this, the Kuzbas alone furnished about 43 percent. It should be
mentioned that in the long distance from Voroshilov in Primorskiy Kray
to the vicinity of Lake Baikal, bituminous coal is not produced at any
point along the main line of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. It is pro-
duced at Bukachacha, in Chita Oblast, but this place is at the end of
a branch line, 50 kilometers away.
Although sufficient data are lacking to estimate
the production of coking coal by areas and by classes of coking coal
for each area, it is known that nearly all the coals used for coking
are mined in the Donbas, the Kuzbas, and the Kizel and Karaganda basins.
Minor quantities of bituminous coal, produced at Norilisk, Cheremkhovo,
Bukachacha, Suchan, and Sakhalin Island, are consumed by coke plants.
It is a fact that the best quality of coking coal is always in short
supply.
(2) Anthracite and Semianthracite.
Anthracite is produced in the Donbas, in the Urals4
and possibly in the Kuzbas. It is more likely, however, that semian-
thracite is mined in the Kuzbas. Mines are producing semianthracite in
the Donbas and at Yegorshino in the Urals. There is one mine at Suchan
which apparently produces a little semianthracite. It is estimated that
37.8 million tons of anthracite and semianthracite were mined in 1950,
of which 34 million tons came from the Donbas.
* See Appendix D for estimates of production of various coals during
1950.
- 23 -
SLE-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Nearly a third of the Donbas production was
anthracite and semianthracite before the war, and the production is
believed to be higher today. Indications are that coal production
had increased more in Rostov Oblast,where much of the output of these
coals is concentratedlthan in the bituminous coal-producing areas in
other parts of the Donbas.
There are four deposits in the Urals where an-
thracite or semianthracite coals are mined, but satisfactory data are
not available for any of them. The output is not very important, how-
ever, and is estimated to have been 1.1 million tons in 1950, including
600,000 tons at Yegorshino, 350,000 tons at the Poltavka - Bredy de-
posits, and 150,000 tons at Dombarovskiy.
The production of anthracite (probably semian-
thracite) at certain mines in the Kuzbas
it is likely that the amount is relatively unimportant as
compared with bituminous coal. Production is arbitrarily estimated at
2.6 million tons in 1950.
The mine at SuChan in the Far East produces a so-
called lean (law-volatile) coal, which, according to Soviet classifica-
tion, is semianthracite. It is doubtful if the annual tonnage exceeds
75,000 tons.
(3) Lignite and Brown Coal.
During the last decade, Soviet coal production
has consisted of a large proportion of lignite and brown coal. These
lower rank coals comprised only 16 percent of the total output in
1940, but reached a peak of nearly 40 percent in 1943 during the
German invasion,when almost all of the Donbas output was lost, and the
USSR was forced to expand development of the low-quality deposits in
the eastern regions. By 1950, with restoration of the Donbas mines to
production, the share of lignite and brown coal in the total output
had declined to 27.2 percent, but it apparently started to increase
again in 1951. It is estimated that more than 28 percent of the total
coal output in 1952 was lignite and brown coal.
The output of these coals in 1950 is estimated at
71.2 million tons, of which about 46 percent was mined in the western
regions. The Moscow Basin is the most important producer of lignite
in the USSR, with output estimated at 29.6 million tons. Three areas
S-E-C-R-E-T
111
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
in the Urals -- the Chelyabinsk Basin and the Volchanka and Bogoslovsk
deposits -- probably furnished close' to 20 million tons. Other major
producing areas include the Raychikhinsk-Arochka and Kivda mines in
Amur Oblast (4.3 million tons); Karaganda Basin (about 2.5 million
tons); Artem, near Vladivostok (2.5 million tons); the Angren mines in
Central.Asia (1.7 million tons); the mines at Chernvoskiye Kopi in
Chita Oblast (1.2 million tons); and the Kansk Basin in Krasnoyarsk
Kray (1 million tons). Brawn coal deposits are being mined in various
parts of the Ukraine. It was planned that the Ukraine would produce
6 million tons in 1950, but indications are that output was considerably
less. The balance of production. is scattered and probably amounted to
about 6 million tons, or about 85 percent of the total production of
lignite and brown coal.
Table 3* presents figures on the combined output
of anthracite and bituminous coal and the combined output of lignite
and brown coal in the USSR. Figures for years through 1934 are taken
from published Soviet statistics 2V; figures for years since 1934 are
estimates.
c. Production by Region.**
From 53.5 to 54 percent of Soviet coal production in
1950, 1951, and 1952 cane from the western regions, which include the
Pechora Basin, south of the Kara Sea, and the balance was from the
eastern regions (Urals, Kazakh SSR, and eastward).
Five major basins and the Urals area account for about
85 percent of the total production. Table 4*** shows the production
of these regions as given in the Plan for 1950 and as estimated for
1950-52.
d. Trends of Coal Production.*xxx
During the last 3 years of the Fourth Five Year Plan,
coal production increased an average of 26 million tons annually, and
nearly 50 percent of the expansion was in the Donbas. The rapid in-
creases in production were due mainly to the fact that the task of
Table 3 follows on p. 26.
*.* See Appendixes E, F, and G for estimates of Soviet coal produc-
tion, given by area and year.
xxx Table I. follows on p. 28.
x-xx* See Appendix H for coal production trends by areas, 1939-52.
-25-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 3
Coal Production in the USSR
1913, 1921-22 - 1952 E/*
Thousand Tons
Year
Anthracite.
and
Bituminous
Coal
.Lignite
and
Brown Coal
Total
Production
Percent of Total
Anthracite
and
Bituminous
Coal
Lignite
and
Brown Coal
1913
27,987
1,130
29,117
96.1
3.9
1921-22
9,318
2,006
11,324
82.3
17.7
1922-23
10,524
2,176
12,700
82.9
17.1
1923-24
14,584
1,774
16,358
89.3
10.7
1924-25
14,903
1,617
16,520
90.2
9.8
1925-26
23,353
2,417
25,770
90.6
9.4
1926-27
29,452
2,823
32,275
91.3
8.7
1927-28
32,453
3,057
35,510
91.4
8.6
1928-29
36,589
3,478
40,067
91.3
8.7
1929-30
43,289
4,491
47,780
90.6
9.4
1931
50,741
6,011
56,752
89.4
10.6
1932
57,801 12/
6,889
64,690
89.3
10.7
1933
67,467 12/
8,866
76,333
88.4
11.6
1934
1935
82,777 12/
94,767
11,383
14,133
94,160
108,900
87.9
87.0
12.1
13.0
1936
109,707
16,693
126,400
86.8
13.2
1937
110,397
17,571
127,968
86.3
13.7
1938
113,690
19,198
132,888
85.6
14.4
1939
124,50o
21,200
145,700
85.4
14.6
1940
139,200
26,800
166,000
83.9
16.1
1941
109,500
28,000
137,500
79.6
20.4
1942
49,250
27,750
77,000
64.o
36.0
1943
62,000
36,000
98,000
63.3
39.8
1944
86,000
42,000
128,000
67.2
32.8
1945
103,700
45,600
149,300
69.5
30.5
1946
115,600
48,600
164,20o
70.4
29.6
* Footnotes for Table 3 follow on
P? 27.
- 26 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 3
Coal Production in the USSR
1913, 1921-22 - 1952 2./
(Continued)
Thousand Tons
Year
Anthracite
and
Bituminous
Coal
Lignite
and
Brown Coal
Total
Production
Percent of Total
Anthracite
and
Bituminous
Coal
Lignite
and
Brown Coal
1947
131,200
52,700
183,900
71.3
28.7
1948
150,450
59,200
209,650
71.8
28.2
1949
171,000
65,100
236,100
72.4
27.6
1950
190,800
71,200
262,000
72.8
27.2
1951
205,000
77,400
282,400
72.6
27.4
1952
215,800
85,500
301,300
71.6
28.4
a. During the period from 1921 to 1931, annual statistics represent
production from 1 October through 30 September.
b. Includes 26,000 tons mined in Spitzbergen in 1932, 128,100 tons in
1933, and 222,000 tons in 1934.
- 27 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 4
Coal Production of Principal Basins in the USSR
1950 Plan, 1950-52 Estimates
Western Regions
Thousand Tons
Percent of Total Production
1950
Plan
1950
Estimate
1951
Estimate
1952
Estimate
1950
Plan
1950
Estimate
1951
Estimate
1952
Estimate
Donbas
88,00c a
95,000
103,000
107,000
35.2
36.3
36.5
35.5
Moscow Basin
24,000
29,600
31,700
33,600
9.6
11.3
11.2
11.2
Pechora Basin
11,250
10,850
11,800
12,850
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
Total
123,250
135,450
146,500
153,450
49.3
51.7
51.9
51.0
Eastern Regions
Kuzbas
35,500
36,625
39,500
42,000
14.2
14.0
14.0
13.9
Urals Area
30,750
34,50o
36,900
40,000
12.3
13.2
13.1
13.3
Karaganda
Basin
14,650
16,000
17,300
18,900
5.9
6.1
6.1
6.3
Total
80,900
87,125
93,700
100,900
32.4
33.3
33.2
33.5
* Footnotes for
Table 4 follow
on p. 29.
- 28 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
-- Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
? ? ? ? ?
Table 4
Coal Production of Principal Basins in the USSR
1950 Plan, 1950-52 Estimates
(Continued)
Thousand Tons Percent of Total Production
?
1950 1950 1951 1952 1950 1950 1951 1952
Plan Estimate Estimate Estimate Plan Estimate Estimate Estimate
Other 12/
45,880 2/
250,030
39,425
262,000
000
------
42,200
282,11.00
------
46,950
301,300
18.3
100.0
15.0
100.0
14.9
100.0
15.5
100.0
Total USSR
a. Probably for mines under control of the Ministry of the Coal Industry only.
b. Eastern and western regions.
c. Probably includes considerable tonnage from mines in the Donbas that are not under control of the
Ministry of the Coal Industry.
- 29 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
restoring the mines in the Donbas, which had been flooded and wrecked
during the war, was much easier than developing such production from
new mines.
In 1951, Donbas coal production is estimated to have
increased only 8 million tons as compared with 11.9 million to 13.6
million tons annually during the previous 3 years. This was reflected
in the total increase of only 20.4 million tons for the USSR in 1951.
Output in the Donbas rose only about 4 million tons, or less than 4 per-
cent, in 1952, which restricted the gain for the USSR to 6.7 percent,
or less than 19 million tons. Indications are that Donbas coal produc-
tion will increase ata slower rate than the Soviet average.
Table 5 shows the annual increases in tonnage during
the years 1946-52 for the important productive basins and for other
areas in the eastern and western.regions.
Table 5
Estimated Annual Increase in Coal Production in the USSR
1946-52
Million Tons
Western Regions
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
Donbas
10.96
9.03
11.87
12.60
13.00
8.00
4.00
Moscow Basin
o.6o
1.90
2.39
3.01
2.70
2.10
1.90
Other
1.44
2.17
1.74
2.99
2.10
1.60
2.70
Total
13.00
13.10
16.00
18.60
17.80
11.70
8.60
Eastern Regions
Kuzbas
0.98
2/
1.11
1.75
2.78
3.02
2.88
2.50
Urals Area
0.05
2/
1.60
3.25
2.25
2.00
2.40
3.10
a. Decrease.
-30-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 5
Estimated Annual Increase in Coal Production in the USSR
1946-52
(Continued)
Million Tons
Eastern Regions
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
(Continued)
Karaganda
Basin
0.28
2/
1.32
1.15
1.07
1.45
1.30
1.60
Other
3.21
2.57
3.60
1.75
1.63
2.12
3.10
Total
1.90
6.6o
9.75
7.85
8.10
8.70
10.30
Total USSR
14.90
19.70
25.75
26.45
25.90
20.40
18.90
Soviet Annual
Increase
(Percent)
10
12
14
12.6
11
7.8
6.7
a. Decrease.
e. Potential Production.
The Fifth Five Year Plan calls for an increase in coal
production by 1955 of 43 percent as compared with 1950 and for an in-
crease of not less than 50 percent for coking coal during the same
period. The indicated goal for all coal is probably almost 375 million
tons, but data are not sufficient to estimate the target for coking coal.
This assumed increase will amount to 113 million tons
during the Plan, or an average of 22.6 million tons annually. Because
1951 and 1952 production was under that level, it will be necessary to
increase production by an average of 25 million tons annually during
the last 3 years of the Plan, and this may not be realized.
A longer range objective, which was mentioned some
years ago by Stalin, is to attain an annual production of 500 million
-31-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
tons by 1960. If the output level is raised to 375 million tons in
1955, the annual increase during the 1956-60 period would have to
average 25 million tons. Soviet accomplishments in the coal industry
during the postwar period Show what can be done when the situation
demands that strong action be taken. It is believed that coal produc-
tion can be raised to 500 million tons by 1960, providing the
industry receives adequate allocations of labor, materials, and equip-
ment, but it is more likely that the goal will not be reached before
1961.
Strip mining in the central and western parts of the
Ukraine as well as in the eastern regions would permit rapid extension
of output of low-quality fuel if the time element for getting these
projects into production can be substantially reduced. It has taken
3 years or more to bring new strip mines into production because of
the slowness in building railroad connections, power facilities, and
housing. Also, it is probable that necessary types and quantities of
strip equipment were not available. Once all facilities are ready,
strip mining will permit production to reach the capacities of the
equipment within a short time. On the other hand, the time required
to develop a deep shaft mine and bring output up to capacity takes
much longer. If it were known which mining areas were to get special
consideration, it would be much easier to estimate future developments.
2. Imports and Exports.
a. Imports.
Soviet imports of coal were sizable before World
War I. In 1913, imports amounted to 7,758,032 tons. In the decade
before World War II, the USSR imported insignificant quantities of
coal. The country depended entirely on its own production during
World War II. The shortage of all fuels during the war was acute,
especially in the western regions, where- there was little output from
the Donbas mines during 1942 and 1943. When the war ended, it was ex-
pected that the Donbas mines could not be restored to their prewar
output level before 1950. Prospects of serious coal shortages which
would hamper rehabilitation of the devastated areas were a real cause
for concern, and the USSR recognized that large amounts of solid fuels
were necessary. This situation resulted in demands on Poland for a
commitment to furnish large quantities of coal at a low price.
?
- 32 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
According to the Soviet-Polish trade agreements of
16 August 1945, Poland became obligated to supply the USSR with 8 mil-
lion tons of coal in 1946, 13 million tons annually during the period
1947 through 1950, and 12 million tons annually thereafter during the
Soviet occupation of Germany. These figures included 6.5 million
tons annually of so-called reparations coal, which the Russians obtained
at a price of 31.25 to $1.30 per ton, or practically as a gift. The
reparations coal reportedly was in compensation for the fact that the
USSR did not remove certain plant installations and tangible property
from the recovered territories of. Poland as war booty during and
following the period of their liberation by the Soviet Army in1945. 12/
It was reported in February 1948 that a new trade agreement had been
signed recently with the USSR, whereby reparations coal would remain at
6.5 million tons annually. Additional quantities have been furnished,
although annual shipments have been less than the figures reported in
the original agreement. The total quantities of coal Called for in the
original agreement were reduced, evidently in 1947. It is believed
that Poland fulfilled the obligation with respect to reparations coal
in 1952, although shipments to the USSR are probably continuing at about
the same or higher levels as during previous years.
shipments of coal from
North Korea and China to the USSR. Such imports by the USSR are
probable, since China has an apparent surplus and could be supplying
coal in payment for war material.
on 22 August 1952 there was concluded a new Sino-Soviet economic agree-
ment which called for exports of 3 million tons of coal annually,
among other items, from Northeast and North China to the USSR. The
agreement was to remain in force for 3 years. 11/ There are no satis-
factory data available about the actual volume of these shipments. Im-
ports from North Korea, if any, are relatively small. Available
figures on coal imports in the USSR are shown in Table 6.*
b. Exports.
During the 1930's,Soviet exports of coal averaged
under 1.7 million tons annually. The bulk of these exports was to
European countries, among which Italy, Greece, and France were the more
important purchasers, but nearly every country in Europe used some Soviet
coal during the decade preceding the war. Of interest is the fact that
the US ranked third as a customer, taking nearly 400,o0o tons in 1935
and lesser quantities in other years. Japan bought between 100,000.
and 250,000 tons annually, and the list of countries outside of Europe
* Table 6 follows on p. 34
-33-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2013/09/24 : CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 6
Soviet Imports of Coal
1913,
1929-51
Imports i
Imports/
Year
(Tons) 21
Year 121
(Tons) 21
.
1913
7,758,032
1937-44
N.A.
1929
65,980
1945
5,242,000
1930
63,618
1946
8,880,000
1931
106,603
1947
8,600,000
1932
52,511
1948
7,500,000
1933
15,403
1949
8,600,000
1934
26,340
1950
9,000,000
1935
36
1951
8,755,000
1936
2,000
a. Figures for 1913 and 1929-36 represent imports
from all sources. E/
b. Little, if any, coal is believed to have been
imported during the period 1937-3!-,1-. Figures for
1945-51 represent Polish exports to the USSR.
Figures for 1945-46 are official statistics. 12/
Figures for 1947-49 are from a US report.111/ Fig-
ures for 1950 and 1951 12/ are exports to unspecified
destinations, but, presumably, all this coal went to
the USSR. It is probable that the USSR imported some
coal in 1950 and 1951 from china and possibly North
Korea, in addition to unknown quantities of brown coal
briquettes from East Germany in recent years.
includedoamong others, Egypt, Iran, India, China, Argentina, and
Uruguay.
Soviet exports ceased at about the beginning of
World War II,and the USSR did not come back into the coal export
market until 1949. Statistics reveal that the USSR exported
10,900 tons of coal in 1949 to various European countries and 48,300
-34-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
tons in 1950. In 1951 these exports were increased to 421,400 tons,
France and Italy receiving about 80 percent of these deliveries.
Exports of Soviet coal in 1952 were possibly a little
more than the previous year. It was reported that the USSR offered
coal from Sakhalin Island to Japan at a price of $10 per ton. The
first sales transaction, involving the delivery of 200,000 tons to a
Japanese firm, was authorized by the USSR on 22 January 1952. lg
Japan imported, however, only 29,731 tons from Sakhalin Island during
the year. Available data on Soviet exports of coal, coke, and coal
briquettes are given in Tables 7 and 8.*
Table 7
Soviet Exports of Coal, Coke, and Briquettes 1//
1913, 1930-38
Tons
Year
Bituminous
Coal
Anthracite
Coke
Briquettes
Total
1913
97,488
N.A.
N.A.
528
98,016
1930
1,042,768
814,390
596
N.A.
1,857,754
1931
1,000,303
674,288
219
N.A.
1,674,810
1932
919,578
875,530
76
N.A.
1,795,184
1933
1,011,211
806,310
15
N.A.
1,817,536
1934
1,169,339
997,240
N.A.
4o,618
2,207,197
1935
1,092,859
1,089,530
N.A.
66,035
2,248,424
1936
862,193
1,003,626
N.A.
N.A.
1,865,819
1937
469,693
803,519
N.A.
39,978
1,313,190
1938
426,928
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
426,928
3. Stocks.
There are no data concerning the amoulit of coal stocks in
the USSR. Fuel supplies, however, were very short during the war and
for several years thereafter. It is improbable that there was any
significant increase in stocks in terms of days' supply on hand before
1949, and there are still shortages in certain kinds of coal used for
coking purposes. Overfulfillment of the 1950 output plan indicates
* Table 8 follows on p.36.
-35-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 8
Soviet Exports of Coal and Coke to Non-Bloc Countries ly 21
1950-52
Tons
Destinations
1950
1951
1952
Coal
Coke
Coal
Coke
Coal
Coke
Austria
0
0
0
9,500
8,854
o
Belgium
0
0
0
0
9,521
0
Finland
4,000
o
o
o
o
12/
o
France
28,800
o
190,700
o
198,800
o
Italy
10,200
0
150,200
0
N.A.
2/
Japan
0
0
0
0
29,731
0
Netherlands
0
0
28,700
0
N.A.
I/
Norway
0
0
0
1,200
1/
L/
N.A.
Sweden
0
0
32,700
16,200
N.A.
N.A.
Switzerland
5,300
0
19,100
1,800
N.A.
N.A.
Total
48,300
0
421 400
281700
N.A.
N.A.
a. As reported by importing countries.
b. The USSR began shipments in December 1952 of 17,000 to 18,000
tons monthly, but possibly none arrived until January 1953.
c. Probably none.
d. Coke breeze.
that stocks increased that year, and there was probably some accretion
in 1951 and 1952. A large part of Soviet production consists of coal
that is unsuitable for prolonged storage. Certain kinds are easily
susceptible to spontaneous combustion, and lignite, as well as brown
coal, disintegrates to dust with loss of moisture. Furthermore, the
good-quality bituminous coals and anthracite, which store better, are
the very coals for which the USSR has the greatest need. On the other
hand, exports -- consisting mostly of Donbas anthracite during 1950
and 1951 with addition of Sakhalin bituminous coal in 1952 -- are
evidence that there is a satisfactory surplus, at least in some areas.
It is likely that the USSR is taking advantage of the coal shortages
and high prices in Europe and Japan to trade coal for commodities that
-36-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
are more urgently needed, even though there would be use for this coal
in the USSR.
It is known that all the Satellite countries have very
small stocks, which generally average less than 2 weeks' supply during
many periods of the year. The USSR is believed to be in a better posi-
tion with respect to coal than the Satellite countries because produc-
tion has been exceeding expectations and because there has been no
criticism of the coal industry for failure to satisfy needs, except for
failure to provide sufficient quantities of specific classes of coking
coal.
There is no reason to believe that the USSR is hoarding
coal. The policy of maintaining large inventories of raw materials at
plants is generally deplored. It is to be expected that coal stocks in-
crease during the summer and autumn months and are lowest 'at the end of
winter. Stocks of coke used to vary in this way. They reached 30 to
60 days' supply at the blast furnaces in the fall; by spring they had
fallen almost to zero.
Stocks probably vary considerably between industries and
plants. The major consumers of coal -- railroads, electric power
stations, and ferrous metallurgy -- undoubtedly are given priority in
obtaining fuel. The electric power stations burn poor-quality fuels,
which will not store satisfactorily, and can be expucted to carry re-
latively small stocks as compared with US plants. It is not unlikely
that electric power stations generally carry only 1 to 2 weeks' supply
and that many of those located close to mines would carry almost none.
Railroads also burn a great deal of poor-quality fuel and probably do
not have unusually large stocks. The :iron and steel plants and some
other industries may have on hand at times up to 3 months' supply.
It is difficult to estimate the over-all coal stocks in
the country, because they vary from consumer to consumer and from time
to time during the year. It is doubtful if the supply on hand at the
end of 1950 was sufficient to satisfy the needs of the country for more
than 2 weeks, which would be equivalent to about 18 million tons. It
is believed that coal stocks have never exceeded 25 million tons in
the USSR. These figures may be compared with figures for the US, where
stocks normally are in the range of 60 to 85 million tons.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
C. Consumption and Distribution.
1. 1950 Plan.
The USSR has issued few data with respect to consumption
and requirements of coal by the economy. The Plan for 1950 stated
that requirements would amount to 238.5 million tons, which are only
95.4 percent of the planned production. The balance of 11.5 million
tons may have been intended for stockpiles.
The three major classes of consumers -- transportation,
ferrous metallurgy, and electric power generation -- were expected to
require 67.5 percent of total requirements in 1950, as compared with
67.7 percent in 1940. Transportation, the largest consumer, was to
have received 27.2 percent of coal allocations.; ferrous metallurgy,
25.2 percent; and electric power generation, 15.1 percent. The coal
requirements of major consumers in l911.0 and requirements of these
consumers as given in the Plan for 1950 are indicated in Table 9.*
2. Consumption in 1950.
The paucity of useful data issued by the USSR renders the
task of estimating requirements and consumption very difficult, es-
pecially for minor consumers. The problem of estimation is complicated,
in part, by lack of information about (a) the quantities of hard coal
and U e that the major consumers were to use, (b) the actual
quality of the coals consumed as compared with planned standards,
(c) substitution of different kinds of coal for one another as well as
.for and with other fuels, and (d) changes in the efficiency of combus-
tion equipment and fuel savings. .It seems unlikely, for example, that
the quality of coal was as high as had been planned, because of in-
adequate preparation, with the result that .consumption would necessarily
be higher than planned. Moreover, production was about 12 million tons
greater than expected. Higher production not only permitted higher
consumption, but contributed to it, since nearly all coal is moved by
rail.
Despite the fact that sufficient basic data are not
able, as yet, to permit calculations with an assured degree of
accuracy as to consumption by regions and by consumer groups, an
endeavor has been made to furnish some estimates of this consumption
for 1950. These estimates, which are given in Table 10xx, must be
* Table 9 follows on p. 39.
** Table 10 follows on p.40.
- 38 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 9
Soviet Coal Requirements 19/
1940, 1950 Plan
Percent Percent
of of
Requirements Increase Total
(Million Tons)
1940
1250 to 1950
1940 Plan 1950 1940 Plan
Transportation 49.0 64.9 32.4 30.6 27.2
Ferrous Metal-
lurgy 39.4 60.1 52.5 24.6 25.2
Power Generation 20.1 36.0 79.1 12.5 15.1
Total 108.5 161.0 48.4 67.7 67.5
Other Uses 51.8 77.5 49.6 32.3 32.5
Grand Total 160.3 238.5 48.8 100.0 100.0
regarded as tentative. It should be emphasized that the entire sub-
ject of energy consumption in the USSR requires much more study. In
time, with a better understanding of economic conditions in the USSR,
it should be possible to furnish more reliable data than this first
effort, which represents the only figures of this kind available.
The estimated consumption of coal mined in the USSR during
1950 was derived basically from heat and power requirements of the con-
sumer groups. This approach leads to the use of the average heating
value of 5,805 Cal per kg, or 10,450 Btu per pound, for Soviet coal.
The use of this conversion factor tends toward overstatement of the
tonnage requirements for consumer groups which normally require top-
quality coal. It is believed that this overstatement would be
significant only for the ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys
industries. On the other hand, the conversion factor leads to under-
statement of tonnage requirements in consumPr groups which normally
use low-quality coal. Understatement of requirements is believed to
-39-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 10
Estimated Consumption of Coal Produced in the USSR by Economic Regions and by Consumer Groups
1950
Thousand Tons gj
Economic Regions 12/
Consumer Group
1a lb
ha
IIb
III
IV
V
vr
VII
VIII
IX
Xe
Xb
XI
XII
Total
USSR
Percent
of Total
Industrial
Ferrous Metals and Alloys
1,072
125
125
7,891
1,119
1,365
1,655
7,088
21,093
5,500
1,498
1,2371,
X1
0
51,697
19.7
Cement, Lime, and Gypsum
243 92
141
189
1,124
126
125
564
919
508
162
162.
146
5,40d
2.1
Brick
268 100
155
208
1,238
137
138
619
1,013
560
179
179
160
268
733
5,955
2.3
Chemicals and Rubber Goods
186 59
29
30
825
59
476
236
1,322
1,129
372
147
1,120
59
30
6,079
2.3
Textiles and Leather Goods c/
576 99
140
289
902
51
43
484
2,937
228
412
20
42
9
7
6;239
2.4
Food Processing
211 31
181
154
1,318
294
96
241
1,020
89
166
143
231
55
120
4,350
1.7
Paper
963 385
230
385
193
39
39
115
655
308
39
76
39
39
347
3,852
1.5
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
419
176
219
83
1,084
677
315
15
2,988
1.1
Unclassified Industrial
1,789 668
440
525
6,492
851
981
1,881
7,609
11,086
3,326
1,215
1,004
1,068
1,566
40,501
15.4
Total Industrial
5,7271 434
1 441
1,905
20,159
2,676
3,482
5,795
22 646
36,085
10,833
3,755
3,979
2 294
4 858
127,069
48.5
--s---
Transportation
Rail 1/
5,680 2,272
994
994
19,738
4,970
284
3,337
9,088
7,668
4,118
2,272
2,272
3,479
3,834
71,000
27.1
Water 2/
816 192
716
578
230
96
500
125
171
37
37
38
2,486
6,022
2.3
Total Transportation
6,496 2 464
1,710
2211
20 316
5,200
380
3,837
9;088
"al
4,289
2,309
2,309
3,517
6 320
77,022
29.4
Thermal Electric Power
1,367 442
219
310
7,551
900
346
1,961
8,030
12,130
3,244
1,398
202
1,367
1,658
41,125
15.7
Mnnicipal, Commercial, Domestic,
730 150
1,713
50
802
1,310
1,997
1,941
714
170
842
595
1,079
713
3,978
16,784
6.4
Military, and Agriculture I/ -
Grand Total
14,320 4,490
5 083
3,259
48 828
39,?
6,205
13,534
40,478
56,178
19,208
8,057
7,569
7,891
16,814
262,000
Percent of Mts.'
5.5 1.7
1.9
1.2
18.6
3.9
2.4
5.2
15.5
21.4
7.3
3.1
2.9
3.0
6.4
10?.?
50X1
a. Average heat value 10,450 Btu per pound, or 5,C505 calories per kilogram.
b. Defined as follows: Ia, Northwest; In, North; -Ila, Baltic; IIb, Belorussia; III, South (Ukraine and Moldavia); IV, Southeast (Lower Don and North Caucasus). V Transcaucasus;
VI Volaa VII Central. VIII Urals: IX West Siberia' Xe. Kazakhstan; Xb, Central Asia; XI, East Siberia; and XII, Far East.
c. Does not include consumption in tne mnnuiacture or tinisned products.
d. Includes only the consnmption in locomotives.
e. Includes consumption in inland waterway and marine transportation and bunkers.
f. Includes only consumption on state farms.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Aa
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
be significant only for thermal electric power. In other consumer
groups, variations in quality requirements or the lack of quality re-
quirements probably would lead to consumption of coal equivalent
roughly to the average heating value.
In general, the data in Table 10 were derived by applying
consumption factors per unit of production in an economic activity so
as to arrive at national totals. Owing to the lack of Soviet data for
many economic activities, it was necessary to use consumption factors
for comparable industries in the US. These US factors had to be ad-
justed before applying them to Soviet industry because of the different
pattern of primary sources of energy in the two countries. In the
USSR, approximately 65 percent of the total energy is obtained from
coal, whereas in the US, coal furnishes less than 50 percent of primnry
energy requirements. Adjustment for this difference provided compensa-
tion for the greater use of coal and the lesser use of oil and natural
gas in industries of the USSR compared with those in the US.
The regional distribution for each consumer group was
derived by apportionment of its coal consumption in accordance with
the regional distribution of its activities. In consideration of
regional supplies of other fuels such as peat, fuelwood, oil shale,
oil, and gas, arbitrary adjustments were made in the regional consump-
tion pattern for coal in the consumer groups which presumably would
utilize these substitute fuels.
The estimated pattern of consumption of coal was related
to the coal production in 1950 by totaling the consumption for all
determined consumer groups and subtracting this total from the produc-
tion total. The remainder, or 15.4 percent of the total production,
was assigned to the industrial category as "unclassified" because most
of it would be used for industrial purposes.
This relation of consumption to total production in 1950
represents an understatement of actual consumption because neither
foreign trade nor changes in stocks were taken into account. Although
exports were negligible, about 9 million tons were imported from
Poland, and there were possibly minor tonnages shipped in from China.
The resultant trade balance would more than offset an increment in
stocks, so that total consumption was possibly as high as 267 million
tons.
- la -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
The foregoing explanations serve to show the general lack
of information on the subject of consumption. The estimates given,
however, even though not particularly accurate, do have some value in
showing the relative needs for coal in various economic regions. As
would be expected, the largest consumption of coal falls in the regions
of greatest industrial activity. The Urals area, Economic Region
VIII,* consumes 21.4 percent of the coal. It is followed in order by
the Ukraine in Economic Region III, with 18.6 percent, and the Central
European area, Economic Region VII, with 15.5 percent of the total.
These 3 areas combined required an estimated 55.5 percent of the
coal.
Industrial uses in total represent the largest major con-
sumer category and require slightly less than half of the coal. Of
the industrial consumers, the ferrous metals and alloys group are by
far the largest consumers. The bulk of the coal taken by ferrous
metallurgy is used in making coke.
Actual motive power in transportation required 29.4 per-
cent of the coal. Of this, the operation of railroad locomotives re?
quires by far the largest part (80 to 90 percent) and represents the
largest single use of coal in the country.
The electric power industry is also one of the largest con-
sumers. In consideration of the fact that power stations generally
burn the lowest quality of coal available to an area, it would not be
surprising if they consumed as much as 19 percent of the tonnage pro-
duced in 1950.
3. Distribution in 1950.
Attention has been called to the weaknesses in present
estimates of 1950 consumption of coal in the USSR. Despite such
weaknesses, it is illuminating to compare 1950 consumption figures with
production in each economic region. When this is done, it is possible
to get a clearer understanding of the reasons why coal represents such
an important item in railroad transport, especially the reason for the
long-haul factor, and to see what are the surplus and deficit positions
in the various economic regions. A comparison of production and con-
sumption by economic regions is given in Table 11.**
50X1
?
** Table 11 follows on p. 43.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 11
Comparison of Coal Production and Consumption
in the USSR by Economic Regions
1950
Thousand Tons
Western
Economic Regions
Production
Consumption
Surplus
Deficit
Ia
935 2/*
14,320
13,385 2/
Ib
10,850
4,490
6,360
ha
0
5,083
5,083
IDD
0
3,259
3,259
III and
IV 12/
98,440 1/
58,914
39,526
V
1,775
6,205
4,430
VI
50 2/
' 13,534
13,484
VII
29,600
40,478
10,878
Total
141,650.
1112...83
15,886
50,519
Domestic Balance 4,633
Imports 9,000
Exports 49
4682
Net Surplus
Eastern
Economic Regions
34,500
56,178
1,318J
21,678
VIII
DC
37,575 s/
19,208
18,367
Xa
17,500
8,057
9,443
Xb
4,275
7,569
3,294
x1
14,250
7,891
6,359
XII
13,000
16,814
3,814
Total
121,100
115,717_
34 169
28,786
-
Net Surplus
5,383 1/
* Footnotes for Table 11 follow on p.44.
- 43 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 11
Comparison of Coal Production and Consumption
in the USSR by Economic Regions
1950
(Continued)
a. Includes production of 185,000 tons of Spitzbergen coal, not all of
which was available to Region Ia, and 750,000 tons carried as unallocated
in Table 64, p. 233.
b. Combined because Donbas output cannot be divided satisfactorily
between the two regions; part is in Ukraine, and part in Rostov Oblast
in Region IV.
c. An amount of 50,000 tons, carried as unallocated in Table 64,
p. 2331has been transferred to Region VI.
d. It is possible that the actual net surplus approached this figure,
but it is more likely to_have been between 2 and 3 million tons.
e. Includes 950,000 tons carried as unallocated in Table 64, p. 233,
but part of it may be produced in Regions XI and XII.
f. The figure should not be considered as the amount that went into
stocks, because some coal from the Urals must have moved into Regions
VI and VII, and actual consumption was probably somewhat higher, since
eastern coal is below average in heat value.
Economic Regions Ia, Ib, Ila, lib, and VII take in the
northern and central parts of European USSR, and Region VI is the
region of the Volga River, extending southward from the area of Kazan
to the Caspian Sea. Each of these economic regions, with the exception
of Ib, which is the region that includes the Pechora Basin, is a deficit
area. However, all of the Pechora coal, except what is used locally,
must be transported long distances. Pechora coal is hauled as far as
Leningrad, but most of it is probably going to the area north and east
of Moscow, taking in the cities of Gor'kiy, Ivanovo, Kostroma,
Yaroslavl', and Vologda as well as others.
Coal from Spitzbergen is probably unloaded at Murmansk and
Archangel and possibly, a few other points in the north. The coal mined
at Borovichi and Selizharovo contributes little to meeting the needs of
Economic Region Ia, which includes Leningrad. It is believed that
Polish coal must go to supply a large part of the requirements of
Regions Ia, Ila, and lib, which include the Baltic Republics and Belo-
russia. It would seem, however, that 10 to 12 million tons of Donbas
coal must also be moved into these regions.
44 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
m
S-E-C-R-E-T
Regions III and IV have a surplus of around 4o million
tons, owing to the Donbas output. This coal not only moves to the
northwest but also must go to meet a large part of the requirements
of the central industrial area (Region VII) and the Volga area
(Region VI). The Volga area is particularly dependent on Donbas
coal, since it has almost no coal production. The southern
Caucasus area (Region V) is another area which has inadequate indig-
enous production and must depend mainly on Donbas coal.
In the eastern areas, only the Urals area, the Central
Asiatic republics, and the Fax East show deficit balances. The Urals
probably had to import between 20 and 23 million tons in 1950. This
coal came from Karaganda in central Kazakhstan and the Kuzbas in
West Siberia, distances of 1,200 to 2,000 kilometers. It is probable
that between 7 and 8 million tons of coal from Karaganda and
between 13 and 17 million tons from the Kuzbas had to be transported
to the Urals in 1950.
The mines in Central Asia (Region IX) cannot supply all
needs in the regions, and it is necessary to use coal from Karaganda
and the mines in south Kazakhstan at Lenger and Kilitomashat. Kuzbas
coal has also moved into Central Asia over the railroad south from
Novosibirsk to Frunze. This line passes through the eastern part of
Kazakh SSR, where Kuzbas coal is also used.
The economic regions for which estimates are least reliable
are East Siberia (Region XI) and the Far East (Region XII). It is
believed that consumption is more nearly in balance with production
than comparison of the estimates of production and consumption would
indicate. However, there was possibly some coal moving eastward from
Cheremkhovo into the Far East. It is known that Kuzbas coal moved to
?
the Far East as late as 1948, but this has been unnecessary, appar-
ently, since then.
From the foregoing, it is evident that coal traffic is
heavy in the USSR. The railroads move all but a very small part of
the tonnage. Information available with respect to railroad transport
of coal and coke is presented in Table 12.*
In view of the fact that coal production in 1950 was
12 million tons over plan and coke production was as much as 5 million
tons under plan, it is estimated that coal and coke together represented
at least 147 billion ton-kilometers of traffic on the railroads in 1950.
* Table 12 follows on p. 46.
-45-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S -E -E -T
Table 12
Railroad Transport of Coal and Coke in the USSR
1940, 1945-46, 1950 Plan
Average Length of Haul Amount Hauled
(Kilometers) (Billipn Ton-Kilometers)
Year
Coal and Coke
Coal Only
Coal and Coke
Coal Only
1940
701
694
106.9
N.A.
1945
693
672
65.0
N.A.
1946.
N.A.
695
N.A.
N.A.
1950 Plan
650
N.A.
143.0
N.A.
The estimate is based on the assumption that the average length of
haul for coal and coke was 650 km, although it probably was somewhat
higher. The development of local coal deposits, such as those in the
western Ukraine, is intended to reduce the necessity for some coal
traffic, but expanding coal and coke production as well as a
continuing long-haul factor can be expected to create a growing burden
for the railroads.
. D. Reserves, Quality, and Deposita.
1. Reserves. Ell
a. General Reserves.
The latest year for which figures are available that
give total coal reserves and include a regional breakdown is the year
1937, when the USSR presented estimates at the Seventeenth Session
of the International Geological Congress, which was held in Moscow.*
Total geological reserves were estimated at 1,654 billion tons
(estimated to a depth of 1,800 meters below the surface), a figure
equivalent to approximately half the reserves of the US, or about
one-fifth of the world total. Reserves that were classified innactualn
* See Appendix I.
-46-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
a
S-E-C-R-E-T
and "probable" categories constituted only 7.9 percent and 17.8 per-
cent, respectively, of the total geological reserves.*
It is evident that the USSR has huge coal reserves.
However, nearly 91 percent of the Soviet coal reserves, as estimated
in 1937, are located in Asiatic USSR. According to the estimate, the
Kuzbas and the unexploited Tungus Basin each have about 25 percent of
these reserves, and the important Donbas, 88.9 billion tons, or 5.4
percent. Total Soviet reserves were classified 81.8 percent as
bituminous, 5.5 percent as anthracite, and the balance as lignite and
brown coal. Of significance is the fact that, although 97 percent of
the anthracite reserves are found in the Donbas and the Kuzbas,
bituminous coal and lignite deposits are distributed in all the larger
regions of the country.
Since 1937, and especially during World War II, there
has been intensive exploration, for minerals of all kinds in the USSR,
and as a result there have been many discoveries. The Soviet press
reported in 1943 that 1,800 new coal deposits had been discovered since
1937. New ones are reported each year. Nearly all these new deposits
are found in Asiatic USSR.
The Soviet government undoubtedly values its coal
reserves much higher now than it did in 1937. Some significant
* Only such reserves were classified as "actual" for which, besides
data on the extent and thickness of coal seams, there were reliable
grounds for the judging of their persistence.at depth. Classified as
"probable" were reserves of deposits (or of their separate parts) for
which were available more or less definite data for the determination
of the extent and thickness of seams. As a result, a considerable
part of the reserves classified as "probable" in 1913 estimates
approached, according to the degree of accuracy of these estimates,
the "actual" reserves of a number of countries. Classified as
"possible" were reserves for which sufficient data were available for
their expression in figures. Thus a considerable part of the reserves
referred to the category of "possible" approach, .by the character and
quantity of data available, close to the "probable" reserves of a great
majority of the countries, according to the estimates made for the
world in 1913. E.V
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
discoveries include deposits in the Tuva Autonomous Oblast, which are
claimed to exceed those of the Donbas in size, and in the Pechora
Basin, whose reserves have been reported as high as 120 billion tons,
or more than 3 times the 1937 estimates for this area. Prospecting has
found extensions of coal deposits in old producing regions, as, for
example, in the Donbas, the Moscow Basin, and the Suchan Basin.
The USSR classifies its coal resources according to
standards adopted by the Twelfth Session of the International Geologi-
cal Congress of 1913. 21/ It is customary in the USSR to refer to a
particular class of coal by the word Mark, as, for example, Mark K
(koksovyy -- coking). The letter is the first letter of the Soviet
name for a class or kind of coal. These classes of coal are differen-
tiated in general by the range of volatile content as determined on an
"as *received" basis, or inclusive of moisture and ash. The Soviet
system of classes, or marks, of coal is shown in Table 13,* but may
not include all the subclasses.
b. Coking Coal Reserves.
The reserves of high-quality coking coal in the USSR
are quite limited, and it has been necessary since before the war to
blend different varieties of coal, including coals with little or no
coking characteristics, in order to increase supplies. Despite this
practice, there has not always been sufficient coking coal available
during the postwar period.
The reserves of Class K coals, which have the bet
coking characteristics, are mall in relation to the reserves of so-
called suitable coals, which include varieties of coal that will make
satisfactory coke when blended with other varieties. Suitable coking
coals include bituminous coals of Classes K, PS, PZh, and G.
Soviet authorities have been very much concerned about
the fact that Soviet industry has been consuming the better classes of
coking coals at a rate disproportionate to the minor share that re-
serves of these classes comprise of the total Soviet reserves of suit-
able coking coal. Table 14** presents figures published in a Soviet
* Table 13 follows on p. 49.
** Table 14 follows on p. 49.
- 1+8 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
ry
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
s
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 13
Soviet Classification of Coals 2/
Class
A (antratsit)
T (toshchiy)
PS (parovichno-spekayushchiysya)
K (koksovyy)
PZh (parovichno-zhirnyy)
SS (slabo-spekayushchiysya)
G (gazovyy)
D (dlinno-plamennyy)
B (buryy)
Character
Volatile Content
(Percent)
anthracite 3 to 5
lean 12/ Less than 17
steam-caking
(bituminous) 12 to 18
coking (bituminous) 18 to 26
steam-fat
(bituminous) 26 to 36
weakly caking
(bituminous) N.A.
gas (bituminous) 36 to 44
long flame (low_
quality bituminous
or subbituminous) More than 42
brown coal
a. Broad classifications only. There are a number of designations for
grades of coal within each class.
b. Includes semianthracite and apparently some law?volatile bituMinous.
Table 14
Coal Reserves and Coal Utilization in the Donbas and Kuzbas
Percent
Donbas
Class G
Class K
and Class PZh
Class PS
Share of Total Soviet Reserves
52
34
3_14.
Used in Coking
8
72
20
Kuzbas
Share of Reserves
70
17
13.
Used in Coking
10
82
8
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
periodical of April 1948 to illustrate the situation in the Donbas and
the Kuzbas.
The demand by industry for only Class K and PZh
coals during wartime and extending into the postwar period threatened
to bring about a very serious shortage of these coals and resulted in
an ultimatum by technicians that a greater proportion of inferior
blending coal had to be utilized in order to meet requirements. Re-
peated emphasis on the development of means of utilizing Class G coal,
the lowest blending type, points to the seriousness of the problem in
making coal available for the expanding requirements of the metal-
lurgical industry. The coal industry maintains that under present
mining conditions it is more economical to mine at various levels than
to follow one seam to exhaustion. This practice has resulted in less
concentration on the production of the most desirable coals.
The Donbas, the Kuzbas, and the Kizel and Karaganda
basins produce all but a minor part of the coals consumed by the coke
ovens in the USSR. Coals that are suitable for coking are found in
other scattered localities, including Vorkuta, Norilisk, the Georgian
SSR, the Irkutsk Basin, Bukachacha, the Bureya Basin, Suchan, and
Sakhalin Island. All of these areas may provide relatively small
quantities of coal for coking purposes.
The Kuzbas has the only coals that can be coked without
preparation. Coking coals of the other areas, including the Donbas,
are characterized by high ash content and generally high sulfur. The
Urals area has no coking coals, and its large metallurgical industry
depends on coking coal shipped in from other areas. It is a serious
transport requirement to ship coal to the Urals area from the Kuzbas
and the Karaganda Basin: TArge quantities of Class G coals are mined
In the Kizel Basin, and these are blended with coals from the Kuzbas.
A mixture for coking purposes is obtained by blending 80 to 85 percent
Kizel coal with 15 to 20 percent Kuzbas coal. The cake produced with
Kizel coal at Gubakha, however, is not satisfactory for smelting pig
iron. The dependence on distant transport of millions of tons of fuel
annually for the metallurgical industry is a strategic weakness of the
Urals economy.,
2. Quality of Production.
The average vality of Soviet coals has declined considerably
since .the prewar period. This decline can be ascribed mainly to the much
-50-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
higher proportion of lignite that is mined. In 1940, lignite comprised
only 16.1 percent of the total output, as compared with 27.2 percent
(estimated) in 1950. Bituminous and aibbituminous coals constituted
about 58.4 percent of the total in 1950, and anthracite and semian-
thracite made up the balance of 14.4 percent.
The coals of the USSR, in general, are characterized by
high ash content. It has been reported that the ash content of coal
shipped to the Ministry of Electric Power was reduced from 17.1 per-
cent in 1945 to 15.9 percent in 1950 and that shipped to the Ministry
of Transportation was reduced from 24.21 percent in 1945 to 23.05 per-
cent in 1950. About 80 percent of the coal used for coking was mechan-
ically cleaned in 1950, and the ash conteht was much less, ranging from
about 8 percent for Donbas coal up to 10.9 percent for Karaganda
coal. 211/
Reducing the impurities in some of the Soviet coals is a
serious problem. The sulfur content of the Donbas coal averages 2.4
percent, and cleaning will not reduce these impurities by more than
0.2 to 0.7 percent. The coals of Tkvarcheli (Georgian SSR), of
Karaganda, and of Kizel contain high-average ash content in raw coal
(18 to 22 percent) as well as in the different sizes. A character-
istic of the coals of these basins is that the ash is inherent, which
makes cleaning difficult and necessitates crushing to a size of from
12 to 20 millimeters (mm) in order to Obtain more or less satisfactory
cleaning results. The problem of sulfur elimination is serious in the
coals of the Urals, which contain an average of 6 percent. Washing
will reduce the sulfur content to only about 3.5 percent.
Cleaning the Kuzbas coals does not present a serious
problem. Many of them contain only 8 percent ash and do not require
cleaning. Those coals that do have a high ash content are not too
difficult to wash.
The coals In East Siberia and the Soviet Far East
apparently receive almost no preparation. According to numerous
prisoner-of-war reports, they are not very good quality and contain
considerable rock. It may be assumed that they store poorly and do
not burn efficiently. Although the coals of the Bureya Basin can be
used for cOking, they contain a high percentage of ash, which .cannot be
reduced sufficiently to make them particularly desirable.
-51-
S-E-C-R-E-T
I Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
3. Principal Deposits. EV
a. Donbas Eastern Ukraine and Rostov Oblast).
(1) Location.
The Donbas coal deposits are located in the ad-
ministrative districts of Stalino, Voroshilovgrad, and western Rostov
in an area of about 25,000 square kilometers, lying along a northwest-
to-southeast axis 380 kilometers long with a breadth varying up to a
maximum of 165 kilometers.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
The 1937 estimate of reserves in the Donbas was
88.9 million tons, which comprise only 5.4 percent of total Soviet
geological reserves. Geological reserves have been estimated to a
depth of 1,820 meters below ground level: that is, to 1,490 meters
below sea level. Included in the estimates are seams exceeding
0.25 meter in thickness. Limiting the estimates by including only
seams thicker than 0.5 meter and by going no deeper than 1,350
meters below ground level reduces the estimated total reserves from
88.9 to 39 billion tons, so that there are possibly 50 billion tons
in the total which may not be feasible to mine.
Table /5* shows the proportion of reserves
according to class of coal, estimated in the geological reserves and
the workable reserves.
Coking coal that will coke without blending
(Class comprises only 4.1 percent of the geological reserves, and
Class PS, which is used for coking, amounts to 8 percent of the total.
Class D coal is found in the northern sector of
the coal basin (the Lisichansk area). Class G coal occurs in the ad-
jacent Rodakovo - Uspenskaya area and in the western reaches of the
coal fields in the Krasnoarmeyskoye district. The three classes of bi-
tuminous coal of greatest value to heavy industry are found chiefly in
the Stalino - Nakeyevka area and in the central areas (60 percent)
and also in the following areas: Seleznyevko, Almaznaya - Mar'yevka,
the Krasnodon - Sorokin district, and to some extent in the
Rodakovo - Uspenskaya district. The entire central and eastern deposits
(with the exception of those in the Krasnodon - Sorokin district, which
* Table 15 follows on p. 53.
-52-
S-E-C-R-E-T
kt:It
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 15
Proportion of the Various Classes of Coal
to the Total Coal Reserves of the Donbas
?
Class of Coal
Percent of TotalPercent of Total
Geological Reserves: Workable Reserves
Anthracite (Class A)
30.2
27.2
Semianthracite (Class T)
17.0
18.7
Bituminous
Coking Coal (Classes PZh, K,
and PS)
22.6
24.9
Gas Coal (Class G)
27.8
26.5
High..Volatile Coal (Class D)
2.4
2.7
Total
100.0
100.0
?
form a wedge into the northeast section of the coal basin) are composed
of anthracite exclusively, which is a high-grade industrial fuel but
little suited for coking. The most important anthracite districts are
Chistyakovo, Snezhnoye, Krasnyy Luch, Bokovo, Dolzhanskaya, Novoshakh-
tinsk, and Shakhta.
(3)
Quality and Analyses.
The Donbas coals are characterized by high per-
centages of sulfur and ash content. Sulfur content averages approxi-
mately 2.4 percent. Ash content averages around 15 percent but goes
as high as 23 percent. There have been many complaints on the quality
of the coal, and preparation facilities have been capable of handling
only a fraction of the production.
Table 16* shows the approximate chemical analyses
of Donbas coal.
* Table 16 follows on p. 54.
-53
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
_ _ - _ _
Table 16
Chemical Analyses of Donbas Coal
Chemical Composition
(Percent)
Class
Volatile Content
(Percent) 2/
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Cal per kg 12/
45.0
77.0
5.4
1.8
5.0
7,730-7,445
39.5
81.0
5.5
1.6
4.o
8,080-7,790
PZh
30.5
85.5
5.2
1.6
3.0
8,44o-8,165
23.0
87.0
4.9
1.6
3.0
8,54o-8,28p
PS
16.5
89.0
4.5
1.6
2.5
8,580-8,345
12.5
91.0
4.1
1.5
1.2
8,560-8,345
A
4.o
94.0
1.9
0.7
1.5
8,140-8,040
a. Volatile content is given as percent of combustible mass.
b. The heat values appear to have been determined on an ash-free or
on a moisture- and ash-free basis.
()i.) Coal Measures.
There are about 200 coal beds in the Donbas, but
only 30 to 4o are workable. These beds vary in thickness throughout
the basin, but most of them are thin -- about 70 percent are between
0.45 and 0.5 meter thick. It is seldom that beds are as much as 1.5
meters thick, and 2 meters is exceptional thickness. The average
thickness of the producing seams is not more than 0.95 meter (about
3 feet).
(5) Mining Conditions.
Not only are the seams steeply pitching, but most
of them have a number of rock partings, which complicate the mining ?
and cleaning of the coal. Water is abundant in some mines, and for the
Donbas as a whole it is necessary to pump out approximately 2 tons of
water for every ton Of coal produced. Furthermore, increasing
quantities of gas are being encountered, especially in the deeper mines.
-54-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
As the development of the minds increases, shafts are becoming deeper.
The depth of several exceeds 1,000 meters.
b. Moscow Basin.
(1) Location.
The Moscow Basin is located in the center of the
European part of the USSR. The coal-bearing strata spread out in the
form of a wide arc from the vicinities of Borovichi and Selizharovo
to Moscow Oblast and extend partly into Smolensk Oblast. The distance
from the northwestern to the southeastern boundary of the basin is
more than 1,000 kilometers. The coal-bearing strata cover about
1,200 square kilometers.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Geological reserves were estimated in 1937 at
11.9 billion tons in the southern part and 500 million tons in the
western part, but only about 36 percent were classified as actual and
probable reserves.
The coals are of two types: "smoky" lignites and
boghead (cannel) coals. The boghead coals are found in the form of
lenses 0.3 to 0.5 meter thick within the lignite deposits.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The lignites are of low quality and consist of
about 30 to 32 percent moisture, 26 to 28 percent ash, 3.7+ percent
sulfur, and the balance is organic material. The heat value averages
about 2,900 Cal per kg on a working-fuel basis.* Physically, these
* Some good data with respect to heat values of various Soviet coals
were published in 1943. Data are furnished for all the important coal-
producing areas with the exception of the Donbas. The heat value is
given for so-called working fuel, which reflects more accurately the
actual quality. Working fuel is interpreted to mean coal as received
for use; hence, its heat value would be on an "as received" basis, in-
cluding moisture and ash. References to heat value of working fuel,
which are given in the remainder of this report, are from a Soviet book
published in 1943 under the name of P.F. Weber (editor).
-55-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
lignites are porous, do not stand transport, and pulverize easily.
Their quality is lower than that of any produced in the US.
(4) Coal Measures.
The southern part of the basin -- the Moscow
Basin proper -- has the main industrial coal-producing districts in
the basin. The main workable bed occurs there in the lower part of
the coal-bearing stratum. The bed consists of a number of lenses
3 to 4 meters thick and, in exceptional cases, 6 to 19 meters thick-.
The lenses vary in size from very small ones to those covering 10, 15,
and 20 square kilometers. There are some lenses 12 to 13 kilometers
long. In addition to the main bed, there are others, some of which
are of industrial interest.
(5) Mining Conditions.
The main seam is horizontal and is located at a
depth of 25 to 70 meters but is surrounded by clays, dry sands, wet
sands, and quicksands. The part of the seam worked is characterized
by winding contours. The seam itself is frequently broken by karst
holes, the result of hydrological action. In a great part of the area,
the coal-bearing stratum contains considerable water and thus requires
special drying devices during development work; for example, numerous
drains must be used in the roof and floor of the mines.' Working a
seam more than 3 meters thick is a special problem in the Moscow Basin.
The roof is unstable, at all mines and buckles the posts. Also, the
condition of the bottom is poor, as it generally consists of soft clays
which become permeated with water and will not support timbers.
c. Pechora Basin (Komi SSR).
(1) Location.
The Pechora Basin is located in the northeastern
part of European USSR in the basin of the Pechora River and its
tributaries. The coal-bearing region is bounded by the northern Urals
on the east, the Timanskiy Kryazh (Timan Ridge) on the west, and the
Barents and Kara seas on the north.
-56-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
The estimates of 1937 were 20 billion tons of
bituminous coal and 16.5 billion tons of lignite, but more recent
data place the total geological reserves as high as 120 billion tons.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The quality of the coals in the basin varies con-
siderably. Low-volatile coals are found in the eastern and northeastern
parts of the basin, coking coals toward the west, and lignite in the .
western and southwestern parts. At Vorkuta, there are coals suitable
for coking purposes (Class PZh). These coals may be analyzed as follows:
moisture, 1.3 to 3.5 percent; ash, 8.5 to 15 percent; sulfur, 0.7 to
0.9 percent; volatile matter, 28.5 to 31.5 percent; and heat value,
7,130 to 7,620 Cal per kg. , however, gives heat values
of run-of-mine coal from various mines at Vorkuta, and the average is
only 6,260 Cal per kg on a working?fuel basis.
(4) Coal Measures.
The basin is mainly an area of rather large anti-
clinal and synclinal folds which are closely associated with the
structural elements of the northern Urals, Timan, and Poy-Khoy moun-
tains. Permian period coals, found in the eastern and northeastern
parts of the basin, are the most valuable. Several closely defined
deposits are found in the basin of the Usa River and its tributaries.
Some of these are the Vorkuta, Adz'va, Intova (Inta), Kozhim, Pechen,
Plesh, Shor, Zaostern, and Sharin deposits. The best explored area is
the Vorkuta deposit, where 11 workable beds 0.6 to 3.8 meters thick
are known. In the Adz'va deposit, as many as 30 beds are known, rang-
ing from 0.4 to 4.5 meters in thickness.
(5) Mining Conditions.
In the Pechora Basin the principal mines are at
Vorkuta, north of the Arctic Circle, in an almost barren region where
the permafrost has been reported to exceed 160 meters in thickness.
Living conditions are so harsh that mining has had to be performed by
forced labor. It seems highly improbable that sufficient voluntary
workers could be obtained for coal mining in this cold and isolated
region.
-57-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-RLE-T
d. Tkibuli Deposit (Georgian SSR).
(1) Location.
The Tkibuli deposit in Georgian SSR is 44 kilo-
meters northeast of Kutaisi, with which it is connected by railroad.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves have been reported to contain 170 mil-
lion tons of bituminous coals, which are classified as gas coals.
The average heat value of these coals was reported to be 4,680 Cal per
kg on a working fuel basis.
(3) Coal Measures.
The deposit contains some thick coal seams which
dip at angles ranging from 18 to 45 degrees. Individual coal seams
vary from 1 to 8 meters in thickness and contain numerous rock partings.
(4) Mining Conditions.
The coal beds are said to be readily subject to
spontaneous combustion.
e. Kizel Basin (Urals).
(1) Location.
The Kizel coal-bearing area includes a part of
the westernUrals belt, stretching from the Yayva River on the north to
the Vil'va River on the south, an area about 100 kilometers long and
15 to 20 kilometers wide. Although the entire area covers about 2,000
square kilometers, the main coal-bearing strata cover only 1,400 kilo-
meters. The area is connected by the Chusovaya - Kizel - Solikamsk
branch line with the Molotov - Sverdlovsk rail line. The principal
mines are located near Kizel, Polovinkarand Gremyachinsk.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
In 1932 the Urals Coal Commission estimated Kizel
region reserves at 2,711,645,000 tons, counting beds 0.6 meter thick
and to a depth of 1,800 meters. This figure includes 628,140,000 tons
?
A
-58-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
in beds running down to 1,000 meters in depth. In 1937, reserves were
announced at 3,435 million tons. The Kizel coals are bituminous (Car-
boniferous period) and include some of the cannel variety. They belong
largely to Class G, but_a small percentage can be classified in Class
PZh.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The Kizel coals are characterized by high ash
and sulfur contents but, despite these unfavorable factors, are used
to make coke by blending with coals from the Kuzbas. Analyses of the
coals show the following average composition: volatile matter, 29 to
35 percent; moisture, 1.5 to 3 percent; ash, 15 to 30 percent; sulfur,
4 to 8 percent; and heat value, 6,160 to 7,000 Cal per kg. The heat
value of the run-of-mine coal, however, averages only 5,600 Cal per
kg on a working-fuel basis.
(4) Coal Measures.
There are 7 to 10 coal beds. The number of
workable beds differs from sector to sector, varying from 1 to 5. The
thickness of the workable beds varies from 0.5 to 2 meters and occa-
sionally reaches 5 to 7 meters. The beds are generally noncontinuous,
a characteristic which, apart from genetic conditions of deposition;
is associated with structural causes. Because of this characteristic,
the area of an individual coal seam varies between 5,780 and 1 million
square meters per square kilometer. The coal beds in some places are
free of rock partings and in other places have many. The rocks of the
coal-bearing strata are comparatively hard.
(5) Mining Conditions.
Hydrogeological conditions for exploitation work
are very complex. The location of the coal-bearing strata in a
stratum of limestones, Which are very karstic, and the presence of
water in the coal-bearing strata themselves create the danger that a
shaft suddenly may be flooded. The rocks of the coal-bearing strata
contain so much water that gushers result when shafts are sunk. In
addition, folds, faults, and variability in the thickness of the coal
beds further complicate exploitation work.
- 59 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
SrE-C-R-E-T
f. Bogoslovsk Deposit (Urals).
(1) Location.
The Bogoslovsk deposit is located 438 kilometers
north of Sverdlovsk and is connected to the northern Urals railroad
via_Serov. The mining center is at Karpinsktwhere there are several
large strip mines.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
?
?
Reserves are reported to consist of 350 million
tons of lignite (Jurassic period).
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The lignite averages 30 percent moisture. Ash
and sulfur content on a moisture-free basis averages 17 percent and
0.5 percent, respectively. The heat value averages 6,500 Cal per kg
on a moisture- and ash-free basis. The run-of-mine coal, however,
varies from 3,220 to 3,460 Cal per kg and averages about 3,295 Cal
per kg on a working-fuel basis. This lignite is better than Moscow ?
Basin lignite, but not so good as that produced at Chelyabinsk.
thickness.
(4) Coal Measures.
The lignite is in a bed up to 38 meters in
g. Chelyabinsk Basin (Urals).
(1) Location.
The Chelyabinsk Basin extends for almost 150 kilo-
meters along the eastern slope of the Urals from Chelyabinsk to Troitsk.
It is a typically enclosed basin, and its boundaries are undefined
(1945). The important mining centers are Korkino, Kbpeysk, Yemsrmhelinkai
and. Chelyabinsk.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves, according to prewar data, were 1.8 bil-
lion tons of lignite, but new deposits have been discovered, so that the
estimate is probably higher today.
- 6o -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
4
S-E-C-R-E-T
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The lignite, as mined, contains the following:
moisture, 18 percent; ash, 14 percent; sulfur, 0.7 percent; and heat
value, 4,500 Cal per kg. Another source shows that the average heat
value of the fuel produced was only 3,847 Cal per kg and varied from
3,250 to 4,550 Cal per kg on a working-fuel basis.
(4) Coal Measures.
In general, the coal-bearing stratum includes
10 or 11 workable beds with a total thickness of 25 to 35 meters.
The coal beds reach thicknesses of 20 to 40 meters -- sometimes, as
at Korkino, of more than 100 meters -- but have many rock partings.
The coal seams vary in both thickness and structure because of
peculiarities in the formation of the deposits in that area. The
Chelyabinsk Basin is characterized by the presence of numerous folds,
the axes of which form a number of anticlines. In addition, the seams
are broken by steplike faults. The thicknesses of the various seams
vary greatly, since there are many rocky layers which likewise vary in
thickness. They often divide a coal seam into a number of thinner
seams or stratify it so much that it loses industrial value. Most of
the seams dip from 8 to 30 degrees.
(5) Mining Conditions.
Mining conditions are hazardous, because all
the seams have a tendency toward spontaneous combustion and also be-
Cause of the weak roof and the pitching nature of the coal beds.
Approximately 70 percent of all coal mining is in dipping seams more
than 1.5 meters thick. Except for a few large strip mines at Korkino,
the mines are all shaft operations.
h. Yegorshino Deposit (Urals).
(1) Location.
The Yegorshino deposit is located in the east-
central part of the Urals and extends for about 150 kilometers from
Yegorshino station in the north to the Bagoriak River in the south.
The maximum width of the deposit is only 2 kilometers.
S-E-C-R-E-T
? ? ? ? ? ?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
-E -C -T
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves including those of other deposits, are
reported at 55 million- tons. The coals at Yegorshino are semian-
thracite.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
It is reported that all coals along the eastern
slope of the Urals are characterized by a low sulfur content (up to
1 percent) and high ash content (up to 40 percent). The coals of the
Yegorshino deposit contain, on an average, the following: moisture,
2 to 3 percent; aah, 18 to 19 percent; sulfur, 0.5 to 1 percent;
volatile matter, 7 to 8 percent; and heat value, 7,000 Cal per kg.
The heat value of run-of-mine coal, however, averages only 6,130 Cal
per kg on a working-fuel basis.
(4) Coal Measures.
The Yegorshino deposit is the most important of
the anthracite deposits along the eastern Slope of the Urals. It con-
tains 10 to 15 workable beds, AS against only 1 to 7 in each of the
other deposits. The thickness of the beds in the belt varies from
0.7 to 4.5 meters and in rare cases reaches 8 meters.
1. Poltavka Bredy Deposits (Urals).
(1) Location.
The Poltavka - Bredy deposits are in a coal belt
in the southern Urals that varies from 1 to 30 kilometers in widthland
the total area covers 1,800 square kilometers.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves of the Bredy deposit have been estimated
at 252 million tons. The coals are reported to be anthracite but may
be semianthracite.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
Analyses of these coals indicate that they are
probably good fuel if the impurities can be reduced. The ash content
- 62 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
?
reaches 44 percent in the Poltavka coal and 31 percent in the Bredy
coal but averages 25 percent and 20 percent, respectively. The heat
value of the Bredy coal averages 7,950 Cal per kg,and that of the
Poltavka coal is reported to be 7,650 Cal per kg. These heat values
may be on a moisture- and ash-free basis.
(4) Coal Measures.
Individual coal seams number more than 30, and
they vary from 0.10 to 5.5 meters in thickness. There are 10 to 15
workable beds, and they vary in thickness from 0.7 to 3 meters.
Correlation of individual beds is reported to be extremely difficult.
The complex structure and insufficient exploration probably account
for the difficulty.
j. Dombarovka Deposit (Urals).
(1) Location.
The Dombarovka deposit is located 60 kilometers
southeast of Orsk in Chkalov Oblast and on the branch railroad from
Orsk to Dombarovka.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
but they may be semianthracite.
lion tons.
these coals as anthracite, 50X1
The reserves are between 75 and 100 mil-
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The quality is impaired by impurities, since ash
content is more than 25 percent.
k. Karaganda Basin (Kazakh SSR).
(1) Location.
The Karaganda Basin is located in the northeastern
part of Kazakhstan, 230 kilometers southeast of Akmolinsk. The coal-
bearing area is well defined and covers about 2,000 square kilometers.
It is divided into two series -- the Karaganda (upper) series and the
Ashlaryk (lower) series.
-63-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves were estimated in 1937 to amount to
51.4 billion tons of bituminous coal and 1.3 billion tons of lignite,
of which 68.2 percent was included in the categories of actual and
probable reserves.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The bituminous coals belong to Classes PZh, PS,
and K. The coal beds vary in quality, and a large amount of rock,
which increases sulfur content, is found in the beds, especially those
of the Ashlaryk series. Coking coals occur in the southern, Churubay-
Nura, part of the basin. Analyses of the coals show the following
contents: moisture, 0.76 to 2.71 percent; ash, 12 to 36.7 percent
(in the Karaganda series, not more than 20 percent and on an average,
16 percent); volatile matter, 26 to 33.6 percent; sulfur, 0.45 to
1.54 percent; and heat value, about 8,000 Cal per kg. On an ash-
and moisture-free basis the coals contain 84.7.to 88.8 percent carbon.
The average heat value on a working-fuel basis of all run-of-mine coal
(including lignite) produced is 5,880 Cal per kg. The Classes PZh and
PS bituminous coals average 6,020 and 5,980 Cal per kg, respectively.
Washing the PZh coals increases their heat value to 6,495 Cal per kg.
The Novyy seam is regarded as the best seam of
coking coal, and there are several others that are suitable for coking,
but the high ash content of most of the seams requires that they be
cleaned. The ash content increases with stratigraphic depth of the
seams. The coals of the Karaganda (upper) series are lower in ash
than those of the Ashlaryk (lower) series.
The sulfur content of the Karaganda coals is
generally not high. In most coal beds it is less than 1 percent but
occasionally reaches 1.5 percent and in some beds exceeds 3 percent.
Analyses of the lignite show the following con-
tents: moisture, 15.3 to 24.2 percent; ash, 8.4 to 35.9 percent; and
volatile matter, 45 to 66.4 percent. The heat value of the run-of-mine
lignite varies from 3,720 to 3,960 Cal per kg and averages 3,840 Cal
per kg on a working-fuel basis.
-64-
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
?
?
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
(4) Coal measures.
The Karaganda (upper) series contains 34 coal
beds, of which 15 are considered workable. These have a useful
thickness of 30 meters and a total thickness of 39.3 meters. The
Ashlaryk (lower) series contains 26 coal beds, of which 13 are work-
able. The workable beds have a useful thickness of 18.4 meters and
a total thickness of 25.6 meters.
The important Novyy seam varies from 1.7 to
2.2 meters in thickness. The Upper Marianna seam is 7.8 meters thick,
and the Feliks seam is 4 meters thick. Seams dipping at an angle of
8 to 15 degrees and 0.8 to 8.3 meters thick predominate in the basin.
Karaganda also has some lignite beds. One of
these, the Federovskiy bed in the central part of the basin, is 20 to
25 meters thick and has been exploited entirely by strip mining for
some time.
(5) Mining Conditions.
The bituminous coal seams are made up of alter-
nating layers of coal, shale, and, occasionally, sandstone. Conditions
for exploiting the seams are generally favorable, and underground water
is not excessive, but the rocks covering most of the coal beds are
generally unstable. Because of the advanced stage of crumbling of
these rocks, it is expected that there will be an increase of water in
some areas.
1. Kizyl-Kiya Deposit (Central Asia).
(1) Location.
The Kizyl-Kiya deposit, in Kirgiz SSR, is about
65 kilometers south of Andizhan on a branch-line railroad and 46 kilo-
meters from Gorchakovo Station, which is on the railroad from Kokand
to Andizhan.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
? Reserves amount to 1.4 billion tons of lignite.
-65-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
(3) Quality and Analyses..
The lignite contains 16 to 28 percent moisture
(average content about 25.5 percent), 1.8 percent sulfuryand 35 percent
volatile matter. The ash content averages 14.2 percent in moisture-
free coal. Heat value averages 6,850 Cal per kg on a moisture- and
ash-free basis, but the average heat value as determined on a working.
fuel basis is only 4,275 Cal per kg.
(4) Coal Measures.
The main se an averages up to 10 meters thick and
ranges from 6.5 to 10.9 meters within the operating mines. It is
divided into benches by a streak of clay. Clayey shales and sandstone
occur in the roof of the seam.
m. Kok-Yangak Deposit (Central Asia).
(1) Location.
The Kok-Yangak deposit, in Kirgiz SSR, is 75 kilo-
meters northeast of Andizhan and is connected with Andizhan by a 109-
kilometer railroad line via Dzhalal-Abad.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves were reported to total 650 million tons.
The coals are reported to be gas-type bituminous.
(3)
Quality and Analyses.
,Analyses show that the coal contains 14 percent
moisture, 2 percent sulfur, 16 percent ash, and 25 percent volatile
matter. The heat value of 'run-of-mine coal produced in two mines is
reportedly 5,105 Cal per kg on a working-fuel basis.
n. Sulyukta Deposit (Central Asia).
(1) Location.
The Sulyukta deposit is located in Kirgiz SSR about
135 kilometers southwest of Kokand. A, branch-line railroad 25 kilo-
meters long extends from Proletarsk Station, which is on the railroad
from Samsrkand to Kokand.
-66-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
a
?
tons of lignite.
S-E-C-R-E-T
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves are reported to consist of 100 million
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The lignite of the Sulyukta deposit is better
than that found at the Kizyl-Kiya and Shurab deposits. It averages.
about 19 percent moisture and on a moisture-free basis averages
10.3 percent ash and 1 percent sulfur. The heat value averages
7,060 Cal per kg on a moisture- and ash-free basis.. The run-of-mine
coal averages only 4,820 Cal per kg on a working-fuel basis, but the
average for all coal is only 4,685 Cal per kg because of lower heat
value of a large proportion of fine sizes.
(4) Coal Measures.
There are 3 coal seams, 1 of which is 4 to
4.5 meters thick and consists of relatively clean, lustrous coal.
Thickness varies, however, and the angle of dip ranges from 23 to 70
degrees. The roof of the seam contains clayey shales.
o. Tash-Kumyr Deposit (Central Asia).
(1) Location.
The Tash-Kumyr deposit is located in Kirgiz SSR,
70 kilometers north of Andizhan, and is connected with it by a railroad
line 91 kilometers long.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves were estimated at 390 million tons. The
coal produced at the No. 1 shaft was classified as gas-type bituminous.
(3)
Quality and Analyses.
This coal has the best quality of any produced in
Central Asia. Analyses dmaw 9 percent moisture, 9 percent ash, 0.6 per-
cent sulfur, and 35.5 percent volatile matter. The heat value of run-
of-mine coal on a working-fuel basis is 5,780 Cal per kg.
-67-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
p. Shurab Deposit (Central Asia).
(1) Location.
The Shurab deposit is located in Tadzhik SSR. It
is 63 kilometers southwest of Kokand on a branch line, 54 kilometers
long, from Melfnikovo Station, which is on the Samarkand Railroad.
lignite.
(2). Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves were reported as 40 million tons of
(3) Quality and Analyses.
Analyses show that the lignite contains 27.7 per-
cent moisture, 10.6 percent ash, 1.8 percent sulfurand 30 percent
volatile matter. On a working-fuel basis the heat value averages,
4,035 Cal per kg, ranging from 3,615 Cal per kg at shafts 3, 4,and 6
to 4,340 Cal per kg at shaft 8.
(4) Coal Measures.
There is 1 seam which has an average thickness of
12 meters and reaches 19 meters in places. The seam dips, for the most
part, at a slight angle. Clayey shales occur in the roof and floor of
the seam.
q. Angren Deposit (Central Asia).
(1) Location.
The Angren deposit is located in Uzbek SSR, 38 to
50 kilometers southeast of Tashkent, on a branch-line railroad to the
district.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
There are large reserves of lignite at this
deposit.
-68-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
44
S-E-C-R-E-T
(3) Quality and Analyses.
Analyses show the following: 9 to 37 percent
moisture, 36 percent ash, 0.6 to 5 percent sulfur, 17 to 29 percent
volatile matter, and 4,500 to 5,500 Cal per kg.
(4) Coal Measures.
.The deposit contains a dipping seam of friable
lignite, 40 to 60 meters thick.
(5) Mining Conditions.
Water is a serious problem, since the workings
are close to the Angren River.
r. Kuzbas (West Siberia).
(1) Location.
The Kuzbas is located in West Siberia, southeast
of the city of Novosibirsk. The coal-bearing strata, covering an area
of 26,700 square kilometers, are located in a syncline bounded on the
northeast by the Kuznetskiy Ala-Tau Mountains, on the southwest by
the Salairskiy Kryazh (Salair Ridge), and on the south by spurs of these
ridges. On the northwest, the basin is open and merges with the West
Siberian Lowland. In the north-south direction, the basin extends for
300 kilometers, and it is up to 100 kilometers wide. The Tom' and
Inya rivers flow through the middle of the basin.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
In size of reserves, the Kuzbas is the most impor-
tant in the USSR. Geological reserves in 1937 were estimated at
450 billion tons, or about 25 percent of the total Soviet reserves.
Anthracite reserves amount to 54 billion tons, and the rest is made up
of different types of bituminous coal. Only about 10 percent of the
geological reserves are included as actual and probable reserves. There
are lignites in the basin, but no estimate was given of their reserves.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The Kuzbas coals are considered to be the best
in the USSR, and there are many beds of coal which are suitable for
- 69 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
making metallurgical coke. The low ash content of 3 to 10 percent and
the law sulfur content of about 0.5 percent enhance their value for
this purpose. An unfavorable factor is a phosphorous content of from
0.0085 to 0.339 percent in the run-of-mine coal.
Information that is available for 45 mines shows
none produced any anthracite and only 3 mines, belonging to the
KYbystevugol' Trust, produced Class T coals, presumably semianthracite.
The rest of the mines produced bituminous coal of various classes. The
heat value of all the coals on a working-fuel basis was given as 7,000
Cal per kg, which is the same as for standard fuel. The reported basin
averages for various classes of coal are as follows (in Cal per ice):
Class D, 6,260 for run-of-mine coal; Class G, 6,690 for run-of-mine
coal; Class K, 7,215 for run-of-mine coal; Class K2, 7,285 for run-of-
mine coal; Class PZh, 7,125 for run-of-mine .coal; Class Ra, 7,100 for
run-of-mine.coal; Class SS, 6,960 for run-of-mine coal; Class SS
Domestic, 7,410 for sizes larger than 40-Mm; and Class T, 6,485 for
run-of-mine coal and 6,560 for all sizes. Coal with the lowest heat
value (5,805 Cal per kg) was run-of-mine coal from Shaft 11 of the
Molotovugol' Trust, and that with the highest (7,530 Cal per. kg) was
weakly coking blast-furnace coal in larger than 40-mm sizes from
Shaft 4 of the Kaganovichugol' Trust. The majority of the mines in
Stalinugol' Trust and Kaganovichugol' Trust produced coal with heat-
ing values in excess of 7,000 Cal per kg.
(4) Coal Measures.
There are 3 coal-bearing series of rocks in the
Kuzbas, containing 83 workable beds of coal with a total thickness of
166 meters. The Conglomerate series (Jurassic) contains about 10 beds
with a total thickness of 13 meters, the Yerunakov series (Permian)
contains 45 workable beds with a total thickness of 13 meters, and the
Balakhon series (Permian) includes 28 workable beds with a total thick-
ness of 78 meters.
The thickness of the? series and the amount of coal
they contain vary considerably in different areas. In some areas, where
the coal beds are concentrated in a relatively thin stratum and where
the beds reach a thickness of 18 meters or more, the series have an
extraordinarily high coal content. The Prokop'yevsk area, with a coal
content of 10 percent, is an example.
- 70 -
S,E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Coal seams dipping at an angle of 55 to 70 de-
grees predominate in the Prokoplyevsk - Kiselevsk sector, which is
the most important producer of coking grades of coal. In that partic-
ular area there are 22 to 26 workable beds with a total thickness of
75 to 80 meters. The "Moschny" seam is 13 to 15 meters thick, a few
others are 7 to 9 meters thick, and there are several from 3 to 5
meters thick. Other mining districts, which include Osinniki,
Leninsk - Kliznetskiy, Kemerovo, and Anzhero-Sudzhensk, also have some
very thick coal seam.
The Kuzbas consists, in general, of a large syn-
cline. In the central part of the basin, the depositions occur
comparatively evenly. But, toward the outer borders of the basin,
where all the older series crop out on the surface, the folding becomes
more complex (except on the northeastern border). A number of faults
and overthrusts adds to the complexity of the structure, and in the
borderlands of the basin there are further complications from micro-
structural dislocations of the coal beds. The beds are largely un-
correlated in the basin because of the complex structure, but also
because studies of the beds are incomplete.
(5) Mining Conditions.
All the mines operated in the Prokop'yevsk -
Kiselevsk area are gassy. The seams mined in that sector are dusty and
have a tendency to spontaneous combustion, all of which factors represent
explosion hazards. Furthermore, mining is difficult and dangerous be-
cause of the great thickness and extreme pitch of the beds. Other
mining center's in the Kuzbas are confronted with similar difficulties,
although. exploitation conditions do vary widely, being dependent on the
geological structure and the thickness of the beds.
Mining conditions are apparently more favorable in
the northern part of the basin. The mines of Leninugol' Trust in the
Kemerovo sector have seams that dip only from 8 to 12 degrees. The
seams are not so thick as in some other places and are therefore easier
to work, and the roof is firmer.
s. Minusinsk Basin (East Siberia).
(1) Location.
The Minusinsk Basin is located in the Khakas
Autonomous Oblast of Krasnoyarsk Kray, near the confluence of the
-71-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Abakan and Yenisey rivers. The basin is bounded on the east by the
Vostochnyy Sayan Mountains, on the south by the Zapadnyy Sayan Moun-
tains, and on the west by the Kuznetskiy Ala-Tau Mountains. The
mines are located at Chernogorsk.
The basin is connected with the main line of the
Trans-Siberian Railroad by the Achinsk - Minusinsk branch of the
Krasnoyarsk rail line; with the city of Krasnoyarsk, 500 kilometers to
the north; by the Yenisey River; and with the Arctic Ocean through the
port of Igarka.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves were established at 20.6 billion tons
of bituminous coal, according to the 1937 estimate, and about 70.8 per-
cent were included under actual and probable reserves.
(3)
Quality and Analyses.
The coals of the basin belong to Class D and
Class G coals, and none are coking grade, although they display coking
qualities. They are excellent fuel for power stations and can be used
in the chemical industry, since they contain up to 1).5 percent tar.
The coals, on the average, contain 6 percent moisture, 7.5 to 12 per-
cent ash, and 42 percent volatile matter. The average heat value on a
working-fuel basis of Class D coals from 4 shafts averages 5,765 Cal
per kg for run-of-mine coal.
(4) Coal Measures.
The structure of the basin is exceptionally simple,
and faults seldom interrupt the continuity of the rocks. The dip of
the coal-bearing strata does not exceed 12 to 14 degrees and usually
is 7 to 8 degrees or less.
The Yenisey-Abakan syncline, covering about 800
square kilometers, is of the greatest industrial value. Of less
interest is the Abakan syncline, covering about 300 square kilometers.
In addition, there are several smaller coal areas, such as the Altay
syncline, and the area in the Volchiy Mountains.
In the better explored Yenisey-Abakan syncline,
58 coal beds with total thickness up to 33.2 meters are known. The
thickness of each of the 16 to 19 workable beds is not less than
- 72 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
0.7 meter, and their total thickness is about 20 meters. It can be ex-
pected that many more coal beds will be found in certain coal-bearing
series that have not been explored. The Chernogorsk series, with five
workable coal beds, has been of greatest industrial importance.
t. Kansk Basin (East Siberia).
(1) Location.
The Kansk Basin is located near the city of Kansk.
It extends about 250 kilometers in a north-south direction, is about
200 kilometers wide at its widest point, and covers an area of about
40,000 square kilometers. The mines are located at Zaozernyy.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
In 1937, reserves were estimated at 400 million
tons of bituminous (more probably low-grade subbituminous) coal
(Permian period) and 41.6 billion tons of lignite (Jurassic period).
(3) Qiiality and Analyses.
The lignites are very crumbly and break into
fines. They contain 28.0 to 36.5 percent moisture. The ash content
in moisture-free coal lies in the range of 4.5 to 14.5 percent with
an average of 8 percent, and sulfur averages 0.5 percent. Heat value
averages 6,700 Cal per kg on a moisture- and ash-free basis, but the
heat value on a working-fuel basis was reported to average only
3,815 Cal per kg for run-of-mine lignite produced at 3 shafts.
(4) Coal Measures.
There are 5 to 7 beds, which generally are up to
9 meters thick. In exceptional cases, as in the Borodinsk deposit,
they run up to 20 meters thick.
(5)
Mining Conditions.
The friability of the coals and the abundance of
water in the rocks represent the greatest difficulties in mining the
deposits. In the vicinity of Zaozernyy, coal is near enough to the
surface for strip mining.
-73-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
u. Chulym-Yenisey Basin (East Siberia).
(1) Location.
The Chulym-Yenisey Basin is located in Krasnoyarsk
Kray between the cities of Mariinsk and Krasnoyarsk. It is separated
from the Kansk Basin by the Yuzhno-Yenisey (Southern Yenisey) Mountains,
and the southern border is formed by the Kuznetskiy Ala-tau and the
Krasnoyarsk Mountains. The basin is about 400 kilometers long from
east to west, is 300 kilometers wide, and covers an area of about 20,000
square kilometers. There are, apparently; a few local mines in the
vicinity of Krasnoyarsk.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves
in 1937 were
estimated at 43 billion
tons of lignite, the reservea are
mainly lignites and that part of them are mixed humic and Sapropelic
(boghead) coals.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The lignite is probably similar in quality to that
of the Kansk Basin. The ash content ranges from 20 to 4o percent. The
heat value in wet coal is reported to be 4,000 to 5,000 Cal per kg_and
in dry coal, 5,000 to 5,500 Cal per kg, but the heat value on a working?
fuel basis is evidently much less than in the Kansk Basin.
(4) Coal Measures.
Information is not available.
v. Irkutsk Basin (East Siberia).
(1) Location.
The Irkutsk Basin in East Siberia extends from
the city of Nizhneudinsk to Irkutsk. The Trans-Siberian Railroad
services the basin for a distance of 500 kilometers. On an average,
the basin is about 80 kilometers wide and covers an area of about
35,000 square kilometers. The mines are centralized at Cheremkhovo.
-74-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
*
4-,
S-E-C-R-E-T
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves have been reported to be 56 billion
tons. Most of the coals are bituminous, mainly Classes D and G, but
some are satisfactory for coking. Lignites are found in the north-
western part of the basin ,and large amounts of sapropelic (boghead)
coals are found among the humic coals.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
Information shows that Class D bituminous coal is
mined at Cheremkhovo.. The average heat value on a working-fuel basis
at 8 shaft mines was 5,510 Cal per kg for run-of,-mine coal.
(4) Coal Measures.
The rock strata in the northeastern part of the
Irkutsk Basin lie almost horizontal, but toward the southwest there is
increased folding, and overthrust faults occur. The coal beds, in
general, have irregular thickness. The most uniform beds in the lowest
productive coal-bearing series reach thicknesses of 7 to 8 meters. The
thickness of the beds in the upper levels \does not exceed 2 to 3 meters.
The seams contain a considerable number of rock partings.
There are two coal seams in the Cheremkhovo de-
positywhich are separated by argillite or, less often, sandstone and
clays. The Glavnyy, or lover seam, is persistent through almost the
entire deposit and consists of a great number of layers of coal
alternating with layers of rock that make u15.25 to 27 percent of the
seam: This seam lies horizontally, is up to 8 meters thick, and is
covered by overburden varying in thickness from 5 to 60 meters, The
Malvyy, or upper seam, lies in the form of separate lenses above the
Glavnyy seam. It varies in thickness from,0.5 to 2.5 meters and
?averages 0.65 meter. The coal seams are separated by 1 to 3.8 meters.
(5) Mining Conditions.
In the Cheremkhovo area,both deep and strip mining
are practiced, the former predominating. In the opencast sites, the
overburden is becoming thick,and larger excavating equipment is required.
Underground mining conditions appear to be satisfactory.
-75-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
w. Lena Basin (East Siberia).
(1) Location.
The Lena Basin is located in Yakut ASSR along the
Lena River and its tributary Vilyuy and Aldan rivers. It covers an
area of 40,000 square kilometers, the greater part of which lies along
the left bank of the Lena. This area is a relatively narrow belt up
to 100 kilometers wide, stretching along the Verkhoyanskiy Kherbet.
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
The estimates of 1937 placed reserves at 132.9 bil-
lion tons of bituminous coal and 70.3 billion tons of lignite, but only
about 10 percent were included as actual and probable reserves.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The coals vary in quality, ranging up to coking
varieties. Analyses are not available.
(4) Coal Measures.
All the known outcrops and coal deposits (there
are over 100 of them) in the Lena Basin had been only slightly studied
as recently as 1946. Two deposits have been opened in the past 20
years -- the Sangar deposit about 1930 and the Kangalsk deposit sometime
later. The Kangalsk deposit generally has 2 to 3 coal beds. On
rare occasions there are more beds; The beds occur either perfectly
horizontal or slightly undulating. A few insignificant faults are
present. The Sangar deposit has dozens of coal beds, and, although they
are not very thick, they show adequate regularity throughout.
x. Bureya Basin (Khabarovsk Kray).
(1) Location.
The Bureya Coal Basin is located in Khabarovsk
Kray, along the upper reaches of the Bureya River and partly along the
Tyrma River, west of the city of Komsomol'sk. The basin covers an area
of about 7,000 square kilometers.
-76-
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
??
?
?
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
Reserves were estimated in 1937 at 26.1 billion
tons of bituminous coal, of which only 4.2 billion were included in
categories of actual and probable reserves.
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The Bureya coals are claimPd to be mostly coking
coals, but their value is seriously impaired by the high percentage of
impurities which are exceedingly difficult to remove. On an average,
the coals have the following contents: moisture, 2 to 7 percent; ash,
16 to 20 percent; sulfur, 0.2 to 0.5 percent; volatile matter, 30 per-
cent; and heat value, 5,473 to 7,436 Cal per kg.
(4) Coal Measures.
The coal-bearing strata are divided into the Urgal
series, which is 1,100 to 1,200 meters thick and contains workable coal
beds, and the Chemchuka series, which is about 100 meters thick and
contains 8 unworkable coal beds with a total thickness of 3 to 8
meters. Two deposits have been identified in the Urgal series. One
of these is the Umaltta deposit, with not less than 30 beds ranging
from 0.15 to 3.5 meters in thickness. Nine of these, with thicknesses
of over 0.75 meter, are workable. The other, the Urgal depositjhas
17 to 19 workable beds. The coal beds contain a considerable number
of rock partings. .
y. Suchan Basin (Primorskiy Kray).
(1) Location.
The Suchan Basin is located 140 kilometers east
of Vladivostok. Suchan, an old cOal-production center, is located not
far from the mouth of the Suchan River, which flows into the Nakhodka
Cove of the Gulf of Amerika,
(2) Reserves and Types of Coal.
A prewar estimate of reserves gives a figure of
300 million tons, but it is probable that they are much greater, because
the extent of the coal-bearing area has been expanded as the result of
much prospecting. Most of the coals are bituminous, but there is
possibly some semianthracite. Lignites also are present.
-77-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
(3) Quality and Analyses.
The quality of the coals varies greatly. At the
Suchan mines, a change in quality occurs frequently even within a
restricted area. This frequent change is evidently associated with
the massive intrusions of igneous rocks in the area. Coals in the
northeastern part of the basin contain more volatile matter than those
in the southwestern part. The increase is from 6 to 10 percent
volatile matter in the southwest to 30 percent in the northeast. The
ash content varies between 8 and 30 percent.
Reported heat values for run-of-mine coal on a
working-fuel basis are as follows (in Cal per kg): average of all coal,
5,525; Class PZh from Shaft Tudagou, 6,145; Class PZh from Shafts 3,
10, and 16, 5,730; Class G from Shaft 20, 5,235; and Class T from
Shafts 1 and 22, 5,355. The Class T coal is law-volatile and may or
may not include semianthracite.
(4) Coal Measures.
The coal beds have been strongly crumbled and
broken by a number of light structural dislocations and porphyry
intimations. At Suchan, up to 13 coal beds with thicknesses of 0.65
to 1.4 meters are known, and 5 to 7 of these with a total thickness
of 6 to 9 meters are workable. In the northern parts of the basin, up
to 22 gently dipping coal beds have been identified. The existence,
however, of porphyry veins .negates any assumption that exploitation
conditions there will be more favorable.
E. Mining Technology.
1. General.
Conditions in the USSR, in general, are not particularly
favorable for the acquisition of high-quality coal in a relatively cheap
and easy manner. There are thick deposits of lignite and brown coal
which can be worked economically by strip (surface) mining, but, in the
past, weather conditions have kept the excavating equipment idle a con-
siderable-part of the time.
Coal produced in underground mines must be exploited through
shafts or slopes. There are a few places where horizontal coal seams
of workable thickness can be exploited through adits driven into
-78-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
IP.
S-E-C-R-E-T
hills or mountains as 'is done frequently in the Appalachian region of
the US. Nearly all the major and many of the minor producing districts
in the USSR have at least one or more unfavorable factors which con-
tribute to difficult and hazardous mining, such as very thin seams,
very thick seams, steeply pitching seams, rock partings, unstable roof
or floor conditions, excessive water, gas conditions, or susceptibility
of the coal to spontaneous combustion.
2. Underground Mining.
a. Production.
The output of deep-mined coal has declined from 96.2 per-
cent of the total production in 1940 to 88 percent in 1951. Table 17
gives the estimated tonnage and percent of total production of deep-
mined coal for selected years..
Table 17
Estimated Production of Deep-Mined Coal in the USSR 2/*
4 1913, 1922, 1927, 1932, 1937, 1940-51
?
Year
Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1913
28,932,000
99.36
1922
11,120,200
98.20
1927
31,984,500
99.10
1932
66,302,000
99.40
1937
125,519,40o
98.10
1940
159,691,300
96.20
1941
130,668,400
95.03
1942
68,454,400
88.90
1943
85,512,140
87.26
1944
112,867,650
88.18
1945
131,915,000
88.36
1946
146,643,550
89.31
?
1947
164,8741400
89..65
Footnote for Table 17 follows on p. 8
-79-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 17
Estimated Production of Deep-Mined Coal in the upsR pi
1913, 1922, 1927, 1932, 1937, 1940-51
(Continued)
Year
Percent of Total
Tons Soviet Production
1948
188,885,900
90.10
1949
213,279,050
90.33
1950
234,000,000
89.31
1951
248,400,000
87.96
a. Strip-mine production was determined from Soviet
data,and such estimates were deducted from total pro-
duction to furnish deep-mined output.
b. Mine Construction.
With the First Five Year Plan (1928-32), the USSR
embarked on an extensive program of building up the coal industry.
The number of new mines developed or planned has increased during
each succeeding period, as shown in Table 18*. Since relatively few
mines have been stripping operations, the figures represent largely
the data for underground mines.
Some information on construction of deep mines in the
Donbas in the early part of 1950 is given in Tables 19 through 21.**
Mine construction is known to have lagged during the
period of the Fourth Five Year Plan. Intentions to build up capacity
at an increasing rate are evidenced by the increased production of coal
planned during 1951-55. The construction plan for 1951 called for
putting into operation deep and strip mines with a total capacity.of
38 percent higher than new mines in 1950 and coal-cleaning and bri-
vetting plants with a capacity 184 percent higher than new plants in
1950. Also, capital investment was to be 18.6 percent greater than in
1950. 2.6../
Table 18 follows on p. 81.
** Table 19 follows on p. 81; Tables 20 and 21 follow on p. 82.
-8o-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 18
New Mine Construction in the USSR
1929-50
Period
Number of New Mines Productive Capacity of New Mines
Put, in Operation Tons Per Year
Total
Average
1929-32 2/
138
53,262,000
386,000
1933-37 2/
145
74,524,000
514,000
World War II 12/
173 2/
N.A.
N.A.
1946-50 1/
325 E/
115,300,000
355,000
a. 7
c. Eastern regions.
e. Approximate.
Table 19
plAnned Construction Costs of New Mines in the Donbas
by Capacity of Mine and Depth of Shaft 21/
1950
Planned Annual
Capacity of
One Mine
(Tons)
Cost of Construction
Depth of Shafts and Assembly Work
(Meters) (Million Rubles)
300,000 200 90.0
600,000 415 134.8
1,000,000 730 239.7
-81-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-CR-E-T
Table 20
Planned Length of Construction Time of Mines in the Donbas 31/
1950
Time Required (Months)
Capacity Sinking of Other Construction
(Tons Per Year) Development Mine Shafts Work
Total
300,000
5
8
23
36
600,000
6
15
27
48
1,000,000
7
27
32
66
Table 21
Planned Distribution of Investment Costs of Mines in the Donbas 32/
1950
Million Rubles
Period of
Construction
300,000-Ton.
Mine
600,000-Ton
Mine
1,000,000-Ton
Mine
First Year
24.0
28.0
32.5
Second Year
30.0
34.0
36.0
Third Year
36.0
41.5
39.2
Fourth Year
0
31.3
53.0
Fifth Year
0
0
58.0
Sixth Year
0
0
21.0
Total
90.0
134.8
239.7
-82 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
a
S-E-C-R-E-T
? ? ? ? ? ?
the scope of capital construc-
tion has become tremendous. The volume of work actually completed in
1949 exceeded the capital investment of 1948 by 17.5 percent, and the
amount planned for 1950 was to exceed that of 1949 by 29 percent. 22/
Another source stated that capital investment in 1950 was four times
as great as in 1946. 2/_[/
c. Number of Underground Mines.
Before World War II there were over 300 large mines
and about 2,000 small shafts in the Donbas which were under
Narkomugol'. 12/ there were 314 large
mines in the Donbas. 11 There were other mines in the Donbas which
were not administered by Narkomugol'. All of the mines in the Donbas
were probably underground operations. Although no figures are
available as to the number of deep mines in other parts of the country,
it is believed that there were between 350 and 400.
Since the prewar years, the number of mines in the
Donbas may have declined. Many of the small mines may have been
worked out. It appears, moreover, that the USSR has been constructing
large mines and thus would not need such a large number in the Donbas.
The total number of mines in other coal-producing areas is believed
to be at present between 700 and 750. The total number in the USSR
may exceed 3,000.
d. Mining Systems.
In all the important coal basins in the USSR the deep
seams are mined by sinking either shafts or.slopes. Shafts are
vertical openings through the strata that overlie a coal seam. If
the seam is not far below the surface, it is sometimes reached by
means of an inclined shaft or slope. Available information does not
indicate that slope mines are very common in the USSR, because under-
ground mining is nearly always at depths more than 50 meters below
the surface. Relatively few coal mines in the USSR have been
developed as drift mines. Drift mines are constructed by driving
tunnels into horizontal or slightly pitching coal beds that outcrop
on a hill or mountain side, and there are few beds known to be so
'situated in the producing districts.
Conditions in Soviet coal basins are not so favorable
as in most mining areas of the US and are similar to those found in
-83-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Europe. Soviet mining generally' is done by the longwall system, as
distinguished from the shortwall, or room-and-pillar, system, which
is common in the US. The US method is to drive long, narrow rooms
through the coal seams, leaving pillars of coal to support the roof
and, in some cases, drawing the pillars to permit caving, thus re-
lieving roof pressure on other working areas. The longwall system
consists of working long coal faces which may exceed 300 meters,
although 90 percent of the faces worked in Soviet mines are less
than 200 meters in length. The longwall system is more suitable
to working the thin, pitching seams found in the USSR, which lie
at great depth and are subjected to heavy rock pressure. This
system necessitates heavy posting close to the working face, since
caving follows in the worked-out areas.
Data available for deep mines under the Ministry of
the Coal Industry show that 54.5 percent of the output of these
mines in 1949 was by complete extraction, which is also referred to
as the continuous system. In mining of coal by this system, a wide
working face, generally about 100 meters long, is driven along the
strike of the coal seam. It is used to work thin seams, 0.5 to
1.3 meters thick, or, where a seam is pitching, it will be used as a
series of levels advancing parallel with each other. With this
system it is possible to put into operation a new line of the face
with the least expenditure of time to prepare the level.
The continuous system is used chiefly in the Donbas,
where 92.3 percent of the coal was produced in this way in 1949 as
compared with 93.6 percent in 1940 and 45.3 percent in 1926-27 in
prerevolutionary mines. With hand labor and the difficulties of
moving coal up to the intermediate haulageway, the length of the
face did not exceed 30 to 40 meters. As a result of the introduction
of the cutting machine, the length of the face was increased. Con-
version to the long face became particularly advisable with the use
of conveyors at the faces. In the Donbas, where conversion to
mechanized methods of excavation was first carried out, the average
length of the face has changed as follows: 56 meters in 1928,
70 meters in 1932, 93 meters in 1937, and 109 meters in 1941. 21/
In a number of instances the length of the face has
become equal to the height of the level. In many mines of the
Donbas and other basins the individual faces were as long as 200 to
300 meters or more -- for exanple, Mine No. 18 imeni Stalin in the
Donbas, Mine imeni Kalinin in Kizel, and others. It is claimed that
-84-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
working longer faces has the following advantages: the movement of
coal to the haulageway is simplified, the most favorable conditions
for using machinery are created, and the need for preliminary work
is reduced to a minimum. Y./
To work sharply pitching seams of thin or medium thick-
nesses, the continuous system with overhead face usually has been used.
By the beginning of 1935, about 20 to 22 percent of all coal produced
was mined by this method. Most of the coal produced by the continuous
system of working with overhead face was from the Donbas, but this
system was employed also in the Kuzbas. The relative importance of
the sharply pitching seams worked in the Donbas was kept approximately
at the same level for many years; this is also true of the continuous
system with excavation by overhead face. The changes introduced into
this system during the years of the First Five Year Plan (1928-32)
consisted in somewhat increasing the height of the level and in
eliminating the intervening blocks of solid coal within the limits
of the level. 2.9/
In mining seams of medium thickness, 1.3 to 3.5 meters,
the system most widely used in the USSR is that of working by long
pillars along the strike. This system is a retreating longwall opera-
tion as contrasted with the continuous system, which is an advancing
longwall operation. The long-pillar system requires advance develop-
ment of entries and crosscuts so as to block out large areas of re-
treating long faces from the outer limits of the blocked-out area. A
modification of this system, of minor importance in the Donbas, is
known as the paired-drift system.
According to the 1934 face inventory, 25.5 percent of
all coal in the Soviet coal industry was mined by the long-pillar
system. This system was most widely used in Primorskiy Kray (about
65 percent), East Siberia (62.2 percent), the Kizel region (50.6 per
cent), and the Moscow Basin (50.7 percent) and in other regions for
which sloping seams of medium thickness and a weak roof were charac-
teristic. In 1949, 26.8 percent of the coal was extracted by this
system.11_2/
In the Donbas the share of coal mined by the long-
pillar system (including paired-drift) has declined with the technical
modernization and accumulation of experience in mechanizing.the faces.
In the prerevolutionary period (1913), 50.9 percent of the total coal
mined in the Donbas was nined by this system. Thereafter the propor-
tion declined as follows: by 1931, 14.2 percent; at the beginning of
-85-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
1935, 12.7 percent; and in 1940, 5 percent. In 1946, however,
5.4 percent of the coal mined in the Donbas was produced by the
long-pillar system.)21/
The possibilities for the use of the long-pillar
system have improved with the creation of economically suitable
and efficient machinery to drive entries. Under this system the
haulage drifts are permanently located in solid blocks of coal, which
is of great importance in mining seams more than 1.2 to 1.5 meters
thick with a weak roof and in seams in which there are faults.
Under the long-pillar system, there is a considerable
saving in the expense of keeping the mined-out section open as
compared with the continuous system. 1E/ Under the latter system,
there have been considerable difficulties in keeping the haulage
entries open. Under these longwall systems, Soviet practice in-
volves the advance of extraction from the area of the shaft toward
the boundaries of the mine area, with the result that the area
between the working faces and the shaft becomes caved and it be-
comes a problem to hold the roof through which the haulageways are
driven. This necessitates heavy expenditures in maintenance of the
entries. Plans in 1951 called for new mines to be developed in such
a way that entries are driven to the boundaries of the mine areas
and the coal would be extracted on the retreat, or toward the shaft
instead of away from it. This system involves a much longer period
before the mine can commence to furnish sizable production and may
be difficult to follow in practice when there is a need for coal.
Another system of extraction, known as the inclined-
layer system, is of some importance. In 1949, 8.9 percent of the
output from mines under the Ministry of the Coal Industry was mined
in this way. It is used mainly in thick coal beds that are inclined
as much as 40 degrees. The coal is removed in benches worked to
the raise and corresponds to overhand stoping. In many mines the
bottom bench of the bed is removed between levels, and the worked-
out area is backfilled. The next higher bench is then removed and
backfilled, and this process is repeated through the entire bed.
In other mines, extraction is started on the top bench of a bed,"
and the lower benches are worked successively. In these mines, no
backfilling is done, as the roof is permitted to cave after the
entire bed has been mined. 1g/
-86-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
a
S-E-C-R-E-T
Very thick coal beds, which are nearly vertical or
steeply pitching, are sometimes mined by the system referred to as
horizontal-layer. This.system corresponds to top slicing with back-
filling which is kept close to the working face. Only 0.3 percent of
the Ministry's production was mined in this way in 1949 as compared
with 0.7 percent in 1940.
The more common practice of mining such coal beds is
by a method which the Russians call the shield system. It is similar
to underhand stoping under the protection of a shield, which supports
the overlying caved material. The shield is a steel frame covered by
several layers of timber. Its descent is controlled by removing the
supporting coal in the side pillars and on the hanging and foot walls.
The output with this system has increased from 0.5 percent of the
total underground production at Ministry mines in 1940 to 3.2 percent
in 1949.
Very little coal is produced by the room-and-pillar
system, as evidenced by the fact that only 2.7 percent of the output
in 1949 was extracted in this way. Of about the same importance is
the short-pillar system, which is probably the same as or similar to
the bord-and-pillar system used in European mines.
Table 22* shows the percentages of coal produced by the
various systems at mines of the Ministry of the Coal Industry.
0
Table 23** shows the percentages of coal mined by the
various systems in the Donbas.
the long-pillar 50X1
system was applied to 29 percent of the total mining in Rostovugol'
Combine in the Donbas. The volume of work in maintaining and re-
pairing mine workings was considerably less when this system was
used. It made possible an extensive introduction of roof control
by complete caving. In the continuous system, partial backfilling
is extensively adopted to preserve the haulage drifts. If complete
caving is used in the continuous system, the supports of the haulage
drifts are broken and, in places, entirely crushed, and particularly
0 * Table 22 follows on p. 88.
** Table 23 follows on p. 89.
-87-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 22
Coal Extraction by Mines
of the Ministry of the Coal Industry in the USSR
According to Mining Systems
1940,
1946-49
Percent
System
1940
1946
1947
1948
1949
Continuous 2/
Long-Pillar 12/
Inclined-Layer 2/
Horizontal-Layer 1/
Shield 2/
Room-and-Pillar
Short-Pillar 1./
Other
Total
62.7
26.1
5.2
0.7
0.5
0.4
3.9
0.5
100.0
50.3
27.5
8.2
0.3
4.2
2.7
6.3
0.5
100.0
52.5
27.9
7.0
0.1
3.9
3.6
4.4
0.6
100.0
54.1
25.3
9.0
0.2
3.5
3.5
3.7
0.7
100.0
54.5
26.8
8.9
0.3
3.2
2.7
2.9
0.7
100.0
a. Also referred to as the complete extraction system. It
corresponds to the advancing longwall mining method in US termi-
nology.
b. Also referred to as the long-column system. It corresponds
to the retreating longwall mining method in US terminology, as
applied to sections of a mine. Entries are developed, forming
large rectangular pillars, which are extracted generally by
working long faces along the strike. Included in the data is
coal mined by the paired-drift system, which is a modification
of the long-pillar system.
c. This system corresponds to overhand stoping. A thick seam
with a pitch up to 40 degrees is mined in benches worked to the
raise, starting either at the top or at the bottom of the seam.
d. Thick, almost vertical coal beds are removed by underhand
stoping accompanied by backfilling close behind the working face.
e. A thick, almost vertical seam of coal is extracted by under-
hand stoping under a shield that rests on coal pillars and is a
protection against caved material. The shield descends as the
supporting coal is removed.
f. This is possibly the bard-and-pillar system. Pillars are
removed by splitting and slicing on the retreat.
-88-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 23
Coal Extraction by Various Mining Systems
in the Donbas
Selected Years, 1913-49 !iv
Percent
Continuous System
Steeply
Year Inclined Seams
Long-Pillar and
Paired-Drift Other
Other Systems Systems
?
at
1913 20.0
1926-27 20.6
'937 92.8 2/
1940 93.6 2/
1945 16.13
1947 92.5 2/
1948 92.0 2/
1949 92.3 2/
24.4 50.9 4.7
24.7 49.3 5.4
6.5 0.7
5.0 1.4
79.3 1.3 3.27
5.7 1.8
6.1 1.9
6.5 1.2
a. Total of continuous system.
in the case of secondary settling.
of use for a long time and causes
labor in restoring the workings.
This system puts the mine face
large expenditures of money and
out
The long-pillar system is the most suitable for working
sloping Donbas coal seams, including thin ones. Preparation of the
mine field with the use of coal- and rock-loading machines does not
encounter difficulties. Repair of workings is cheap, operation of
machinery is dependable, and labor productivity is high.)22/
Table 24* shows the percentages of coal mined by
various systems in the Kuzbas.
coal losses during 50X1
actual mining operations were reduced from 31 percent in 1948 to 19 per-
cent in the third quarter of 1950 in mines of the Kuzbassugol' Combine
in the Kuzbas. Coal losses in the Prokop'yevsk - Kiselevsk area, where,
for the most part, thick, steeply pitching seams are mined, were reduced
* Table 24 follows on p. 90.
-89-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 24
Coal Extraction by Various Mining Systems
in the KUzbas
1940,
1946-49
Percent
System
1940
1946
1947
1948
1949
Continuous
10.4
22.6
22.4
26.1
22.7
Long-Pillar
67.3
37.4
37.5
34.2
39.2
Inclined-Layer
9.0
7.7
6.4
6.0
7.5
Horizontal-Layer
5.1
1.1
0.8
1.0
2.1
Shield
3.6
19.9
19.9
19.6
20.0
Room-and-Pillar
1.0
8.7
10.8
10.0
5.2
Short-Pillar
3.5
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.3
Other
0.1
0.3
0.8
1.0
Total
99.9 2/
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
a. Total of figures given.
from 34.3 percent to 21.2 percent.)2// The figures refer to the total
coal in the workings that was not extracted.
An analysis showed that coal losses decreased in 1950,
as compared with 1948, when steeply pitching seams were worked by a
system including caving of the side rock, as follows: by using the
shield system, from 31.5 percent to 26 percent; by using the long-
pillar system, from 27.9 percent to 18.3 percent; by using the inclined-
layer system, from 33.4 percent to 21.8 percent; and by using the
horizontal-layer system, from 32.5 percent to 16.8 percent.
In Kuzbas mines, operations at 90 mine faces were
fulfilling the task of backfilling worked-out areas in mining thick,
steeply pitching coal seams. At half the working places the back-
filling resulted automatically from slides of material from higher
levels. The hydraulic method was used at 13 places, the pneumatic
-90-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
A
S-E-C-R-E-T
method at 11 places, and backfilling machines were used at 21 working
places. Ly
The Russians have brought out a machine, model MZ-1,
which Is designed for backfilling work in thick seams mined by the
horizontal-layer system. This machine has a belt roller which is
curved and has four rollers, including a tension roller. The produc-
tivity of this machine is 65 cubic meters per hour. /12/
The Soviet systems of mining are less wasteful of coal
resources than those used in the US. The USSR is concerned about con-
servation and goes to great expense to remove from a bed as much coal
as is possible, as evidenced by the extent of mining by complete ex-
traction. Furthermore, many shafts mine more than one coal seam at a
time. Some Donbas mine shafts are working 20 or more seams. Another
factor of significance is the practice of working seams of inferior
quality before mining more desirable coals, if extraction of the latter
would prevent recovery of coals from the better beds.
e. Mechanization.*
(1) General.
The geological conditions associated with coal-
bearing formations in the USSR have greatly affected not only mining
conditions in general but also the development of mechanization in
particular. Since geological conditions are more like those in Europe
than those in the US, Soviet designers have had to be selective in
adapting machines developed in the US, the other country most actively
interested in techanization, and they also have' had to solve certain
problems independently. The Donbas, for example, has numerous thin coal
beds, which lie at great depth, do not generally lie horizontal, and in
many cases pitch very sharply. Such conditions are like those found in
western Europe. The Kuzbas has very thick coal beds, as in the Upper
Silesian Basin in Poland, although the beds in the Kuzbas are steeply
pitching. These factors, as well as others, account for the fact that
the USSR has not been able to use entirely the same machinery used in
the US, where the bulk of the coal is produced from seams between 3 and
10 feet in thickness, which are nearer the surface and relatively flat
and hence can be mined much more easily and economically. The USSR has
* See Appendix J for estimated inventories and production of Soviet
underground mining equipment.
-91-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
obtained different types and models of coal-mining machinery from
foreign countries, and some of these have been copied, but the Soviet
industry has done considerable development on its own. It has made
progress in mechanizing all phases of underground mining, which includes
essentially four operations -- cutting, drilling and blasting, loading,
and transporting to the surface.
The USSR,started to build cutting machines, mine
locomotives, hoists, and some other equipment during the First Five Year
Plan (1928-32) and by 1937 had become self-sufficient. At the beginning
of World War II, cutting machines and pneumatic picks were used to mine
about 75 percent of the deep-mined output, and conveyors were used to
transport about 6o percent of the coal in the working places, but there
was almost no mechanical loading. A start had been made to build
machines, which the Russians call combines, designed to cut and load
coal without blasting, but there were relatively few in existence,
and none was satisfactory.
Since the end of the war the USSR has concen-
trated on mechanizing the coal industry. In no other industry have
Soviet efforts to mechanize been greater, or even as great. The Soviet
industry has made notable progress. It claims to have solved some
difficult problems, one of which is the mechanical mining of thin seams
by the Donbas combine. The USSR still does not have a satisfactory
machine for simultaneous cutting and loading in thick seams. Neither
does it have a satisfactory shortwall cutting machine, although it is
possible that it is more interested in constructing a combine for short-
wall mining, which would both cut and load the coal, than in constructing
a coal cutter, which would only cut the coal.
(2) Mining.
The USSR claims that the process of cutting and
blasting coal was 98.5 percent mechanized in 1950, 50/ as compared with
94.8 percent in 1940 and 62.6 percent in 1932. These figures include
both coal that was mined with pneumatic or electric picks and coal
blasted from the solid,, which was probably drilled with mechanical
equipment. The balance of the coal that was mined, which amounted to
only 1.5 percent in 1950, is assumed to be the amount that was produced
by hand mining or pick work and possibly by hydraulic mining. The
latter method has been used to a slight extent in recent years in a
few mines. Blasting from the solid is contrary to US practice.
-92-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R,E-T
According to Soviet figures, the mechanization of
extraction has been at high levels in all major producing areas since
before World War II. It has exceeded 95 percent in most cases and has
been rated at 100 percent in the Urals area and in the Karaganda Basin
since 1947. The high degree of mechanization claimed by the Russians,
as shown by figures presented in Table 25, must be discounted to the
extent that the coal blasted from the solid and that dug with
pneumatic picks have accounted for from 35 to more than 50 percent of
extraction in past years. These methods are not considered to be
mechanized mining by US standards.
Table 25
Mechanization of Processes of Coal Extraction
in the USSR by Major Regions 21/ 2/
Selected Years, 1913-49
Percent
Year
Donbas
Moscow
Basin
Urals
Kuzbas
East
Siberia
Central
Asia
Karaganda
Total
USSR
1913
1927-28
2.0
19.4
12/
2.6
12/
20.6
12/
1.8
12/
0.7
1,21,
EY
1,2//
EY
1.7
16.5
1932
70.4
55.7
47.2
43.4
63.9
45.8
0.3
62.6
1933
75.2
56.8
56.8
52.7
71.5
56.5
3.9
67.6
1937
90.0
74.7
88.2
95.8
100.0
86.2
91.1
89.5
1938
88.1
82.7
95.1
93.0
100.0
87.1
99.5
90.0
1939
91.3
90.1
98.0
95.5
100.0
88.4
99.8
93.0
1940
93.5
94.1
99.6
96.1
100.0
96.7
99.2
94.8
1941
94.3
94.3
99.4
96.7
94.7
98.8
10.0.0
95.5
1942
79.7
99.2
96.1
92.4
94.8
99.9
94.1
1943
21.0
86.9
97.8
96.2
91.9
95.2
99.6
90.8
1944
65.9
88.7
99.6
96.4
92.3
96.3
99.2
88.8
1945
87.8
90.8
99.7
96.8
93.2
98.1
99.9
93.2
1946
94.3
93.1
99.9
97.8
92.6
96.7
99.9
95.6
1947
96.7
95.0
100.0
98.3
94.7
98.3
100.0
97.0
1948
97.4
96.2
100.0
98.3
95.0
98.2
100.0
97.4
1949
98.3
98.9
100.0
98.0
95.4
99.9
100.0
98.1
a. Includes extraction by blasting and by pneumatic or electric picks.
b. Probably none.
-93-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Data have been furnished which give a breakdown
in percentages of the quantities of coal produced by different methods
of extraction, and it is assumed that they pertain to deep-mined coal.
The figures reveal that slightly less than 50 percent of the coal was
mined with cutting machines and combines in 1949 as compared with
56.2 percent in 1940. The decline can be attributed to wax losses of
machinery in the Donbas and the relatively increased importance of coal
production in the other coal fields where there was less use of cutting
machines and combines. Of significance is the fact that less than
35 percent of the coal produced outside of the Donbas during the war
years 1942-44 was mined with cutting machines.
The use of pneumatic picks as well as some elec-
trical picks has accounted for about 10 percent of the annual produc-
tion in the years since World War II. Coal extracted by this method
in 1949 was about 24 million tons, which was 4.5 million tons more
than the previous year but 6.7 million tons less than in 1940.
The proportion of coal that was mined by
blasting -- assumed to be from the solid face, without previous under-
cutting -- which had risen to 44.6 percent in 1945, declined to
37.2 percent in 1949. Blasting is the breaking of coal with explosives
which are inserted in holes drilled in a coal face either with hand
augers or with pneumatic or electric drills. It is assumed that the
coal extracted under the category of blasting is exclusive of that which
is shot fired after undercutting with machines or mined in any way with
pneumatic picks.
Table 26* furnishes reported percentages of
production by various methods of extraction for the years 1932, 1933,
and 1937-49 and calculations of the tonnages, based on estimates of
deep-mined coal production for those years.
During 1950 and 1951 there were considerable in-
creases both in percentage and amount of coal prbduced by combines,
cutter-loaders, and coal planers. Combines would have accounted for
the bulk of this coal. By November 1951, 1 out of every 4 tons pro-
duced in the Donbas was being mined with combines. 2/ It is believed
that these machines may have produced 35 million tons or more in 1951,
which is a little more than 14 percent of the underground-production.
* Table 26 follows on p. 95.
-
S-E-C-R-E-T
a
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 26
Deep-Mined Coal Production in the USSR by Method of Extraction .5_3/ p.../*
1932, 1933, 1937-49
Year
Deep-Mined
Production
(Thousand Tons)
Combines, Cutter-
Loaders, and Coal Planers
Coal-Cutting Machines
Pneumatic Picks 12/
Blasting 2/
Hand Mining 1/
Heavy Cutters
Light Cutters
Thousand
Tons
Percent
Thousand
Tons
Percent
Thousand
Tons
Percent
Thousand
Tons
Percent
Thousand
Tons
Percent
Thousand
Tons
Percent
1932
64,302
0
0
26,235
40.8
579
0.9
6,044
9.4
7,395
11.5
24,049
37.4
1933
N.A.
0
40.9
0.8
10.8
15.1
32.4
1937
3,25,519
o
57,990
46.2
628
0.5
20,585
16.4
33,137
26.4
13,179
10.5
1938
N.A.
0
o
50.9
0.5
17.0
20.9
10.7
1939
N.A.
0
0
54.o
1.0
17.9
18.6
8.5
1940
159,691
160
0.1
88,149
55.2
1,437
0.9
30,820
19.3
27,307
17.1
11,818
7.4
1941
67,168 2/
V
f/
35,129
52.3
537
0.8
12,896
19.2
13,568
20.2
5,038
7.5
1942
67,454 2/
V
.12/
22,799
33.8
607
0.9
11,670
17.3
20,304
30.1
12,074
17.9
1943
81,312 2/
23,743
29.2
488
0.6
9,920
12.2
28,622
35.2
18,539
22.8
1944
90;468 2/
31,121
34.4
271
0.3
8,956
9.9
39,987
44.2
10,132
11.2
1945
131,915
132
0.1
50,261
38.1
527
0.4
13,323
10.1
58,834
44.6
8,838
6.7
1946
146,644
147
0.1
60,124
41.0
587
0.4
14,518
9.9
64,963
44.3
6,305
4.3
1947
164,874
495
0.3
73,863
44.8
2/
2/
16,982
10.3
68,588
41.6
4,946
3.0
1948
188,886
944
0.5
87,643
46.4
2/
2/
19,644
10.4
75,743
40.1
4,911
2.6
1949
213,279
9,598
4.5
96,189
45.1
2/
2/
24,100
11.3
79,340
37.2
4,052
1.9
* Footnotes for Table 26 follow on p. 95.
- 95 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 26
Deep-Mined Coal Production in the USSR by Method of Extraction 22/ I/
1932, 1933, 1937-49
(Continued)
a. Tonnages given by method of extraction are calculated from reported percentages applied to production as indicated. The assumption is that percentages were
applicable to the output of deep-mined coal.
b. Assumed to be dug from the solid without blasting.
c. Assumed to be blasted from the solid.
d. The figures are residual and are assumed to represent that coal which was mined without the aid of any mechanical equipment or blasting.
e. Reported percentages were based on output exclusive of Donbas, which is not included in these figures.
f. Negligible, if any.
g. Not reported separately; included with heavy cutters.
- 96 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
The fact that large percentages of coal are mined
by blasting and pneumatic picks reflects the difficult mining conditions
existing in many mines. The working of pitching coal seams, which are
either thin or very thick, has been mostly responsible for such mining
methods. It is believed that cutting machinas would have been used in
the past, because of their much greater productivity, if natural con-
ditions had been more favorable.
The old GTK-model cutting machines, which were
made before and during World Wax II, have been superseded by more
efficient types. The KMP-1 cutting machine was developed for cutting
thicker seams of coal, and the first tests of the MV-60 were made in
1948. Both machines are longwall cutters and have proven to be suc-
cessful, according to Soviet claims.
Very little use is made in the USSR of shortwall
cutting machines, which are designed to cut narrow working places,, as is
customary when working by the room-and-pillar system in the US. The
number of these machines is relatively small, and their operation is con-
fined mostly to development work. The models that have been made in the
past were unsatisfactory, but it is probable that there is more interest
in experimenting with a different type of machine for development, as
evidenced by the fact that -a few models of combines have been made for
this purpose. Soviet practice in development work with a shortwall
cutter generally is to use it in conjunction with either a mobile coal
loader or a rock loader.
Combines are designed to cut and load coal siMul-
taneously without. the need for blasting. Experimental models, built
before the war, were unsatisfactory, but the so-called Donbas combine,
first tested in August 1948, is claimed to be highly satisfactory, and
more machines of this model than of any other are in use. Many failures
have attended the development of combines, and as yet the USSR does not
have a good machine for use in thick coal. The Donbas combine is designed
for seams of soft- and average hardness and 0.8 to 1.5 meters thick. .
However, it is used in thick seams in the Moscow and Karaganda basins,
in the Kuzbas, in the Urals, in the Far East (Primorskiy Kray), and
elsewhere.
In the middle of 1947, there were only 20 combines
in operationland these were mainly Makarov models, the first of which
were brought out about the time the war ended or shortly thereafter.
The Makarov combines were designed and built in the Karaganda Basin at
- 97 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
the Voroshilovgrad Plant imeni Parkhomenko and were introduced in the
Karaganda mines. Three models have been built, of which the largest is
for seams 1.85 to 2.1 meters thick. All of these machines have been
troublesome, but they are possibly still being built.
Longwall cutters operate with the cutter bar turned
at a right angle to the body of the machine. The 14.04
53.5o
Eastern Regions
VIII
Urals
4.19
6.07
6.93
7.13
8.01
9.89
21.30
21.74
18.50
17.06
15.47
14.68
14.41
13.77
12.30
13.17
13.06
13.28
Xe
Karaganda
0
3.08
3.64
3.80
3.93
5.09
9.35
9.49
8.17
7.55
6.70
6.70
6.43
6.16
5.86
6.10
6.13
6.27
Xa
Kazakh HER
0.30
0.25
0.27
0.30
0.48
0.44
0.84
0.76
0.78
0.64
0.61
0.60
0.62
0.59
0.70
0.57
0.55
0.58
(Excluding Karaganda)
Xb
Central Asia
0.54
0.83
0.96
1.16
1.26
1.27
2.01
1.99
1.56
1.03
1.05
1.17
1.40
1.50
1.29
1.63
1.73
1.88
IX
Kuzbas
2.66
13.04
13.04
12.73
12.28
15.27
27.27
25.51
21.26
19.39
17.03
15.81
14.70
14.24
14.20
13.98
13.99
13.94
)(I
East Siberia
2.83
5.15
5.42
5.66
5.72
7.13
13.00
10.20
8.20
6.70
6.46
6.09
6.39
5.88
5.08
5.44
5.31
5.41
XII
Far East
1.28
3.58
3.66
3.98
4.70
5.09
9.35
7.35
5.94
5.43
6.33
6.42
5.77
5.33
4.34
4.97
4.85
4.81
Other or Unallocated
0.08
0.33
0.90
,
0.86
0.33
0.65
0.51
0.59
0.43
10.43
0.41
0.44
0.39
0.36
0.34
0.33
Total Eastern Regions
11.88
32.00
34.25
35.66
37.24
44.51
83.77
77.55,
65.00
58.21
54.08
51.88
50.16
47.86
43.77
46.22
45.96
46.50
Unallocated
3.58 !../
Total USSR
loom
100 .00
100.00
100.00
100 .00
loom
100.00
100.00
loom
loom
100.00
10q.00
loom
loom
loom
100.00
100.00
100.00
a. Largely Donbas production by various ministries, cooperatives, and directorates.
- 241 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX G
TOTAL AND REGIONAL COAL PRODUCTION IN THE USSR
Table 67
Soviet Coal Production
1913,
1921-52
Year
Tons
Year
Tons
1913
1921-22
1922-23
1923-24
1924-25
1925-26
1926-27
1927-28
1928-29
1929-30
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
29417,000 a/
11,324,000
12,700,000
16,328,000
16,520,000 a/
25,770,000
32,275,000
35,510,000 a/
40,067,00o -87/
14.7,780,000
56,752,000 a/
66,690,000 a/ b/
76,333,000
94,16ol000
-c-/
108,900,000
126,400,000
127,968,000
1938
1939
1940
1941 Plan
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951
1952
132,888,000 c/
145,700,000 c/
166,000,0007
190,778,000 'ej f/
137,500,000 g/
77,000,000 g/
98,000,000 h/
128,000,000 TY
149,300,000 j?/
164,200,000 j/
183,900,000
209,650,000 j/
236,100,000 Tcy
250,030,000 iy
262,000,000 my
282,400,000 n/
301,300,000 Tsy
a. 343/
b. Includes 26,000 tons mined at Spitzbergen in 1932,
128,100 tons in 1933, and 220,000 tons in 1934.
c. 344/
d.
probably the actual
production: 165,926,000. 345/
e. 346/
f. Narkomugol' was to produce 171,160,000 tons, and
the balance was to come from mines operated by various
commissariats, directorates, and cooperatives.
-243 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 67
Soviet Coal Production
1913, 1921-52
(Continued)
The Commissariat of the Interior (NEVD) controlled some important
producing fields.
g. Total of estimates by areas. See footnote h.
h. The mining of coal increased by 23 percent between 1942 and
1943. 1E/ The estimate of 98 million tons in 1943 represents an in-
crease of 27.2 percent over 1942. The discrepancy arises from lack of
good data about certain areas, particularly the Donbas, which is
credited with only 1 million tons production in 1942.
i. The increase in coal production in 1944 as compaied with 1943 was
30.6 percent, of which 18.6 percent is accounted for by the
Donbas. 348/ Also reported as an increase of 30.4 percent over
1943. ,y221/
j. Production in 1948 was 26.3 percent higher than 1940 and 14 percent
above 1947. 350/ Coal production increased as follows: 1946, 10 per-
cent; 1947, 12 percent; and 1948, 14 percent. 351/
k. It was reported on 28 December 1949 that output increased 12.5 per-
cent 352/, but the national economy received
12.6 percent more coal than in 1948. 353/
1. Announced in the Plan.
m. Increased 11 percent in 1950 as compared with 1949. 354/ The
Soviet coal output was 57 percent higher: in 1950 than before the
war. 355/ Minister of Coal A. Zasyadiko announced on 11 December 1950
that his Ministry would overfulf ill the Plan by 14 million tons of coal
before the end of the year. 356/ By the end of the Fifth Five Year
Plan (1951-55) the production of coal was to have increased by 43 per-
cent as compared with 1950. 357/ An increase of 57 percent compared
with 1940 is equivalent to 27676 million tons, which is the estimate
published Others furnish the figure of 264 million,
basing it on the statement that output was or would be 14 million tons
over the 1950 Plan. However, this was for the Ministry of the Coal
Industry only and, apparently, should not be added to the total 1950
Plan of 250 million. Of significance is the fact that an increase of
11 percent over 1949 estimate is equal to 262 million tons of coal,
and a planned increase of 43 percent over this estimate equals 374.64
million in 1955. It is believed that the 1955 goal is probably 375
million tons of coal or very close thereto.
-244-
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
50X1 !
4
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
4
?
?
B-E-C-R-E-T
Table 67
Soviet Coal Production
1913, 1921-52
(Continued)
n. According to Zasyadtko, output increased 7.8 percent in
1951. 358/
o. In 1952, output increased 6.7 percent. 359/ It was announced
on 10 November 1952 that the Ten Month Plan was fulfilled by 101 per-
cent and the country would receive 15 percent more coal than in
1950. 360/ production would be
300 million tons. The estimate may be as much as 1.6 million tons
in excess of actual.
Table 68
Soviet Coal Production in the Donbas
Selected Years, 1910-1952
Year
,Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet. 'Production
1910
1913
1916
1920
1921-22
1927-28
16,688,200 2/*
25,288,100 2/
28,690,300 2/
5,536,600 2/
7,187,000 12/
27,330,000 12/
N.A.
86.55
83.67
65.1
63.47
76.96
* Footnotes for Table 68 follow on p. 246.
- 245 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 68
Soviet Coal Production in the Donbas
Selected Years, 1910-1952
(Continued)
Year
Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1929-30
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941 Plan
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951
1952
36,541,000 12/
40,936,000 10/
45,044,000 foj/
51,060,000 5/
61,496,00013/
LII,
69,500,000 2/
78,600,00oE./
77,542,00o 2/
80,733,000 2/
85,300,000 2/
94,400,000 1/
105,212,000 2/
63,500,000 1/
11000,000 I/
41200,000 1/
22,400,000 g/
36,540,000 y
47,500,000 y
56,530,000 y
68,400,000 y
82,000,000 1/
88,000,000 1/
95,000,000 IV
103,000,000 1/
107,000,000 13/
76.48
72.13
67.54
66.84
65.31
63.82
62.18
60.87
60.76
58.55
56.87
55.15
46.18
1.30
4.29
17.50
24.47
28.93
30.74
32.64
34.73
35.19
36.26
36.48
35.52
a. ?2../
b. T62/
c'
d. Production is generally reported as 85,500,000 tons and
85,551,000 tons. 364/ It seems certain,
however, that this was the output of mines under Narkomugol'
and does not include about 9 million tons of other production.
- 246 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
56-X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 68
Soviet Coal Production in the Donbas
Selected Years, 1810-1952
(Continued)
in 1940, 63 percent of the total 50X1
output of 166 million tons came from the Donbas and the Moscow Basin,
and the Donbas produced 57 percent of 50X1
the total. A Soviet transportation report mentions 94.4 million tons.
e. Includes minor production in areas of the Ukraine outside of the
Donbas. Narkomugol' was to produce 95 million in theDonbas. _11,/
f. Estimates. .32/
g. The increase in coal production in 1944 as compared with 1943 was
30.6 percent, of which 18.6 percent is accounted for by the Donbas. 369/
estimated 20.7 million tons, but the foregoing 50X1
data indicate output was probably more.
h. In 1948 the Donbas produced 80 percent of the prewar production
level. 371/ In 1948 the Donbas increased coal output 21 percent. 372/
The 1947 output was 19 percent greater than 1946. 373/ The yearly
output of coal in the Donbas in 1946 was 29.6 percent higher than
1945. 374/ If 1948 output is computed at 80 percent of the estimated
output in 1940, or 94.4 million tons, the indicated output would be
75.5 million tons. This figure appears too high with respect to later
production and with respect to other areas. Consequently, the figures
given in the table for all years following 1944 are predicated on the
production for Narkomugol' only in 1940, or 85.5 million tons. It is
possible that such estimates may exclude some production from mines
not operated by the Narkomugoll, at least for the years before 1950.
i. In 1949, coal production in the Ukraine was 119 percent of
1948. 375/ This basis would include all the brown coal production
in the Ukraine and exclude that part of the Donbas in Rostov Oblast.
The estimated increase for the Donbas is about 20 percent and may be
more than actual.
j. Plan figure, which was probably for the Ministry of the Coal
Industry only.
k. The estimate represents an increase of about 16 percent over .1949.
Production was reported to be in excess of Plan and higher than 1940,
but it is possible that all comparisons have been made with figures
assumed to be for the Ministry of the Coal Industry. Actual produc-
tion for all mines may have been more than the estimate. The 1950 Plan
-247-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 68
Soviet Coal Production in the Donbas
Selected Years, 1810-1952
(Continued)
showed an undistributed balance of almost 9 million tons, a major
portion of which is believed to have been planned for mines not con-
trolled by the Ministry of the Coal Industry in the Donbas. It is
believed that the total for all mines in the Donbas was close to the
1940 estimate of 94.4 million. It is quite possible that mines in-
dependent of the Ministry of the Coal Industry may not provide as much
coal as before the war. On the basis of calculations for production
of other fields, it would seem that 1950 output was between 94 and
97 million tons.
1. Production in Voroshilovgrad Oblast increased 8.3 percent over
1950. 376/ Stalino Oblast exceeded 1950 output by 10.4 percent. 377/
Rostovugol' Combine increased coal output 6.5 percent above 1950
level. 2IY The estimated figure represents an increase of 8.4 per-
cent over 1950.
in. Zasyadtko stated on 12 October 1952 that the Donbas had bettered
its prewar output by almost 24 percent. E2/ The Stalin and Artem
combines overfulfilled the 1952 Plan, but various mines and trusts
failed. 380/ The Rostov Combine did not fulfill the 1952 Plan. 381/
The estimate represents an increase of 3.9 percent over the 1951
estimate, and it is believed that it is within 2 million tons of
actual.
Table 69
Soviet Coal Production in the Moscow Basin
Selected Years, 1913-52
Year
Percent of Total
Tons Soviet Production
1913 300,000 2/*
1921-22 623,000 2/
Footnotes for Table 69 follow on p. 249.
S-E-C-RE-T
1.03
5.50
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 69
Soviet Coal Production in the Moscow Basin
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
?
Year
Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1927-28
1929-30
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941 Plan
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951
1952
1,135,000 2/
1,697,000 2/
2,131,000 2/
2,613,000 2/
3,833,000 2/
4,619,000 2/
5,700,000 12/
7,100,000 12/
7,506,000 12/
7,416,000 12/
8,100,00012/
9,950,000 2/
12,530,000 sli
11,000,000 2/
9,500,000 f/
14,400,000 1/
17,900,000 g/
19,000,000W
19,600,000 12/
21,500,000 _12/
23,885,000 1/
26,900,000 1/
24,000,000 iii
29,600,000 1/
31,700,000 2/
33,600,000 2/
3.20
3.55
3.76
3.92
5.02
4.91
5.23
5.61
5.89
5.58
'5.56
5.99
6.57
8.00
12,-.34
14.69
13.98
12.72
11.94
11.69
11.39
11.39
9.60
11.30
11.22
11.15
a. A,'12/
b. 12(
"
d. Only 12,300,000 tons to be-produced by mines controlled
by Narkomugol': 385/
e. Maximum, .since the Germans occupied the Moscow Basin in
- 249 -
S -E,C -11-E -T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 69
Soviet Coal Production in the Moscow Basin
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
November 1941, and output ceased completely in December.
f. In January 1942, soon after the liberation of the region, the ex-
traction of coal amounted to only 590 tons daily, but in May 1942 it
rose to 22,000 tons daily, and in October 1942 it reached the prewar
level of 35,000 tons daily. In 1943 the extraction of coal in. the
region surpassed the 1940 level by 45 percent. 387/ The output in
September 1942 exceeded the prewar level. 388/ In December 1942 the
basin was divided into two combines. At this time output was
35,650 tons daily. 389/
g. Increased 80 percent as compared with 1940. 390/
h. Very few data are available on the Moscow Basin for this period,
but production is believed to have increased each year, and the
estimates appear to be in accord with the over-all pattern of increase
for the country and individual regions. Output in 1948 is well estab-
lished and was about 11 percent over 1947.
i. In 1948 the Moscow Basin produced 240 percent of the prewar pro-
duction level. 391/ The Fourth Five Year Plan had been fulfilled in
3 years, and 885,000 tons over and above the planned amount had been
delivered in 1948. 2'2/
j. The Moskvougol' Combine was reported to have produced 12,310,000
tons in 1948, so that output of the Tulaugoll Combine was evidently
11,575,000 tons. The latter pledged an increase of 8 percent over
1948, 393/ which would be equivalent to 12,500,000 tons. The original
quota may have called for an increase of only 5 percent over 1948, but
an additional pledge of 350,000 tons was made and subsequently in-
creased to 630,000 tons for the Tulaugol' Combine, which was probably
realized, as the Plan for the first 11 months was exceeded by
580,000 tons. 1911/ The miners of the Moskvougoll Combine pledged an
increase of 400,000 tons over the original quota for 1949, ytich was
probably 10 percent over 1948. Therefore, the target must have been
14 million tons or very close thereto. During the first 11 months of
1949 the average daily output increased by 14.8 percent 395/ and was
677,000 tons above Plan. 396/ An increase of 14 percent was reported
for Moscow Oblast for the year, 397/ indicating that output was about
14 million tons. The production of the Moscow Basin is estimated at
26.9 million tons for 1949 and is equivalent to slightly more than
12 percent over 1948.
3
86
-250 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S7E-C-R-E-T
Table 69
Soviet Coal Production in the Moscow Basin
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
k. . The 1950 output goal for the Moscow Basin was 241.2 percent of 1940
production. 398/
1. Production in 1950 was three times output in 1940. 399/
m. Miners of the Moscow Basin-delivered about 200,000 tons of fuel above
the Plan in 1951. 400/ Tulaugol completed the Nine Month Plan 2 days
ahead of schedule. Output of the combine had increased 7.6 percent in
comparison with 1950. 401/ The estimate represents an increase of
slightly more than 7 percent over 1950.
n. Zasyad'ko stated on 12 October 1952 that the Moscow Basin mined
almost 3-1/2 times more coal than before the war. 402/ The coal out-
put of the Tulaugol' Combine was 100.1 percent of 1952 Plan. 403/ The
Moscow Oblast increased coal output 6 percent over 1951. 404/ The
estimate represents an increase of 6 percent over the estimate for
1951. If it is assumed that production in 1952 was 3.4 times the 1940
level, the figure would be 33,800,000 tons
Table 70
Soviet Coal Production in the Pechora Basin
1931-52
Year
Percent of Total
Tons Soviet Production
Before 1931
None
0
1931
6,000 pi*
0.01
1932
9,000El/
0.01
1933
33,000 2/
0.04
1934
61,000 Ei
o.o6
1935
N.A.
N.A.
* Footnotes for Table 70 follow on p. 252.
- 251
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-g-T
Table 70
Soviet Coal Production in the Pechora Basin
1931-52
(Continued)
Year
Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1936
N.A.
N.A.
1937
N.A.
N.A.
1938
200,000 12/
0.15
1939
350,000
0.24
1940
375,000
0.23
1941 Plan
300,000 2/
0.16
1941
440,000
0.32
1942
1,015,000
1.32
1943
2,260,000
2.31
1944
3,265,000
2.55
1945
4,160,000
2.79
1946
5,000,000
3.04
1947
6,645,000
3.61
1948
7,800,000
3.72
1949
9,365,000
3.97
1950 Plan
11,250,000
4.50
1950
10,850,000
4.14
1951
11,800,000
4.18
1952
12,850,000
4.26
a. 122Y
b. Estimated.
c. Information of October 1939 states that the main working
shaft is at Vorkuta itself, where 300,000 tons are being pro-
duced annually. A second shaft is being sunk for 750,000 tons
and will be in operation in 1942. Next year (1940), 3 new
shafts of over 300,000 to 350,000 tons per year each will be
started and are also to be completed in 1942. 11-2Y Coal pro-
duction in 1942 increased 292 percent compared with 1939.2222/
It is assumed that there was some production other than at
Vorkuta.
d. The output figure for 1940 is not known and, if available,
-252 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 70
Soviet Coal Production in the Pechora Basin
1931-52
(Continued)
would permit reasonably accurate estimates for all later years. It is
believed that the estimate of 375,000 tons furnishes a good base for
projection, despite the fact that the 1941 Plan for the Komi ASSR was
only 300,000 tons.
e. Plan for Komi ASSR.
f. Significant data for the 1941-46 period are as follows: (1) If
coal production in the Pechora Basin for 1940 is taken as 100 percent,
the following scale will express increases: 1941, 118 percent; 1942,
271 percent; 1943, 603 percent; 1944, 871 percent; 1945, 1,110 per-
cent; and 1946, 20 percent increase as compared with 1945. According
to a Soviet source published in 1946, Vorkutaugol' had 12 shafts in
operation. 408/ (2) First train entered Vorkuta on 28 December 1941.
During the war years (June 1941-August 19)4.5) "tens of mines" were
constructed. Also, during the wax years, the capacity of the mines
increased by 8 times, and production of coal increased by almost
9 timqs. , It was reported that in 1945 the Vorkutaugol' Combine was
loading in a month considerably more than_in all of 1939 (monthly
output at the end of 1945 could be much higher). 409/ (3) In
October 1944 it was reported that the 10-year-old Vorkuta Coal Combine
was producing 9 times as much as in 1940. 410/ (4) Pechora on 20 March
1946 was reported to be in fifth place among the coal basins of the
country in the volume of output. Coal was mined in industrial quan-
tities at the Vorkuta, Intinskiy, and Edzhit-Kyrtinskiy deposits, where
18 mines were operating. L11/ (5)
the Vorkutaugol' Combine was supplying 10,000 to 11,000 tons per day.
1122/ Vorkuta probably produced 3,750,000 tons or more in 1946. There
was other production, evidently, which could raise the total to 5 mil-
lion tons, but this figure appears to be the maximum.
g. Coal production in the Pechora Basin increased by 33 percent in
1947 over 1946, and the annual plan was fulfilled. The Vorkutaugol
Combine, according to a source published in January 1948, promised to
increase production by 18 percent in 1948 and by 20 percent in
1949. 413/ The Vorkutaugol' Combine increased output 32.5 percent
in 1947. 414/
h. The 1911.8 Plan for coal output was fulfilled on 19 December, and for
coal loading on 24 December. Over a period of 11 months in 1948, coal
-253-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 70
Soviet Coal Production in the Pechora Basin
1931-52
(Continued)
extraction at Vorkutaugol' increased 17.5 percent compared with a like
period in 1947, and 26.1 percent more coal was loaded on the rail-
roads. 415/ A Soviet technician made the following statement on
19 January 1949: "In 1940, I took part in the plan for development of
Vorkuta according to which in 1948 there should have been produced
25 million tons of coal -- actually, today, 20,000 tons daily the
war slowed it down." 11.16/ The last statement indicates that output
was at an annual rate of 7.2 million tons in January 1949.
i. Assumed increase of 20 percent over 1948. A prisoner of wax inter-
viewed in August 1949 reported that annual production at Vorkuta was
10 million tons, 417/ This figure appears too high for 1949.
j. The goal for 1950 cannot be definitely determined.
in 1950 the Pechora Basin will yield more than the
Karaganda Basin at the present time (April 1911.6). 121..Y
under the Fourth Five Year Plan, out-
put at Pechora was to be tripled as compared with 1945.)112/ The
Fourth Five Year Plan called for new mines to be constructed at
Pechora with a capacity of 7.7 million tons. Karaganda produced
11.3 million tons in 1945 and about 11 million in 1946, so that the
goal was probably within this range. An estimate of 11,250,000 tons
appears to show a proper balance in the Plan for the entire country
and for the western regions.
k. Assumed that Plan estimate was not fulfilled and may possibly be
too low, although the estimated increase over 1949 is nearly 16 per-
cent.
1. The Pechora Basin exceeded its 1951 annual coal production Plan
by several hundred thousand tons and increased labor productivity
8 percent. The workers of the basin pledged to exceed the 1952 pro-
duction Plan by 300,000 tons and to raise labor productivity 8 percent.
The estimates for 1951 and 1952 represent increases of about
9 percent over the preceding year.
-254-
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
?
?
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 71
Soviet Coal Production in the Georgian SSR
Selected Years, 1913-52
Year
Percent of Total
Tons Soviet Production
1913
1921-22
1927-28
1929-30
70,000 a/*
26,000 -.7
85,000 a/
97,000 2/
0.24
0.22
0.24
0.20
1931
144,000 a/
0.25
1932
205,300 a/
0.31
1933
185,500 a/
0.24
1934
234,000 a/
0.25
1935
200,000 b/
0.18
1936
300,000 b/
0.24
1937
1938
400,000 sy
429,000 by
0.31
0.32
1939
550,000 2/
0.38
1940
620,000 I/
0.37
1941 Plan
920,000 e/
0.48
1941
772,500 f/
0.56
1942
600,000 i/
0.78
1943
700,000 g/
0.71
1944
750,000 g/
0.59
1945
800,000 g/
0.54
1946
837,000 h/
0.51
1947
1,022,000 i/
0.55
1948
1,245,000 j/
0.59
1949
1,430,000 ii/
0.61
1950 Plan
2,400,000 1/
0.96
1950
1,775,000 m/
0.68
1951
2,060,000 n/
*43/
0.73
1952
2,250,000
0.75
* Footnotes for Table 71 follow on p. 256.
-255-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C -R-E-T
Table 71
Soviet Coal Production in the Georgian SSR
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
a. All production from Tkibuli coal field. The Tkvarcheli deposit
was opened in 1935. 421/
b. these figures for the Transcaucasus. 422/
c. Estimate. '
d. The 1950 Plan was 2,400,000 tons, or 388.3 percent of 1940, which
'would indicate only 618,500 tons. 423/
e. According to the Plan the mines at Tkvarcheli and Tkibuli were
scheduled to produce 400,000 tons and 500,000 tons, respectively.
An additional 20,000 tons was to have been produced by the Commissariat
for Local Industry. 424/
f. 425/
g. Estimates are maximum and are based on the following information:
Between the beginning of 1942 and May 1943, Tkvarcheli fulfilled
only one monthly Plan, that for April 1943. The daily production of
coal in 1943 was to have amounted to 1,150 tons, while the yearly
Plan called for a production of 385,000 tons. In May, output
decreased again because of a shortage of explosives. Tkibuli,
which produced 22,135 tons of coal in April, was supposed to mine
9,774 tons in the first 10 days of May, but, because of the shortage
of explosives, only 4,222 tons were produced. During the same period,
only 4,869 tons (49 percent) of the planned coal could be shipped.
The shortage of explosives in the mines was caused by transportation
difficulties. The supply of explosives in.Tkibuli was exhausted on
11 April 1943. The army had to use its trucks to get explosives to
the mines. Also, the supply of mine timber was inadequate due to
transport difficulties.
Total shipments made by Tkibulugol' during the first quarter of 1944
amounted to 75,200 tons, of which 73,000 tons were shipped by rail.
Total shipments made by Tkvarchelugol' during the. first quarter of
1944 amounted to 54,000 tons, of which 21,000 tons were shipped by
railroad and 33,000 tons by its own transportation pool.
The February 1944 production of Tkvarcheli amounted to 17,582
tons, while Tkibuli mined 21,000 tons. The monthly plan for
Tkvarcheli was set at 24,700 tons in September 1944. 426/
h. 427/
-256-
S -E -C -R -E -T
?
50X1
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
a
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 71
Soviet Coal Production in the Georgian SSR
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
i. The 1947 production is estimated as 78 percent of the 1948 pro-
duction. 428/
j. In 1948 the 'coal output of the Georgian SSR was 201.1 percent of
1940. In regard to Gruzugol' Combine, the Plan was fulfilled only 89
percent, and mine capacity was utilized only 51.3 percent. 429/
k. Coal production in Georgia was 94 percent of plan and 115 percent
of 1948. 430/ In 1949 the Georgian coal industry mined 20 times more
coal than in 1913. 431/
1. Announced in the Fourth Five Year Plan. Also, 1950 Plan called
for 388.3 percent of 1940. 432/
m. The Georgian coal output was 286.8 percent as high in 1950 as in
1940. The production of coal in Georgia was 20 percent greater than
in 1949.
n. In the first half of 1951, 64 percent more coal was mined than in
all of 1940 and 29 percent more than in the first half of 1950. 434/
Coal production during 1951 in the Georgian SSR was 105 percent of
Plan and 116 percent of 1950. 435/ The 1951 output of the Gruzugol'
Combine was 116.2 percent of 1950. 436/ In 1951 the Georgian coal
output was. 233 percent higher than in 1940 and 58 percent higher than
in 1948. The coal output Plan was fulfilled 94.6 percent in 1949,
101 percent in 1950, 105.1 percent in 1951, and 100.8 percent during
the first 6 months of 1952.
The Tkvarchelugoll Trust fulfilled the1951 Plan for coal output
115.6 percent, which represents an increase of 26 percent over 1950.
Production of this trust in 1951 was 4.3 times the prewar level, 3.4
times that of 1945, and 2.4 times that of 19117. 438/
o. The average daily output for the Gruzugol' Combine during the
first 8 months of 1952 was more than 1.4 percent above Plan and 8 per-
cent higher than in the same period of 1951. 439/ The fulfillment of
the annual Plan in the Georgian SSR was 102 percent in 1952. 440/ The
Tkvarchelugol' Trust fulfilled the 1952 Plan on 4 December 1952. 441/
The Tkibulugol' Trust and Akhaltsikhe Mine Administration failed to ful-
fill 1952 Plans. Nineteen of 39 coal mining sectors of the Gruzugol'
Combine failed to fulfill the 1952 Plan. 442/ It was announced on
31 August 1952 that the Gruzugol' Combine had pledged completion of the
Plan ahead of schedule, delivery of 40,000 tons of above-Plan coal, and
an increase in labor productivity of 8.6 percent above 1950. 443/ The
estimate for 1952 represents an increase of about 9 percent over 1951.
-257-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 72
Soviet Coal Production in Spitzbergen a/
1932-52
Year
Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
Before 1932
1932
1933
1934
1935
None
26,000 b/
128,100 17/
220,000 12/
275,000 c/
0.04
0.17
0.23
0.25
1936
400.,000 ct
0.32
1937
400,000 "J/
0.31
1938
400,000
0.30
1939
340,000 -C/
0.23
1940
300,000 c/
0.18
1941 Plan
400,000 a/
0.21
1941
150,000 -J/
0.11
1942-47
0
1948
70,000 e/
0.03
1949
105,000 f/
o.o4
1950 Plan
N.A.
N.A.
1950
185,000 g/
0.07
1951
150,000 h/
0.05
1952
150,000 E/
0.05
a. Records show that Spitzbergen production was not included in the
total production figures during the years 1932-34, and the policy
may never have been changed. This coal has been included in the
totals in this report,and, if this is contrary to Soviet custom, it
is of little consequence because the quantities are small.
b. 444/
c. Estimates,
d.- Plan for Arktikugol', which is assumed to be the controlling
trust for Spitzbergen.
e. 445/
f. 4-7/
-258-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
50X1
1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 72
Soviet Coal Production in Spitzbergen
1932-52
(Continued)
g. Shipments during 1950 amounted to 115,643 tons from the Grumant
mine and 71,010 tons from the Barentsburgh mine. 447/
h. Estimate.
Table 73
Soviet Coal Production in Other Western Regions a/*
1931-52
Year
Percent of Total
Tons Soviet Production
Before 1931 0
1931 38,200 b/
1932 88,500 E./
1933 122,600 El
1934 200,000 12/
1935-37 N.A.
1938 1,181,000 c/
1939 1,160,000 1?_/
1940 1,155,000 c/
1941 Plan d/
1941 438,000 -J/
1942 385,000
1943 440,00o e/
1944 485,000 "J/
1945 1,900,000 7/
1946 2,463,000 7/
1947 2,803,000 7/
1948 3,100,000 f/
1949 3,300,000 T/
1950 Plan -E/
1950 3,490,000 IT/
1951 3,890,000 T/
1952 5,350,000 ,-j/
* Footnotes for Table 73 follow on p.260.
-259-
S-E-C-R-E-T
0.07
0.13
0.16
0.21
0.89
0.80
0.70
0.32
0.50
0.45
0.38
1.27
1.50
1.53
1.47
1.40
1.33
1.38
1.77
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 73
Soviet Coal Production in Other Western Regions
1931-52
(Continued)
a. Includes the brown coal and lignite mines of the western Ukraine;
the lignite mines at Borovichi and Selizharovo in the northwest
section of the Greater Moscow Basin; mines in the Caucasus, excluding
those in the Georgian SSR; a few mines in the Crimea; and probably a
few in Saratov and Stalingrad oblasts and Tatar ASSR in the Volga
region.
b. Production was distributed as follows: the Ukrainian SSR pro-
duced in 1931, 38,200 tons; in 1932, 80,600 tons; in 19335 103,600
tons; and in 1934, 200,000 tons. Borovichi produced in 1932, 5,400
tons; and 'in 1933, 17,000 tons. Crimea produced in 1932, 2,500 tons;
and in 1933, 2,000 tons. 448/
c. Residual figures after estimating production for all producing
areas in the western regions and deducting estimates of production
for the Georgian SSR, Spitzbergen, the Donbas, and the Moscow and
Pechora basins. The western regions accounted for a little more than
64 percent of the total Soviet production in 1940.
d. The 1941 Plan called for production other than Ukrainian mines as
follows: Leningrad Oblast, 50,000 tons; Tatar ASSR, 3,000 tons;
Krasnodar Kray, 8,000 tons; Ordzhonikidze Kray, 235,000 tons; Dagestan
ASSR, 14,000 tons; Kabardino Balkar ASSR, 25,000 tons; Crimea ASSR,
35,000 tons and Armenia ASSR, 12,000 tons. Also, 162,000 tons were
the quota for Moldavia. The figure given for the Ukraine included
the mines of the Donbas, and the quota for the brown coal mines can-
not be determined.
e. Estimates. There was production during these years in the Caucasus
and in the Iyubotinsk and Borovichi areas near Leningrad, but the
quantities are not known. Undoubtedly, there was little, if any, pro-
duction at the brown coal mines in the Ukraine.
f. Residual figures in estimates for the western regions are possibly
high. Production, however, in all the areas was probably expanding.
Five new deposits were to be developed during the Fourth Five Year
Plan in Kiev and Kirovograd oblasts on the right bank of the Dnieper.
Many other mines were to begin operations in various localities of
the western Ukraine. 449/ Several large open-cut mines were to be
developed, including the Semenovsko-Golobovskiy, with a planned out-
put of 10,000 tons daily. 450/ The Russians admitted that slow prog-
ress was being made, and it seems fairly certain that output never
came up to plan.
-260 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000306010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
a
S -E -C -R -E -T
Table 73
Soviet Coal Production in Other Western Regions
1931-52
(Continued)
g. The 1950 Plan for the Ukrainian brown coal mines was 6 million
tons, but no figures are available for other areas.
h. It is believed that output of coal in the western Ukraine was
considerably less than planned. ,The estimate is a residual figure
in the total of estimated production for the western regions.
i. It is believed that brown coal production in 1951 in the western
Ukraine was considerably less than planned for 1950.
j. The Ukrainugol' Combine pledged to complete the 1952 Plan by
21 December 1952 and to deliver 85,000 tons of above-Plan coal. The
removal of overburden in construction of pits was to be completed by
7 Novemberpand the plan for construction and installation work by
21 December. The Semenovskiy Mine and the briquetting plant were to be
placed in operation in the fourth quarter of 1952. 451/ The pro-
duction of brown coal from open-cut mines increased many times as
compared with last year. 452/ If it is assumed that 85,000 tons
represented the total production of brown coal in the Ukraine during
the last 10 days of 1952yand further that 8,500 tons was the average
daily production for the year, it is evident that total production
0 of brown coal by the Ukrainugol' Combine would not have exceeded
3 million tons in 1952. Data are not adequate to furnish a more
adequate estimate for 1952 or for any year since before World War II.
All estimates for recent years may be much higher than actual pro-
duction.
- 261 -
-E -C -R -E -T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 74
Soviet Coal Production in the Urals
Selected Years, 1913-52
Year
Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1913
1921-22
1927-28
1929-30
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941 Plan
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951
1952
1,217,000 2/
l,0211-,000'2/
1,989,000 2/
21338,600 2/
2,891,200 2/
31164,900 2/
41199,000 2/
515o8,000 2/
615oo,000 12/
7,8001000 121
8,081,000 12/
8,062,000 12/
10,100,000 12/
11,84o,00o L/
15,275,000 21/
13,600,000 2/
16,400,000 11
21,300,000 I/
23,680,000 E/
25,450,000 LI/
25,400,000 1/
27,000,000 1/
30,250,000 lc/
32,500,000 2/
30,750,000
34,500,000 2/
36,900,000 2/
40,0001000 sy
4.19
9.04
5.6o
4.89
4.47
4.75
5.50
5.85
5.97
6.17
6.34
6.07
6.93
7.13
8.01
9.89
21.30
21.74
18.50
17.06
15.47
14.68
14.41
13.77
12.30
13.17
13.06
13.28
a. .145.31/
b. --L/
d. Plan for Narkomugol' was 15,000,000 tons. 456/
- 262 -
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
4
S-E-C-RzE-T
? ? ? ? ?
Table 74
Soviet Coal Production in the Urals
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
e. \Increase of about 15 percent over 1940. 57/
f? 112/
g. Doubled in comparison with 1940.
h. In 1945, output in the Urals was 215 percent of 1940 level. 459/
i. Statements appeared in the Soviet press that coal production in some
areas, including the Urals, was slightly lower than the previous
year. 11?21/
j. By the end of October 1947, Kizel had exceeded 1946 production for
the same period by 213,000 tons, and Chelyabinsk was expected to surpass
the 1947 goal by 213,000 tons during the fourth quarter.12?1/ Kizel
was obligated to increase output by the end of 1947 by 12 percent over
the first half of the year. It is assumed that output for the Urals
increased more than 6 percent in 1947.
k. The Urals produced 12 percent more coal in 1948 than in 1947. 1??.2/
In July 1948 the Kizel coal region reached the level of production plan-
ned for 1950. 463
1. For the last II months of 1949, the Urals pledged to produce 335,000
tons above Plan. 464/ By November 1949, Sverdlovskugol' Combine was
producing more coal than planned for 1950. 465/ Although there was no
mention that the Urals exceeded the 1950 Plan in 1949, there is
sufficient indication that it was the Chelyabinsk Basin which produced
334,000 tons in excess of the 1948 schedule and had undertaken to reach
in 1949 the level of output planned for 1950 and produce 200,000 tons
above Plan. 466/
m. The 1950 output was almost three times the 1940 output. 467/ Three
times the 1940 level is equivalent to 35.5 million tons. The estimate
of 34.5 million may be a little less than actual, although 2.9 times
of the 1940 level is equivalent to 34.3 million tons.
n. Assumed increase of 7 percent over 1950.
o. The Kizelugol', Stalinugol'', and Kospashugol' trusts were pledged
to fulfill the 1952 Plan ahead of schedule and to deliver 80,000 tons
of above-Plan coal. The Chelyabinskugoll Combine was pledged to de-
liver 50,000 tons of coal over the 1952 Plan and to raise labor produc-
tivity a total of 8.3 percent. The Sverdlavskugol' Combine was pledged
to deliver 85,000 tons of coal over the 1952 Plan and to increase labor
productivity 14 percent. 468/ The assumed increase in production' as -
compared with 1951 is 8.4 percent. It is believed that new strip mines
-263-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 74
Soviet Coal Production in the Urals
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
in Bashkir ASSR contributed considerable coal, but production in the
Sverdlovskugoli Combine probably increased at a much lower rate than
the increase in labor productivity.
Table 75
Soviet Coal Production in the Karaganda Basin
Selected Years, 1913-52
Year
Tons 1/*
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1913
1921-22
1927-28
1929-30
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941 Plan
1941
1942
1943
1944
0
0
0
11,900
278,300
721,900
1,132,700
1,831,000
2,356,038
3,500,000
3,940,000
4,100,000
5,300,000
6,300,000
7,500,000
7,000,000
7,200,000
9,300,000
10,460,000
../
loi
12/
12/
12/
12/
12/
y
12/
2/
E/
2/
2/
2/
1/
5./
11/
y
1/
1/
0
0
0
0.03
0.49
1.08
1.48
1.94
2.16
2.77
3.09
3.08
3.64
3.80
3.93
5.09
9.35
9.49
8.17
* Footnotes for Table 75 follow on p. 265.
-264-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
?
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 75
Soviet Coal Production in the Karaganda Basin
Selected Yeats, 1913-52
(Continued)
Year
Tons 2/
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951
1952
11,275,000 1.51
11,000,000 1/
12,320,000 lo/
13,475,00012/
14,550,000 2/
14,650,000 21/
16,000,000 .2/
17,300,000 E/
18,900,000 J/
7.55
6.70
6.70
6.43
6.16
5.86
6.10
6.13
6.27
a. First production in 1856.
b. 469/
c. 470/
d. 471/
e. Production was 4,427,000 tons in Kazakhstan, L/2/ and it
is estimated that 327,000 tons were produced by other fields.
f. 473/
g. Narkomugol'. 474/
h. Figures are lower than previous estimates for the respec-
tive years 1941 and 1942 by 1.2 and 1.3 million tons.
Voznesenskiy stated that the amount of coal mined in Central
Asia and Kazakhstan was only 9.4 million tons in 1942 and 12
million tons in 1943. 475/ Allowing 2.2 million tons for
Central Asia and other output in Kazakhstan leaves 7.2 mil-
lion tons for Karaganda. Production in 1941 was probably
somewhat less.
i. Output of coal in Kazakhstan in 1943 was 3,256,000 tons
above 1940. 476/ This figure indicates that total was about
10,050,000 tons, of which 750,000 tons is allocated to other
fields in Kazakhstan.
j. Karaganda produced 66 percent more coal in 1944 than in
1940. 477/
-265-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 75
Soviet Coal Production in the Karaganda Basin
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
k. Output was 179 percent of 1940 output. 478
1. A Soviet newspaper reported that production decreased slightly in
1946. Actual production may have been somewhat more than the estimate.
m. Karaganda increased output 12 percent over 1946. 479/ Karaganda
miners exceeded the 1947 Plan by 258,000 tons. 48o/ An increase of
12 percent over estimated 1946 output is equivalent to 12,320,000 tons.
Assuming that the Plan called for an increase of 10 percent over 1946
and was exceeded by 258,000 tons, the output would have been 12,358,000
tons. The actual goal for 1947 may have been 12 million.
n. Production of coal in Kazakh SSR increased 9.4 percent in comparison
with 1947. Average daily carloadings of coal on the Karaganda Railroad
were 105.2 percent in comparison with 1947. 11.81/ A Soviet newspaper 482/
mentions that Karaganda fulfilled the Plan for the year and had under-
taken to produce 447,000 tons in excess of the Plan before the end of
the year. The goal for 1948 was probably very close to 13 million
tons. The increase of 9.4 percent reported for Kazakh SSR would be
just about the increase for Karaganda, which accounts for more than
80 percent of output in Kazakhstan.
o. On 2 June 1949 it was announced that the Karagandaugol' Combine
had reached the level planned for 1950. 483/ The level planned for
1950 was exceeded in August. 484/ Kazakh SSR reported that coal out-
put in 1949 was 101 percent of Plan and 108 percent compared with
1948. 485/ There was never any mention that the 1950 total output
target was reached or exceeded in 1949, but 1949 total output probably
was not far ?short of the 1950 target, assuming that 1949 total output
represented an increase of 8 percent over 1948 total output. The
pledged increase for 1949 was 9 percent over 1911.8. 486/
p. Original 1950 Plan. Karaganda was scheduled to furnish 5.85 per-
cent of the total output in 1950. 487/ Output at Karaganda in 1950 is
to be 232.4 percent of 1940. 488/
q. Karaganda pledged to increase output 17 percent as compared with
1948. 489./ This pledge was apparently given in the early part of 1949.
One source states that output in 1950 had increased to more than 2.5
times output in 1940. 490/ the
Karagandaugoll Combine completed the Fourth Five Year Plan 2-1/2 months
ahead of schedule. 491/ The last statement may imply that the total
quantity for the Fourth Five Year Plan was fulfilled by the time
stated. Output in 1950 was in excess of 15,750,000.
-266-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
s
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
a
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 75
Soviet Coal Production in the Karaganda Basin
Selected Years, 1913-.52
(Continued)
r. Karaganda pledged to increase daily average output 13 percent above.
1950 and increase labor productivity 14 percent. y92/ Coal production
in Kazakh SSR during 1951 was 108 percent of 1950 output. 493/ In 1951,
Karaganda completed the annual Plan ahead of schedule and extracted more
than 200 trainloads of power and coking coal above the Plan. Labor pro-
ductivity was 12 percent higher than in 1950. 494/ Since Karaganda
accounts for the preponderant tonnage in Kazakh SSR, the estimate is
based on an increase of 8 percent and data in footnote, o. It was re-
ported in January 1952 that not one of the trusts of the Karagandaugol'
Combine had reached prewar labor productivity.
s. Karaganda pledged completion of the 1952 Plan ahead of schedule,
delivery of 215,000 tons of above-Plan coal, and an increase in labor
productivity of 7 percent over 1951. 495/ The Karagandaugol' Combine
fulfilled the 1952 Plan on 26 December 1952. The Karagandauglerazrez
(open-cast mines) and Kirov trusts were ahead of schedule. 496/ Two
trusts of the Karagandaugol' Combine -- almost half of the mines and
sections -- and more than 20 percent of the workers were failing to
fulfill the Plan and the norms in September 1952. 497/
coal output in Kazakh SSR increased 9.7Tercent between
the Fifth and Sixth Kazakh Party Congresses. 498/ Zasyad'ko stated on
12 October 1952 that three times more coal was mined at Karaganda than
before the war. 499/ Three times 1940 output is equivalent to
18,900,000 tons; also 9.4 percent over 1951.
Table 76
Soviet Coal Production in Kazakh SSR (excluding Karaganda) 2/*
Selected Years, 1913-52
Year
Percent of Total
Tons Soviet Production
1913 90,000 12/
1921-22 58,000 12/
* Footnotes for Table 76 follow on p. 268.
- 267 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
0.31
0.51
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 76 '
Soviet Coal Production in Kazakh SSR (excluding Karaganda) 2/
Selected Years, 1913-52
Year
Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1927-28
37,)#00 y
0.4
1929-30
79,200 y
0.35
1931
98,400 y
0.17
1932
99,800 y
0.15
1933
95,600 y
0.13
1934
89,000 y
0.09
1935-37
N.A.
N.A.
1938
327,000
0.12
1939
400,000
0.27
1940
500,000
0.30
1941 Plan
923,000
0.48
1941(
600,000
0.43
1942
650,000
0.84
1943
750,000
0.76
1944
11000,000
0.78
1945
950,000
0.63
1946
1,000,000
0.61
1947
1,100,000
0.60
1948
1,300,000
0.62
1949
1,400,000
.59
1950 Plan
1,750,000
0.70
1950
11500,000
.57
1951
1,550,000
.55
1952
1,750,000
0.58
a. The Ministry of the Coal Industry has under its ad-
ministration the Karaganda Mines (Karagandaugol' Combine)
and the Langer Mines (Sredazugol' Combine), but these are
believed to be all. The balance of the mines are probably
under local administration. Production in recent years
has been reported at Langer, at Sas-Tyube and
Kilitomashat in South Kazakhstan, at Dzholonbed and
Bogombay in Akmolinsk Oblast, and at Ust'Kamenogorsk
in East Kazakhstan. In addition, there is current
-268-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
4
?
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 76
Soviet Coal Production in Kazakh SSR (excluding Karaganda) 2/
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
production at Dzhezkazgan, Ekibas-tuz, and Kaynamin, in the Aktyubinsk
and Omsk oblasts, and in the Pavlodar area. The Fourth Five Year Plan
called for opening 4 new mines in the Aktyubinsk field with an annual
capacity of 270,000 tons, a strip mine at Ekibas-tuz with an annual
capacity of 600,000 tons, and various mines under the Kazakh SSR 's
jurisdiction with an annual capacity of 400,000 tons. The Ekibas-tuz
mine was being developed in 1949, but progress was reported slow.
It is doubtful if the mine had much output, if any, in 1950. It is
probable that Lenger is producing around 500,000 tons a year and is
the major producing area. All figures in the table for the 1938-52
period, with the exception of the 1941 and 1950 Plan figures, are
estimates which are based to some extent on increases reported for
Kazakh SSR. (See footnotes to Table 74.) The estimates for recent
years may be as much as 500,000 tons more than actual production.
b. 500/
Table 77
Soviet Coal Production in Central Asia
Selected Years, 1913-52
Tons
Year
Kirgi; Uzbek/ TadziAlk Turkme
SSR 2/* SSR 12/ SSR 2/ SSR 9.1
Total 2/
1913 158,000 1/
1921-22 104,000 f/
1927-28 234,000 1/
1929-30 387,000 1/
1931 666, loo 1/
1932 745,200 1/
* Footnotes for Table 77 follow on p. 270.
-269-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C,R-E-T
Table 77
Soviet Coal Production in Central Asia
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
Tons
Year
Kirgiz
SSR EV
Uzbek
SSR b/
Tadzhik
SSR 2/
Turkmen
SSR
Total 2/
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
8141600 si
1,012,000 f.1
1,000,000 EV
965,000 EV
910,000 EV
1938
1,100,000 EV
1939
194o
11703,000
205,000
12,000
11400,000 EV
1,920,000
1941 Plan
2,036,000
10,000
343,000
20,000
2,409,000
1941
1,530,000
10,000
200,000
10,000
1,750,000
1942
1,331,000
51,000
160,000
8,000
1,550,000
1943
1,708,000
60,000
170,000
12,000
1,950,000
1944
1,730,000
80,000
175,000
15,000
2,000,000
1945
1,271,000
104,000
160,000
15,000
1,550,000
1946
1,325,000
187,000
200,000
18,000
1,730,000
1947
1,565,000
305,000
260,000
20,000
2,150,000
.411
1948
1,860,000
758,000
300,000
22,000
2,940,000
1949
1,990,000
1,160,000
375,000
25,000
3,550,000
1950 Plan
1,600,000
1,130,000
440,000
60,000
3,230,000
1950
2,130,000
1,675,000
448,000
22,000
4,275,000
1951
2,350,000
2,050,000
460,000
25,000
4,885,000
1952
2,720,000
2,400,000
500,000
30,000
5,650,000
a. The Kirgizugol' Trust controls mines operating at four deposits --
Kyzyl-Kiya, Kok-Yangak, Sulyukta, and Tashkumyr. Production of these
mines is under the Ministry of the Coal Industry. So far as is known,
there is little, if any, production elsewhere.
the prewar output of all 4 deposits was about 1 million tons. 501/
the 1940 output of the Kirgiz SSR was
1,383,000 tons. 502/ The production of Central Asia in 1940 was re-
ported to be 1,920,000 tons,which,after deducting probable output in
other Republics, leaves a balance of about 1.7 million ton'S for
Kirgiz SSR. the 1950 Plan called for out-
-270-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
5(JX1
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 77
Soviet Coal Production in Central Asia
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
put to reach 1.6 million tons 2202/ and 2.2 mil- 50X1
lion tons. 504/ ,The last figure may be a revised Plan. In 1950, pro-
duction was 25 percent above the 1940 level, 505/ which is equivalent
to 1,730,000 tons based on the lower level or 2,130,000 tons at the
higher level. Also, 1950 output was almost 70 percent more than
1945. 506/ During the first and third quarters of 1950, output was
104 percent and 107 percent, respectively, of the same periods in
1949. 507/ In August 1950 it was reported that the Kyzyl-Kiya and Kok-
Yangak mines completed the Fourth Five Year Plan, 508/ and in August
1949 it was repdrted that the same mines had achieved the 1950 produc-
tion rate. 509/ The 1949 Plan was fulfilled 99 percent, and output was
107 percent ofl.948. In 1948 the Plan was fulfilled 99.4 percent, and
output increased 19 percent over 1947. .510/ The major center of pro-
duction is at Kyzyl-Kiya, for which the following data are available:
1946, 5 percent over 1945; 1947, 20 percent over 1946; 1949, 19.2 per-
cent over 1940 and almost 1-1/2 times 1946. According to preliminary
figures, coal output in 1951 rose by-over 10 percent. 511/ 50X1
the Central Asiatic coal industry furnishes the following 50X1
estimates of production in 1948 512/: Kyzyl-Kiya, a maximum of 2,000
to 2,100 tons daily; Kok-Yangak, 1,200 to 1,300 tons daily; Tashkumyr,
600 to 650 tons daily; and Sulyukta, 1,800 tons daily. These estimates
give a range of 5,600 to 5,850 tons daily for the mines of the Kirgiz
Trust, or between 1.8 and 1.9 million tons in 1948. Such figures tend
to support the opinion that output in Kirgiz SSR in 1940 was about 1.7
million tons, and this base has been used for projection.
b. The mines at Angren, which are under the administration of the
Angrenugol' Trust of the Sredazugoli Combine, are the only ones known
to be producing in Uzbek SSR. In October 1940, Sredazugoli was ordered
to sink at dnce 2 mines for exploratory purposes with a view to produc-
ing 100,000 tons annually. 21.V The first mine began to yield coal
in 1941 (the Plan called for 10,000 tons) and started to expand in
1943. In 1944, 2 more mines were started, and in 1945 the strip mine
was started, but the latter did not yield coal until 1948. 21??/ Out-
put in Uzbek SSR was 104,000 tons in 1945. 515/ Relative changes in
output have been reported as follows: in 191+6 a 79.5-percent in-
crease over 1945 516/; in 1947 a 62.1-percent increase over 1946 517/;
in 1948 a 150-percent increase during the year at Angren, 518/ and
- 271 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 77
Soviet Coal Production in Central Asia
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
output rose 2.5 times as against 1947 519/; in 1949, 94 percent of the
Plan and 153 percent of 1948 520/; in 1950 an increase of 9 times_ as
against 1946 521/; in 1951 a 79-percent increase of the Plan 522/;
during the first quarter, output wasonly 60 percent of the Plan and
78 percent of the first quarter of 1950, and was only 81 percent and
83 percent, respectively, of the second and third quarter of the
Plan. 523/
c. The Shurab mines, of which there were two operating in 1946, belong
to the Tadzhikugol' Trust, a subsidiary of the Sredazugol' Combine. In
addition, there are the Isfara Mine Administration and Ziddinskaya
Mine Administration (Ziddy), both of which are under control of the
Ministry for Local Industry. It is probable that there are no more
than two mines operated to supply local needs and that output is very
small. The Tadzhikugol' Trust was pledged to reach by 6 November 1949
the output level fixed for 1950 and to exceed the 1949 Plan by 10 per-
cent. 524/ the Shurab mines were producing
700 to 800 tons daily in 1948. 525/ It was reported that coal output
in Tadzhik SSR during 1950 reached 102 percent of the Fourth Five Year
Plan quota and exceeded the prewar level 2.2 times. 526/ In August
1950 it was reported that Tadzhikugol' had completed the Fourth Five
Year Plan, 527/ there
were serious defects in the operations of the Tadzhikugol' Trust and
in the mine of the local industry, only one
mine. The Tadzhikugol' Trust had failed for a long time to complete
the state Plan for coal output. The new equipment arriving at the
Shurab mines was being poorly utilized. 528/ It would appear that the
original 1950 quota was exceeded slightly, but super quotas had been
imposed which were not met. Available statistics on Plan fulfillment
and comparison with the same quarter a year earlier are as follows for
Tadzhik SSR:-
- 272 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
50k1
50X1
50X1
4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
4
S-E-CR-E-T
Table 77
Soviet Coal Production in Central Asia
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
Percent of In Percent
Period Plan Fulfillment Of Past Year
1950 (First Quarter)
74
85
1950 Second Quarter)
97
115
1950 (Third Quarter)
85
94
1951 (Third Quarter)
71
The foregoing would indicate that 1949 output was about as high as 1950
but was probably somewhat less. It was reported that 1949 production
was 109 percent of plan and 127 percent of 1948. Isfara Mine fulfilled
the 1949 Plan. 529/ The Tadzhikugol' Trust fulfilled only 90 percent
of the 1948 Plan but produced 12 percent more than 1947. 530/
d. The Kugitang Tau mine in Turkmen SSR is administered locally and
is evidently the only mine in operation. The 1950 Plan was fulfilled
37 percent, and output was 95 percent of 1949 level. 531/ The 1950 Plan
was only 60,000 tons, so 1949 output would have been about 25,000 tons
and probably was the peak for that area. Statistics for 1951 are as
follows:
Percent of In Percent of
Period- Plan Fulfillment Same Quarter 1950
1951 (First Quarter)
1951 (Second Quarter)
1951 (Third Quarter)
71
102
100.8
49
e. Production for the 1941-52 period totals the estimates made for
each republic, the total production of Kazakh 50X1
SSR and Central Asia amounted to 12 million tons in 1943. 212/ The
estimate for Central Asia is 1,950,000 tons. The 1950 Plan called for
production of Central Asia to increase 70.8 percent as compared with
1940. 533/ The original 1950 Plan was 3,230,000 tons. It was re-
ported that output of the Sredazugol' Combine in 1948 was 157.8
percent of 1940 and had increased 37 percent over 1947. Promises were
- 273 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
_ _ _
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 77
Soviet Coal Production in Central Asia
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
made to exceed the 19 9 planned output by 100,000 tais, a 2 . percent
increase over 1948. 534/ It was reported on 24 December 1952 that the
output of coal by the Sredazugol' Combine was 15.9 percent higher
during the first 11 months of 1952 than in the corresponding period of
1951. 535/ The Sredazugol' Combine includes Lenger in south Kazakhstan.
It was reported that the Sredazugoll Combine fulfilled the 1952 Plan
5-1/2 days ahead of schedule. The Uzbekugol! Trust and the Sulyukta-
ugol' Trust fulfilled the Plan ahead of schedule. 536/
f. 537/.
g. 57/.
Table 78
Soviet Coal Production in the Kuzbas
Selected Years, 1913-52
Year
Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1913
1921-22
1927-28
1929-30
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
774,000 2/*
885,000 2/
2,618,000 2/
3,610,500 2/
5,459,400 2/
7,255,200 2/
9,159,700 2/
11,495,000 2/
13,900,000 12/
16,800,000 12/
17,813,000 12/
17,338,000 12/
2.66
7.82
7.37
7.56
9.62
10.88
12.00
12.21
12.76
13.29
13.98
13.04
* Footnotes ?for Table 78 follow on p. 275.
- 274 -
S-EC-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 78
Soviet Coal Production in the Kuzbas
Selected Years, 1913-52 .
(Continued)
.1.
Year
Tons
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
1939
1940
1941 Plan
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951
1952
19,000,000 2/
21,140,000 1/
23,400,000 2/
21,000,000 li
21,000,0001/
25,000,000 g/
27,200,000 Illi
28,950,000 li
27,965,000 j/
29,080,000 Iii
30,825,000 2/
33,600,000 12/
35,500,000 2/
36,625,000 2/
39,500,000 p/
42,000,000 ]./
13.04
12.73
12.28
15.27
27.27
25.51
21.26
19.39
17.03
15.81
14.70
14.24
14.20
13.98
13.99
13.94
?
a. 539
c. This figure represents a compromise between
17,047,000 tons?and
21,000,000 tons.
was 3 million tons too high in 1940. Since
1940 production is fairly definite and previous estimates
were based on a sizable increase in that year compared
with 1939, the conclusion must be that 1939 output was 2
million tons, if not more, below 1940.
d. .543/
e. Narkomugol' only. The total for Novosibirsk Oblast
was 25,045,000 tons. 544/
f. coal output was not
estimates.
-275-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
5UX1
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 78
Soviet Coal Production in the Kuzbas
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
increased during the war but in 1942 remained at the same level as
1940. The problems of increasing coking coal output were very acute.
It was announced 546/ in April 1942 that the Kuzbas fulfilled the 1941
Plan, but this has the aspect of propaganda.
g. In 1943 the Kuzbas produced 4 million tons more than in 1942.
h. Output was 2,212,000 tons more than in 1943.2)22
i. The Kuzbas promised to produce 1.8 million tons more coal in 1945
than in 1944. 549/ In 1945, output was 137 percent of 1940. 550/
j. Reported in the press. 221/ The 1946 Plan was fulfilled by only
96.4 percent, 222/ indicating that the goal was 29 million and no in-
crease was planned over 1945 output.
k. The Plan for 1947 provided for the production of 30,700,000 tons.
553/ In 1947, output increased 815,000 tons at Kuzbassugol' Combine
and 300,000 tons at Kemerovugol' Combine as compared with 1946. 554/
1. Miners of the Kuzbas produced 580,000 tons of coal above the Plan
in 1948. Coal output was 106 percent of 1947. 555/
m. Output was 109 percent of 191+8. 556/
n. In 1950 the Kuzbas was to produce 168.9 percent of prewar output.
557/ Also, 14.2 percent of the total. 558/
o. Output was 109 percent of 1949. 559/
p. Estimated increase of about 8 percent over 1950.
q. The Kuzbassugol' Combine was pledged to deliver 150,000 tons over
the Plan and increase labor productivity 6 percent as compared with
1951. The Kemerovugol' Combine pledged to deliver 75,000 tons of
coal over the Plan and increase labor productivity 7 percent. L9./
Zasyadtko stated on 12 October 1952 that the Kuzbas was mining two times
more coal than before the war. 561/ It is probable that Kuzbas produc-
tion in 1952 was somewhat less than 42.3 million tons, or twice the
1940 level. The estimate represents an increase of 6.3 percent, which
is about the same as the planned average increase in labor productivity
for the entire basin, based on the relative output in the 2 combines.
-276-
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
?
4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2013/09/24 : CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 79
0
Soviet Coal Production in East Siberia
Selected Years, 1913-52
Year
Tons!!
Percent of, Total
Soviet Production
1913
1921-22
1927-28
1929-30
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941 Plan
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951
1952
823,000 12/
724,000 I/
884,000 bi
.-LJ
1,277,800 12/
1,905,600 II
2,167,500 12/
2,519,000 Ii
3,540,000 12/
4,105,000 2/
5,538,000 2/
5,765,000 2/
6,850,000 2/
7,900,000 2/
9,400,000
10,913,000
9,800,000 1/
10,000,000 2/
10,000,000 1/
10,500,000
10,000,000 pi
10,600,000 2/
11,200,000.f./
13,400,000 1/
13,900,000 5./
12,700,000 12/
14,250,000 1/
15,000,000 1/
16,300,000 1/
2.83
6.39
2.49
2.67
3.36
3.25
3.30
3.76
3.77
4.38
4.53
5.15
5.42
5.66
5.72
7.13
13.00
10.20
8.20
6.70
6.46
6.09
6.39
5.88
5.08
5.44
5.31
5.41
a. In East Siberia there are five major producing
basins or fields.: Minusinsk, Kansk, Cheremkhomo,
Bukarhachal and Chernovskiye Kopi. These, as well as a
number of other mining areas, are subsidiary to the
- 277 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
_ _ _ _ _ _
Table 79
Soviet Coal Production in East Siberia
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
Ministry of the Coal Industry. In addition, there are many relatively
small mines scattered over a vast area, including Taymyr National
Okrug and the Yakut ASSR, which have been controlled by the NKVD or
other administrations. Few statistics have been published since 1934,
but some information concerning output in the major fields since the
war has served as a basis for estimates, which are believed to be
accurate within 10 percent.
b. 562/
d. Transportation, labor, and machinery difficulties retarded develop-
ment.
e. It is probable that output dropped during 1945 and efficiency was
very low. There were many Japanese brought into East Siberia in 1945
and 1946, which increased production in the latter year.
f. The Vostsibugoll Combine, which includes Cheremkhovo, produced
more than a half million tons in excess of the 1948 target and
1,351,000 tons in excess of the 1947 output. In the fourth quarter,
production exceeded the level planned for 1950. In 1948.the Krasno-
yarsk Combine produced 1,887,000 tons of coal over the Plan. Compared
with 1947, output increased by 20 percent.2.6211/ The increase in produc-
tion in the Krasnoyarsk Combine was between 500,000 and 550,000 tons in
1948, so that the total increase for the mines of the Ministry of the
Coal Industry was not more than 1.9 million tons. This, added to an
estimated increase of 300,000 tons in scattered production, gives an in-
crease of 2.2 million in 1948. Thus, 1948 production exceeds the
estimated Plan goal for 1950 by about 700,000 tons. It is the opinion
that output expanded much more rapidly in the Kansk Basin than had been
anticipated. The Vostsibugol' Combine achieved in 1948 the extraction
level established for 1950, but this could mean the average daily rate
and not the 1950 annual quota. The Zabaykalugoli Trust, with mines in
Buryat Mongol ASSR and Chita Oblast, exceeded the 1950 level in 1948
and fulfilled the 1948 Plan on 9 December 1948, exceeding 1947 produc-
tion by 16.2 percent. 216.51
g. The Khakassugol' Trust in Minusinsk Basin completed the Fourth
Five Year Plan in 3 years and 8 months, doubling average production
-278-
0 S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
?
4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
14,
4
4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 79
Soviet Coal Production in East Siberia
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
in comparison with the prewar (1940) period. 566 Many Japanese were
taken out of the mires in late 1948 and 1949, which had some effect on
production in 1949. The increase over 1948 is estimated at 500,000
tons, or about 4 percent.
h. Mines under the Ministry of the Coal Industry were to produce 107
million tons in 1950, and the figure of 12.7 million tons represents a
residual estimate for East Siberia.
i. Estimates based on trends in coal production and labor productivity
in the USSR. Considerable new mine machinery was sent to Cheremkbovo
and probably some of the other mines. Expansion of production, however,
was limited to some extent by low efficiency of the personnel in these
areas, who are largely convicts and inexperienced youth.
j. The Krasnoyarskugor Combine was pledged to complete the 1952
Plan ahead of schedule, to deliver 35,000 tons of coal more than the
Plan, and to raise labor productivity a total of 12.1 percent above
1951. The Vostsibugol' Combine was pledged to complete the 1952 Plan
ahead of schedule, to deliver 33,000 tons of coal above the Plan, and
to increase labor productivity a total of 7.6 percent above 1951. 567/
It is estimated that coal production in East Siberia increased about
8.7 percent in 1952 as compared with 1951.
Table 80
Soviet Coal Production in the Far East 2/*
Selected Years, 1913-52
Year
Percent of Total
Tons 12/ Soviet Production
1913 373,000
1921-22 664,000
* Footnotes for Table 80 follow on p. 280.
-279-
S-E-C-R-E-T
1.28
5.58
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
'S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 80
Soviet Coal Production in the Far East 2/
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
Year
Tons 12/
Percent of Total
Soviet Production
,1927-28
1929-30
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941 Plan
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950 Plan
1950
1951
1952
1,072,700 2/
1,598,100 2/
21011,800 2/
21260,300 2/
216781600 2/
3,390,000 2/
4,281,000 2/
4,695,000 2/
4,723,000 2/
4,752,000 2/
51325,000 1/
6,600l000 2/
8,973,000 _f../
7,000,000 gi
7,200,000 gi
7,200,000 g/
7,600,000 12/
8,100,000 1/
lo,400,000 ii/
11,800,000 Lc/
12,100,000 1/
12,600,000 2/
10,850,000 Ej
13,000,000 2/
13,700,000 El/
14,500,000 2/
3.02
3.35
3.54
3.39
3.51
3.60
3,93
3.71
3.71
3.58
3.66
3.98
4.70
5.09
9.35
7.35
5.94
5.43
6.33
6.42
5.77
5.33
4.34
4.97
4.85
4.81
a. The Ministry of the Coal Industry has under its
jurisdiction the Khabarovskugol', Primorskugol, and
Sakhalinugol' combines. The mines at Raychikhinsk, Kivda,
and Chagdamyn (Bureya Basin) are controlled by
-280-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 80
Soviet Coal Production in the Far East.2/
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
Khabarovskugol'; those in north Sakhalin and south Sakhalin, by
Sakhalinugol'; and the principal mines under Primorskugol' are at
Suchan and Artem. The mines on south Sakhalin were taken over by the
Russians in 1945 and had supplied the Japanese with as much as 6 mil-
lion tons annually during World War II. Only 11 out of 45 mines, how-
ever, were being operated by the Russians in the last half of 1945,
and these had an annual capacity of 1.11- million tons. In addition to
the foregoing coal mining areas, there is scattered production at small
mines, a few of which are probablSr controlled by the Ministry of the
Coal Industry.
b. All figures are estimates with the exception of those for the
1913-34 period, 1940, and 1941 Plan.
c. 568/
e. 570/
f. 571/
g. Soviet data for
that there was some
in 1943. The mines
these years are not available, but it is believed
increase in production in 1941 and 1942 and none
in the Bureya Basin were closed in 1941, at which
time there was no railroad to them. Raychikhinsk did not have any
significant expansion until quantities of strip equipment were
Obtained at the end of the war. The mines in north Sakhalin produced
only about 250,000 tons in 1944, 572/ whiph was less than before the
war. It is possible that the estimates may be high'.
h. Coal production in Primorskiy Kray was 400,000 tons higher than
in 1943. 573/ It is assumed that there was no increase at the Kivda
and Raychikhinsk mines in Khabarovsk Kray.
i. The increase for 1945 results from mines acquired in south
Sakhalin. It is possible that these mined contributed more than
500,000 tons to the USSR in 1945, but the amount is not known. Some
decline may have occurred in other areas as the Russians furnish no
data about coal output in the Far East in 1945, except that it was
possible to work only eight of the mines in south Sakhalin when the
Japanese left.
j. The Khabarovskugol' Combine increased production in 1946 by 15.6
- 281 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 8o
Soviet Coal Production in the Far East a/
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
percent over the prewar level. 574/ Assuming that the Khabarovskugol'
Combine mined 3 million tons in 1940, its indicated production in 1946
would be about 3.45 million tons or at the most 3.6 million tons. The
Bureya Basin was contributing 300 tons daily in May 1946. 575/ The
1946 Plan was overfulfilled by 440,000 tons. 576/ It is assumed that
south Sakhalin contributed at least 1.4 million tons.
k. Khabarovsk Kray produced 25 percent more coal than in 1940 and
8.4 percent more than in 1946. 577/ In 1947 the Khabarovskugol' Com-
bine increased output by 10.1 percent over 1946. 578/ During 1947,
11 pits were rehabilitated and put into operation in south Sakha-
lin. 579/ During the first 8 months of 1947 the Plan was exceeded by
50,000 tons, and the target at the year's end was 80,000 tons over the
year's Plan. 580/ The estimate for 1947 represents an increase of
about 13.5 percent over 1946 and may be as much as 1 million tons too
high. It is assumed, however, that south Sakhalin contributed in ex-
cess of 2 million tons, and there was a sizable increase in Primorskiy
Kray because of the employment of large numbers of Japanese.
1. Maritime Territory (Primorskiy Kray) ,fulfilled the annual Plan.
Artem mines met the Fourth Five Year Plan quota in 3 years. 581/
Primorskugol' production in 1948 was 107.3 percent of 1947. 77/ Ac-
cording to a published Soviet source, output of coal at Raychikhinsk
had been trebled in the last few years. The Novo Raychikhinsk de-
posit was to be put into operation in 1948 and was expected to yield
hundreds of thousands of tons annually. The Kivda mines had received
new equipment. It was stated to be no longer necessary to bring coal
from the Kuzbas. 583/ In March 1948 there were more than 20 coal
mines in operation in Sakhalin, which yielded several million tons of
coal annually. In 1947 alone, Sakhalin gave the country more coal
than was obtained from the island in the 70 years preceding the Revo-
lution. It has earned the title of the "Stokehole of the Soviet Far
East." 584/ The increase of 300,000 tons over 1947 may be too mall
and would result from overestimating production in 1947. Lack of good
information about south Sakhalin, however, is a factor that compli-
cates the difficulties of arriving at a reasonably accurate determina-
tion of production in the Far East.
m. The Primorskugol' Combine pledged to exceed the 1950 level of coal
- 282 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 80
Soviet Coal Production in the Far East 2.../
Selected Years, 1913-52
(Continued)
mining by 2 percent and mine 150,000 tons above Plan, including
110,000 tons by Miners Day on 28 August 1949. 585/ During the first
9 months the production of the Primorskugol' Combine was 10.5 percent
above the corresponding period of the last year. 586/ On the eve of
Miners Day the Khabarovskugol' Combine achieved the output planned
for 1950 and pledged to obtain 135,000 tons above Plan in the remaining
4 months of the year. 587/ Miners of the Aleksandrovskugol' Trust
(north Sakhalin mines) are successfully meeting their obligations to
fulfill the Fourth Five Year Plan in 4 years. 588/
n. The Plan called for production in the Far East to reach 164.6 per-
cent of the prewar level. 589/ It is believed that the original target
for 1950 did not include south Sakhalin.
o. In 1950 the Sakhalinugol' Combine mined more than 40,000 tons of
coal above Plan. 590/ During 1950 the Primorskugol' Combine mined more
than 150,000 tons of coal above Plan. 591/ the foregoing 50X1
information did not furnish 1950 statistics for the Khabarovskugol'
Combine, and it is not likely that these mines fared too well. It is
believed that 400,000 tons would represent the maximum increase in
the region as compared with 1949.
p. Khabarovskugol' pledged to deliver 150,000 tons above Plan in 1951
and increase labor productivity 7 percent. Primorskugol' pledged to
mine 90,000 tons of coal above Plan and increase labor productivity
5 percent. The Sakhalinugol' Combine pledged to mine 25,000 tons of
coal above Plan and raise labor productivity 11.5 percent in 1951.
These pledges were made in May 1951. 592/
q. The Khabarovskugol' Combine pledged completion of the 1952 Plan
ahead of schedule, delivery of 70,000 tons of above-Plan coal, and an
increase in labor productivity of 9.6 percent above 1951. The Prim-
orskugol' Combine pledged completion of the 1952 Plan ahead of
schedule, delivery of 30,000 tons of coal over the Plan, and an in-
crease of 5 percent in labor productivity as compared with 1951. 593/
The estimated production in 1952 represents an increase of 5.8 per-
cent over the estimate for 1951. It is believed that the estimates
for 1950, 1951, and 1952 are within 500,000 tons of actual, but
figures for the 1945-49 period may have a larger range of error.
-283-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24 : CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX H
COAL PRODUCTION TRENDS IN THE USSR BY MAJOR AREAS, SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF CHANGE FROM PRECEDING YEAR
1939-52
Table 81
Region
Area
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
Western Regions
.
III & IV
Donbas
+ 5.7
+ 10.7
- 32.7
- 84.3
+ 320.0
+ 433.0
+ 63.1
+ 30.0
+ 19.0
+ 21.0
+ 19.9
+ 15.9
+ 8.4
+ 3.9
VII
Moscow Basin
+ 9.2
+ 22.9
?+ 10.5
- 13.4
+ 51.6
+ 24.3
+ 6.1
+ 3.2
+ 9.7
+ 11.1
+ 12.6
+ 10.0
+ 7.1
+ 6.0
Ib
Pechora Basin
+ 75.0
+ 7.8
+ 17.9
+ 129.3
+ 122.5
+ 44.4
+ 27.4
+ 20.0
+ 33.0
+ 17.5
+ 20.0
+ 15.8
+ 8.8
+ 9.0
V
Georgian SSR
+ 28.2
+ 12.7
+ 23.6
- 22.3
+ 16.7
+ 7.1
+ 6.7
+ 4.6
+ 22.1
+ 21.8
+ 14.9
+ 24.1
+ 16.1
+ 9.2
Ia
Spitzbergen
- 15.0
- 11.8
- 50.0
2/2/
21 (
21 ,
2/
12/
+ 50.0
+ 23.8
+ 15.4
III
Western Ukraine
- 1.8
- 0.4
- 62.1
- 12.1
+ 114.3
+ 10.0
+ 291.7
+ 29.6
+ 13.8
+ 10.6
+ 6.5
+ 5.8
+ 11.5
+ 37.5
Total Western Regions
+ 6.0
+ 11.1
- 28.6
- 83.6
+ 76.0
+ 103.6
+ 39.3
+ 20.8
+ 17.4
+ 18.1
+ 17.8
+ 14.6
+ 8.3
+ 5.6
Eastern Regions
VIII
Urals
+ 25.2
+ 17.2
+ 14.9
+ 20.5
+ 29.9
+ 11.2
+ 7.5
- 0.2
+ 6.3
+ 12.0
+ 7.4
+ 6.1
+ 7.0
+ 8.4
Xa
Karaganda
+ 29.2
+ 18.9
+ 11.1
+ 2.9
+ 29.2
+ 12.4
+ 7.8
- 2.4
+ 12.0
+ 9.4
+ 8.0
+ 10.0
+ 8.1
+ 9.2
Xa
Kazakh SSR (excluding
+ 22.3
+ 25.0
+ 20.0
+ 8.3
+ 15.3
+ 33.3
- 5.0
+ 5.3
+ 10.0
+ 18.1
+ 7.7
+ 7.1
+ 3.3
+ 12.9
Karaganda)
Xb
Central Asia
+ 27.3
+ 37.1
- 8.9
- 11.4
+ 25.8
+ 2.6
- 22.5
+ 11.6
+ 24.3
+ 36.7
+ 20.7
+ 20.6
+ 14.1
+ 15.7
IX
Kuzbas+
9.6
+ 11.3
_ 0.7
+ 19.0
+ 8.8
+ 6.4
- 3. 4
+ 4.0
+ 6.0
+ 9.0
+ 9.0
+ 7.8
+ 6.3
XI
East Siberia
+ 15.3
+ 19.o
- 4.3
+ 2.0
+ 5.0
- 4.8
+ 6.0
+ 5.7
+ 19.6
+ 3.7
+ 2.5
+ 5.3
+ 8.7
XII
Far East
+ 12.0
+ 23.9
+ 6.1
+ 2.9
+ 5.6
+ 6.6
+ 28.3
+ 13.5
+ 2.5
+ 4.1
+ 3.2
+ 5.4
+ 5.8
Other
+ 11.1
+ 52.0
- 18.8
+ 12.8
+ 6.4
+ 12.1
- 1.1
+ 5.0
+ 2.1
+ 3.6
Total Eastern Regions
+ 17.3
+ 18.6
+ 3.4
+ 5.4
+ 17.8
+ 9.5
+ 4.4
+ 2.2
+ 7.4
+ 10.2
+ 7.5
+ 7.1
+ 7.2
+ 7.9
Total USSR
+ 9.6
+ 13.9
- 17.2
- 44.o
+ 27.3
+ 30.6
+ 16.6
+ 10.0
+ 12.0
+ 14.0
+ 12.6
+ 11.0
+ 7.8
+ 6.7
...-=--
a. No production.
b. Started production.
- 285 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
a
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX I
COAL RESOURCES IN THE USSR ACCORDING
TO THE REPORT OF THE SEVENTEENTH SESSION OF THE
INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS, 1937 594/
Table 82
Distribution and Depth of Soviet Coal Reserves
1937 Estimate
Million Tons
Area
European USSR
RSFSR
Distribution of Reserves
Total Reserves 2/* According to Depths
Total
Geological To a Depth From 600 m From 1,200 m
Reserves Actual Probable of 600 m to 1,200 m to 1,800 m
Pechora Coal-Bearing Region
36,500
30,500
6,000
Moscow Basin:
Western Limb
. 500
20
30
50
Moscow Basin:
Southern Limb
11,900
1,1+61
2)939
11,900
Urals :
Western Slope
4,777
546
927
2,634
1,093
1,050
Urals :
Eastern Slope
2,872
768
600
2,872
Caucasus :
Northern Slope
4,o68
36
3,277
4, 068
* Footnotes for Table 82 follow on p. 288.
- 287 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 82
Distribution and Depth of Soviet Coal Reserves
1937 Estimate
(Continued)
Million Tons
Distribution of Reserves
Total Reserves 2/ According to Depths
Area
Total
Geological
Reserves
Actual
Probable
To a Depth
of 600 in
Frot 600 in
to 1,200 in
From 1,200 in
to 1,800 in
Ukrainian SSR
Donbas as a Whole (including
the Azov-Black Sea Area)
88,872 12/
24,971
31,440
30,000
33,000
25,872
Brown Coal of the Ukraine
518
14.14-6
72
518
Transcaucasia
(Georgian SSR, Armenian SSR)
357
182
127
341
16
Total European USSR
150,364
28,430
39,412
83,333
40,109
26,922
Asiatic USSR
RSFSR
Kuzbas
450,658
26,421
29,290
218,725
154,635
77,298
Gorlovo Coal-Bearing Region
1,545
5
1,545
Minusinsk Basin
20,612
5,089
9,561
13,218
5,911
1,493
Chulym-Yenisey Basin
43,000
1,600
8,000
43,000
Kansk Basin
42,000
4,420
21,081
42,000
Tungus Coal-Bearing Region
440,000
30,000
90,000
440,000
Irkutsk Basin and
Transbaikal Region
81,397 2/
23,284
34,950
81,359
38
- 288 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
a
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4 -
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 82
Distribution and Depth of Soviet Coal Reserves
1937 Estimate
(Continued)
Million Tons
Area
-RSFSR
(Continued)
, Distribution of Reserves
Total Reserves 2/ According to Depths
Total
Geological To a Depth From 600 m From 1,200 m
Reserves Actual Probable of 600 m to 1,200 m to 1,800 in
Lena Coal-Bearing Region
Bureya Basin
Other Regions of the Far East
Northeastern Sector of the
Soviet Arctic Region
203,160
26,116
9,906
102,860
3;882
1,134
549
19,592
3,080
1,300
1,200
,
203,160
6,900
7,162
102,860
19,104
2;744
112
Kazakh SSR and Central Asia
Karaganda Basin
52,696
4,932
31,034
6,210
18,790
27,696
Other Coal Regions of
Kazakh SSR
10,102
1,152
1,822
9,432
670
Kirghiz SSR
10,046
279
2,903
4,793
2,553
2,700
Turkmen SSR
3,538
10
962
3,538
Tadzhik SSR
2,175
92
284
609
1,360
206
Uzbek SSR
4,186
25
111
576
1,810
1,800
Total Asiatic USSR
1,503,997
102,869
255,175
1,185,087
207,605
111305
---
Tbtal USSR
1 654 361
131,299
294,587
1,268,1+20
-----
247 714
138,227
- 289 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 82
Distribution and Depth of Soviet Coal Reserves
1937 Estimate
(Continued)
a. A discussion of the terms actual and probable as used in this table appears in D, 1, a, p. 47, above.
b. This figure, showing the reserves of the Donbas, includes 20,690 million tons representing the reserves of
the Azov-Black Sea area.
c. A part of the Irkutsk Basin and some of the coal deposits of the Transbaikal region (with total reserves
of about 7,560 million tons) belong to the Buryat Mongol ASSR.
- 290 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 83
Distribution of Soviet Coal Reserves by Classes of Coal
1937 Estimate
Million Tons
Categories of Reserves a/*
Area
A
B and C
D
Total
European USSR
631
85
20,000
4,777
3,983
16,500
500
11,900
2,241
36,500
500
11,900
4,777
,872
4,o68
RSFSR
Pechora Coal-Bearing Region
Moscow Basin: Western Limb
Moscow Basin: Southern Limb
Urals : Western Slope
Urals : Eastern Slope
Caucasus : Northern Slope
Ukrainian SSR
Donbas as a Whole (including
the Azov-Black Sea Area)
33,976
51+,896
88,872 12/
Brown Coal of the Ukraine
518
518
Transcaucasia
(Georgian SSR, Armenian SSR)
287
70
357
Total European USSR
34,692
83,943
31,729
150 364
* Footnotes for Table 83 follow on p. 293.
- 291 -
B-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 83
Distribution of Soviet Coal Reserves by Classes of Coal
1937 Estimate
(Continued)
Million Tons
Categories of Reserves 24
Area
A
B and C
D
Total
Asiatic USSR
54,000
1,545
396,658
20,612
400
440,000
43,000
41,60o
450,658
1,545
20,612
43,000
42,000
440;000
RSFSR
Kuzbas
Gorlovo Coal-Bearing Region
Minusinsk Basin
Chulym-Yenisey Basin.
Kansk Basin
Tungus Coal-Bearing Region
Irkutsk Basin and Trans-
baikal Region . .
79,129
2,268
81,397 Ei
Lena Coal-Bearing Region
132,900
70;260
203,160
Bureya Basin
26,116
26,116
Other Regions of the Far
East
489
6,967
2,450
9,906
Northeastern Sector of the
Soviet Arctic Region ,
93,500
9,360
102,860,
Kazakh SSR and Central Asia
Karaganda Basin
54,1a8
1,278
52,696
Other Coal Regions of
Kazakh SSR
7,139
2,962
10,102
- 292 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 83
Distribution of Soviet Coal Reserves by Classes of Coal
1937 Estimate
(Continued)
Million Tons
Area
Categories of Reserves 21
Total
A
B and C
D
Kazakh SSR and Central Asia
(Continued)
Turkmen SSR
3,538
3,538
Kirghiz SSR
4,352
5,694
10,046
Tadzhik SSR
1,686
489
2,175
Uzbek SSR
4,184
2
4,186
Total Asiatic USSR
56,031+
1 ,268,599
179,364
1,503,997
Total USSR
90,726
352 542
1L---2
?.---
211,093
1 654 361
a. Classes of coal according to the classification adopted by the Seventeenth Session
of the International Geological Congress. Class A includes anthracite and semianthra-
cite; Class B,semibituminous (low volatile) and bituminous coals; Class C, cannel or
boghead coals; and Class D, lignite and brown coals.
b. This figure, showing the reserves of the Donbas, includes 20,960 million tons re-
presenting the reserves of the Azov-Black Sea area.
c. A part of the Irkutsk Basin and some of the coal deposits of Transbaikal region
(which have total reserves of about 7,560 million tons) belong to the Buryat Mongol
ABM.
- 293 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
- _ -
APPENDIX J
ESTIMATED INVENTORIES AND PRODUCTION OF
SOVIET UNDERGROUND MINING EQUIPMENT
Table 84
Estimated Inventory of Heavy and Light
Coal-Cutting Machines in the USSR
Selected Years,
1927-52
Unitb
Year
(End of Year)
Heavy Cutting
Machines
Light Cutting
Machines
Total
1927-28
1928-29
1929-30
:1931
1932
1933
1934
1938
1939
1940
1941
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
2/
21
2/
2/
2/
2/
2j
549
761
1,007
1,278
1,473
1,679
1,754
2,509 12/
2,925 1/
3,442 2/
850 I/
1,450 L1
2,400 1/
3,425 If
3,950 1/
4,350 li
4,600 1/
4,800 1/
5,092 11
268
393
409
322
339
294
327
341 2/
600 2/
608 2/
300 gm/
300 12/
300 A/
275 1/
250 .,1/
150 1/
100 1/
50 1/
o 1/
817
1,154
1,416
1,600
1,812
1,973
2,081
2,850
3,525
4,050
1,150
1,750 11./
2,700
3,700
4,200
4,50o
4,700
4,850 yi
5,092
a. 595/
b. Plan figure. 221Y
c. According to calculations, light cutting machines accounted
for the following coal output (in tons): 1932, 579,000; 1937,
628,000; 1940, 1,437,000; 1941, 537,000; 1945, 527,000; 1946,
587,000 (included with heavy cutters in later years). The
- 295 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 84
Estimated Inventory of Heavy and Light
Coal-Cutting Machines in the USSR -
Selected Years,-1927-52
(Continued)
number of machines must have increased considerably in 1939 on the
basis of production and declined sharply with loss of the Donbas in
1941. The output of these machines was only about 2,000 tons annually
in 1932. It is probable that some increase in productivity occurred
from new models. This factor has been taken into account in the
estimates for 1939 and 1940. It is believed that the park of machines
in 1939 did not increase proportionately with production in that year
as compared with 1938, but was actually much less. The 1941 Plan
called for production of 500 light cutting machines, but probably less
than half that number were produced because of the war.
d. Estimated. At the beginning of 1940 there were 2,150 heavy cutting
machines in mines of the western regions. 597/
e. Figure is apparently based on Soviet data. 598/
f. Estimate. Before World War II the Donbas mines were using over
2,600 heavy cutting machines. 599/ It was claimed that 2,700 machines
were lost because of the war. 600/ There were over 3,000 cutting ma-
chines in the Donbas in 1941. 601/ It is assumed that 2,600 were lost
in the Donbas and 42 in the Moscow Basin, and the eastern regions had a
net gain of 50 as compared with 1950.
g. Assumed that 300 were lost in the Donbas and the Moscow Basin.
h. Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) called for rebuilding 1,100. 602/
Twelve months after liberation, the Donbas mines had 442 coal cutters at
their disposal. 603/ It is believed that there were around 1,100 old
machines in addition to production of 650 (estimated) new machines in
the cutting-machine park at the end of 1945.
i. Residual figures after deducting estimated quantities of light-
cutting machines.
j. Estimates. Data on percentage of output from light cutting machines
end with 1946 and are combined with that produced by heavy cutting ma-
chines. It is the opinion that no light cutting machines have been
built since the war, and it is possible that all were retired in 1952,
if not before.
k. The industry had 20 percent more cutters than in 1940.
?
-296-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 85
Estimated Production, imports, Exports, and Inventory
of Coal-Cutting Machines in the USSR
1945-52
Units
Year
Inventory Produc7
(1 January) tion 2/
Imports
Ex-
ports
Total
Re- Inventory
tired 2/(31 December)
1945
1,100 650
1,750
1946
1,750
845
320
2,915
215
2,700
1947
2,700
1,400
105
4,205
505
3,700
1948
3,700
1,325
5,025
825
4,200
1949
4,200
1,405
5,605
1,105
4,500
1950
4,500
1,125
50 1/
5,575
875
4,700
1951
4,700
1,100
100 1/
5,700
850
4,850
1952
4,850
1,250
183 2./
5,917
825
5,092
a. From production table.
c. Estimates.
d. 605/
e. Estimate based on quantities indicated in Satellite plans.
-297-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Table 86
Estimated Production of Coal-Cutting Machines in the USSR by Plants and by Models
1945-52
Units
Year
1945
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
Plant imeni Kirov
Gorlovka
Plant No. 25 imeni Kirov
Kopeysk
Voroshilov Arms Plant No. 4
Krasnoyarsk
GTE 2/
MV-60 12/
Total
KMP-44 2/
KMP-1 2/
5h1/D48 2/
Total
VTU-1 f/
Total
600 0/
800 g/
991 g/
700 2/
600 2/
NO 2/
200 22/
30099/
o
0 1/
9 Mi
150 3/
300 1/
350 I/
400 I/
4509/
600 0/
800 g/
1,000 0/
850 g/
900
650
600
750
50 11/
0 j/
o
0
o
0
o
0
o
30 II/
200 2/
275 E/
400 2/
475 2/
500 lc/
5009/
o
0
0
0
5 X/
0 x/
N.A.
N.A.
50
30
200
275
405
475
500
500
o
15 1/
200 2/
200 2/
100 ii/
o
0
0
,1!1946
1
1,55
1,125 2/
- :!!0
1
1,250
m. GTE longwall coal cutter. It was known as GTK-3 before the war. The GTK-3M was in production from 1945 through part of 1950. This machine was succeeded
in 1950 by the GTK-35, which is now believed to be in production.
b. MV-60 longwall coal cutter. This is a heavy-duty machine which was introduced in 1947 and is still in production. It has also served as a basic compo-
nent of the Donbas-1 and other dombines.
c. KMP-44 longwall coal cutter. This machine may have been in production during the war. It was superseded in 1946 by the KMP-1.
d. KMP-1 longwall coal cutter. This machine is not quite as heavy as the MV-60. The KMP-1 has probably been the basis for the VPM-1 cutter-loader. The
KMP-1 and GTE-3M machines were also component parts of the Makarov coal combine. .
e. ShVD-46 shortwall coal cutter. It is the successor of the prewar ShVD-46 machine. Insofar as is known, it is still an experimental model.
f. VTU-1 universal coal cutter. This machine is a heavy-duty tractor-mounted cutter, designed especially for the cutting of preparatory passages.
g. Total production for the Gorlovka Plant for 1945-48 is estimated on the basis of the following information: Gorlovka produced its 2,000th cutting
machine since the war according to a Soviet press statement of 7 August 1947. 666/ Gorlovka compJeted its 9,405th machine since the start of production in 1933
according to Soviet press information, of 2 February 1948.(222/ It shipped its 10,000th cutter in November 1948. ?G?1/ All 2,000 cutters were reasoned to be
the postwar GTK-3M, except 9 MV-60 machines known to have been built in 1947. .?.22/
h. Estimated. The improved KMP-44 was being produced in 1945. ?.12/ The plant had not yet fully reconverted from war production in 1945.
i. There were 15 being built, L.1./ but only 9 were in use in early 1948. LE/
j. Estimate none. It is believed that the plant was tooling up for production of the KMP-1.
k. The plant was tooling up for production of the KMP-1. L5./
1. The plant was preparing to manufacture parts for 15 heavy coal cutters.
m. Three hundred were planned for 1947. 615/ After experimentation, mass production of revised models began in early 1946. LY
n. Estimated total production of 250 machines, including 50 VPM-1 cutter-loaders. .
? 298 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 86
Estimated Production of Coal-Cutting Machines in the USSR by Plants and by Models
1945-52
(Continued)
o. Although a rate of 30 per month was. indicated by a Japanese prisoner of war, production for 1947 and 1948 is conservatively estimated at 200 each
year.
p. A cutback in the production of the GTE-3M was assuXed as a result of the shift to the production of the modernized heavy MV-60, which weighed 3,500 kg
as against 2,000 kg for the GTK-3M.
q. Estimated. The first series shipment was not made until August 1948. It was then proposed to replace the GTK-3 machines.. LY
r. Estimated total production of 375 machines, including 100 VPM-1 cutter-loaders.
s. Estimated on the basis of a cutback in production of the outmoded GTE-3M. The 1950 estimate includes a small quantity of the new GTK-35 machines.
t. Estimated. No official data are available on production. Demand is believed to be restricted by efforts to introduce the Donbas combine, which was
built around the power unit of the MI.T.60. Since the 1947. Plan called for 300 MV-60 machines, at a time when production was just getting started, it is
probable that at least as many as 300 would be produced per year once the plant had achieved full production. Difficulties were experienced with the machines
in 1948 and 1949, which necessitated Changes in motors, starters, and ratchets;
u.. Prisoner-of-war reports furnish estimates ranging from 30 to 80 cutters per month, which must have included quantities of cutter-loaders. Production is
estimated at 500 machines, including 100 cutter-loaders.
v. Estimated from a statement that in 1949, some experimental models of the ShVD-48 shortwall cutter were put out. 2:2/'
w. Since this machine is too powerful for the work to be done, it is believed that it was discontinued in 1949 in the expectation that it would soon be
replaced by the ShVD-40 or another model.
x. Estimates, excluding units for VPM-1 cutter-loaders.
y. Still in the experimental stage; will_probably undergo extensive modifications. .6.21/
z. Before World War II (1940) the Soviet mining machinery plants put out over 1,000 cutting machines. The machine-building plants of the Mihiatry of the
Coal Industry alone were to produce 11,000 cutting machines during the Fourth Five Year Plan. 22./
aa. Estimated from statement that the Gorlovak Plant was producing a large number of the new GTK-35 machines. ?2.31 Forty new GTK-35 cutters were to be ready
by Miners Day, late in August. LL/ ?
bb. Estimated. This machine, although light in weight for regular work, is useful in thin seems.
- 299 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 87
Estimated Inventory of Coal Combines,
Coal Planers, and Cutter-Loaders in the USSR 2/
1945-51
Units
Year 12/
Coal Combines 2/
Coal Planers 2/
Cutter-Loaders 2/
Total
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
5 1/
9j
l6/
75 g/
175 Li/
300 12/
460 I]
o
2
3
20
25
15
12
o
1
35
120
200
310
400
5
12
54
215
400
625
872
a. The inventories of machines are based mainly on estimated pro-
duction of machines and output of coal from these machines, with
discretionary allowances for heavy retirement, and supplemented
by available Soviet statistics. The figures in the table
necessarily include numerous machines that are idle or not installed.
b. End-of-year inventory.
c. See production tables.
d. Includes 1 Makarov built in 1944 and 4 of various types built in
1945. It is possible that there were a few prewar models in the
mines, but it is doubtful if any of these were in operation.
e. Estimate based on report that 1950 inventory increased 32 timPs
in 5 years since the war. 625/
f. Estimate the number of combines increased
elevenfold in 2 years preceding 1950. Statement of Minister of the
Coal Industry Zasyadiko, 10 February 1950. 626/
g. Interpolated.
h. At the end of 1950 there were 300 combines in use in the USSR. 627/
During the first 6 months of 1950 the number of combines increased
38 percent. 628/ In 8 months of 1950, the number of combines in-
creased 50 percent. L21/ The increase during 1950 was interpolated
as 72 percent.
i. The production of combines is estimated at 240. About 50 of
these were exportedland 30 old machines are assumed to have been re-
tired.
- 300 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 88
Estimated Production of Coal Combines in the USSR by Plants and by Models a/
1945-51
Units
Year
Plant imeni Kirov Gorlovka
Plant No. 25 imeni
Kope sk
Kirov
Plant imeni Parkhomenko
Karaganda
Donbas 1/
VOM-1 2/
UKMG-1
KKP-1
Other
Total
Makarov SI
Other
Total
Makarov 2/
1945 0
1946 0
1947 0
1948 52 E/
1949 100 2s/
1950 150 a/
1951 175 EY
Total 477
1 630/
1 g/
0 II/
1 3/
15 y/
5 gg/
10 22/
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 1212/
2
0
0
0
0
0 E/
0
10 22/
10
2 2/
6 y
2 1/
5 E/
0 21/
3 Ly
3 EE/
21
3
7
2
58
115 bb
158
200
543
0
0
0
3 s
cc
W
EY
3
0
0
4 E/
cc
I,/
22L./
13 11 /
39
0
0 1/
4
3
22/
22
13 11/
42
1 V
10 1/
15 2/
10 u
cc
1 22/
37
Voroshilov Svet Shakhtera
Omsk, Khar'kov
Miscel-
Makarov 2/ UKT-1 laneous Total
14
0
0
0
0
0
5 11/
25121.2/
30
0
0
0
0
1 11/
0
1 ?a/
2
4
17
33
73 IT/
116 2E/
185 211/
240
668
a. Excluding cutter-loaders and coal planers which may be included in some Soviet references to combines.
b. Originally known as GUK-1; current model is Donbas-1.
c. Models VOM-1, VOM-2, and VOM-2M.
d. Models KM-4M, KM-5M, and KM-6M, which are, respectively, 2,200 mm, 1,379 mm, and 1,720 mm high.
e. Consists_of 1 Abakumov, ANV-1, and 1 machine of unknown type, built by the engineers who later receivedcredit for designing the Donbas combine.631/
f. A mining machine designed by S.S. Makarov was placed in operation in Mine No. 31 of the Karaganda Basin in 1945. 632/
g. A second machine built. 633/
h. One VNAT 634/ and 5 Abakumov models. 635/
i. Plant retooling to build Makarov combine and VPM cutter-loader. LY
j. Total number built in USSR in 1946. 637/ Believed to have been built at Karaganda where they were designed.
k. Estimated. Experimenting with VOM-1 and still did not have heavy cutting machine MV-60 as base for combine; subsequently built VOM-2.
- 301 -
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 88
Estimated Production of Coal Combines in the USSR by Plants and by Models a/
1945-51
(Continued)
1. Estimated production of VAT. The five Abakumov, AMY-i, machines produced in 1946 were experimental and were never put into serial production. They
L
laid the basis for the MBK-1, trial models of which were built in 1948. Y
in. Estimated 2 VNATI and .2 UKA-1. These VNATI machines were built in 1947 and tested in the Andreyavugol' Trust in the Kizel Basin of the Urals. 639/
The first models of the UKA-1 were built and passed tests at the Anzherugol Trust of the Kuzbas in 1947.
n. This is a maximum figure. Many of them may never have been installed in mines and may, instead, have been cannibalized for parts with which to repair
other machines in the Karaganda mines.
o. These were assembled and tested in April 1947. 640/ They went into serial production 641/ The plan called for 50X1
100 more by the end of 1947, but it is believed that they were never built, due to operational diiiicu1ties at
p. Two were completed by September 1948. 642/ Fifty more were completed in December as per plan. 643/ This combine was first introduced at the end of
1948 at Mine No. 3-bis, Chistyakovantratsit Trust in the Donbas. 644/
q. The new VOM-2 was under trial in the Moscow Basin. 212/
r. Estimated. All were experimental. These included 2 S-29 models, Ly 2 MBK-1, and 1 ZAL-1. 647/
s. Estimated. Production began in summer 1948. 648/
t. No information; believed to be none.
U. Estimated.
v. Estimated. Modernized Makarov combines completed tests. 649/ These models were believed to be experimental.
w. In the middle of 1948, 20 combines were in use in the USSR. 650/ The number of coal combines increased 2.2 times in 1948. 651/
x. Estimated. Gorlovka was to deliver the second batch of Donbas combines on 1 April 1949. 652/ The Donbas was to get 100 combines in 1949. 653/ It is
believed that probably 2 batches of 50 machines each were made in 1949. Series production did not begin until early 1950.
y. One hundred faces were to be equipped with VOM-1 combines in 1949. 654/ It is believed that all of these machines were intended for use in the Moscow
Basin, but so large a number was never produced. Evidently there was a changeover to the VOM-2, which 50X1
did not prove successful. This was followed by a modified VOM-2M. Development of the VOM-2 depended on development of the new MV260 heavy-duty coal
cutter. A batch of VOM-2 machines was produced for the Moscow Basin,probably in 1949. 655/ 50X1
z. An experimental model of this machine was produced in 1949 at the Malakhovskiy Plant. 654 It is believed that Gorlovka did not begin production
until later.
the mines.
aa. No evidence of any production.
bb. The Donbas had three times as many combines in 1949 as in 1948. 657/
cc. Minor production, if any.
dd. An experimental model of the KK-1 was built at the Malakhovskiy Plant. 658/
- 302 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24 : CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 88
Estimated Production of Coal Combines in the USSR by Plants and by Models a/
1945-51 ?
(Continued)
ee. In the last 2 years the number of combines in the USSR increased elevenfold. 659/ This statement was made by Minister Zasyad'ko in February 1950
and is assumed to mean that the number of combines in use at the end of 1949 was 11 times greater than at the end of 1947. Many of the early machines
were out of use by the end of 1949 and may have been scrapped.
ff. Estimates based on the over-all increase of about 75 in all types during 1950.
gg. Estimated. The Gorlovka Plant completed the first batch of the VOM-2M combines, the third and most recent modification of the VOM combine, in
1950. 66o/
hh. Two trial models of the S-40 to be manufactured in the near future. Z.1/ An experimental model of the MBK-1 was built at Gorlovka. .6_62/
di. Few, if any. The plant was probably developing the KMP-1 2-bar combine and the PK-2 entry driver.
jj. The first PK-2 was tried at the Kopeyskugol' Trust in February 1950. Z.2/ The PK-2M was first used in the Moscow Basin in June 1950. 664/ The
Kopeysk Plant was ordered to build 10 KMP-1 2-bar combines in March and 10 in April 1950. 665/ It is estimated that 20 of these machines and 2 PK-2M
combines were built in 1950.
kk. Probably none.
11. The new UKT-1 was used effectively in Mine No. 19 of the Rutchenkovugol' Trust. 666/ Several were in operation in the Donbas Mines in the early
part of 1951. The first machines were experimental models. Therefore, it is estimated that only 5 were built in_1950.
mm. At the end of 1950, 300 combines were in use. 667/ At the end of 6 months, 1950, the number of combines. increased 38 percent. 668/ At the end of
8 months, 1950, the number of combines increased 50 percent. L2/
nn. It was planned to construct 48 combines in the entire USSR during the last 4 months of 1951. 670/ Work was being started on aligner and simpler
Donbas-1. 671-
00. Estimated.
pp. An experimental model of the UKMG-1 was working in a mine of the Budennoyugol' Trust. 672/ Tests of the U1MG-1 were completed by the Gorlovka Plant
and the Donets Coal Institute, and machines were to be shipped to the Stalin Combine Mines on 5 December 1951. L2/ It is probable that only 1 machine
was shipped in 1951, since the first group of 5 machines was completed.
qq. Estimated. The KKP-1 Combine was being tested at the mines of the Artemugol' Combine in the Donbas. 674/ tests were
Made of the KKP-1. L.5./ At the end of 1951 this machine was reported as being in use in many mines of the central Donbas. 676/
rr. Estimated. Experimental models of the Gornyak machine, a combine for the mining of slanting seams 0.6 to 0.8 meter thick. 677/
ss. Probably none.
tt. In late 1950 the Kopeysk Plant received an order to build 10 more KMP-1 2-bar combines with culm remover. The plan for 1951 was to build enough of
these machines to meet the demand of the Chelyabinskugoll Combine. 678/ Another new machine, made at Kopeysk, comprises an earth loosener, culm remover,
and side controls to ensure straight running of the machine along the face. L2/ It is estimated that probably 2 of the complex PK-2M combines and 1 of
the named machines, as well as at least 10 KMP-1 2-bar cutters were made. The plant prefers to concentrate on the KMP-1 longwall cutter and was forced
to build the 2-bar machine.
- 303 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
nvl
'50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
? _ _ _ _
Table 88
Estimated Production of Coal Combines in the USSR by Plants and by Models a/
1945-51
(Continued)
uu. A caterpillar hewing and loading machine, nicknamed by the miners the underground tankette," capable of producing 13,000 tons of coal monthly,
has been invented by S.S. Mhkarov.
vv. Probably none.
ww. Estimated. The experimental plant of Giprouglemash put out the first Model of the new UKT combine, designed to extract coal from seams 0.4 to 0.7
meter thick. These machines were said to have worked well in mines of the Rostovugol', Stalinugol', and Voroshilovgradugol' combines,whereextraction
of coal from thin seams increased on an average of 30 percent. 681/ In 1951 the plant was to send dozens of the UKT-1 to mines. L,2/
xx. Estimated. One experimental heavy-duty combine, possibly produced at the Kiznets Mining Machine Plant at Stalinsk in the Kuzbas.
a new oombine, designed by the Stazhevskiy brothers, cuts coal from the face and delivers it to a car. A heavy-duty model passed its tests in
the Kuznetskugol' Trust. 683/
- 3o4 -
S-E-C -R-E-T
)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
50X1
ouyx I
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 89
Estimated Production of Coal Planers in the USSR 2/
1946-51
Units
Year
Models
US-2 us-3 us-4 Total
Before 1946 0 0 0 0
1946 1 12/ 1 12/ 0 2
1947 0 1 2/ 0 1
1948 0 35J 5 1/ 4o 1/
1949-51 OW o 2/ o 2/ o 2/
a. Produced at the Voroshilovgrad Plant imeni Parkhomenko.
b. Estimates are an experimental model of each machine. Production,
however, may have been delayed until 1947.
c. Two complex installations of the US-3 were exploited in 1947-48
in the No. 5 Mine of the Voroshilovgradugol' Trust and the No. 47
Mine of the Bryanskugol Trust, both of which are located in the
Donbas. 684/ According to a March 1948 article, trial was begun a
few months ago in Voroshilovgradugol' Trust of coal planers. 22/ It
is believed that no more than three coal planers had been produced
before 1948.
d. The 1948 Plan called for 60 machines. Because of shortages of
parts and trouble with heat treatment, actual production was 2 in the
first quarter and 2 more by 20 May instead of the 6 planned. 686/
Sixty were planned for 1948. 687/ Forty were built in 191.1.8 and then
no more according to a prisoner-of-war report. 688/ Some US-4
models were built later in 1948. 22/ At the end of 1948, 13 were
in use in the Donbas. 690/ Assumed production amounted to 40, con-
sisting of 35 US-3 and 5 us-4 planers.
e. There has been no reference to production after 1948. It is
probable that a few additional experimental models may have been
built. Stalin prize winner 1.1. Bazhenov reported in January 1950
that coal planers were being tested in the Donbas and had proved
successful in getting soft coal in seams of average hardness where
the thickness was up to 2 meters and the gradient was slight. One
such unit, designed by L.V. Yegorov, was reported as being in ex-
perimental operation at this date in the Karaganda coal field.
-305-
S-E-C-R-E-T
? ? ? ? ? ?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 90
Estimated Production of Cutter-Loaders in the USSR 21
1946-52
Units
Year Total (Model VPM-1)
Before 1946 0
1946 1 12/
1947 51 2/
1948 100 1/
1949 100 2/
1950 125 1/
1951 100 1/
1952 100 5/
a. Produced at Plant No. 25 imeni Kirov at Kopeysh.
b. One VPM-1 was built at Kopeysk; regular production was
to begin at the end of 1946. LI/ The machine delivered in
1946 was probably an experimental model.
c. This estimate includes one BNU, which was being tested
in 1948. Changes being made in the GTK-3M in 1948 probably
indicate that this BNU was built in 1947. Tests of the BNU
were canceled when it proved inferior to the VPM-1. 692/
d. Estimated.
e. Estimated. There were probably 37 in operation in the
Donbas early in 1949. 693/
f. Estimated.
g. Estimated. Although little evidence was available as
a basis for estimates in each year, it is believed that the
character of the machine makes an estimate possible. These
machines are an adaptation of the standard coal cutter
KMP-1 to which plows have been added for loading coal into
a conveyor. Estimates were made of the total production of
KMP-1 cutters, and the estimated quantities of VPM-1 models
have been deducted.
-306-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
I.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 91
Estimated Inventory of Working Loading Machines in the USSR
1940, 1947-51 2/.
Units
Year
Rock Loaders 12/
Coal Loaders 2/
Total
1940
N.A.
N.A.
23 1/
1947
48 2/
66J
114 2/
1948
1949
326
625
225
375
551 1/
1,000 e
1950
775
425
1,200 12/
1951
1,053 1/
543 1/
1,596 1/
a. End-of-year inventory.
b. Types in use, 1947-51: UMP-1 (electric), EMP-1
(electric), and PML-3, 4, and 5 (pneumatic).
c. Types in use, 1947-51; serial production of S-153 be-
gan in 1947, and 0-5 was produced later.
d. Estimate. In 1951 the available park of loading ma-
chines for development work increased 70 times over
1940. 694/
e. Based on 1951 estimates.
f. Assumed to be less than 600 machines at end of year.
According to a press statement of 28 January 1949 there
were 600 coal and rock loaders in operation.
g. According to a 10 February 1950 statement of Zasyad'ko,
Minister of the Coal Industry, the number of rock and coal
loaders increased 10 times in the past 2 years.
h. Interpolated figure. Over 1,000 rock and coal loaders
in use at the end of 1959. 695/
i. Estimates. Coal loaded mechanically at almost 1,600
development faces. LY Beginning with 1947 the wide-
spread introduction of loading machines was begun. The
park of working loading machines increased by 14 times in
the last 4 years. Those in most widespread use are the
rock-loading machines, the quantity of which grew 21 times
in the last 4 years; the number of coal-loading machines
increased 8 times. At present, in the general park of ma-
chines, rock-loading machines constitute 66 percent and
coal-loading machines, 34 percent of the total. 697/
-307-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 92
Estimated Production, Export, Retirement, and Inventory
of Coal-Loading Machines in the USSR 2/
1946-51
Units
Year
Production
Export
Retirement
Inventory
1946
0
0
0
0
1947
66W
o
o
66/
1948
175 1/
o
16
225 1/
1949
175 1/
o
25
375 1/
1950
125 1/
40 2/
35
425 1/
1951
210 1/
52 2/
40
543 1/
a. Production has consisted almost entirely of the
S-153 model. The only other machine, apparently,
has been the 0-5. Inventory is end-of-year inven-
tory.
b. Series production of the S-153 began in 1947.
c. Based on 1951 estimate.
d. Interpolated.
e. Estimated. Czechoslovakia planned the instal-
lation of 6o coal loaders in 1952. 698/ Hungary
imported 20 loaders from the USSR in 1951. 699/
f.
coal was being mechanically loaded at about 1,600
working faces in 1951. In the general park of
the rock- and coal-loading machines, coal loaders
constituted 34 percent of the total (estimated
at 1,596 machines). 700/ The number of coal
loaders had increased eight times since 1947.
- 308 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 93
Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory
of Rock-Loading Machines in the USSR'
1947-51
Units
12/ Year Production 2/ Export Retirement Inventory
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
25
301
350
380
540
o
o
o
150
170
2/
2/
23 1/
51 1/
8o 1/
92 1/
48 2/
326
625
775
1,053
a. Based on particularly, growth in
inventory.
b. End-of-year inventory, based on the following information:
coal was machanically loaded at almost 1,600 working faces at the
end of 1951. 701 The park of working loading machines is said to
have increased 1 times in the last 4 years. The most widespread
increase was in rock loaders, the number of which grew 21 times
in the last 4 years (end of 1951). At present, in the general
park of machines, the rock loaders constitute 66 percent of the
total and coal loaders, 34 percent. 702/ From these ratios the
total was computed at 1,596 at the end of 1951, of which 1,054
are estimated to have been rock loaders.
c. Estimate includes 23 from 1940.
d. Arbitrary estimates..
e. Estimates. The Czechoslovak Plan for mechanizing coal mines
called for the installation of 200 shovel loaders and 6o cdal
loaders in 1952. 703/ Hungary imported 20 loaders from the USSR
in 1951. 704/
-309-
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 94
Estimated Inventory of Rock-Loading
Machines in the. USSR by Types a/
1951 b/
Type
Units Percent of Total
UMP-1
579
55
EPM-1
253
24
PML-5
221
21
Total 1,053
100
a. Based on statement that coal is loaded
mechanically at almost 1,600 development
faces (including S-153 coal loader) and on
published percentages of rock loaders in
the park. 705/
b. End-of-year inventory.
Table 95
Inventory of Underground Electric
Coal Mine Locomotives in the USSR
by Types, 1927-28, 1931-51
Units
T-ype
Year 5./* Trolley
1927-28 47
1931
1932 113
1934 121 12/
1938 e
Battery
Total
12/
12/
f/
12
170
308
e
12/
12/
2/
12/
1/
59
150
283
429
d
12/
12/ LI/
12/ 2/
12/ 1/
* Footnotes for Table 95 follow on p. 311.
-310-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 95
Inventory of Underground Electric
Coal Mine Locomotives in the USSR
by Types, 1927-28, 1931-51
(Continued)
Total 2/
Trolley
Battery
1939
gi
194o
846/
II/
1,009
.12/
1941
1945
1,497
12/
25112/
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
Units
Total
e
1,8551a/ ji
i
l,718 Y
2,348 .k./
3,048 11/
3,750 Is/
4,64o 1/
6,0402./
7,40o 2/
a. End-of-year inventory.
b. 22.6./
c. Also reported as 20. 707/
d. Entire mining industry.
e. Also reported as 272 battery locomotives. 2C2/
This figure is probably incorrect.
f. As of 15 September 1934.
g. The following data refer to electric locomotives
in main line underground haulage on horizontal tracks.
Although they refer to coal mines, the figures probably
exclude locomotives used in secondary haulage work. 709/
Lilliput
Year Trolley Trolley Battery Total
1938
540
502
1,042
1939
689
138
624
1,451
1940
753
235
672
1,660
h. 122/
i. Before the war the Donbas mines were using 1,300
electric locomotives. 711/
- 311-
S-E,C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 95
Inventory of Underground Electric
Coal Mine Locomotives in the USSR
by Types, 1927-28, 1931-51
(Continued)
j. In 1941 the coal mines of the western regions had 1,100 electric
locomotives. 22E/
k. Estimates. IL/
1. There are 2.5 times as many mine locomotives as there were in
1940.
m. Estimate. 112/
n. At the end of 1951 the coal-mining industry had almost four times
the number of electric locomotives as in 1940. 716/ 50X1
10- and 14-ton locomotives in January 1952 comprise 50X1
about 25 percent of all operation locomotives.
Table 96
Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory
of Coal Mine Locomotives in the USSR
Selected Years, 1927-28, 1931-51
4
Units
Year
Production Retirement
Inventory 2/*
1927-28
1931
59 12/
150 2/
1932
87 1/
28312/
1933
245 21/
N.A.
1934
161 di
429 12/
1935
220 di
N.A.
1936
169 1/
N.A.
1937-39
N.A.
N.A.
1940
1,855 2/
1941 Plan
200 2/
1945
600
1,748 E/
Footnotes for Table 96 follow on p. 313.
- 312 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 96
Estimated Production, Retirement, and Inventory
of Coal Mine Locomotives in the USSR
Selected Years, 1927-28, 1931-51
(Continued)
Units
Year
Production
Retirement
Inventory 2/
1946
700 11
100 1/
2,348 1/
1947
900 f/
200 11
3,048 1/
1948
901 1/
199 ll
3,750 V
1949
1,190 p
300 1/
4,64o E/
1950
1,700 li
300 ly
6,o4o 1/
1951
1,700 1/
340 1/
7,400 12/
a. End-of-year inventory.
b. 717/
c. 718/
d. 719/
e. 720/
f. Estimates.
g. In 1949 the coal mine had 2.5 times as many
underground locomotives as in 1940. 721/
h. At the end of 1951 the Soviet press announced
that the coal-mining industry had almost four times
as many electric locomotives as in 1940. 722/ Ten-
and fourteen-ton locomotives now comprise 25 per-
cent of all operating locomotives. 723/
- 313 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A00030001000274
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX K
S0ITIV1 COKE PLANT DATA, 1951, i/ AND COKE PRODUCTION, 1950 21*
Table 97
Location
Installation Name
1951
1950
Number of
Ovens hj
Oven Make
Total Daily
Carbonization
Capacity .
(Tons)
Annual I/ Coke
Capacity
Moist Basis
(Tons)
Coke
Production
(Tons)
Region III
Zaporozh'ye
Metallurgical Combine, Zaporozhstal'
276
Becker
6,250
1,750,000
780,000
Zhdanov
Metallurgical Combine, Azovstal'
276
Becker
6,250
1,750,000
1,050,000
Gorlovka
Coke-Chemical Plant, (New)
233
Koppers
5,243
1,450,000
1,050,000
Dneprodzerzhinsk
Coke-Chemical Plant, Ordzhonikidze
215
Becker
5,000
1,400,000
600,000
Yenakiyevo
Iron and Steel Plant, Rikov
180
160
Becker
Coppee
4,077
1,300,000
600,000
Stalino
Coke-Chemical Plant, Rutchenkovo
142
Otto
3,148
1,100,000
1,050,000
140
Coppee
893
Makeyevka
Coke-Chemical Plant, No. 4 (New)
184
Koppers
3,938
1,100,000
1,200,000
Voroshilovsk
Metallurgical Plant, Voroshilov
168
Otto
3,852
1,100,000
1,050,000
Kadiyevka
Coke-Chemical Plant
160
3,600
1,100,000
1,050,000
Dnepropetrovsk
Coke-Chemical Plant, Kalinin
74
Becker
1,665
940,000
700,000
80
Coppee
1,680
Ktivoy Rog
Metallurgical Plant, Ktivoyrozhskiy,
Stalin
138
Becker
3,126
880,000
500,000
Stalino
Coke-Chemical Plant, Smolyanka
190
640,000
450,000
Dneprodzerzhinsk
Coke-Chemical Plant, Kamen
94
Koppers pi
2,115
600,000
500,000
Okikhovka
Coke-Chemical Plant
150
Coppee
N.A.
500,000
f/
Makeyevka
Coke-Chemical Plant, No. 5 (Old)
242
Semet Solvay
N.A.
400,000
780,000
Stalino
Coke-Chemical Plant, Khanzhenkovo
250
N.A.
N.A.
400,000
N.A.
Kadiyevka
Coke-Chemical Plant, Bryanskiy
150
N.A.
N.A.
300,000
1.1
Footnotes for Table 97 follow on p. 317.
- 315 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 97
(Continued)
Location
Installation Name
1951
1950
Number of
Ovens hi
Oven Made c/
Total Daily
Carbonization
Capacity
(Tons)
Annual 1/ Coke
Capacity
Moist Basis
(Tons)
Coke
Production
(Tons)
Konstaninovka
Coke-Chemical Plant, Dubital, 17
10
N.A.
300,000
300,000
Stalino
Iron and Steel Works, Stalin
47
Becker
1,058
300,000
N.A.
Stalino
Coke-Chemical Plant, MUshketovo
76
Coppee
N.A.
150,000
1/
Gorlovka
Coke-Chemical Plant, Nikitovka
80
Coppee
N.A.
150,000
Kramatorsk
Iron and Steel Works, Kuybyshev
50
Collin
637
140,000
250,000
Almaznaya
Metallurgical Plant
6o
N.A.
N.A.
120,000
f/
Region IV
Kerch'
Iron and Steel Works, Volkov
110
Becker
2,558
720,000
N.A.
Region VIII
Magnitorgorsk
Metallurgical Combine, Stalin
690
Becker 2/
18,844
4,500,000
3,775,000
Nizhniy Tagil
Metallurgical Works, Novo Tagil
268
Koppers 2/
6,890
2,000,000
2,000,000
Chelyabinsk
Steel Plant, Bakalstroy
276
Koppers 2,./
6,250
1,750,000
1,400,00o
Orsk
Iron and Steel Plant, Novotroitsk Stalin
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
500,000
1475,000
Gubakha
Coke-Chemical Plant
204
Koppers 2../
3,221
900,000
750,000
Region IX
Stal'insk
Metallurgical Combine, Kuznetskiy/Stalin
330
Becker
8,768
2,500,000
2,600,000
Kanerovo
Coke-Chemical Plant, Stalin
220
Koppers 2/
5,469
1,800,000
1,800,000
150
Koppers 2/
- 316 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 97
(Continued)
1951 1950
Number Qty,
Location Installation Name Ovens 1Y
Region XI
Noril'sk
Petrovsh
Region XII
Komsomol'sh
Other
Coke-Chemical Plant
Metallurgical Plant, Stalin
Steel Plant, Amurstal'
Coke-Oven Gas Plants
Moscow Gas Plant Gas Plant (Region VII)
Leningrad Gas Plant (Region Ia)
All Other Gas Plants d
'Total USSR
a. Based on CIA estimates
b. 726/
c. The oven make epresents prewar battery types when available; postwar types in reconstructed plants in the Ukraine are unknown.
d. Moisture content of coke is estimated at 3 percent, the maximum desirable in US practice, but analyses of Soviet cokes have often indicated higher
moisture content. The capacity represents "normal capacity." Forced capaciEy in plants in the Ukraine may be 1.1 to 1.3 times normal capacity.
e. 727/
f. Production included in production of the Stalino Coke-Chemical Plant of Smolyanka.
g. Including a plant at Kiev.
h.. Estimated total coke production, including 220,000 tons from plants for which individual estimates have not been made.
Oven Make .9../
Total Daily Annual 1/ Coke
Carbonization Capacity Coke
Capacity Moist Basis Production
(Tons) (Tons) (Tons)
N.A. N.A. N.A. 300,000 N.A.
2 batteries 2/ N.A. N.A. 235,000 200,000
4 batteries 91 Koppers N.A. 300,000 N.A.
2 batteries 2/ N.A.
2 batteries 2/ N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
125,000 250,000
175,000
200,000 N.A.
34,075,000 25,380,000
- 317 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX L
PLANNED PEAT PRODUCTION IN THE USSR BY ECONOMIC REGIONS
1941
Table 98
Area
Planned Production
(Tons)
Percent of
Total
Region Ia
4,903,000
12.4
Leningrad Oblast
4,891,000
Murmansk Oblast
12,000
Region Ib
85,000
0.2
Vologda Oblast
85,000
Region ha
871,000
2.2
Lithuania
360,000
Latvia
211,000
Estonia
300,000
Region IIb
41084,o00
10.3
Belorussian SSR
4,084,000
Region III
3,844,000
9.7
Ukrainian SSR
3,844,000
Region IV
7,000
Chechen-Ingush ASSR
7,000
Region V
15,000
Lai
Armenia
15,000
* Footnotes for Table 98 follow on p. 321.
-319-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 98
(Continued)
Planned Production Percent of
Area (Tons) Total
Region VI
621,500
1.6
Tatar ASSR
186,50o
Kuybyshev Oblast
399,000
Saratov Oblast
23,000
Stalingrad Oblast
13,000
Region VII
22,496,70o
56.8
Penza Oblast
448,00o
Kalinin Oblast
2,156,100
Smolensk Oblast
1,063,100
Yaroslav Oblast
2,053,000
Ivanovo Oblast
3,1+83, )4.Q
Moscow Oblast
6,730,400
Tula Oblast
98,000
Ryazan' Oblast
517,000
Kursk Oblast
837,000
Voronezh Oblast
223,40o
4
Tambov Oblast -
485,700
Gor'kiy Oblast
2,913,000
Kirov Oblast
233, 000
Mari ASSR
1,000
Chuvash ASSR
24,50o
Mordva ASSR
213,000
Orel Oblast
1,016,500
Region VIII
2,319,600
5.9
Molotov Oblast
30, 500
Sverdlovsk Oblast
1,649,00o
Chelyabinsk Oblast
235,000
Chkalov Oblast
118,40o
- 320 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
a
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 98
(Continued)
Planned Production Percent of
Area (Tons) Total
Region VIII
(Continued)
Bashkir ASSR
Udmurt ASSR
Region IX
Altay Kray
Omsk Oblast
Novosibirsk Oblast
Region Xa
Kazakh SSR
Region Xb
Kirgiz SSR
Region XI
Total USSR
200,700
86,000
166,000
17,000
94,000
55,000
130,000
130,000
70,200
70,200
2,000
39,615,000
0.4
0.3
0.2
100.0
a. Less than 0.1 percent.
- 321 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
a
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX M
METHODOLOGY
This report is based mainly upon information furnished in Soviet
publications. Most statistics have been cited as given by the sources,
but certain statements are based on the interpretation of ambiguous
information, and in a few cases statistics reflect a somewhat arbi-
trary use of sources. Estimates of production generally are explained
in footnotes to the tables. The last year for which detailed figures
are available for all producing areas is 1934, but 1941 and 1950
Plan data, as well as statistics of 1940 regional production, have
served as satisfactory bases for projection. Only a few absolute
figures have been reported, but there have been enough percentage
figures to follow the trends in major regions.
Statistics have been published in the Soviet press concerning
production in the Donbas. They have been reported in percentages and
are related to 1940, a year in which the actual production is in some
doubt. The frequently reported figure for Donbas production in 1940
is 85.5 million tons, but it is almost certain that this figure was
only for mines of Narkomugol' and excluded production of various
other commissariats and cooperatives. There was a balance of about
9.5 million tons in the western regions which must have come from
the Donbas, since there were no other areas which could have accounted
for such a large tonnage. One report furnishes a figure of 94.4
million tons for Donbas production in 1940, and 2 others provide a
percentage figure of 57 percent of total Soviet production. The base
figure becomes important when applying percentages in later years.
It is believed that these percentages must be applied to the lower
figure of 85.5 million in 1940 because use of the higher base results
in unrealistic estimates in postwar years.
It will be noted in this report that total Soviet production is
estimated at 282.4 million tons in 1951 and 301.3 million tons in
1952. In an address given in the early part of October 1952,
Malenkov stated that coal production in 1951 was 285 million tons
and would reach. 300 million tons in 1952. These latter figures will
undoubtedly be quoted frequently in the future, since the Soviet
-323-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
announcements rarely furnish absolute production figures.* It is
possible, however, that Malenkov was using rounded figures. The
estimate of 282.4 million tons is based on an increase of 7.8 percent
over 1950, whereas Malenkov's
figure represents an increase of slightly less than 9 percent.
An endeavor has been made throughout this report to furnish the
basis used in making estimates, and most of the tables are footnoted
to the extent of giving the most significant data. Occasional con-
flicts in statistics occur because of the fact that figures are
rounded or do not .pertain to identical time periods.
* A later announcement made by Malenkov on 9 August 1953 confirmed
the figure of 300 million tons as total production of coal in
1952. 728/
- 324 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
A
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
R
Next 22 Page(s) In Document Denied
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
_
3080 50 60 70 ao 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 175 170 165
-------'
\ -------/,///
.--2.--- / A
--
/
1
\\\
Leningrad
Borovichi 0
Zyryanka
elidovo0 Seliz ovo
Smolensk
El gen
0
Moscow
MO COW
BASIN
agada
roshi a
Rostov
Stalingrad
A ubinsito
Note Volchanka
arpins
? Molotov '?
)/7C- YEGORSINO
Sverdlovs 0
Cheiy'a ink ?
Bredy
o Do 6arovka
BASIN ,/
MAI,NIG'YS LAK
KUZ ITSV LYM-
YE, ISEY
B IN BAISIN
Ntivosibirsk
ob OVO
nsk
Chernogo sk
SA NALIN
k s a Ad rov8k
KANSK
BASIN
zaczernyy
oBaykonur
Semipalatinsk
IRTYSH
0-10KPAR
C mkent ?
S.... Mormim. 17cm, oo e8,t nap aro do 1. bmw
110831. *me not-m.4
b.. Gomm...
ket mrommod My wm of for,
1.400etio onto A* 5o.ot Um000
? /
e
flUKAI-IACHA
?
NEKI-IINSK
Chernovskiye
Kopi
? Zag
cs:t
TARBAGATAY
RA-YCHIKNINSK
II
U.S.S.R.- COAL DEPOSITS
Coal field
t==:1 (BituminousApproximate limit of surveyed coal,
and anthracite) bearing areas
Lignite field ? Approximate limit of coal-bearing
- areas
200 40
641?
200 800 1000
4TStatute wiles 8
Kilometers
10,00
5
120
?
tis
12628 12.53
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4'
SECRET
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/24: CIA-RDP79R01141A000300010002-4