A SURVEY OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF EAST GERMANY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A000600120001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 196
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 16, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 24, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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111
COPY
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
L.13cn
N? 34
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A SURVEY OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
OF EAST GERMANY
CIA/RR 74
24 July 1956
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
A SURVEY OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF EAST GERMANY
. CIA/RR 74
(ORB Project 22.459)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
The purpose of this report is to describe the chemical industry
of East Germany and to show the industry's role in the planned economy
of East Germany and of the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Because the operations,
products, and functions of a chemical industry are almost innumerable
in a highly developed industrial economy such as that of East Germany,
it would have been impractical to describe in full all that is known
about the industry. This report, therefore, has necessarily been
restricted to a few over-all aspects of the East German chemical indus-
try and to detailed discussion of only a few significant products
that provide a fair cross section of the function of the industry.
Some important commodities reported by East Germany in 1955 as
products of the' chemical industry are not discussed in detail in this
report -- synthetic liquid fuels, explosives, photographic film, dye-
stuffs, fabricated plastics, and synthetic fiber goods, among others.
These products were considered beyond the scope of this report. Further-
more, the report does not discuss commodity prices, production costs,
and capital investments, which are subjects for detailed analysis in
future .reports.
Fairly complete production data through 30 September 1955 were
available for inclusion in this report. Production information of
later date was very fragmentary, but it has been included when judged
significant. Foreign trade plans for 1956 for several significant
commodities have been included, and plans for previous years are used
where information on actual trade data is too fragmentary. Consump-
tion patterns have been developed for 1953 because that is the latest
year for which detailed, reliable information is available,
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CONTENTS
Summary
I. Introduction
A. Scope and Importance of the Industry in the National
Page
1
7
Economy
7
1.
Scope of the Industry ?
7
2.
Importance of the Industry
8
B. Historical Development
9
C. Administrative Structure
10
1.
Organization of the Industry
10
2.
Organization of Foreign Trade
12
II.
Production
15
A. Domestic Production
15
L.
General
15
2.
Industrial Chemicals
18
a. Sulfuric Acid
18
b. Synthetic Ammonia
22
c. Nitric Acid
29
d. Calcium Carbide
33
e. Caustic Soda
37
f. Sdda Ash
40
g. Chlorine
44
h. Aromatic Coal Chemicals
51
3.
Chemical Fertilizers
55
a. Nitrogen Fertilizers
55
b. Phosphorus Fertilizers
62
c. Potassium Fertilizers
69
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4.
5.
Rubber and Rubber Products
a. Synthetic Rubber
b. Rubber Products
Synthetic Plastics, Fibers, and Resins
Page
70
70,
72
75
a. General
75
b. Polyvinyl Chloride
76
c. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
76
d. Phenol-Formaldehyde Plastics
78
e. Aminoplasts
80
f. Methacrylates
80
g. Polystyrene
82
h. Cellulose Nitrate (Colloxylin)
82
i. Polyamides
82
j. Polyvinyl Acetate
83
k. Summary of Production
83
1. Research and Development
83
6.
Pharmaceuticals
87
B.
Foreign.Trade
89
1.
General
89
2.
Imports
92
3.
Exports
98
C.
Stockpiling
lo6
D.
Material Balances
110
III.
Consumption and Distribution
117
A.
General
117
B.
Industrial Chemicals
117
1. Sulfuric Acid
117
2. Synthetic Ammonia
118
3. Nitric Acid
122
4. Calcium Carbide
125
5. Caustic Soda
127
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6. Soda Ash 131
7. Chlorine 135
8. Aromatic Coal Chemicals 136
a. Benzol (Refined) 141
b. Toluol 144
c. Naphthalene 146
d. Phenol (Refined) 146
C. Chemical Fertilizers 152
1. Nitrogen Fertilizers 152
2. Phosphorus Fertilizers 153
3. Potassium Fertilizers 155
D. Rubber and Rubber Products 157
E. Synthetic Plastics, Fibers, and Resins 162
F. Pharmaceuticals 162
IV. Major Input Requirements 163
A. General 163
B. Raw Materials 163
Ci Manpower 166
D. Process Materials and Energy 168
V. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions 171
A. Capabilities
B. Vulnerabilities
C. Intentions ?
Appendixes
Appendix A. Statistical Tables
Appendix B. Methodology
171
172
173
177
181
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Page
Tables
1. Index of the Rate of Expansion of the Chemical Industry
as Related to the Rate of Expansion of All Industry
in East Germany, 1950-55 15
2. Value of Production of Chemicals in East Germany,
16
by Component Categories, 1953
34 Gross Value of Production of the Chemical Industry
of East Germany, 1936, 1938, 1943, and 1946-55 17
4. Production of Sulfuric Acid in East Germany, by Raw
Material Source, 1953 and 1955 (Plan) 21
5. Planned Production of Sulfuric Acid in East Germany, by
Administration and Plant, 1954 23
6. Production of Sulfuric Acid in East Germany, 1933, 1936,
1938, and 194k-60 25
7. Production of Synthetic Ammonia in East Germany,
1938-60 28
8. Planned Production of Nitric Acid in East Germany, by
Plant, 1953 31
9. Production of Nitric Acid in East Germany, Selected Years,
1936-44, and 1946-60 32
10. Production of Calcium Carbide in East Germany, Selected
Years, 1936-43, and 1911.6-60 35
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Page
U. Planned Production of Calcium Carbide in East Germany,
by Plant, 1953 36
12. Planned Production of Caustic Soda in East Germany, by
Plant, 1954 39
13. Production of Caustic Soda in East Germany, Selected
Years, 1933-44j and 1946-60 41
14. Planned Production of Soda Ash in East Germany, by Plant,
1955 44
15. Production of Soda.Ash in East Germany, Selected Years,
1933-44, and 1946-60 45
16. Production of Chlorine in East Germany) 1936, 1939, and
1946-6o 48
17. Planned Production of Chlorine in East Germany, by Plant,
1955 50
18. Estimated Production of Major Coal Chemicals in East
Germany, by Product and by Plant, 1954 53
19. Estimated Production of Major Coal Chemicals in East
Germany, 1938 and 1914.8-60 54
20. Production of NitrogelvFertilizers in East Germany,
1954-55 57
21. Planned.Production of Nitrogen Fertilizers in East
Germany, by. Type of Fertilizer and by Plant, 1954 . . 58
22, Production of Nitrogen Fertilizers in East Germany,
1936, 1939, and 1946-60 60
23. Production of Phosphorus Fertilizers in East Germany,
1954-55 64
247 Planned Production of Phosphorus Fertilizers in East
Germany, by. Type of Fertilizer and by Plant, 1954 . . . 66
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25. Production of Phosphorus Fertilizers in East Germany,
1939 and 1946-60 ? 68
26. Production of Potassium Fertilizers in East Germany,
1936, 1939, 1943, and 1946-55 71
27. Production of Synthetic Rubber at the VEB Chemische Werke
Buna in East Germany, 1937-60 72
28. Production of Major Rubber Products in East Germany,
1953-55 73
29. Estimated Production of Tires in East Germany, by Plant,
1946-55 74
30. Value of Production of the Rubber Industry of East
Germany,' 1953 75
31. Production of Polyvinyl Chloride in East Germany, by
Plant, 1937-43 and 1947-60 77
32. Production of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride in East
Germany, 1937-43 and 1948-54 79
33. Estimated Production of Amino Plastics in East Germany,.
by Plant, 1949-53 and 1955 81
34. Estimated Production of Plastics in East Germany, by Type,
1953 84
35. Production of Pharmaceuticals in East Germany, by Type of
Plant, 1949-53 87
36. Actual and Planned Production of Selected Pharmaceuticals
. in East Germany, 1953-55 .88
37. Comparison of East German Plans for Trade in Chemicals,
1954 91
38. Planned Imports of Rubber Products by East Germany,
1954-55 95
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39. Imports of Pharmaceutical Products by East Germany,
1953
40. Imports of Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products by
East Germany, 1949-56
41. Planned Exports of Rubber Products by East Germany,
1954
42. Planned Exports of Pharmaceutical Products by East
Germany, 1954
43. Exports of Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products by
East Germany, 1949-56
44. State Reserves of Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products
in East Germany, 1953-55
45.
46.
Estimated
Chemical
Estimated
Germany,
Material Balances for Selected Chemicals and
Products in East Germany, 1952-56
Consumption Pattern for Sulfuric Acid in East
1953
47. Estimated Consumption Pattern for Synthetic Ammonia in
East Germany, 1953
48. Estimated Consumption Pattern for Nitric Acid in East
Germany, 1953
49. Estimated Consumption Pattern for Calcium Carbide in East
Germany, 1953
50. Estimated
Germany,
51. Estimated
Germany,
52. Estimated
Germany,
Consumption Pattern for Caustic Soda in East
1953
Consumption Pattern for Soda Ash in East
1953
Consumption Pattern for Chlorine in East
1953
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97
101
102
104
107
111
119
121
123
126
128
133
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53. Estimated Consumption Pattern for Refined Benzol in East
Germany, 1953
54. Estimated Consumption Pattern for Toluol in East Germany,
1953
55.
56.
Estimated
Germany,
Estimated
Germany,
Consumption Pattern for Naphthalene in East
1953
Consumption Pattern for Refined Phenol in East
1953
Page
142
113.13.
147
150
57. Allocations of Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizers to Agricul-
ture in East Germany, Fertilizer Years 1938/39 and
1945/46 through 1955/56 154
58. Allocations of Chemical Phosphorus Fertilizers to Agri-
culture in East Germany, Fertilizer Years 1938/39 and
1945/46 through 1955/56 156
59. Allocations of Chemical Potassium Fertilizers to
Agriculture in East Germany, Fertilizer Years 1938/39
and 1945/46 through 1954/55
60. Plannea Distribution of Synthetic Rubber in East Germany,
1953-55
61, Estimated Consumption of New Rubber for Motor Vehicle
Tires in East Germany, 1953
62. E'stimated Consumption of Rubber for Vehicular Tires in
East Germany, 1953
63. Estimated Consumption of Selected Raw Materials by the
Chemical Industry of East Germany, 1953
64. Estimated Employment in the Chemical Industry of East
Germany, 1950-53
65. Estimated Major Process Materials Consumed in Production
of 64,000 Tons of Synthetic Rubber in East Germany,
1953
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159
160
161
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Page
66. Production of Major Chemicals and Chemical Products
in East Germany, Selected Years, 1936-44 and
1946-56 .178
67. Comparison of Production of Major Chemicals and Chemical
Products in East Germany with Production in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc, the European Satellites, the USSR, and West
Germany, 1954
Illustrations
179
Following Page
Figure 1. East Germany: Organization of the Chemical
Industry, 1955 (Chart) 12
Figure 2. East Germany: Organization of Chemical Foreign
Trade, 1954 (Chart) 14
Figure 3. East Germany: Gross Chemical Production, 1936,
1938, 1943, and 1946-55 (Chart) 18
East Germany: Major Chemical-Producing Plants
(Map)
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CIA/RR 74 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORB Project 22.)#59)
A SURVEY OF fffE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF EAST GERMANY*
Summary
The chemical industry of East Germany is one of the major com-
ponents in the industrial economy of the country and is a signifi-
cant contributor to the economic development of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
Production of chemicals and chemical products accounts for about
16 percent of the value of all East German industrial production.
Within the Sino-Soviet Bloc, only the USSR produces more chemical prod-
ucts than does East Germany, and East German production is greater
than the combined production of Poland and Czechoslovakia.
. In the postwar period the chemical industry of East Germany has
recovered from war damage and extensive plant dismantlings by the
USSR to the extent that in 1955, production of chemicals had reached
an estimated value index of 144, with 1943, the previous peak produc-
tion year for that area of Germany which is now East Germany, as the
base year with a value index of 100. The estimated gross value of
the output of the chemical industry in 1955 was about 7.05 billion
East German marks (DME), equivalent to about 2.82 billion US dollars.
In 1953, the latest year for which nearly complete economic data are
available, the gross profits of the industry were 720 million DME,
and 247 million DME were returned to the industry as capital invest-
ment.
During the period of the First Five Year Plan (1951-55), produc-
tion of the East German chemical industry grew at an annual rate of
about 12.2 percent. During the same period the average annual rate
of increase of all industry in East Germany was about 13.7 percent.
Although estimated gross production of chemicals in East Germany
in 1955 more than trebled 1936 production for the same area, and the
value index was about 178, based on an index of 100 for 1950, only
about 86 percent of the First Five Year Plan goal was fulfilled. The
production targets set for 1955 by the First Five Year Plan were ex-
ceeded for sulfuric acid, synthetic rubber, penicillin, motor vehicle
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORB as of 15 May 1956.
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tires, and possibly potassium fertilizers. Although final production
data are not yet available, the goals probably almost achieved were
those for nitric acid, nitrogen fertilizers, and crude calcium car-
bide. Plan targets were not met, however, for caustic soda, soda
ash, phosphorus fertilizers, caprolactam (for Perlon products), and
refined benzol and phenol.
East German trade in chemicals and chemical products is heavily
weighted on the export side of the balance, and of the countries of
the Sino-Soviet Bloc, only the USSR has the capability of being a
greater exporter than is East Germany. Furthermore, East Germany
relies heavily on exports, primarily the products of the machine con-
struction and the chemical indudtries, to support its economy. Since
1951 the East German chemical industry has had a net export surplus
of from 200 million to 300 million dollars.* Exports of chemicals
in 1954 are estimated to have had a value of almost 350 million dol-
lars. As much as two-thirds of the 1954 exports possibly went to
the USSR.
Imports of the East German chemical industry consist largely of
raw materials -- for example, bituminous coal and coke, pyrites, and
crude phosphates. Some fine chemicals and aromatic coal chemicals,
such as benzol, toluol, and naphthalene, and some construction ma-
terials and plant equipment are also imported. Although a major
part of'the imports come from countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc,
principally the USSR, East Germany is dependent on the Free World
for most of its supplies of pyrites and some of its supplies of
crude phosphate rock.
Stockpiles of chemicals and chemical products exist in East Germany,
but available information does not permit an estimate of their magni-
tude. The existing evidence indicates that stockpiles, with the pos-
sible exception of reserves of pharmaceuticals, are not large enough
to provide for an emergency of more than a week's duration.
The material balance between the supply of and requirements for
chemicals and chemical products in East Germany can be estimated in
a very general way for 1956. The chemical industry satisfies all,
or most, domestic requirements for sulfuric acid, synthetic ammonia,
* Shipments of liquid fuels are included in this estimate. Trade
values are expressed in terms of US dollars.
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nitric acid, caustic soda, soda ash, potassium fertilizers, synthetic
rubber, and penicillin, but it does not meet all requirements for
aromatic coal chemicals, chlorine, plastics, phosphorus fertilizers,
antibiotics (except penicillin), some drugs, and motor vehicle tires.
. Primarily because og high export commitments, production of calcium
carbide and nitrOgen fertilizers has been insufficient to meet all
domestic ,demands.
The pattern of consumption of chemicals and chemical products in
East Germany is so broad that it is impossible to quantify all of the
individual allocations. The products of the chemical industry are
used in virtually all sectors of the economy -- in agriculture, food
processing, transportation, communications, heavy industry, and the
manufacture of consumer goods. A considerable part of the production
of the chemical industry, moreover, is consumed within the industry
itself.
The major inputs of the East German chemical industry, excepting
capital investment, are raw materials, primary and intermediate chemi-
cals, electric power, and labor. Of total inputs, primary and inter-
mediate chemicals constitute the largest category. Most of these are
produced within the industry, but some fine chemicals and aromatic
coal chemicals must be imported. The major raw materials consumed
by the industry are bituminous coal and coke, pyrites, and crude
phosphates. It is estimated that in 1953 the East German chemical
industry consumed at least 30 percent of the bituminous coke and
brown coal briquettes consumed by the entire East German economy.
The industry's input of electric power in 1953 also amounted to about
30 percent of the total consumed in East Germany. At the beginning
of 1954, about 225,000 persons were employed in the chemical indus-
try.
Current capabilities of the East German chemical industry can
be evaluated generally in terms of the material balance, but future
capabilities of the industry cannot be forecast with any degree of
certainty. East German heavy industry will be emphasized during
the period of the SecondiFive Year Plan (1956-60), and the expansion
of the Chemical industry has third priority, following that of the
coal and power industries. Whereas East German gross industrial
production in 1960 is planned to show an increase of 55 percent over
1955 production, gross chemical production is to be about 166 percent
of 1955 production.
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In addition to marked increases in production by the end of 1960
in several basic chemicals, such as sulfuric acid, soda ash, other
alkalies, and chlorine, there will be production increases in ferti-
lizers, synthetic fuels, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers, and
plastics. Also, there is planned the beginning of production of
tetraethyl lead, aniline, hydrazine hydrate, and speciality chemical
products that formerly had to be imported from the West. In compe-
tition with the West, particularly with West Germany, the chemical
industry plans to modernize -- to effect industry-wide application of
advanced technology, to employ more mechanization and automation tech-
niques, and to improve the quality of production while raising labor.
productivity.
In a large measure, the future development of the East German
chemical industry will be determined by decisions resulting from
East German participation in Soviet-sponsored negotiations with
other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc. These negotiations have
been directed: toward Bloc coordination of economic planning, raw
material resources, production capabilities, foreign trade, division
of labor skills, technological achievements, and product standardi-
zation through the Council for Economic Mutual Assistance (CEMA).
Also, through the mechanism of CEMA, ast Germany apparently hopes
to coordinate its efforts with other Bloc countries in order to com-
pete with the West, to infiltrate neutral and Western markets, and
to integrate its imports and exports so as to reduce Bloc imports
from the West. A possible indication of CEMA's growing effective-
ness to solve Bloc economic problems is the reduction of East Germany's
1956 exports to the USSR of calcium carbide and other chemicals in
short supply in East Germany, thereby strengthening the East German
economy.
In the evaluation of the wartime capabilities of the chemical
industry, perhaps the most significant factor is the convertibility
of the products of the industry from peacetime to wartime use.
Many military requirements for the products could be met rapidly by
a reallocation of basic chemicals and chemical products from the
civil economy to the military.
A major apparent vulnerability of the East German chemical indus-
try is its dependence on imports of raw materials. Although a large
part of these imports come from countrieb of the Sino-Soviet Bloc,
East Germany is partially dependent on the Free World for supplies
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of pyrites and some chemicals and chemical products used as raw materials.
Effective proscription of these imports from the West would create a
serious problem for East Germany. Another apparent vulnerability of
the industry is a shortage of some construction materials and plant
equipment which has created production bottlenecks and has interfered
with the expansion of the industry. The industry is also vulnerable
in the geographic concentration of its production facilities in a
few large chemical complexes and in the internal interdependence of
its many productive processes.
The intentions of the East German government cannot be detected
with certainty from an analysis of changes in the production patterns
of most basic chemicals in the chemical industry. Because many mili-
tary requirements for chemicals can be met by reallocations from civil
to military uses, marked shifts in the production patterns for most
chemicals would not immediately precede a conversion to a wartime
economy. Perhaps the most significant indication of government inten-
tions would be pronounced shifts in the consumption and trade patterns
of allocation of chemicals and chemical products. If, for example,
allocations of synthetic ammonia to the manufacture of nitrogen ferti-
lizers were reduced, the reduction probably would indicate that greater
amounts of ammonia and its two primary products, nitric acid and ammon-
ium nitrate, were being channeled into production of explosives. Pro-
nounced increases in imports of some raw materials might indicate the
intention to build up reserves in preparation for an emergency. Like-
wise, increased export allocations of some chemical products, particularly
to the USSR, might be an indication of Sino-Soviet Bloc intentions.
At the end of 1955, however, the current and projected patterns of
consumption and trade in the East German chemical industry appeared to
be designed to support the general economic development of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc, particularly that of the USSR, and to minimize the economic
influence of the Free World on Bloc capabilities. The patterns of con-
sumption and trade do not indicate an immediate military orientation of
the industry.
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I. Introduction.
A. Scope and Importance of the Industry in the National Economy.
1. Scope of the Industry.
The official 1955 East German standard commodity classifi-
cation code list (Schluesselliste) is "a basic tool for planning and
,accounting of production, material supply, and foreign trade." Accord-
ing to the commodity list, the chemical industry of East Germany is
divided into four main groups: (a) basic chemicals, (b) pharmaceuticals,
(c) rubber and asbestos products, and (d) mineral oil and tar products.
The basic chemicals group is subdivided into four additional groups:
(a) inorganic basic chemicals, (b) organic basic chemicals, (c) chemi-
cal specialities, and (d) chemical-technical special products. Some
of the principal products included in these groups are as follows:
Inorganic Basic Chemicals
Acids (sulfuric, nitric,
and the like)
Alkalies (caustic soda,
soda ash, and the like)
Ammonia
Calcium carbide
Carbon blacks
Catalysts
Chlorine.
Industrial gases (oxygen,
hydrogen, acetylene, and
the like)
Inorganic dyestuffs and
pigments
Nitrogen fertilizers
Phosphorus
Phosphorus fertilizers
Salts* and oxides
Sulfur
Organic Basic Chemicals
Acetic anhydride
Acids (acetic, oxalic,
formic, and the like)
Alcohols (ethyl, methyl,
and the like)
Aniline oil
Chemicals derived from
wood and cellulose
Dyestuffs
Formaldehyde
Glycols
Phthalic anhydride
Plastic materials
Plasticizers and softeners
Solvents (acetone, ethyl
benzol, and the like)
* Potassium salts, Used primarily as a fertilizer, are listed by the 1955
commodity code as.a product of the mining industry. Administratively,
however, the plants that produce potassium salts are under the Main Admin-
istration for Potash and Nonmetallic Ore Mining, which is subordinate to
the Production Area for Chemistry (see p. 11, below).
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Chemical Specialties
Explosives and explosive
materials
Film and photographic
materials
Insecticides and pesticides
Tannins (vegetable and
synthetic)
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Chemical-Technical Special Products
Detergents and soaps
Fatty acids and alcohols
Gelatines
Glues
Lacquers and varnishes
Oils and fats
Washing- materials
The principal products included in the three other major
groups are as follows:
Pharmaceuticals Rubber and Asbestos Products
Anesthetics
Antibiotics
Antiseptics
and disin-
fectants
Drugs (various
types)
Insulin
Narcotics
Salicylic
acid deriv-
atives
Sera and
vaccines
Asbestos products
Natural rubber
Reclaimed rubber
Synthetic rubbers
Tires and tubes
Other rubber products
Mineral Oil and Tar
Products
Aromatic coal
chemicals (benzoll
toluol, naphtha-
lene, phenol, and
the like)
Coal tars, oils,
and pitches
Liquid fuels
(gasoline, diesel
fuels, and the
like)
Lubricants
Paraffins and
waxes
Petroleum
Special oils
2. Importance of the Industry.
Virtually all manufacturing industries in East Germany
require products of the chemical industry. Virtually every manu-
factured or processed article has been affected, at some stage of
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processing, by chemicals or chemical products. By Creating a great
number of chemical compounds from domestic and imported raw materials,
the chemical industry has become a major supplier of materials and
ranks with the other major industries in East Germany in tonnage and
in value of production. Many products of the industry are channeled
into lines of industrial goods rather than consumer items, a trend
which is emphasized by heavy Soviet demands for finished or semi-
finished industrial products. A large share of the national income
is derived from exports of chemical products. The industry conserves
scarce materials and vital resources through its production of synthetic
materials and develops natural resources unused by other industries.
B. Historical Development.
At the end of World War II, nearly one-half of the German
capacity for production of chemicals was located in East Germany.
At that time, plants in the area that is now East Germany accounted
for the following percentages of total German production of chemi-
cals: sulfuric acid, 22 percent; calcium carbide, 36 percent; soda
ash, 45 percent; caustic soda and chlorine, about 50 percent; and
nitrogen and synthetic rubber, about 60 percent.
The chemical industry of East .Germany was crippled by war
damage and by Soviet dismantling of plants, and its capacity for
production of a number of significant chemicals was greatly reduced.
It is estimated that production losses from dismantlings alone were
approximately as follows: chlorine, 25 percent; calcium carbide,
40 percent; caustic soda and nitric acid, almost 50 percent; ammonia,
sulfuric acid, and synthetic rubber, more than 60 percent; and soda
ash, 80 percent. In addition, the physical separation of the Soviet
Zone of Occupation from the three other zones deprived East Germany
of ready access to many essential speciality chemicals, semifinished
materials, and pharmaceuticals that were obtainable only from former
IG Farben* plants in the west.
In 1946, all East German chemical plants that had belonged
to IG Farben and all plants that were concerned with the hydrogena-
tion of brown coal became Soviet-owned corporations (SAG!s). The
expropriation of these plants gave the USSR a virtual monopoly of
the chemical industry. Soviet management controlled, completely or
* IG Farbenindustrie AG.
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almost entirely, production of such major chemicals as ammonia, nitric
acid, nitrogen fertilizers, calcium carbide, synthetic rubber, plastics,
photographic film, and organic chemicals. Furthermore, about 75 per-
cent of the caustic soda and chlorine industry was Soviet-owned. Only
sulfuric acid, soda ash, and phosphorus fertilizers were produced in
quantity by German-owned plants.
In 1952 a few key chemical plants were .restored to German
ownership, and in 1953 the SAG percentage of total production of
chemicals was reduced to about 36 percent. On 1 January 1954, all
remaining Soviet-owned chemical plants were transferred to the East
German government.
The reconstruction of the chemical industry of East ,Germany
was almost completed by 1955. Many basic domestic requirements are
being satisfied, and in some branches, production exceeds pre-1954 peaks.
Many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, formerly imported
from West German plants are now produced in East Germany.
C. Administrative Structure.
1. Organization of the Industry.
The organization of the East German chemical industry in
1955 is shown in Figure 1.* The organization has evolved along lines
typical of Communist nationalization of industry. The plants were
nationalized and organized into commercial trusts, according to general
product lines. Eventually the trusts were brought under tighter govern-
ment control, and the number of trusts was reduced. By January 1954,
nationalization was essentially complete, and the industry had been
divided into the following five main administrations** functioning as
integral parts of the governmental structure 1/***:
(a) Main Administration
(b) Main Administration
(c) Main Administration
Ore Mining
(d) Main Administration
(e) Main Administration
for Heavy Chemistry
for Liquid Fuels
for Potash and Nonmetallic
for General Chemistry
for Synthetic Materials
* Following p. 2.
** Comparable in organization with the Soviet "Chief Directorate,"
or "Main Administration."
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These five main administrations constituted the Produc-
tion Area for Chemistry of the Ministry for Heavy Industry as of
late 1955. The Deputy Minister for Heavy Industry administering the
Production Area for Chemistry was Dr. Werner Winkler.
Concurrently with the establishment of this adMinistra-
tive structure, a number of plants were transferred to the Ministry
for Light Industry (plants transferred produce consumer goods such
as cosmetics, dental supplies, and the like). 2/ The most signifi-
cant pharmaceutical plants operate under the Ministry for Health.
Within the structure existing at the end of 1955, about 79 percent
of production classified as chemical production by the East German
commodity classification system was produced in the plants of the
Production Area for Chemistry of the Ministry for Heavy Industry. 3/
When the last of the Soviet-owned chemical enterprises
(SAG's) were transferred to the East German government on 1 January
1954, the superimposition of a separate Soviet system of production
and allocation upon the industry was ended, and the general efficiency
of the domestic administrative organization was increased.
There was no fundamental reorganization of the chemical
industry during the period of the First Five Year Plan. During Decem-
ber 1955, however, there was an extensive reorganization of the East
German government which was to become effective on 1 January 1956.
The decentralizing may be an attempt to reduce bureaucracy and to
permit closer supervision of plant managers and their operations in
order to increase productivity.
Among the changes brought about by the reorganization,
the Ministry for Heavy Industry and its "Production Areas," includ-
ing the chemical area, were abolished, and the Commission for Indus-
try and Transport was formed to be administered by Deputy Chairman
of the Council of Ministers, Fritz Selbmann. This commission is
composed of eight ministries, including the Ministry for the Chemical
Industry, the Ministry for Coal and Power, and the Ministry for Mining
and Metallurgy./I/ Most of the plants formerly assigned to the Pro-
duction Area for Chemistry are believed to be subordinate noW to the
Ministry for the Chemical Industry, with some notable exceptions such
as the plants that were under the Main Administration for Liquid
Fuels and the Main Administration for Potash and Nonmetallic Ore Min-
ing. The liquid fuel plants, except VEB Leuna-Werke "Walter Ulbricht,"
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now belong to the Main Administration for Hydrocarbons, which is sub-
ordinate to the Ministry for Coal and Power. The potash plants are
under the Ministry for Mining and Metallurgy. 2/
Details of the composition of the Ministry for the Chemi-
cal Industry are incomplete. It is believed that the ministry has
five main administrations, including those for Heavy Chemistry, Basic
Chemistry, General Chemistry, and Synthetic Materials (or Plastics). 6/
East Germany is a participant in scientific-technical
cooperation agreements with the other countries of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc. These agreements place East German technology at the disposal
of the other countries of the Bloc, and East German equipment, docu-
mentation, and personnel are consequently in great demand.
The USSR maintains a watchful eye on the East German chemi-
cal industry through a Soviet adviser. During 1955 this adviser was
Nikolay Podkopayev. 7/ Generally, industrial policy in the chemical
industry of East Germany is sensitive to direction from Moscow through
the complex CEMA mechanism, the Council of Ministers, the State Plan-
ning Commission, and the international Communist Party mechanism.
As integration of the Sino-Soviet Bloc progresses, the
East German chemical, industry is moving toward closer coordination,
particularly with its Polish and Czechoslovak counterparts, and it
is possible that a great East European chemical complex, contributing
more than one-third of total production of chemicals in the Sino-Soviet
Bloc, may develop.
2. Organization of Foreign Trade.
Basically, almost all foreign trade in chemicals by East
Germany is conducted through the state foreign trade monopoly for
chemicals, DIA Chemie (Deutscher Innen- und Aussenhandel Chemie --
German Domestic and Foreign Trade for Chemicals).* This firm's
operations are integrated within the national economic plan. As a
governmental enterprise, the firm's export activities can be sub-
sidized to achieve economic or political ends, but its potential for
dumping activities is limited by the need to maintain favorable trad-
ing relationships in foreign markets. DIA Chemie conducts all East
German foreign trade activities in chemicals except those carried
out by the so-called "DWV Complex."
* See Figure 2, following p. 14.
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EAST GERMANY
ORGANIZATION OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: 1955
PRESIDIUM OF THE
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Council of Ministers
Ministry for Heavy Industry
Minister?FRITZ SELBMANN
Deputy Minister for
Production Area for Chemistry
DR. WERNER WINKLER
State Planning
Commission
State
Material Supply
Central
Statistical Office
Main Administration for
Liquid Fuels
Leader?DR. RICHARD MATSCHKE
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Main Administration for
General Chemistry
Leader?DOMNICK
Main Administration for
Heavy Chemistry
Leader?WALTER GRUENBERG
Main Administration for
Synthetic Materials
Leader?ERNST RICHTER
FIGURE 1
Main Administration for Potash
and Non-metallic Ore Mining
Leader?ROEDIGER
*This chart shows only the Chemical Industry that is
subordinate to the Deputy Minister for Chemistry.
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The DWV (Deutsche Warenvertriebsgesellschaft) Complex is
a multipurpose trading mechanism which exists side by side with DIA
Chemie and participates in both legitimate and covert trade activities.
It is reported with some authority that this trade complex is admin-
istered by the DWV Directorate, which is subordinate to the Central
Committee of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) and not to the normal
governmental mechanism'. 8/ Within this trade complex, two operating
companies have been conducting significant chemical trade, the DWV
company and Chemipha G.m.b.H. (Gesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung --
company with limited liability). Until the end of 1955, the DWV
company conducted the legitimate export monopoly of East German potassium
and nitrogen fertilizers, but in 1956 these products, along with
phosphorus fertilizer imports, will be handled by DIA Bergbau (Deutscher
Innen- und AusSenhandel Bergbau -- German Domestic and Foreign Trade
for Minerals). 9/ No other chemical products are known to have been
handled by the DWV. In the past, the DWV company has participated
in covert trade activities, but as of late 1955 it was striving to be
legitimate. The other company in the trade complex, Chemipha, plays
a shadowy and elusive role, especially since its prObable recent merger
with the Meletex Company. 10/
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eral, the DWV Complex handles trade which is important as a source of
foreign exchange, SED Party revenue, and embargoed commodities.
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FIGURE 2
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EAST GERMANY
ORGANIZATION OF CHEMICAL FOREIGN TRADE, 1954
COUNCIL OF
MINISTERS
STATE PLANNING
COMMISSION
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AND
INNER-GERMAN TRADE (MAI)
IMPORT-EXPORT PLAN
(Overt Trade)
DIA CHEMIE
State Import-Export monopoly in
chemical trade. Office of record
for statistics within the trade plan.
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Coordinates and controls
execution of trade plan
on behalf of Council of
Ministers.
--Trade Statistics on Overt Trade
...Coordinates Overt Plans-
CENTRAL COMMITTEE.
SOCIALIST UNITY PARTY (SED)
THE DWI/ COMPLEX*
(Mixed Overt and Covert Trade)
DWV DIRECTORATE
DWV (DEUTSCHE
WARENVERTRIEBSGESELLSCHAFT)
Offices 85 and 86 hold monopoly in export
of potassium and nitrogen fertilizers.**
CHEMIPHA G.m.b.H.
Engages in East-West trade in chemicals,
with special relationships to Leuna and
Schkopau chemical plants.
* This complex handles trade flows of importance i) as sources of needed exchange,
2) sources of Party revenue, or 3) sources of embargoed commodities.
**Beginning I January 1956, all fertilizer trade will be controlled by DIA Bergbau.
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II. Production.
A. Domestic Production.
1. General.
The gross output of the chemical industry of East Germany
represents a significant share of the total value of industrial pro-
duction. In 1954 the chMical industry's share of total industrial
production was estimated as 16.1 percent (in 1953, 16.6 percent), but
in 1936 it was only 10.5 percent. 22/
Since 1950, however, the rate of growth (in terns of
value of production) of the East German chemical industry appears to
have been somewhat less rapid than the general industrial growth of
the country. An index of the rate of expansion of the chemical
industry as related to the rate of expansion of all industry in East
Germany, 1950-55, is shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Index of the Rate of Expansion of the Chemical Industry
as Related to the Rate of Expansion of All Industry in East Germany
1950-55
1950 = 100
1950
1951
1952
1954
1955 12/
Chemical industry
100
117
137
_1953
157
168 12/
178
,
All industry
100
122
142
159
176
190
a. 1
b. Estimated.
The value of production of chemicals in East Germany, in
East German marks (DME), by component categories, in 1953 is shown in
Table 2.* The relative importance (in terms of value of production
Table 2 follows on p. 16.
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Table 2
Value of Production of Chemicals
in East Germany, by Component Categories
1953
Category
Actual Value i/
(Million DME
Percent
of Total
1953 Plan 12/
(Million DME)
Basic chemicals
3,883.9
62.4
3,896.0
Mineral oils and tar products
1,024.5
16.5
935.0
Rubber and asbestos products
735.7
11.8
652.0
Pharmaceuticals
580.9
9.3
372.0
Total
6,225.1 2/
100.0
5,855.0
a. 13./
b. Y4/
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in DME Messwerte*) of the four components of the chemical industry,
as defined in the East German commodity classification code, is shown
in the table, and actual 1953 production for each of these categories
is compared with the 1953 plan as included in the final revision of the
First Five Year Plan (1951-55).
In 1953 the chemical area of the Ministry for Heavy Industry
had gross profits** of more than 720 million DME. Of this total, only
247 million DME were returned as capital investment. 12/ The gross
value of production of the chemical area is 50 percent of the total for
the Ministry for Heavy Industry.*** The chemical area contributes
* Messwerte (standard prices) represents constant prices, generally
reflecting 1944 price levels. New fixed plan prices that are to be used
in the period of the Second Five Year Plan reportedly were determined
on the basis of factory sales prices that existed as of 1 January 1955.
** Gross profits are net profits plus corporation tax plus additions
to the Director's Fund.
*** The Ministry for Heavy Industry includes metallurgy, coal, chemi-
cals, gas, and electricity.
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71 percent of the total revenues but receives only 18 percent of the
investments. 1W Whereas East German gross industrial production in
1960 is planned to increase 55 percent over 1955 production, gross
chemical production is to be about 166 percent of 1955 production,
including the category of basic chemicals which is to increase 50 per-
cent over 1955 production. 11/ The gross value of production of the
chemical industry of East Germany in 1936, 1938, 1943, and 1946-55
is shown in Table 3 and Figure 3.*
Table 3
Gross Value of Production of the Chemical Industry
of East Germany 2/
1936, 1938, 1943, and 1946-55
Million
DME (Messwerte)
First
Five Year Plan 12/
Year
Actual
Annual Plan
? Original
Final
Revision
1936
1938
1943
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
2,231
3,146
4,908
1,422
2,087
2,742
3,273
3,965
4,649
5,449
6,225
6,660
7,050
2./
1/
1/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
1/
1/
2,305 2/
2,859 id
3,700 12/
4,502 1/
5,383 jj
5,970Ig
6,303 2/
6,980 2/ LI/
3,056 E/
3,841 12/
N.A.
N.A.
5,94o lil
6,520 12/
N.A.
4,502
5,083
5,855
6,815
8,226
a. Defined as production of basic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, rubber
products, and mineral oil products. The data shown are gross values
of production .for commodities listed under "chemical industry" in
the East German standard commodity classification code. Data for
1936, 1938, and 1943 refer to that area of Germany which is now East
Germany.
* Following p. 18.
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Table 3
Gross Value of Production of the Chemical Industry
of East Germany
.1936, 1938, 1943, and 1946-55
(Continued)
b. 1.1
c. 12/
d. Estimated. Production indexes for 1938 and 1943 are in terms of
1936. These indexes were applied to the 1936 figure in the table
which is in Messwerte. The range of error is plus or minus 15 per-
cent.
e. 22/
f. Part of this increase, 1949 over 1948, reflects commodity classi-
fication changes accompanying inclusion of Soviet-owned corporations
in 1949 planning.
h. a?./
i. Part of this increase, 1951 over 1950, reflects changes in the
commodity classification system.
j. 23/
k. EL/
1. The estimate is based on trend extrapolation and comparison of
plan overfulfillment of previous years.
m.
n.
o. Preliminary plan.
2. Industrial Chemicals.
a. Sulfuric Acid.
Consumption of sulfuric acid, the most important
basic chemical produced in any country, is a fairly accurate indi-
cator of the progress of industrialization. In 1954, production of
sulfuric acid in East Germany, the largest producer among the European
Satellites, was equal to approximately 17 percent of Soviet production
and 37 percent of total European Satellite production, but only about
25 percent of production of West Germany. El/
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Billions of DM (Messwerte)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EAST GERMANY
GROSS CHEMICAL PRODUCTION
1936, 1938, 1943, and 1946-55
FIGURE 3 50X1
This
graph has not
Biases:
Use of
1949 Reclassification
1951 Reclassification
been corrected
Messwerte (Standard
for
of Commodities
Prices)
Inflationary
General:
Specific:
FIRST
FIVE-YEAR
(Final
Law)
PLAN
4
ACTUAL
(Estimated)
PRODUCTION.,
I
I..
, ?
..
?
..
ACTUAL
PRODUCTION
..'.
?. ?PRODUCTION
ANNUAL
(Initial)
PLAN
..... Actual
0 Revised
production
annual
prior
production
to 1946
plan
1936
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1938
1943
1946 '47
'48 '49 1950 '51
'52
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'54 1955
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In 1936, production of sulfuric acid in Germany
amounted to 1,765,000 tons,* and within the area that is now East
;Germany, about 21 percent of this total, 370,000 tons, were pro-
duced. In 1938, Germany produced 2,228,000 tons of sulfuric
acid, and the contribution of the East German area was 447,100 tons,
about 20 percent of the total. 22/ By 1945 the annual capacity for
production of sulfuric acid in the East German area was reported to
have been about 22 percent, about 621,000 tons, of the total capacity
of the German Reich, almost 2.8 million tons. 30/
By 1947, sulfuric acid capacity in East Germany had
been reduced by approximately 62 percent, by about 385,000 tons,
thus leaving a capacity of about 236,000 tons. 21/ Only a rela-
tively small portion of the loss in capacity resulted directly from
war damage; Soviet plant dismantlings provided the crippling blow.
Four installations, Wolfen (the gypsum-based units only), Leuna,
Doeberitz, and the Georg von Giesches Erben firm at Magdeburg, were
completely dismantled, and several others were partially dismantled.
The loss in capacity from the four completely dismantled plants, alone
amounted to 283,000 tons. One of these plants, located at Wolfen, was
just beginning to produce up to its capacity of 147,000 tons per year
in a new installation by a process based on gypsum. 32/
General overhaul in a majority of the plants was
not completed until 1950. By this time, serious efforts to modernize,
expand, or reconstruct a number of sulfuric acid installations had
begun. The most notable of the reconstruction projects was started
at Wolfen. This plant again was to employ gypsum (anhydrite or
calcium sulfate) as the raw material.
The problem of adequate supplies of raw materials for
the manufacture of sulfuric acid has profoundly affected the chemical
industry and the East German economy as a whole. Only relatively
small pyrites deposits are located in East Germany, mainly in the
Harz region near Elbingerode, so that the bulk of the required pyrites
has been imported. These imports, primarily from the West (Spain,
Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Yugoslavia), have embarrassed
East Germany by placing its industry on an uncertain basis. In 1950
an embargo on shipments of pyrites from Spain to the Soviet Bloc in-
creased import problems, and total annual imports began to decline.
* All sulfuric acid data have been converted from metric tons of sul-
fur trioxide (SO3) to metric tons of 100 percent sulfuric acid. German
practice is to report the acid in terns of SO3 content. The conversion
factor used was 1 metric ton of SO3 equals 1.225 metric tons of 100
percent Sulfuric. acid.
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At that time it became obvious that East Germany would
have to switch to production of sulfuric acid from domestic sulfur-
containing minerals, and since 1951, considerable quantities of sul-
furic acid now are being derived from gypsum and magnesium sulfate.
Experiments utilizing magnesium sulfate were carried out during 1951
at the Oranienburg sulfuric acid plant. Kieserite, a byproduct of
the potash industry, was the source of the magnesium sulfate. Suf-
ficient success was achieved to warrant a complete change to this
process by the Oranienburg plant. A second plant, Heinrichshall at
Bad Koestritz, reportedly was entirely converted to production of
sulfuric acid from magnesium sulfate shortly afterwards, and a plant
at Nuenchritz was partially converted at about the same time (1952).
Although the gypsum process is now in operation at Wolfen, there is
continued interest in manufacturing greater quantities of sulfuric
acid from kieserite.
For the present, however, the manufacture of sul-
furic acid from gypsum appears to be the most economical method.
Gypsum is available in East Germany in almost unlimited amounts.
In the process used at Wolfen, moreover, a valuable byproduct,
Portland cement, is obtained.
Reconstruction of the Wolfen installation began in
1950, and was to be completed in 1952. Two units for production of
sulfuric acid from gypsum were scheduled, and the East German 1953
Economic Plan called for both units to be in operation in the second
half of 1953. Unit I began operating early in August 1953, but be-
cause of continued shortages of equipment, Unit II probably did not
produce significantly until the last half of 1954. The combined
capacity of the 2 units is believed to be between 165,000 and 175,000
tons per year. 2.3./ Wolfen also operates a unit for production of
sulfuric acid from pyrites. This unit, built before World War II and
not dismantled by the USSR, has a production capacity of about 36,000
tons per year. The 1955 production plan called for Wolfen to produce
one-third of the total East German production of sulfuric acid in
1955. 1.11
The plan called for a second gypsum-based plant, to
be built at Coswig, with an original planned capacity of 147,000
tons of sulfuric acid and 180,000 tons of cement as a byproduct. 2.51
During 1953, construction was postponed, but is to be resumed during
1956. The plant's capacity from 1958 on is now reported planned as
65,000 tons (SO3 content) per year, approximately 80,000 tons of acid
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on 100 percent acid basis. When the new plant is completed, the ulti-
mate capacity will be 130,000 tons (SO3 content) per year, almost
160,000 tons on a 100 percent acid basis. ly
Elemental sulfur and converter gas are also used in
East Germany for the manufacture of sulfuric acid, and sulfur burn-
ing has been practiced to fortify pyrites of low-sulfur content.
Because sulfuric acid produced from elemental sulfur costs almost
twice as much as that from pyrites, the use of elemental sulfur
probably will be discontinued as soon as possible.
Production of sulfuric acid in East Germany, by raw
material source, in 1953 and 1955 (Plan) is shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Production of Sulfuric Acid in East Germany
by Raw Material Source 2/
1953 and 1955 (Plan)
1,53
1955 (Plan)
Amount
Percent
Amount
Percent
Raw Material Source
Metric Tons) 12/
of Total
(Metric Tons) 12/
of Total
Pyrites
279,900
66.2
314,825
52.4
Magnesium sulfate
45,800
10.8
46,550
7.8
Elemental sulfur ,
40,800 ?
9.6
24,500
4.1
Gypsum, anhydrite
29,800
7.0
169,050
28.2
Converter gas
27,100
6.4
45,325
7.5
Total
14.23,14.00
100.0
..620.22.22
100.0
a. E/
b. On a 100 percent acid basis.
Of the 423,000 tons of sulfuric acid produced in East
Germany in 1953, it is estimated that 365,000 tons (86 percent) were
produced by plants belonging to the Production Area for Chemistry, and
57,500 tons (14 percent) were produced by plants of the Production Area
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for Metallurgy. Both Production Areas are under the Ministry for
Heavy Industry. Planned production of sulfuric acid in East Germany,
by administration and plant, in 1954 is shown in Table 5.*
Beginning in 1951, annual production of sulfuric
acid in East Germany has increased each year except in 1952, but
the original annual production goals for all postwar years through
1954, except for 1949 and 1951, apparently were underfulfilled.
The production goals for 1952-54 established by the revised First
Five Year Plan were exceeded, however, and the 1955 goal set by
the Plan probably also will be surpassed.
East German plans for the future call for a con-
siderable expansion in production in the sulfuric acid industry.
a preliminary 1960 goal as 824,400 tons. 2/ 50X1 I:
In addition to the plans for a large new plant at Coswig for
producing sulfuric acid from gypsum, new installations possibly
to employ the dual-tower, or Peterson, system are planned for
operation in 1957 at Oranienburg and Salzwedel. 22/ Supplies of
construction materials and plant equipment must increase con-
siderably before these ambitious plans can be fulfilled.
Production of sulfuric acid in East Germany in
1933, 1936, 1938, and 1944-60 is shown in Table 6.**
b. Synthetic Ammonia.
Ammonia is used in the manufacture of nitrogen fer-
tilizers, nitric acid, industrial explosives, and in all nonatomic
military high explosives and propellants. Among the European
Satellites, East Germany is the largest producer of synthetic
ammonia, and it is estimated that in 1954 East German production
was equal to about one-half of Soviet production L4g/ and accounted
for more than one-fourth of the entire production of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc in that year. East German produttion, however, was
equal to only about 15.5 percent of the production of the US and
was equal to about 44 percent of the production, of West Germany in
1954. 41/ In spite of the impressive performance of East Germany's
ammonia industry, postwar production has not yet reached the prewar
peak reached in 1939.
* Table 5 follows on p. 21.
** Table 6 follows on p. 25.
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Table 5
Planned Production of Sulfuric Acid in East Germany, by Administration and Plant
1954
Metric Tons 2./*
Administration and Plant
Ministry for Heavy Industry
Production Area for Chemistry
Main Administration for Heavy Chemistry
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen
VEB Schwefelsaeure- und Superphosphatwerk Coswig
VHS Schwefelsaeure- und Aetznatronwerk Nuenchritz
VHS Fahlberg-List
VHS Chemische Fabrik Heinrichshall
VHS Kalichemie
VHS Chemiewerk Oranienburg (formerly
"Pommerensdorf")
VHS Schwefelsaeure- und Superphosphatwerk Salzwedel
VHS Chemische Fabrik Faehrbruecke
Main Administration for Synthetic Materials
VHS Thueringisches Kunstfaserwerk "Wilhelm Pieck"
VHS Kunstseidenwerk "Friedrich Engels"
Production Area for Metallurgy
Main Administration for Nonferrous Industry
VHS Mansfeld-Huettenkombinat "Wilhelm Pieck"
VHS Huettenwerk MUldenhuetten
VHS HUettenwerk Halsbruecke
VHS Metallschmelzwerk Finkenheerd
Total
* Footnotes for Table 5 follow on p. 24.
Location of Plant
Wolf en
Coswig
Nuenchritz
Magdeburg
Bad Koestritz
Berlin-Niederschoeneweide
Oranienburg, near Berlin
Salzwedel
Faehrbruecke, near Zwickau
Schwarza
Premnitz/Doeberitz
Planned Production
153,125 2/
63,700 12/
57,575 12/
46,673 2/
21,560 E/
21,131 2/
17,150 2/
10,106 2/
6,370.2/
39,200 1/
31,850 1/
Eisleben 32,463 2/
MUldenhuetten, near Freiberg 31,850 e/
Halsbruecke, near Freiberg 8,085 i/
Finkenheerd, near Frankfurt/Oder 2,450 f/
43,288 g/
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Table 5
Planned Production of Sulfuric Aid in East Germany, by Administration and Plant
1954
(Continued)
a. On a 100 percent acid basis.
b. 14-W
c.
d.
e.
I7
g. Reported East German 1954 figure was 543,778 metric tons, converted to 100 percent acid.
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Table 6
Production of Sulfuric Acid in East Germany 2/
1933, 1936, 1938, and 1 944-6o
Metric Tons 12/
Year
Production
Annual Plan
First Five Year Plan 1/
1933
1936
1938
252,400
369,600
4471lo0
1944
514,500
1945
612,500 2/
1946
125,360
131,100
1947
129,900
155,000
1948
185,690
220,500
1949
237,000
227,850
1950
279,780
312,970
1951
362,960
338,100
338,100
1952
362,290
387,300
340,550
1953
423,360 f/
436,200 f/
416,500
1954
531,300 g/
543,780 y
490,000
1955
5940000 1/ 11/
595,720 h/
551,250
1956
620,000 1/,1/
618,630 1/
1957
660,000 1/ 11/
611.0,680 y
1958
720,000 1/ 11/
738,680 y
1959
1960
760,000 1/ IV
830,000 1/ 10/
738,68012/
824,430 y
a. The data presented in this table were compiled from a
great number of individual statistical reports which it would
be impractical to include as source references'. Production
estimates are rounded to three significant digits. Reported
figures are given as reported. The data for prewar and war-
time years refer to that area of Germany which is now East
Germany.
b. All reported figures have been converted from metric tons
of sulfur trioxide (SO3) to metric tons of 100 percent sul-
furic acid. German practice is to report the acid in terms
of SO3 content. The conversion factor used was 1 metric ton
of SO3 equals 1.225 metric tons of 100 percent sulfuric acid.
c. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is
ehown.
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Table 6
Production of Sulfuric Acid in East Germany
1933, 1936, 1938, and 1944-60
(Continued)
d. _2/
e. Reported as production capacity and not actual production.
g. 112/
h. 50/
i. The estimate was obtained by graphic extrapolation and
was further adjusted after considering variables expected
to affect production.
j. Range of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
1. 2/
m. Range of error, plus or minus 10 percent.
All production of synthetic ammonia in East Germany
is concentrated in one plant, VEB Leuna-Werke "Waiter Ulbricht" at
Leuna,- near Merseburg, the world's largest synthetic ammonia plant.
Before 1945, Leuna's ammonia capacity was reported as high as 750,000
tons, in terms of nitrogen content.* The plant's normal operating
capacity, however, was only about half of that figure. The remaining
capacity was actually devoted to production of gasoline and methanol. 522/
Leuna was constructed by I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. so that the equip-
ment, especially the compressors and the gas fabrication equipment,
could be adjusted to produce varying amounts of ammonia, gasoline,
and methanol to suit current requirements.
In 1936, the area that is now East Germany was re-
ported to have produced 55.5 percent of the total production of
ammonia in Germany. 22/ In 1938, total German production was about
620,000 tons (nitrogen content), of which the East German area pro-
duced about 320,000 tons, about 52 percent. 2g By 1944 the per-
centage of production in the East German area had dropped to 33.2
percent. 2//
* Throughout this report, quantities of ammonia are expressed in
terms of their nitrogen content. Ammonia is composed of 82.25 per-
cent nitrogen and 17.75 percent hydrogen, chemically combined.
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The Leuna plant was reported to have sustained a loss
of about 30 percent of its capacity for the synthesis of ammonia as
a result of war damage.2,13./ After World War II, portions of the
plant were dismantled by the USSR. The ultimate loss in capacity
from the war and tie dismantlings was about two-thirds of the original
capacity. 25./ Many reports indicate that some Leuna equipment was
installed in a Soviet ammonia plant at Severo Donetsk in the
Ukraine. 62/
VEB Leuna-Werke "Walter Ulbricht" is administra-
tively responsible to the Main Administration for Heavy Chemistry,
which is within the Production Area for Chemistry and under the
Ministry for Heavy Industry.
Leuna produces ammonia by the reaction of nitrogen
and hydrogen, using the Haber-Bosch process. Ammonia output is
limited by the available supply of hydrogen, which is also required
to make methanol and higher alcohols, including isobutyl alcohol,
and to hydrogenate crude petroleum, brown coal, and brown-coal tar
oils for the manufacture of synthetic oil. In 1953 and 1954, Leuna
accounted for about 93 percent of the entire East German production
of nitrogen, which includes the nitrogen content of calcium cyanamide
produced by another plant. L62/ Late in 1953 or early 1954, Leuna
obtained two new ammonia "contact furnaces" (probably converters)
from West Germany through several Swiss firms. These converters
were to be used to increase production of synthetic ammonia. 62/
Future plans for East German production of synthetic
ammonia apparently have not been established definitely.
a preliminary production goal of 384,000 tons
(as nitrogen) was proposed for 1960. ?..3./ A significant increase in
proauction of nitrogen fertilizer by the end of 1960 is planned,
and this increase will demand larger amounts of both ammonia and
nitric acid. Expansion of the ammonia industry will have a twofold
purpose, to increase production of fertilizer for peacetime use and
to provide greater wartime capacity to manufacture military explosives.
Production of synthetic ammonia in East Germany in
1938-60 is shown in Table 7.*
* Table 7 follows on p. 28.
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Table 7
Production of Synthetic Ammonia in East Germany 2/
1938-60
Metric Tons 12J
Year
Production Annual Plan
1938 320,000
1939 385,147
1940 334,000
1941 323,000
1942 295,000
1943 259,355
1944 128,205
1945 30,000
1946 62,346
1947 122,500
1948 174,000 130,000
1949 210,000 180,000
1950 235,510 N.A.
1951 270,000 265,000
1952 278,000 L/ N.A.
1953 290,000 1/ 278,000 2/
1954 313,895 f/ 303,500 g/
1955 335,000 h/ 316,000 i/
1956 350,000 1/ h/ 325,000 I/
1957 360,000 1/ h/ 335,000 1/
1958 370,000 1/ E/ 350,000 1/
1959 380,000)./ 111/ 370,000 1/
1960 390,000 Ei h/ 384,000 1/
a. The data presented in this table were compiled
from a great number of individual statistical re-
ports which it would be impractical to include as
source references. Production estimates are rounded
to two significant digits; reported figures are
given as reported. Data for prewar and wartime
years refer to that area of Germany which is now
East Germany.
b. In terms of nitrogen equivalent.
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Table 7
Production of Synthetic Ammonia in East Germany
1938-60
(Continued)
c. The estimate was based on an expected average
monthly output of 23,100 tons of nitrogen. Range
of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
d. The estimate was based on an expected average
monthly output of 24,200 tons of nitrogen. Range
of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
e. 64
f.
g. /
h. The estimate was based on an expected average
monthly output of 27,500 tons of nitrogen. Range
of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
1-? LI/
j. The estimate was obtained by graphic extrapola-
tion based on the reported 1954 actual output and
the preliminary 1960 production plan.
k. Range of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
1. 2../
m. Range of error, plus or minus 10 percent.
n. The estimate was based on the preliminary pro-
duction goal of 384,000 tons of nitrogen in
1960. .?2/
c. Nitric Acid.
Nitric acid is essential to the manufacture of all
high explosives and propellants and is used as a fuel oxidizer in
rocket-propelled guided missiles. It is also used to make nitrogen
fertilizers, commercial explosives, dyestuffs, and other chemicals.
No other country of the Sino-Soviet Bloc except the
USSR prOduces more nitric acid than does East- Germany. It is esti-
mated that in 1954, East German production was almost one-fifth as
large as that of the USSR and accounted for almost one-half of the
European Satellite total and about one-seventh Of the production of
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the Sino-Soviet Bloc. East German production in 1954, however, was
equal to almost 15 percent of US production in 1954.
At the end of 1954, East German production appeared
not to have reached the peak wartime production of 1944, but it may
have done so in 1955. The industry has not recovered fully from
Soviet plant dismantlings. Among the plants completely dismantled
were the concentrated nitric acid units at VEB Leuna-Werke "Walter
Ulbricht" at Leuna (near Merseburg) and VEB Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz
at Lutherstadt (near Wittenberg). Perhaps one-third of the East
German capacity for production of nitric acid was lost through
dismantlings.
All nitric acid commercially produced in East
Germany is made by the catalytic oxidation of synthetic ammonia
supplied by VEB Leuna-Werke 'Walter Ulbricht." In 1955, at least
four plants were known to be producing nitric acid, and a fifth
plant, located at Piesteritz, may have been in operation. The Leuna
plant did not begin production until 1954, 70/ and current produc-
tion is relatively insignificant. The 1955 production quota for
Leuna was only 1,620 tons. 11/ Planned production of nitric acid
in East Germany, by plant, in 1953 is shown in Table 8.*
All nitric-acid-producing plants except the Sonders-
hausen plant are responsible to the Main Administration for Heavy
Chemistry. The Sondershausen plant is within the Production Area
for Chemistry and is subordinate to the Ministry for Heavy Industry.
The Kaliwerk "Glueckauf" at Sondershausen is responsible to the
Main Administration for Potash and Nonmetallic Ore Mining, which
is also under the Production Area for Chemistry and the Ministry for
Heavy Industry. Thus, if production by this ministry is reported,
the nitric acid production represents total production in East
Germany.
Although postwar production of nitric acid may not
achieve the apparent wartime peak, current production is adequate
for the peacetime economy. In 1954, production had increased about
64 percent over that of 1938 and increased about 156 percent over
that of 1947. East German production in the first 4 years of the
First Five Year Plan exceeded the goals established by the plan.
Except for 1952, revised annual production plans also were exceeded
during this period.
* Table 8 follows on p. 31.
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Table 8
Planned Production of Nitric Acid in East Germany, by Plant
1953
Plant
Location
Planned Production Percent
(Metric Tons) 2/ of Total
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen
Wolfen
147,600 12/
60.2
VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat,
Bitterfeld
Bitterfeld
96,2801 c/
39.3
VEB Kaliwerk "Glueckauf"
Sondershausen
1,120 a/
0.5
Total
245,000 2/ 100.0
a. All amounts are given in terms of 100 percent acid.
b. E/
c. The original production plan for Bitterfeld plant in 1953. /2/
d. The production plan for the plant at Sondershausen is not available.
The amount shown represents the difference obtained from the sum of the
Wolfen and Bitterfeld plans and the plan for total production in East
Germany.
e. The original production plan for East Germany in 1953. 7111
Production of nitric acid in East Germany in selected
years, 1936-44, and 1946-60 is shown in Table 9.*
Nitric acid plants in East Germany have been plagued
by sliortages of platinum-rhodium wire-mesh catalysts, and less effic-
ient cobalt catalysts have had to be substituted in part. .What success
has been attained is not known, and no annual production goals beyond
those of 1955 are available. An increase in production by the end of
1960 is expected to permit increase in production of nitrogen ferti-
lizer of about 15 percent over the 1955 final annual plan. The Piesteritz
plant was to have begun reconstruction of its former nitric acid in-
stallation during 1953. An annual estimated output of from 40,000 to
50,000 tons was anticipated. Beginning in 1955, the nitric acid was
to have been used largely for making a nitrogen-lime-phosphate fer-
tilizer. /2/ The current status of these Piesteritz projects is unknown.
* Table 9 follows on p. 32.
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Table 9
Production of Nitric Acid in East Germany 2/
Selected Years, 1936-44, and 1946-60
Metric Tons 12/
Year
Production
Annual Plan 2/ First Five Year Plan 1/
1936
1938
106,000
164,000
1939
200,000 2/
1943
212,000 2/
1944
280,000
1946
25262
1947
105,000 2/
1948
13p,500 2/
1949
162,000 2/
1950
183,500 2/
1951
234,468
213,000
213,700
1952
246,091
246,250
230,000
1953
254,284 11
247,000 g/
245,000
1954
268,788 y
260,016 y
260,000
1955
280,000 1/ 1/
266,706
300,000
1956
300,000 1/ 1/
.11/
1957
310,000 1/ 1/
1958
330,000 1/ 1/
1959
350,000 1/ 12/
1960
370,000 1/ E./
a. The data presented in this table were compiled from a
great number of individual statistical reports which it would
be impractical to include ,as source references. Production
estimates are footnoted; reported figures are given as re-
ported. Data for prewar and wartime years refer to that area
of Germany which is now East Germany.
b. On a 100 percent acid basis.
c. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is
shown.
d.
e. The estimate represents the sum of estimated outputs of
individual ,producing plants. Range of error, plus or minus
10 percent.
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Table 9
Production of Nitric Acid in East Germany
Selected Years, 1936-44, and 1946-60
(Continued)
i. The estimate was obtained by graphic extrapolation and
was further adjusted after considering variables expected to
affect production.
j. Range of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
k. L32/
1. Range of error, plus or minus 10 percent.
Range of error, plus or minus 15 percent.
1 d. Calcium Carbide.
Because it is a base for so many strategic chemical
products, calcium carbide probably is the most significant basic
chemical contribution of East Germany to the industrial economy of
1 the Sino-Soviet Bloc. East Germany produces more calcium carbide
than does any other Bloc country, including the USSR, and in 1954
only West Germany, of all countries in the world, produced more
than did East Germany. In 1954, East German production of 735,400
tons was equal to about twice the Soviet production and accounted
for\about 52 percent of the estimated total production of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc.
In 1936, that area of Germany Which is now East
Germany produced 29.4 percent of total German production, And the
estimated 1943 production of 550,000 tons in the East German area
was more than 36 percent of the total. L31/ At the end of 1944,
production capacity existed for 697,000. tons per year.
Calcium carbide plants in East Germany were subjected
to war damage and, following the war, to Soviet dismantling. All,
or almost all, of the facilities of the plant at MUeckenberg, which
produced nearly 100,000 tons in 1943, .?.3./ were dismantled. No calcium
carbide furnaces are believed to have been dismantled at the largest
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producing plant, VEB Chemische Werke Buna at Schkopau, but 4 of
9 installed furnaces probably were removed from VEB Stickstoffwerk
Piesteritz.
In 1946, production of calcium carbide in East
Germany declined to about 40 percent of the peak wartime produc-
tion of 1943. The decline resulted from several factors, includ-
ing shortages of raw materials and electric power, general postwar
chaos in the economy, and Soviet dismantling. In spite of dif-
ficulties, notably shortages of coke, electrodes, and power, 1954
production of about 735,400 tons was approximately one-third more
than 1943 production. Production in 1952 and succeeding years,
however, was below the original planned goals established by the
First Five Year Plan. In 1954, production fell below the revised
1954 annual plan and was only 92.5 percent of the original quota
given in the Five Year Plan.
Production of calcium carbide in East Germany in
selected years, 1936-43, and 1946-60 is shown in Table 10.*
The manufacture of calcium carbide is concentrated
in 2 plants, VEB Chemische Werke Buna at Schkopau and VEB Stick-
stoffwerk Piesteritz at Lutherstadt (near Wittenberg), which pro-
duce more than 90 percent of the total production of East Germany.
Both df these plants were Soviet-owned corporations (SAG's) until
1 January 1954. These plants and a third plant, VEB Elektrochemie
Hirschfelde at Hirschfelde, are controlled by the Main Administra-
tion for Heavy Chemistry. The remaining producing plants, con-
tributing less than 3 percent of total East German production, are
subordinate to the Main Administration for the Iron Industry,
which is within the Production Area for Metallurgy but reports to
the Ministry for Heavy Industry. Thus, all production of calcium
carbide is under the control of the Ministry for Heavy Industry.
Planned production of calcium carbide in East
Germany, by plant, in 1953 is shown in Table 11.**
The Schkopau plant is the largest producer of
calcium carbide in the world. The plant's reported production goal
* Table 10 follows on p. 35.
** Table 11 follows on p. 36.
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Table 10
Production of Calcium Carbide in East Germany 2/
Selected Years, 1936-43, and 191.1.6-60
Metric Tons
Year Production Annual Plan 12/ First Five Year Plan 2/
1936 208,800
1939 390,000
1943 550,000
1946 226,666
1947 309,931
1948 412,400 325,500
1949 529,000 438,000
1950 628l000 627l000
1951 678,349 666,000 666,000
1952 690,395 687,000 735,000
1953 702,400 2/ 695,700 2/ 757,000
1954 735,374 f/ 775,700 g/ 795,000
1955 820,000 h/ 811,500 1/ 825,000
1956 86o,000 E7 8501500 J./
1957 890,000 g? 881,600 1/
lei
1958 920,000 , 918,800 1/
,/,
1959 950,000 12 958,000 Ili
1960 97o,00012/ 990,200 1/
21
21
a.' The data presented in this table were compiled from
a great number of individual statistical reports which it
would be impractical to include as source references.
Production estimates are footnoted; reported figures are
given as reported. Data for prewar and wartime years
refer to that area of Germany which is now East Germany.
b. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is
shown.
c. LI/
d. The estimate represents the sum of estimated outputs
of individual producing plants. Range of error, plus or
minus 10 percent.
e. 85
f.
g? /
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Table 10
Production of Calcium Carbide in East Germany
Selected Years, 1936-43, and 1911.6_60
(Continued)
h. The estimate was obtained by graphic extrapolation
and was adjusted further after considering variables ex-
pected to affect production. Range of error, plus or
minus 5 percent.
i. 88/
j.
Table 11
Planned Production of Calcium Carbide in East Germany, by Plant
1953
Metric Tons
Plant
VEB Chemische Werke Buna
VEB Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz
VEB Elektrochemie Hirschfelde
VEB Lonza-Werke, Elektrochemisches
Fabriken Spremberg
Other plants 2/
Total
Location
Planned Production
Schkopau 470,000 a/
Lutherstadt/Wittenberg 216,500 1-1/
Hirschfelde 40,000
Spremberg 13,800 1/
5,400 I./
745,700 g/
a. 22/
c. The annual plan for Hirschfelde was later revised to 36,264 tons. 22/
d. 21/
e. Plans for other producing plants are not available. Other plants reported
as producers include VEB Ferrolegierungswerk (Ferroalloy Work) Lippendorf and
VEB Ferrolegierungswerk Muechenberg.
f. The amount represents difference obtained from the sum of all known plans
and total East German annual plan.
g. The preliminary production plan for 1953. 212/
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in 1955 was 530,000 tons. 95/ Although since 1943 there has been
no increase in the number of electric furnaces (eight) installed
at Schkopau, greater production has been achieved by employing more
advanced operational technology and by increasing supplies, of
electric power. Production capacity was gradually increased by
replacing older rectangular furnaces with more efficient triangular
furnaces, which require about 17 percent less electric power but
need special Soederberg-type electrodes of round or oval shape made
from better quality graphite. 96/
Electric power, shortages have harassed the East
German. calcium carbide industry since World War II, and in 1954
the industry was unable to satisfy domestic demands for calcium
carbide to be used in welding. 22/ The generation of acetylene
is the principal use of calcium carbide, and East Germany has
given attention to alternate processes for production of acetylene,
processes which consume less electricity. There is no evidence,
however, that any substitute process will be adopted on a signifi-
cant scale.
Calcium carbide is a large consumer of bituminous ?
coke. Because domestic supplies of coke are inadequate to cover
the requirements of heavy industry, East Germany is dependent on
imports. To reduce imports, attempts are being made to substitute
a hard coke prepared from domestic brown coal. It is doubtful,
however, that brown-coal coke will be used to any great extent for
several years.
Preliminary East German plans for 1960 call for an
increase in production of calcium carbide of 22 percent over the
1955 plan. The expansion is to cover larger requirements for
acetylene to manufacture buna rubber, solvents, and new plastics
and synthetic fibers. Production will increase, however, only if
the electric power supply is significantly improved. Only one new
calcium carbide furnace is known to be scheduled, and that is to
be in operation at Piesteritz during 1956. 2?./
e. Caustic Soda.
Caustic soda is one of the basic heavy chemicals re-
quired in large tonnages by any well-industrialized nation. Caustic
soda is produced commercially by the electrolysis of a sodium
chloride (common salt) solution and by treating a solution of soda
ash with slaked lime (lime-soda process).
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In 1954, East Germany produced about one-fifth of the
caustic soda produced in the Sino-Soviet Bloc and about 54 percent of
estimated total production of the European Satellites. East German
production was equal to about 46 percent of estimated Soviet pro-
duction, 46 percent of that of West Germany, 22/ and less than 1 per-
cent of that of the US.
In 1936 the area which is now East Germany reportedly
produced 47.1 percent of the total caustic soda for the German Reich,
and in 1943 the share was 50.3 percent. 100/ At the end of World
War II the annual production capacity of East Germany was 370,000
tons, of which 238,000 tons were of electrolytic caustic soda and
132,000 tons were made from soda ash. 101/
Postwar production of caustic soda in East Germany
has not yet reached the pre-1945 production peak of 298,000 tons. 102/
In 1945-46, Soviet plant dismantlings eliminated all production of
caustic soda by the lime-soda process and reduced capacity in elec-
trolytic plants by about 60,000 tons. Electrolytic plants at
Zscherndorf, Niederau, Weissig, and Mueckenberg were dismantled,
reducing production capacity by the electrolytic process to about
178,000 tons, which was 75 percent of the original capacity and
about 48 percent of the pre-1945 peak electrolytic capacity of the
area. 103/ In 1952, probably the first postwar production of
caustic soda by the lime-soda process was begun at the partially
rebuilt Stassfurt plant, and probably not before 1954 did the
Bernburg plant produce caustic soda from soda ash. In 1955, there
were 8 plants producing caustic soda by the electrolytic process
and 2 plants using the lime-soda process.
Planned production of caustic soda in East Germany,
by plant, in 1954 is shown in Table 12.*
All plants in East Germany that produce caustic
soda, except the plant at Pirna, are controlled, by the Main Adminis-
tration for Heavy Chemistry. The Pima plant ia controlled by the
Main Administration for Synthetic Materials. Both main administra-
tions, however, are under the Production Area for Chemistry of the
Ministry for Heavy Industry. If total production of caustic soda is
reported for the ministry, the figure represents total East German
production of caustic soda.
* Table 12 follows on p. 39.
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Table 12
Planned Production of Caustic Soda in East Germany, by Plant
1954
Plant
Location
Planned
Production 21
(Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat
Bitterfeld
Bitterfeld
67,000
27.5
VEB Chemische Werke Buna
Schkopau
66,200
27.1
VFR Deutsche Solvaywerke
Westeregeln
Westeregeln
25,000
10.3
VEB Deutsche Solvaywerke
Osternienburg
Osternienburg
19,000
7.8
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen
Wolf en
17,200
7.0
VEB Sodawerke "Karl Marx"
Bernburg
15,000 12/
6.1
VEB Sodawerke "Fred Oelssner"
Stassfurt
11,000 12./
4.5
VEB Elektrochemisches Werk
Ammendorf
Ammendorf
10,000
4.1
VEB Schwefelsaeure- und
Aetznatronwerk Nuenchritz
Nuenchritz
8,600
3.5
VFR Saechsisches Kunstseidenwerk
"Siegfried Raedel"
Pirna
5,200 E/
2.1
Total
244,200 d/
100.0
a. 104/
b. These figures refer to production of caustic soda by causticization
of soda ash (the lime-soda process).
c. The estimate represents the difference between the total East German
plan for production of caustic soda (244,200 tons) and the production
plan for the Main Administration for Heavy Chemistry (239,000 tons). 105/
The Pirna plant is subordinate to the Main Administration for Synthetic
Materials.
d. 106/
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In addition to the great loss in capacity because of
Soviet dismantlings, the East German caustic soda industry has been
affected by shortages of equipment and electric power. In spite of
these difficulties, production has increased in all of the electro-
lytic plants. Additional facilities were installed in some plants
after 1952, particularly those at Osternienburg and Westeregeln.
Production of caustic soda in 1954 increased 16.8 percent over 1938
production, 106.6 percent oVer that of 1948, and about 3 percent
over that of 1953. The main reason for the small increase of 1954
production over that of 1953 was the -shortage of electric power.
After the riots of 17 June 1953, deliberate electric power cutbacks
were imposed on caustic soda plants so that more power could be
channeled to the East German population. 107/
Beginning in 1953, total East German production of
caustic soda has fallen behind the original goals established by
the First Five Year Plan. It is estimated that 1955 production
will be only about 86 percent of the original 1955 goal.
Production of caustic soda in East Germany in se-
lected years, 1933-44, and 1946-60 is shown in Table 13.*
It is probable that to relieve the electric power
industry of additional heavy demands, more caustic soda will be
produced in East Germany by causticization of soda ash. Never-
theless, some increase in production of electrolytic caustic soda
will be necessary so that chlorine, a coproduct of the process,
will be available in greater quantity to meet increasing require-
ments. A preliminary production plan for 1960 calls for an increase
in production of caustic soda of about 54 percent over actual pro-
duction in 1954. The 1960 plan calls for 350,000 tons. 108/
f. Soda Ash.
Soda ash, sometimes called "soda," is the commercial
name for sodium carbonate, and perhaps ranks second only to sulfuric
acid in general industrial significance. Cominercial production of
soda ash is by the ammonia-soda, or Solvay process. The main raw
materials are salt, limestone, coke, and ammonia.
* Table 13 follows on p. 41.
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Table 13
Production of Caustic Soda in East Germany 2/
Selected Years, 1933-44, and 1946-60
Metric Tons
Year
Production
Annual Plan 12/
First Five Year Plan 2/
1933
1936
1938
1944
73,000
124,700
195,000
298,000
1946
66,419
63,200
1947
86,887
70,000
1948
110,190
103,500
1949
138,000
120,600
1950
148,746
146,490
1951
183,949
178,550
178,000
1952
208,875
202,900
205,000
1953
221,162 1./
217,200 2/
232,000
1954
227,699 f/
244,200 g/
260,000
1955
258,000 LI/ 1/
250,650 ?I/
300,000
1956
270,000 11/ h/
268,000 1/
1957
290,000 LI/ h/
294,000 11/ 11/
1958
310,000 12/ h/
294,000 E./ pi
1959
330,000 11/ 25/
306,000 12/ LI/
1960
360,000 LI/ h/
350,000 13/ El
a. The data presented in this table were compiled from a
great number of individual statistical reports which it
would be impractical to include as source references. Pro-
duction estimates are footnoted; reported figures are given
as reported. Data for prewar and wartime years refer to that
area of Germany which is now East Germany.
b. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is
shown.
c.
109/
d.
110/
e.
111/
f.
112/
g.
113/
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Table 13
Production of Caustic Soda in East Germany
Selected Years, 1933-44, and 1946-60
(Continued)
h. The estimate was obtained by graphic extrapolation and
was further adjusted after considering variables expected
to affect production. The most significant variable is the
quantity of caustic soda to be made by causticization of
soda ash.
i. Range of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
j. 114/
k. Range of error, plus or minus 10 percent.
1. 115/
m. Reported plan is only for the Ministry for Heavy Industry.
n. 116/
Except for the USSR, East Germany is the largest pro-
ducer of soda ash in the Sino-Soviet Bloc. In 1954, East German
production was about one-sixth of the Bloc's total and about 50 per-
cent of the combined total for the European Satellites, and was
equal to about 28 percent of Soviet production. East German pro-
duction of soda ash in 1953, however, was equal to only about 40
percent of that of West Germany 117/ and 8 percent of that of the
US.
In 1936 and 1938 the area which is now East Germany
reportedly produced 47.1 percent of the total soda ash for the German
Reich and in 1944 produced 45 percent. 118/ Just before the end of
World War II the East German area had an annual production capacity
of 550,000 tons of soda ash. 119/
The largest soda ash plant in Germany -- the largest
in Europe -- was at Bernburg. Its pre-1945 capacity was 425,000 tons
per year. 120/
After World War II the plant at Bernburg was com-
pletely dismantled, and certain key equipment was removed from the
Stassfurt plant. The capacity of the East German soda ash industry
was reduced by war damage and Soviet plant dismantling during 1945-47
to about 15 percent of pre-1945 capacity.
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Under the First Five Year Plan, East Germany scheduled
the reconstruction of the Bernburg plant and the completion of a second
installation at Stassfurt, which was to have an ultimate production
capacity of 100,000 tons of soda ash. Bernburg's capacity was to be
200,000 tons. 121/ Although Bernburg's buildings were intact and the
installation of new equipment began in 1950, actual production in the
first unit did not begin until October 1952. 122/ The first draft of
the First Five Year Plan established a production goal for East Germany
of 380,000 tons of soda ash in 1955. 123/ In late 1951, East Germany
made revisions in the First Five Year Plan and raised the 1955 goal for
production of soda ash to 640,000 tons. 124/
Because of shortages of material and equipment, the
second Bernburg unit did not start production until May 1953, and by
mid-1953 Soda Plant II at Stassfurt was still unable to produce con-
tinuously at its designed capacity of 300 tons per day, although
Plant II had started producing in July 1951. 125/ As a consequence,
production of soda ash has not met the production goals laid down in
the final draft of the First Five Year Plan. In 1953, output was
70.6 percent of the revised goal of 420,000 tons and in 1954 only
68.9 percent of the goal of 540,000 tons. Estimated 1955 production
was only about 72 percent of the goal of 64o,000 tons. 126/
Planned production of soda ash in East Germany, by
plant) in 1955 is shown in Table 14.*
Although East German goals for production of soda
ash have proved too optimistic, 1953 production increased 55.4 percent
over 1952, and 1954 production increased 685 percent over 1946 and
almost equalled the 1936 production. A preliminary production goal of
700,000 tons in 1960 represents an increase of 88.2 percent over 1954
production. 127/ It is of interest to note that this 1960 plan is but
6o,000 tons more than the 640,000 tons planned for 1955 in the First
Five Year Plan.
Production of soda ash in East Germany in selected
years, 1933-44 and 1946-60, is shown in Table 15.**
* Table 14 follows on p. 44.
** Table 15 follows on p. 45.
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Table 14
Planned Production of Soda Ash in East Germany, by Plant 2/
1955
Plant
Location
Planned Production 12/
(Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
VEB Sodawerke "Karl Marx"
Bernburg
220,000
48.9
VEB Sodawerke "Fred Oel8sner," E/
Werk I und II
Stassfurt
170,000
37.8
VEB Deutsche Solvaywerke
Buchenau a/
Eisenach
6o,000
13.3
Total
45oL 000 d/
100.0
a. All producing plants are controlled by the Main Administration for Heavy
Chemistry, which is under the Production Area for Chemistry and subordinate
to the Ministry for Heavy Industry.
b. 128/
c. The plant was formerly owned by Solvay et Cie of Brussels.
d. The annual production plan was later revised to 455,000 tons.
g. Chlorine.
Chlorine is a basic chemical in any industrial economy,
and production of chlorine serves as a measure of the industrial de-
velopment of a country. In East Germany it is produced in electrolytic
cells as a coproduct in the manufacture of caustic soda and caustic
potash. Production of chlorine, therefore, is directly related to
production of caustic soda and caustic potash, and its requirements of
raw materials and energy are the same as for the two alkalies. A
negligible amount of chlorine is produced in East Germany ab a by-
product in the manufacture of metallic sodium.
East Germany produces more chlorine than any other
country of the Sino-Soviet Bloc except the USSR. It is estimated
that in 1954, production of chlorine in East Germany was equal to
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Table 15
Production of Soda Ash in East Germany 2/
Selected Years, 1933-44, and 1946-60
Metric Tons
Year
Production
Annual Plan 12/
First Five Year Plan E/
1933.
1936
1938
1944
236,000
378,000
496,000
473,000
1946
47,389
70,500
1947
63,569
82,000
1948
82,134
84,000
1949
93,700
95,000
1950
102,666
101,449
1951
121,787
147,650
147,000
1952
190,834
270,600
270,000
1953
296,561 1/
300,200
420,000
1954
372,024 E/
390,000
540,000
1955
458,000 E/ 12/
455,000 1/
640,000
1956
490,000 1/ 12/
500)000 1.51
1957
520,000 11/ 12/
535,000 1/
1958
540,000 1/ 2/
600,000 1/
1959
560,000 11/ m/
600,000 1/
1960
590,000 Iii/ 11./
700,000 1/
a. The data presented in this table were compiled from many individual
statistical reports which it would be impractical to include as source
references. Production estimates are footnoted; reported figures are
given as reported. Data for prewar and wartime years refer to that area
of Germany which is now East Germany.
b. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is shown.
c. 129/
d. 130/
e. 131/
f. 132/
g. The estimate was obtained by graphic extrapolation and was further
adjusted on basis of sources reporting production on part-year periods.
h. Range of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
i. 133/
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Table 15
Production of Soda Ash in East Germany
Selected Years, 1933-44, and 1946-60
(Continued)
j. Estimate was obtained by_graphic extrapolation and was further
adjusted after considering variables expected to affect production.
The most significant variable is the quantity of caustic soda to be
made directly from soda ash. Production probably will lag behind
announced preliminary production goals because new construction of
an installation at the Bernburg plant for 100,000 tons per year was
postponed at the end of 1955 because of shortage of funds. 112/
k. 135/
1.. 136/
in. Range of error, plus or minus 10 percent.
n. Range of error, plus or minus 15 percent.
more than 70 percent of Soviet production .137/ and accounted for
more than 70 percent of the combined production of the European
Satellites and about 35 percent of the entire production of the
Bloc. East German production of chlorine, moreover, was greater
than that of any West European country except West Germany and
England. In 1954, East German production was equal to about 56
percent of production of West Germany, 138/ and almost 8 percent
of that of the US.
In 1936 the area which is now East Germany produced
48.5 percent of all chlorine sold in Germany and in 1943, 46 per.
cent. 139/ Estimated capacity for production of chlorine in East
Germany at the end of World War II was 230,000 tons. Because of
Soviet plant dismantling after the war, this capacity was reduced
to about 170,000 tons.
East German plants that produce chlorine are the
same plants that produce electrolytic caustic soda. Two of these
plants, VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld and VEB Elektro-
chemisches Werk Ammendorf, also produce chlorine as a coproduct in
the manufacture of electrolytic caustic potash. The VEB Deutsche
Solvaywerke Osternienburg produces a negligible quantity of chlorine
as a byproduct in production of metallic sodium.
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Plants that produce caustic soda and chlorine in
East Germany, except the plant at Pima, are controlled by the
Main Administration for Heavy Chemistry. The Pirna plant is under
the Main Administration for Synthetic Materials. Both administra-
tions are under the Production Area for Chemistry, which .is sub-
ordinate to the Ministry for Heavy Industry.
The production problems of the East German chlorine
industry in the postwar period have been the same as those.. of the
electrolytic alkali industries. Increases in production of chlorine
have nearly paralled increases in production of caustic soda and
caustic potash. Before 1952, very little caustic soda was made by
causticization of soda ash. In 1954, production of chlorine in
East Germany was about 3.5 times the 1946 production but only about
90 percent of that of 1939.
Production of chlorine in East Germany in 1936, 1939,
and 1946-60 is shown in Table 16.* Planned production of chlorine
in East Germany, by plant, in 1955 is shown in Table 17.**
All East German plants that produce chlorine are
captive chlorine plants, plants that consume all or part of their
own production. A completely captive plant, because it does not
ship chlorine to the market, usually is not equipped to liquefy the
product.
The Bitterfeld plant is the largest producer of liquid
chlorine in East Germany, and it liquefies about a quarter of its own
production of chlorine. In 1954, about 20.5 percent of the East
German production of chlorine was liquefied, and the 1955 plan called
for 2l.1# percent. In 1951 the US had a liquefying capacity for 78
percent of its production of chlorine.
A preliminary 1960 production plan for East Germany
specifies a gross production goal of 290,000 tons of gaseous
chlorine. This target, a 37-percent increase over the 1955 plan,
seems plausible.1122/ Although a Considerable increase in production
of caustic soda is expected in the next 5 years, some of the increase
will result fromcausticization of soda ash. Consequently, large
increases in production of chlorine may have to be obtained from
other sources without simultaneous alkali production.
* Table 16 follows on p. 48.
** Table 17 follows on p. 50.
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Table 16
Production of Chlorine in East Germany 2/
1936, 1939, and 1946-60
Metric Tons
Year Production 12/ Annual Plan Si
1936 83,000
1939 226,000
1946 58,000
1947 82,000
1948 106,000
1949 131,000
1950 142,000
1951 176,000
1952 194,000
1953 201,000 ,(1/ N.A. ,qi, ,
1954 202,932 0 f/ 190,000 12/ 1/
1955 212,000 14/ 211,635 h/
1956 215,000 1)1/ 210,000 1/
1957 228,000 T/ 222,000 1/
1958 240,000 T/ 230,000 1/
1959 260,000 2/ 250,000 1/
1960 300,000 2/ 290,000 1/
a. The data presented in this table were
compiled from a great number of individual
statistical reports which it would be im-
practical to include as source references.
All production figures are estimates un-
less otherwise specified. Data for 1936
and 1939 refer to that area of Germany
which is now East Germany.
b. Estimates of production of chlorine
are based on theoretical yield and on
reported or estimated production of elec-
trolytic caustic soda and caustic potash.
The estimates are sums of individually
derived chlorine quantities obtained as
byproduct in the manufacture of each alkali.
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Table 16
Production of Chlorine in East Germany
1936, 1939, and 1946-60
(Continued)
c. Only the latest annual plan known for
a given year is shown.
d. Reported production of liquid chlorine
was 37,196 tons. 141/
e. Reported planned production for liquid
chlorine was 31,813 tons. 142/ No gaseous
chlorine production plan is available.
f. 143/
g. Reported production of liquid chlorine
was 41,110 tons. 144/
h. 145/
i. Reported planned production for liquid
chlorine was 39,036 tons. 146/
j. Range of error, plus or minus 5 per-
cent.
k. Reported planned production for liquid
chlorine was 45,300 tons. 147/
1. Reported plan is for the Ministry for
Heavy Industry. 148/
m. Range of error, plus of minus 10 percent.
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Table 17
Planned Production of Chlorine in East Germany, by Plant
1955
Plant
Location
Planned
Production
(Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat
Bitterfeld
Bitterfeld
77,000 2/
36.5
VEB Chemische Werke Buna
Schkopau
59,340 121
28.2
VEB Deutsche Solvaywerke Westeregeln
VEB Deutsche Solvaywerke Osternienburg
Wes teregeln
Osternienburg
19,700 2/
17,277 1/
9.3
8.2
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen
VEB Elektrochemisches Werk Ammendorf
Wolf en
Ammendorf
15,500 2/
9,379 IV
7.4
4.4
VEB Schwefelsaeure- und Aetznatronwerk
Nuenchritz
Nuenchritz
7,950 gi
3.8
VEB Saechsisches Kunstseidenwerk
"Siegfried Raedel"
Pirna
4,600 kw
2.2
Total
210,711.6 1/
100.0
a. 149/
b' 122/
c' 121/
d. 152/
e. 14/
f' 12_i
g' 122/
h. The estimate is based on an estimated production of 5,300 tons of caustic
soda.
i. The reported East German production plan was 211,635 tons. 12y
Waste potash liquor contains large quantities of mag-
nesium chloride, which can be decomposed in a thermal process into
magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric acid can be
used directly by industry or can be burned with oxygen to give chlorine,
according to the principles of the Deacon Process. Thus, East Germany
may not need additional chlor-alkali electrolytic installations to gain
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chlorine, some of which would be used to produce hydrochloric acid.
East Germany definitely is interested in developing this alterna-
tive method of using potash waste products, but no pilot plants are
known to have been built. 157/
h. Aromatic Coal Chemicals.
This report will consider only four major coal
chemicals -- refined benz011 toluol, naphthalene, and refined
(or pure) phenol. These chemicals are most significant as raw
materials or "building blocks" for the synthetic organic chemi-
cal industry.
Except for phenol, East Germany produces basic coal
chemicals primarily through high-temperature carbonization of
bituminous coal. The main source of phenol, however, is the low-
temperature carbonization of brown coal (lignite) or the hydro-
genation of coal, its tar, or its oils. Background details on
technology employed and production achievements in the manufacture
of coal chemicals in East Germany have been covered in another
report. 158/
Lacking reserves of suitable coking coal and an
important coke and coke byproducts manufacturing industry, East
Germany contributes very little to the coal chemicals industry of
the Sino-Soviet Bloc, except for phenol and related.tar acids.
East German production of refined benzol, toluol, and naphthalene
in 1954 is estimated at less than 3 percent of total production
of the Bloc. Production of refined phenol, however, was nearly
one-fifth of Bloc production and about 43 percent of production
of the European Satellites. Both Poland and Czechoslovakia out-
produce East Germany, except in phenol. In over-all production
of coal chemicals, East Germany probably ranks only fifth in the
Bloc.
The coal chemicals considered in this report are
produced mainly by 6 plantsi,2 of which are coking installations
and 4 of which are chemical plants. Not all of these plants,
however, produce all four products. The cokeries at Zwickau,
VEB Karl Marx Werk, and VEB August Bebel Werk reportedly produce
refined benzol, toluol, and naphthalene. The Schkopau chemical
plant (VEB Chemische Werke Buna) produces toluol as a byproduct
in the manufacture of monostyrene. This plant also fractionally
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distills imported crude benzol to obtain refined benzol and additional
toluol. Important producers of refined phenol are VEB Leuna-Werke
"Walter Ulbricht" at Leuna (near Merseburg) and VEB Farbenfabrik
Wolfen at Wolfen. All of the coal chemicals are produced by VEB
Teerdestillation- und Chemische Fabrik Erkner at Erkner (near Berlin).
All of the plants are controlled by the Ministry
for Heavy Industry. The Zwickau cokeries are directly under the
Production Area for Coal and are subordinate to the Main Adminis-
tration for Hard Coal ("Steinkohle"). The remaining plants are
under the Production Area for Chemistry. The Schkopau, Leuna, and
Wolfen plants are subordinate to the Main Administration for Heavy
Chemistry, and Erkner is responsible to the Main Administration for
Liquid Fuels.
The Erkner coal-tar distillery is the most impor-
tant producer of coal chemicals. In 1954, Erkner produced more
than 70 percent of the refined benzol, more than two-thirds of the
toluol, about 90 percent of the naphthalene, and almost 18 percent
of the refined phenol produced in East Germany. The Leuna-Werke
contributed about 70 percent of East German production of refined
phenol.
Estimated production of major coal chemicals in East
Germany, by product and by plant, in 1954 is shown in Table 18.*
Estimated production of major coal chemicals in East
Germany in 1938 and 1948-60 is shown in Table 19.**
There is no certainty that by 1960 East Germany will
be able to increase significantly production of any of the major coal
chemicals except phenol, and large imports of benzol, toluol, and
naphthalene will be required to cover domestic requirements.
Production of refined phenol in East Germany prob-
ably will increase considerably in the next few years. East Germany
plans to build installations to produce aromatic hydrocarbons (benzol,
toluol, and naphthalene) on a large scale from brown-coal tar and
the light-oil distillates of the tar by dehydrogenation methods. In
addition, production of gasoline, lubricants, and other fuels obtained
* Table 18 follows on p. 53.
** Table 19 follows on p. 54.
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Table 18
Estimated Production of Major Coal Chemicals in East Germany
by Product and by Plant
1954
Metric Tons
Product
Total
Pro-
duction !If
Plant
VEB Teerdestillation- Zwickau Cokeries VEB Chemische VEB Leuna- VEB Farben-
und Chemische Fabrik (Karl Marx and Werke Buna Werke "Walter fabrik
12/
Erkner August Bebel) Schkopau Ulbricht" Wolfen
Refined benzol
111300
8,150
3,100
Toluol
-34600
21480
400
700
Naphthalene
5,100 2/
4165o
l+cto
Refined phenol
iloo
2,050
7,800 2/
1,500
a. Figures are rounded.
b. 159/
c. The amount includes about 100 tons produced by plants other than those listed in this table.
d' 1L2/
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Table 19
Estimated Production of Major Coal Chemicals in East Germany 2,/
1938 and 19)4.8-60
Metric Tons
Year
Refined Benzol
Toluol
Naphthalene
Refined Phenol
1938
2,500
2,400
N.A.
N.A.
1948
5,900
1,180
2,300
3,600
1949
6,690
1,800
2,400
4,300
1950
8,520
2,500
3,800
5,200
1951
10,150 12/
3,100
4,0o0
7,900 E/
1952
10,300
3,460
41700
9,250
1953
lo,800
3,600
4,826 1/
10,200
1954
11,300
3,600
5,100 2/
11,400
1955
11,900
3,600
5,300
12,700
1956
12,300
3,900
5,400
13,500
1957
12,900
4,100
5,600
14,300
1958
13,300
4,300
5,800
15,100
1959
13,700
4,500
5,900
15,900
1960
14,000
4,700
6,200
16,600
a. The estimates presented in this table were derived from a
great number of individual statistical reports which it would
be impractical to include as source references. In most cases,
estimates are based on expected production of individual pro-
ducing plants.
b. Goals of the First Five Year Plan for refined benzol were
as follows: 1951, 9,400 tons; 1952, 11,200 tons; 1953, 12,400
tons; 1954, 13,500 tons; and 1955, 15,100 tons. 161/
C. Goals of the First Five Year Plan for refined .(pure) phenol
were as follows: 1951, 8,000 tons; 1952, 9,600 tons; 1953,
13,000 tons; 1954, 14,300 tons; and 1955, 15,300 tons. 162/
d. 163/
e. The reported production plan was 4,560 tons. 164/
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by processing brown-coal tar is to be increased. Construction of the
Schwarze Pumpe Kombinat (also known as the Trattendorf Combine) at
lloyerswerda was begun on 31 August 1955. Annual outputs of salable
products will include 25,000 tons of crude phenol and 60,000 tons of
gasoline. The combine, however, is not scheduled for completion
before 1964. 165./ There is no indication that this combine will pro-
duce aromatic chemicals other than phenol.
3. Chemical Fertilizers.
a. Nitrogen Fertilizers.
Synthetic ammonia is the basic raw material for the
manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer in East Germany. More than 90 per-
cent of the nitrogen fertilizers now produced are derived from syn-
thetic ammonia. .Principal fertilizers that stem from ammonia are
ammonium sulfate, calcium-ammonium nitrate, potassium-ammonium nitrate,
and sodium nitrate. One important nitrogen fertilizer, calcium
cyanamide, is troduced by reacting calcium carbide and nitrogen
obtained from the air.
East Germany is second only to the USSR in production
of nitrogen fertilizer in the Sino-Soviet Bloc. It is estimated that
in 1954 East German production was equal to about 6o percent of
Soviet production and accounted for nearly 30 percent of total pro-
duction of the Bloc. 166/ East German production in 1954, however,
was only 40 percent of 1954 production of West Germany. 167/
In 1936 the area which is now East Germany produced
392,000 tons of nitrogen in the form of nitrogen fertilizers, about
56 percent of the total for the German Reich. 168/ In 1939 the East
German area produced more than 400,000 tons.* 169/
Because of losses from bombing and Soviet dismantling
Of plants, production of nitrogen fertilizers in East Germany during
the postwar period has not yet attained the prewar level. Capacity
for ammonia synthesis at the great Leuna works was extensively
reduced, and units for producing nitric acid, nitrate fertilizers,
* Quantities reported for nitrogen fertilizers are given as metric
tons of nitrogen (N) content.
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and mixed fertilizers were completely dismantled. Equipment remained
for making only one type of nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium sulfate,
and part of that equipment was badly damaged.
A second important producer of fertilizer, VEB
Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz, had its nitric acid facilities dismantled
and could not produce mixed fertilizers containing nitrogen. The
Piesteritz plant was left with productive capacity for only calcium
cyanamide. Former I.G. Farben plants at Bitterfeld and Wolfen
apparently suffered little war damage and were expected to produce
calcium-ammonium nitrate by utilizing a large portion of Leuna's
available ammonia.
Production of nitrogen fertilizers in East Germany
in 1954-55 is shown in Table 20.*
All plants that produce nitrogen fertilizer in East
Germany are subordinate to the Ministry for Heavy Industry, and all,
except two cokeries at Zwickau, are responsible to the Production
Area for Chemistry. The cokeries, VEB Steinkohlenwerk "August Bebel"
and VEB Steinkohlenwerk "Karl Marx," produce byproduct ammonium
sulfate and are under the Production Area for Coal. They are further
controlled by the Main Administration for Hard Coal (Steinkohle).
The plants belonging to the Production Area for Chemistry are con-
trolled by several main administrations. About 90 percent of the
nitrogen fertilizer produced in the country is made by three plants,
VEB Leuna-Werke "Walter Ulbricht," VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen, and VEB
Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld, which are subordinate to the
Main Administration for Heavy Chemistry. Two other producers under
the Main Administration for Heavy Chemistry are VEB Stickstoffwerk
Piesteritz and VEB Elektrochemie Hirschfelde. The plants subordinate
to the Main Administration for Liquid Fuels are VEB Synthesewerk
Schwarzheide and VEB Teerdestillation- und Chemische Fabrik Erkner
(near Berlin). One plant, VEB Gaerungschemie Dessau, is under the
Main Administration for General Chemistry, and the remaining pro-
ducer, VEB Kaliyerk "Glueckauf" Sondershausen, belongs to the Main
Administration for Potash and Nonmetallic Ore Mining.
Planned production of nitrogen fertilizers in East
Germany, by type of fertilizer and by plant, in 1954 is shown in
Table 21.**
* Table 20 follows on p. 57.
** Table 21 follows on p. 58.
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Table 20
Production of Nitrogen Fertilizers in East Germany
1954-55
Production
Type
Nitrogen
Content
(Percent)
1954
1955
Planned
(Metric Tons
of Nitrogen)
Actual 2/
(Metric Tons
of Nitrogen)
Percent
of Total
Planned 2/
(Metric Tons
of Nitrogen)
Percent
of Total.
Ammonium sulfate
20.5 to 21.0
149,64512/
156,478
56.6
154,975
54.5
Calcium-ammonium
nitrate
20.5
93,220 12/
94,075
34.0
91,940
32.3
Calcium cyanamide
21.0 to 23.0
18,200 12/
10,474
3.8
22,000
7.7
Potassium-ammonium
nitrate
About 16.0
10,350 2/
11,209
4.1
11,460
4.0
Sodium nitrate
16.0
3,611 1/
4,148
1.5
4,186
1.5
Total
275,026 2/
276,384 1/
100.0
284,561 5./
100.0
a. 170/
b. 171/
c. 172/
d. 173/
e. The reported East German production for nitrogen fertilizers was 275,661 tons. 174/
f. The reported actual production of nitrogen fertilizers was 276,681 tons; this figure is
believed to be more reliable and has been used in other tables in this report, but a breakdown by
fertilizer types was not available. 175/
g. The 1955 production plan was later revised to 290,570 tons. 176/
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Table 21
Planned Production of Nitrogen Fertilizers in East Germany
by Type of Fertilizer and by Plant
1954
Type
Ammonium sulfate
Calcium-ammonium
nitrate
Calcium cyanamide
Plant
VEB Leuna-Werke "Walter
Ulbricht"
VEB Ste inkohlenwerk
"Karl Marx"
VEB Ste inkohlenwerk
"August Bebel"
VEB Teerdestillation- und
Chemische Fabrik Erkner
VEB Gaerungschemle Dessau
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen
VEB Elektrochemlsches
Kombinat Bitterfeld
VEB Stickstoffwerk
Piesteritz
VEB Elektrochemie
Hirschfelde
* Footnotes for Table 21 follow on p. 59.
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Location
Leuna, near Merseburg
Zwickau
Zwickau
Erkner, near Berlin
Dessau/Rosslau
Wolf en
Bitterfeld
Piesteritz, near
Lutherstadt/Wittenberg
Hirschfelde
Planned
Production 2)4
(Metric Tons
of Nitrogen)
148,590 tj
611 si
6o 2/
Negligible
50,000 2/
36,4-30
18,200
0
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Table 21
Planned Production of Nitrogen Fertilizers in East Germany
by Type of Fertilizer and by Plant
1954
(Continued)
Type
Potassium-ammonium
nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Plant
Location
VEB Kaliwerk "Glueckauf"
Sondershausen Sondershausen
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen Wolfen
VEB Synthesewerk Schwarzheide, near
RUhland
Planned
Production 2/
(Metric Tons
of Nitrogen)
10,985 LI/
3,142 1/
346 11/
a.
probable
established.
b.
c.
d.
The plan figures do not agree exactly with the corresponding totals in Table 20. It is
that some of the individual plant plans were altered after they were originally
177/
The amount is the total for the two Zwickau plants; individual plans are not available. 178/
e.
It/
f.
1 1/
g.
1L@./
h.
183/
i.
184/
j.
185/
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In 1950, production of nitrogen fertilizer in East
Germany was only about 58 percent of the approximately 400,000 tons
produced in 1939. Production increased gradually after 1950, and
1954 production was about 69 percent of the 1939 figure. Actual pro-
duction appears to have exceeded yearly economic plan quotas for the
1949-54 period, and goals established by the final draft of the First
Five Year Plan were overfulfilled -- except in 1954 when production
fell short of the goal by less than 2 percent. production in 1955
probably was about 25 percent greater than 1950 production.
Production of nitrogen fertilizers in East Germany
in 1936, 1939/ and 1946-60 is shown in Table 22.
Table 22
Production of Nitrogen Fertilizers in East Germany zi!/*
1936, 1939, and 1946-60
Metric Tons of Nitrogen
Year
Production
Annual Plan li
First Five Year Plan 2./
1936
1939
1946
392,000
401,130 1/
90,900 2/
1947
128,000 W
1948
138,200 2/
128,000
1949
193,900
165,000
1950
231,000
208,000
1951
252,332
231,180
237,000
1952
258,316
255,861
255,000
1953
264,587 I/
256,800 E/
260,000
1954
276,681 12/
275,661 i/
280,000
1955
293,-000 1/
290,570 It/
300,000
1956
300,000 1/
300,000 1/
1957
310,000 1/
304,600 1/
1958
320,000 1/
311,000 1/
1959
330,000 1/
324,800 1/
1960
350,000 1/
334,600 V
Footnotes for Table 22 follow on p. 61.
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Table 22
Production of Nitrogen Fertilizers in East Germany 2/
1936, 1939, and 1911.6-60
(Continued)
a. The data presented in this table were compiled from a great number
of individual statistical reports which it would be impractical to in-
clude as source references. Production estimates are footnoted;
reported figures are given as reported. Data for 1936 and 1939 refer
to that area of Germany which is now East Germany.
b. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is shown.
c. 186/
d. The amount reported produced between 1 July 1938 and 30 June 1939.
e. The estimate represents the sum of estimated outputs of individual
producing plants. Range of error, plus or minus 10 percent.
f. 187/
g. 188/
h. 189/
i. 190/
j. The estimate was obtained by graphic extrapolation and partly
based on a reported preliminary 1960 production plan of 334,600 tons.
The estimated margin of error ranges from plus or minus 5 percent to
plus or minus 15 percent for 1955 and 1960, respectively.
k. 191/
1. 192/
In the period of the Second Five Year Plan (1956-60),
East Germany will have to increase significantly its production of
nitrogen fertilizers in order to continue large exports and to raise
domestic crop yields. The preliminary 1960 goal for nitrogen
fertilizer is 334,600 tons of nitrogen, an increase of 21 percent
over 1954 production. 193/ To attain this goal it will be necessary
to increase production of synthetic ammonia at Leuna and productive
capacities at existing nitric acid installations.
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In the 1955-60 period, more 50X1
mixed fertilizers* will be made in East Germany, and there will be
little or no expansion in production, of ammonium sulfate, calcium
cyanamide, and potassium-ammonium nitrate. Production of calcium-
ammonium nitrate at the Wolfen andl3itterfeld plants was scheduled
to expand, however, and in 1960 these two plants were to produce
589,000 tons (containing 121,000 tons of nitrogen), an increase of
more than 28 percent over their combined production in 1954. 194/
The Wolfen and Bitterfeld plants also have had plans
to produce a nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer called "Nitrophos," which
contains 18 percent nitrogen and 12 percent phosphoric acid (P205).
Both plants were allegedly to begin production during 1956. Wolfen's
Nitrophos productive capacity was to be 20Q1000 tons per year, con-
taining 36,000 tons of nitrogen, and Bitterfeld's capacity was to be
133,000 tons, containing 24,000 tons of nitrogen. 1 Nitrophos is
made by treating apatite with nitric acid.
VEB Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz was reported planning
to produce what may be "Nitrophoska," a mixed fertilizer formerly made
at Piesteritz which will contain not only nitrogen (11 percent) and
phosphorus (12 percent P205), but also some potassium. Production
was scheduled to start during 1955, but there is no information that
production did commence or that it will in 1956. The ultimate annual
capacity would be an estimated 120,000 tons gross, containing 13,200
tons of nitrogen. 1
b. Phosphorus Fertilizers.
East Germany produces on a commercial scale only
three basic types of phosphorus (phosphate) fertilizer: superphos-
phate, thermo-phosphates, and Thomas phosphate (Thomas slag, or
basic slag). The thermo-phosphates may be subdivided Into a.sintered
calcium-magnesium phosphate called "Gluehphosphat" (incandescent
phosphate) and an alkali-sinter-phosphate called "Schmelzphosphat"
(fused phosphate). By the end of 1954 there was no known production
of mixed fertilizers containing phosphorus -- nitro-.phosphate
("Nitrophos" or "Stickstoffkalkphosphat") and nitro-potassium phos-
phate ("Nitrophoska").
* "Mixed fertilizers" are fertilizers containing more than one of
the basic plant nutrients -- nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P205), and
potassium (K20).
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In the manufacture of phosphorus fertilizers, East
Germany ranks fourth in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, outproduced only by the
USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. In 1954 the USSR is believed to
have produced, including ground phosphorite, almost 10 times as much
as East Germany, and Poland produced about 1.5 times as much as East
Germany. East German production was equal to only about 16 percent
of 1954 production of West Germany. 197/
In the 1938/39 fertilizer year* the area of Germany
which is now East Germany was reported to have produced 78,270 tons
of available phosphoric acid (P205)** in the form of phosphorus
fertilizers. 22Y Postwar production did not exceed that of 1939
until 1954, when production was 79,203 tons (as P205). 199/
East Germany has no crude phosphates, the raw
material for phosphate fertilizers. All supplies must be obtained
by imports from the West and the USSR. Most of the raw phosphates
have been treated with sulfuric acid to give superphosphate. The
critical shortage of sulfuric acid in East Germany since World War II,
however, has made it necessary to introduce other methods of treating
crude phosphates. Phosphate fertilizers, consequently, are being
prepared in increasing amounts by thermal, or fusion, processes
whereby decomposition with magnesium compounds or potassium sulfate
(as the alkali) is practiced. Thermo-phosphates are said to be
equal to superphosphates and are suitable for all kinds of soils,
but best results are obtained in acid soils.
Production of phosphorus fertilizers by types in
East Germany in 1954-55 is shown in Table 23.***
Most plants that produce phosphorus fertilizers are
under the Ministry for Heavy Industry. Two superphosphate plants,
VEB Superphosphat- und Mischduengerfabrik at Draschwitz-Reuden and
VEB Superphosphatfabrik at Oschersleben, cannot at this time be
identified under any ministry or specific administration. The
remaining four superphosphate plants are responsible to the
* A fertilizer year covers the period from 1 July to 30 June of
the following calendar year.
** Phosphorus fertilizers are normally expressed in terms of their
phosphorus pentoxide (P205) content -- that is, available phosphoric
acid (in reality phosphoric anhydride) as plant food.
*** Table 23 follows on p. 64.
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Table 23
Production of Phosphorus Fertilizers in East Germany
1954-55
Type
Phosphoric Acid
Content
.(Percent)
Production
19514.
Planned 2/
(Metric Tons
of Equivalent
Phosphoria Acid)
Actual h/
(Metric Tons
of Equivalent
Phosphoric Acid)
1955
Planned pi
(Metric Tons
Percent of Equivalent Percent
of Total Phosphoric Acid) of Total
Superphosphate
16 to 18
52,000
49,447
65.4
68,500
57.1
Thermo-phosphates
Variable 1/
34,000
18,o104
23.9
42,500
35.4
Thomas phosphate
17 to 18
8,14.00
8,129
10.7
9,000
7.5
Total
94,400fj
75,620 1/
100.0
120,000 id
---
100.0
a. 200/
b. 201/
c.
d. Phosphoric acid contents of Giuehphosphat and Schmelzphosphat are 18 to 22 percent and 20 percent
P205, respectively.
e. The 1954 ?roduction .lan ;. /98,400 tons. 203/
1954 actual production as 79,203 tons; this figure is believed to be more
in other tables in this report, but a breakdown by fertilizer type was not
f.
reliable and has been used
included. Rat/
g. The 1955 production plan was
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116,000 tons. 205/
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Production Area for Chemistry and are directly controlled by the Main
Administration for Heavy Chemistry. In 1954 the three plants known to
produce thermo-phosphates were controlled by the Main Administration
for Heavy Chemistry. Two plants outside of the Production Area for
Chemistry, VEB Maxhuette at Unterwellenborn near Saalfeld and VEB
Eisenhuettenkombinat "J .W. Stalin" at Stalinstadt, are producers of
Thomas phosphate, or basic slag, and are assigned to the Production Area
for Metallurgy and further subordinated to the Main Administration for
the Iron Industry.
Planned production of phosphorus fertilizers in East
Germany, by type of fertilizer and by plant, in 1954 is shown in
Table 24.*
Although no plant that produced phosphorus fertilizer
in East Germany suffered seriously from war damage or Soviet dis-
mantling, postwar production declined because of insufficient supplies
of phosphate rock and sulfuric acid. In 1950 the production of phos-
phorus fertilizers was only 37.6 percent of the 1939 production, and
not until 1954 was the 1939 production exceeded. No annual production
plan (1946 through 1955), however, was fulfilled, and production for
the 1951-55 period was well below the quotas established by the First
Five Year Plan.
Production of phosphorus fertilizers. in East Germany
in 1939 and 1946-60 is shown in Table 25.**
Operational difficulties and technological problems
have precluded the large increases planned for production of the
thermo-phosphat, Gluehphosphat. At the end of 1953 the two
producing plants, Ruedersdorf and Heinrichshall, still were only
large-scale experimental plants, although both had begun operating
during 1951. g9./
Other processes for obtaining chemical fertilizers
containing phosphoric acid have been tried. The treatment of crude
phosphates with acids other than sulfuric acid, such as hydrogen
chloride and nitric acid, and the thermal methods were undertaken
* Table 24 follows on p. 66.
** Table 25 follows on p. 68.
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Table 24
Planned Production of Phosphorus Fertilizers in East Germany
by Type of Fertilizer -and by Plant
1954
Type
Superphosphate
Gluehphosphat
(calcium-magnesium
phosphate)
Schmelzphosphat
(alkali-sinter-
phosphate)
Plant
Location
VEB Schwefelsaeure- und
Superphosphatwerk Coswig
VEB Chemische Fabrik Heinrichshall
VEB Schwefelsaeure- und
Superphosphatwerk Salzwedel
VEB Fahiberg-List
VEB Superphosphat- und Mischduenger-
fabrik (formerly Weise and Co.)
VEB.Superphosphatfabrik (formerly
Julius Grosse)
VEB Gluehphosphatwerk Ruedersdorf
VEB Chemische Fabrik Heinrichshall
VEB Kalk- und Phosphatwerk Steudnitz
* Footnotes for Table 24 follow on p. 67
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Coswig
Bad Koestritz
Salzwedel
Magdeburg
Draschwitz-Reuden
Oschersleben
Ruedersdorf, near
Berlin
Bad Koestritz
Dornburg-Steudnitz
Planned Production
(Metric Tons
of Equivalent
Phosphoric Acid)
18,000 2/
11,800 2/
11,500 2/
10,700 2/
N.A.
Negligible
34,000 12/ E/
N.A.
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Table 24
?Planned Production of Phosphorus Fertilizers in East Germany
by Type of Fertilizer and by Plant
1954
(Continued)
Type
Thomas phosphate
and basic slag
Planned Production
(Metric Tons
of Equivalent
Plant Location Phosphoric Acid)
VEB Maxhuette Unterwellenborn
Unterwellenborn,
near Saalfeld
VEB Eisenhuettenkombinat
"..T.W. Stalin" Stalinstadt
} 8,400 12/ 2/
a. 207T
?Ot3/
c. The amount shown is the combined production of the two plants; individual quotas are not
known but the Ruedersdorf plant is the major producer. 209/
d. The amount shown is the combined production of the two plants; individual quotas are not
known, but the Unterwellenborn plant is the major producer.
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Table 25
Production of Phosphorus Fertilizers in East Germany 2/
1939 and 1946-60
Metric Tons of Phosphoric Acid
Year
Production
Annual Plan IV
First Five Year Plan 2/
1939
1946
78,270 ili
6,738
1947
8,018
1948
23,575
36,000
1949
20,000
21,400
1950
29,400
48,500
1951
37,539
56,100
69,000
1952
37,133
75,000
84,500
1953
72,310 2/
67,700 I/
100,000
1954
79,203 B/
98,400 Ili
120,000
1955
80,000 1/
120,000 1/
140,000
1956
110,.000 _ki
124,200 1/
1957
130,000 hi
142,700 1/
1958
150,000 hi
157,400 1/
1959
170,000 hi
183,500 1/
1960
180,000 h/
185,200 li
a. The data presented in this table were compiled from a great number
of individual statistical reports which it would be impractical to
include as source references. Production estimates are footnoted;
reported figures are given as reported. The figure for 1939 refers to
that area of Germany which is now East Germany.
b. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is shown.
c. 210/
d. Reported produced between 1 July 1938 and 30 June 1939.
e. 211/ f. 212/ g. 2.13/ h. 214/
i. The estimate is based on sources reporting production on part-
year periods. Estimated margin of error plus or minus 15 percent.
i? 21.21
k. The estimate was obtained by graphic extrapolation and partly
based on a reported preliminary 1960 production plan of 185,200 tons.
Estimated margin of error ranges from plus or minus 15 percent for
1955 to plus or minus 25 percent for 1960.
1. The reported production plan is for the Ministry for Heavy Indus-
try. 21W
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experimentally, Plans were made to produce a mixed fertilizer called
"Nitrophos," a nitrogen-calcium phosphate containing 12 percent phos-
phoric acid (P205). At least two plants, VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen and
VEB Elektrochemisches KOMbinat Bitterfeld, were scheduled to produce
Nitrophos in 1956. Annual production capacity of Wolfen was to be
24,000 tons of P205 and that of Bitterfeld, 16,000 tons of P205. 217/
VEB dtickstoffwerk Piesteritz was planning to construct during 1954
an installation to produce 6 mixed fertilizer called, "Nitrophoskan*
that would also contain 12 percent P205. This plant was to have an
estimated capacity of 120,000 tons (gross), about 14,400 tons of
P205 per year. 218/ There is no firm evidence, however, that these
plans for the three plants are still to be executed.
To improve crop yields, especially those of root
crops such as potatoes and sugar beets, and to eliminate dependence
on imports of fertilizer from theeliestl- East Germany must make .
significant progress in the manufacture of phosphorus fertilizers
during the Second Five Year Plan (1956-60). One preliminary 1960
production plan for phosphorus fertilizers for the Main Adminis-
tration for Heavy Chemistry was 200,000 tons (P205 content), of
which 80,000 tons, 40 percent of the total, were to be superphos-
phate and 6o, 000 tons, 30 percent of the total, as Nitrophos. 219/
the total quantity of 50X1
phosphorus fertilizer to be Produced by the Ministry for Heavy
Indust in 1960 will be only 185,200 tons. 220/ 50X1
superphosphate production would be 100,000 tons in 1960 50X1
an that 5 million East German marks were allocated for production
of phosphorus fertilizers. 221/ Considerable capital investment
obviously will be necessary to permit the required expansion.
c. Potassium Fertilizers.
East Germany has extensive rich deposits of potassium
salts. -Before World? War II the East German area produced more than
60 percent of total production of potash of Germanyl-and Germany pro-
duced 55 percent of the world's supply. 2?Ei In 1954, East Germany
was the third largest producer of potash in the .world; only the US
and Germany produced more. In 1954, East German production
*? It is not certain that Nitrophoska is the mixed fertilizer to be
produced; the product may be similar to the fertilizer, Nitrophos,
to be produced by the Wolfen and Bitterfeld plants.
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accounted for about four-fifths of total production of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc, and perhaps was more than six times as great as production in
the USSR.
In 1938/39, East Germany was reported to have produced
1,1050200 tons of potassium salts, calculated on the basis of potas-
sium oxide (K20) content. :23/ The prewar production peak was sur-
passed in 1950, and in 195 production was 17.7 percent greater than
that of 1943, the highest known pre-1945 production. 224/ It is
probable that East German production in 1955 will exceed the goal set
by the First Five Year Plan.
The 15 East German plants that process potassium salts
are under the Production Area for Chemistry and are administered by
the Main Administration for Potash and Nonmetallic Ore Mining.
The future development of the East German potash
industry depends on getting the greatest possible production by means
of new techniques and machines which will use advanced processes to
convert the crude potassium salts into high-grade potassium fertilizers
and other potash products. Major increases in the production of potash
will be stressed with the intent of maintaining the excellent foreign
trade pattern already established.
Production of potassium fertilizers in East Germany
in 1936, 1939, 1943, and 1946-55 is shown in Table 26.*
4. Rubber and Rubber Products.
a. Synthetic Rubber.
.The manufacture of "Buna" rubber in Germany was
started in the mid-1930's at three I.G. Farben plants, most important
of which was the Schkopau plant in what is now East Germany. By 1958
.this plant was making 400 tons a month, and in 1939 production
increased to a total of about 20,000 tons for the year. During World
War II, VEB Chemische Werke.Buna at Schkopau accounted for more than
60 percent of Germany's synthetic rubber, supply and reached a maximum
production of about 71,000 tons in 1943. During the last quarter of
the year, however, bombing damage reduced production to about 500 tons
a month.
* Table 26 follows on p. 71.
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Table 26
Production of Potassium Fertilizers in East Germany 2/
1936,
1939, 1943, and 1946-55
Metric Tons of Potassium Oxide
Year
Production
Annual Plan 12/
First Five Year Plan 1/
1936
948,000
1939
1,105,200 g
1943
1,243,040
1946
654,000
1947
800,000 2/
1948
917,200
1949
1,164l000
970,000
1950
1,314,000
1,381,400
1951
11397,700
1,370,000
1,370,000
1952
1,331,690
1,431,000
11405,000
1953
1,378,000 I/
1,350,700 E./
11440,000
1954
1,463,200 LI/
11464,000 s/
1,475,000
1955
11550,000 1/
1,610,000 jj
1,500,000
a. The data presented in this table were compiled from a great number
of individual statistical reports which it would be impractical to
include as source references. Data for prewar and wartime years refer
to that area of Germany which is now East Germany.
b. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is shown.
c. 225/
d. Reported produced between 1 July 1938 and 30 June 1939.
e. Estimated. Range of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
f. 226/
g. 227/
h. .?.?1.Y
i. Estimate based on reported production of 1,032,381 tons in 8
months. 22 Range of error, plus or minus 5 percent.
j. 230
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Following World War II and the partition of Germany,
production at Schkopau was increased immediately, but Soviet dis-
mantling in 1947-48 again reduced plant capacity. Rehabilitation of
the plant began in 1949, and production has increased steadily since
that time. Production of synthetic rubber at the VEB Chemische Werke
Buna in East Germany in 1937-60 is shown in Table 27.
Table 27
Production of Synthetic Rubber
at the VEB Chemische Werke Buna in East Germany ILI
1937-60
Metric Tons
Year Amount Year Amount Year Amount
1937 2,750 1945 N.A. 1953 62,131
1938 14,850 1946 23,997 1954 67,707
1939 20,800 1947 28,460 1955 70,936 2/
1940 36,400 1948 301700 1956 74,00o 2/
1941 42,700 1949 26,500 1957 76l000 .2/
1942 6ol000 1950 39,008 1958 85,000 2/
1943 71,100 1951 48,853 1959 85,000 21
1.9414 42,050 2/ 1952 561300 1960 85,90021
a. The data presented in this table were compiled
from a great number of individual statistical
reports which it would be impractical to include
as source references.
b. Estimated.
c. Flan figure.
b. Rubber Products.
East Germany manufactures, in addition to synthetic
rubber, tires and tubes, footwear, conveyor and V-belts, hose of all
types, rubberized fabrics, and other rubber products. Production of
major rubber products in East Germany in 1953-55 is shown in Table 28.*
* Table 28 follows on p. 73.
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Table 28
Production of Major Rubber Products in East Germany
1953-55
Units
Description
1953
1954
1955
Motor vehicle tires
915,936 PI
1,139,675
2/
1,288,800 2/
Motor vehicle tubes
N.A.
1,078,760
1495,4272j
Bicycle tires
3,913,311
4,951,941
4,934,000 2/
Bicycle tubes
N.A.
5,004,941
5,300,000 1/
Rubber shoes (boots in pairs)
N.A.
2,400,067
2,484,000 2/
a. 231/
b. 232/
e. 233/ Plan figure.
d. T57/ Plan figure.
Because of a shortage of fabricating equipment, there
has been a severe shortage of tires in East Germany, particularly of
truck tires. In the spring of 1954 the deficit was estimated at
500,000 units. 235/ Although expansion of the tire industry has a
high priority, no new facilities are known to be under construction.
The 1956 production plan is 1.41 million, and a preliminary 1960 pro-
duction plan for motor vehicle tires calls for 2.5 million. EIW
The supply of rubber shoes in East Germany is rather
short, but most other rubber productE are in sufficient supply to
meet domestic needs and to permit some export. Some special items,
however, such as wide conveyor belting and certain sizes of tires
are imported in small quantities.
Before World War II, 92 percent of the rubber-fabri-
cating industry in Germany was concentrated in what is now' the German
Federal Republic. When East Germany was closed to shipments from the
West in 1948, the East German government was faced with the problem
of rapidly expanding production of tires. The largest tire plant in
East aermany, VEB Deka, at Ketchendorf, had been dismantled, and steps
were thken to get it back in production and to enlarge three other
small plants. A fifth plant came into production in 1952. Prewar
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production of. tires in the area that is now East Germany was as
follows 237/:
1933 -- 96,000 units
1936 -- 176,000 units
1938 -- 313,000 units
Estimated production of tires in East Germany, by plant,
in 1946-55 is shown in Table 29.
Table 29
Estimated Production of Tires in East Germany, by Plant 2/
1946-55
Thousand Units
Plant
Location
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954 1955 32/
VEB Berliner Reifenwerk
VEB Heidenauer GumMiwerk
VEB Reifenwerk Fuerstenwalde
VEB Gummiwerk "Elbe"
VEB Gummiwerk Riese
Berlin-Schmoekwitz
Heidenau
Fuerstenwalde/Spree
Wittenberg/Lutherstadt
Riese/Elbe
Total
1.5
0
22
0
0
23.5
3
0
32
0
4
_32
10.2
4
72
0
17.8
104
25
15
147
0
30
21/
64
49
200
0
81
3211-
91
55
345
o
120
611
118.5
50
400
0.8
203
772.3
120
30
530
6
230
221
147 .2/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1,139.7 g/
165
N.A.
650
N.A.
350
1,300
a. 238/
b. Plan figure. 239/
c. 42/
2. Other Rubber Products.
East German production data for rubber products other
than tires are not available, but information on the value of such
products in East German marks (DME) has been compiled. The value of
production of the rubber industry of East Germany in 1953 is shown in
Table 30.*
* Table 30 follows on p. 75.
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Table 30
Value of Production of the Rubber Industry of East Germany 2/
1953
Million DME
Product
Value
Total
Exports
Reparations
Official ,
Consumers IV
Synthetic rubber
248.0
96.0
4.0
32.3
Motor vehicle tires
257.0
18.6
2/
21.7
Bicycle tires and tubes
58.0
0.8
Negligible
V-belts
3.2
Transmission belts
1.6
Rubberized textiles
45.7
1.0
Conveyor belting
86.3
12.9
1.8
Hard rubber goods
20.7
1.1
Rubber soles
37.8
3.4
Other rubber goods
180.0
20.0
20.0
Total
938.3
151.7
4.0
77.9
a. 242/
b. "Official Consumers" refers to state reserves and military and police
units.
c. Absence of an entry in any column indicates zero.
5. Synthetic Plastics, Fibers, and Resins.
a. General.
East Germany has few raw chemicals available in quan-
tities sufficient for production of plastics, and acetylene (obtainable
from calcium carbide) JO the major material used. East German capacity
for the production of calcium carbide has been increased to permit the
manufacture of large amounts of polyvinyl chloride, a plastic selected
forvo;nme production because of its great versatility. Production of
plastic types in East Germany. has been controlled by the USSR to fit
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the requirements of the Soviet economy. It is understood that during
the Second Five Year Plan, East Germany will not only be the main sup-
plier of plastics among the European Satellites but will also conduct
most of the research work in this field.
In East Germany the following types of plastics are
known to be in current produc;tion: polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride, phenolics (molding powders and casting resins),
aminoplasts, polystyrene, cellulose nitrate, polyamides, cellulose
acetate, polyvinyl acetate, alkyd resins, and polyacrylonitrile. In
addition, the following plastic types are produced but are not yet in
large-scale production in East Germany: polyester, silicones, metha-
crylates, and epoxy resins. Available information indicates no known
production other than laboratory quantities of the following: poly-
ethylene, fluorocarbons, and isocyanates.
Development work on silicones, fluorocarbons, polymetha-
crylate, isocyanates, and epoxy resins has been in progress for 2 or
more years.
The major plastic materials produced in East Germany
are discussed briefly below.'
b. Polyvinyl Chloride.
Under Soviet control, the total capacity for produc-
tion of polyvinyl chloride in East Germany has been increased from
about 15,000 tons after the postwar dismantling of plants to about
42,000 tons in 1955. Production of polyvinyl chloride in East Germany,
by plant, in 1937-43 and 1947-60 is shown in Table 31.*
c. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride.
The VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld, produces
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride from polyvinyl chloride polymerized
within the plant. Only a portion of the polyvinyl chloride produced
* Table 31 follows on p. 77.
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Table 31
Production of Polyvinyl Chloride in East Germany, by Plant a/
1937-43 and 1947-60
Metric Tons
,
Year b/
Amount
VEB Elektrochemisches
Kombinat Bitterfeld
VEB Chemische Werke
Buna, Schkopau
Total
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
191.1.2
1943
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
114
778
2,674
5,934
9,210
12,261
14,715
1,728 c/
3,370 .4
4,000 7g/
3,840 T/
5,040
4,395 Ti/
4,234 5/
5,442 Ti/
N.A. -
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
o
o
o
1,640
2,175
2,358
2,603
4,602 d/
13,000 f/
10,538 h/
16,230 j/
24?,325 1/
30,727 n/
32,500 p/
34,137 r/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
114
778
2,674
7,574
11,385
14,619
17,318
6,330
16,370
14,538
20,070
29,365
35,122
36,734
39,579 s4
42,000 t/
44,000 71/
46,000 T-17
48,000171/
53,000 u/
70,000 u/
a. Data for prewar and wartime years refer to production of the
plants under the government of Germany.
b. Data for 1937-43 are given as reported. 243/
c. 244/
d. "ff4-57
e. 246/
f. f47/
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Table 31
Production of Polyvinyl Chloride in East Germany, by Plant a/
1937-43 and 1947-60
(Continued)
g. Plan figure. 248/
h. Determined on the basis of 8 months' production. 249/
i. 250/
j. 251/
k. Determined on the basis of monthly output. 252/
1. Obtained on the basis of a monthly average. 253/
m. 254/
n. Obtained by compilation of data. 255/
o. 256/
p. Determined on the basis of an average of the first three quarters. 257/
q. 258/
r. Obtained by the difference between reported total production and
Bitterfeld production.
s. 259/
t. Plan figure. 260/
u. Plan figure. 777
by the plant is used for production of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride.
Production of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride in East Germany in 1937-43
and 1948-54 is shown in Table 32.*
d. Phenol-Formaldehyde Plastics.
Phenol-formaldehyde plastics are commonly known as
Bakelite in the US. Phenolic plastics are produced by the VEB Kunstharz
und Pressmassefabrik Espenhain. In 1953 the Erkner plant produced
4,810 tons of molding powder with a resin content** of 2,405 tons, and
the Espenhain plant produced 3,442 tons of molding powder with a resin
content of 1,721 tons.*** The molding powder produced by the Erkner
Table 32 follows on p. 79.
** The resin is estimated to be one half the weight of the molding
powder.
*** The yearly production for both of the plants was estimated on the
basis of the first half-year oUtput. 262/
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Table 32
Production of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
in East Germany a/
1937-43 and 1948:54
Metric Tons
Year 12/
Amount
1937
0
1938
2
1939
73
1940
437
1941
821
1942
858
1943
980
1948
267 c/
1949
N.A.-
1950
524 d/
1951
564
1952
999 TY
1953
1,333
1954
1,224 E/
a. Data for prewar and wartime years refer
to that area of Germany which is now East
Germany.
b. Data for 1937-43 are given as reported. 263/
c. 264/
d. f65/
e. 266/
f. f6-7/
g. 268/
h. 76-5/
and Espenhain plants is the basic material for the manufacture of
phenolic plastics. In 1953, about 10,600 tons of phenolic plastics
were produced in East Germany, a slight increase over the 8,272 tons
produced in 1952 270/ and a marked increase over the 5,900 tons
produced in 1951. 271/ Production in 1954 is reported as 14,176 tons. 272/
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e. Aminoplasts.
The most important amine-formaldehyde plastics made
in East Germany are those resins made from urea and formaldehyde. For
several years the USSR has shown great interest in a foamed urea-
formaldehyde insulating material called "Piatherm" produced at the
VEB Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz. Piatherm is used as thermal insula-
tion for railroad refrigerator cars, cold-storage buildings, ships
and trucks, and for covering industrial piping.
Other plastics in this general category are those
derived from dicyandiamide (via calcium cyanamide). One of these plas-
tics is called "DiDi-Pressmasse" which is obtained by condensation of
dicyandiamide with urea-formaldehyde resin. Another plastic produced
is called "Meladur-Pressmasse" and is prepared from dicyandiamide and
liquid ammonia and condensed with formaldehyde to form resinous pro-
ducts. The Meladur resins are actually melamine condensation resins,
and -- like urea-formaldehyde resins -- they are employed in the manu-
facture of thermosetting molding compounds, coatings, and adhesives.
Both the DiDi and Meladur plastics are produced by VEB Stickstoffwerk
Piesteritz. Melamine production facilities at Piesteritz were con-
structed in 1951.
Evidence indicates that a urea-formaldehyde resin is
produced at VEB Plasta, Kunstharz- und Rressmassefabrik Erkner (near
Berlin). 273/ The available information, however, does not permit a
quantitative estimate of production.
Estimated production of amino plastics in East Germany,
by plant, in 1949-53 and 1955 is shown in Table 33.* There are no
available data on which to base estimates for 1954.
f. Methacrylates.
Methacrylate plastics have unusual optical properties
which make them ideal for aircraft enclosures and for many consumer
items. In the US they are sold under the names of Lucite and Plexiglass.
Methacrylate plastics were not manufactured in the East German area
before World War II, but in 1953 small amounts were being made on a
pilot-plant scale and were being offered to the dental profession under
the name "Piacryl." At the same time, a plant was being built at VEB
* Table 33 follows on p. 81.
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Table 33
Estimated Production of Amino Plastics in East Germany, by Plant
1949-53 and 1955
Metric. Tons
Plant
Product
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1955
Piesteritz
"Piatherm" 2/
450 pi
540
2/
1,500 1/
1,650 2/
1,800
1/
3,060 ?./
Piesteritz
"DiDt-Pressmasse"
500 2/
1,250
2/
N.A.
1,600 2/
1,700
2/
1,800 1/
Piestetitz
?"Meladur-PressmAse" pi
0
0
300
1/
500 I/
Erkner
urea-formaldehyde resin
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Total
950
1,790
1,500
3,250
3,800
5,360
a. The production figures were converted from cubic meters to metric
is 15 kilograms per cubic meter. 274/
b. 275/
c. Planned. 276/
d.
e. 27 /
f. 279/
g. Planned. Efg/
h. The production figures are the amounts of actual resin used in molding
figures were twice these amounts because the cellulose filler (wood flour)
in this type of molding powder.
i. Planned. 2?1./
tons.
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The density of 'Piatherm"
powders only. The original
Is about half of the weight
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Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz. This plant was reported to have produced
2 tons of Plexiglass during 1954. 282/ Planned production for 1960 at
Piesteritz is 480 tons. 283/ The small quantity to be produced prob-
ably will be used in strategic products requiring optical-grade
quality.
g. Polystyrene.
Polystyrene, a clear plastic used for insulation in
electronic equipment and a variety of other products, is produced in
East Germany by. Bunawerke at Schkopau. The major use of styrene
monomer, the basic material for the plastic, is in the manufacture of
synthetic rubber, and the use of styrene for plastics is of secondary
importance. A major part of the polystyrene produced probably is
channelled into military uses. Production of polystyrene in East
Germany has increased gradually in the postwar period -- 450 tons in
1947, 284/ 640 tons in 1949, 285/ 828 tons in 1950, 286/ 1,007 tons
in 1952, 287/ and 1,946 tons in 1954. 288/ The planned production
for 1953 was 1,500 tons 289/ and for 1955, 2,040 tons. 290/ Both
plan goals probably were reached.
h. Cellulose Nitrate (Colloxylin).
The principal use of cellulose nitrate in East Germany
is in the manufacture of flammable photographic film at VEB Filmfabrik
Wolfen and VEB Kodak Filmfabrik Koepenick. Only a small quantity is
used as a general-purpose molding material (celluloid plates). By the
end of 1956 a large portion of the production of the East German film
industry may be safety film made with cellulose acetate. More cellu-
lose nitrate will then be available for plastics. Only one plant in
East Germany produces cellulose nitrate, VEB Eilenburger Zelluloidwerke,
at Eilenburg. Production has been fairly stable since 1950, when the
plant produced 5,448 tons. 291/ Production in 1951 was 6,000 tons; 292/;
in 1953, 6,400 tons; and in 1954, 6,181 tons. E22/ Planned production
in 1955 was 5,960 tons. 294/
i. Polyamides.
Most of the polyamide produced in East Germany is
obtained from caprolactam. Caprolactam is also spun into "Perlon"
fibers, which are used in the manufacture of tire cords and parachute
material. Perlon is similar to nylon but is made by a different chemi-
cal process. "Igamid," another polyamide possilAy produced in East
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Germany, is more nearly equivalent to nylon than is Perlon. Both Perlon,
the caprolactam-based material, and Igamid, which is based on adipic
acid and hexamethylenediamine, depend on phenol as a starting material,
and a shortage of phenol in East Germany has limited production of both
plastics. The only available quantitative data on production of poly-
amides refer to caprolactam. In 1953, VEB Leuna-Werke at Merseburg,
the only plant producing caprolactam in East Germany, produced 2,700
tons. 295/ Production in 1954 was 3,183 tons, 2 and planned pro-
duction in 1955 was 4,815 tons. 297/
j. Polyvinyl Acetate.
A large number of plastics -- 'Vinyls," dienes,
styrenes, and acetates -- are derived from acetylene. In East Germany,
VEB Chemische Werke Buna, Schkopau, produces a variety of plastic types,
using calcium carbide as the source of acetylene. Vinyl acetate is
one of the most useful of these types, but synthetic rubbers and poly-
vinyl chloride are also derived from acetylene and have had a production
priority. Production of vinyl acetate, and, therefore, polyvinyl acetate
has been subordinated -- at least until 1954. In 1953, East German plans
called for production of only 60 tons, 298/ but production in 1954 was to
have been 935 tons of vinyl acetate and 489 tons of polyvinyl acetate
("Vinalit"). 299/ Actual production figures for 1953 and 1954 are not
available. The major use of polyvinyl acetate is in the manufacture of
adhesives.
k. Summary of Production.
Estimated production of plastics in East Germany, by
type, in 1953 is shown in Table 34.*
1. Research and Development.
In East Germany, work has been in progress on the
development of polyethylene, fluorocarbon polymers, silicones, and other
materials for synthetic fibers and plastics not produced there in large
quantities. Because these items are of strategic importance, several
of them are discussed briefly.
* Table 34 follows on p. 84.
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Table 34
Estimated Production of Plastics in East Germany, by Type
1953
Metric Tons
Type
Amount
Polyvinyl chloride ("Igelit PCU")
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride ("Igelit PC")
36,734
1,333
Phenolics ("Phenoplasts")
5,300
2/
Aminoplasts ("Piatherm" and others)
3,800
Polystyrene ("Styrol")
1,500
Cellulose nitrate ("Colloxylin")
61400
Caprolactam (for "Perlon" products)
2,700
Polyvinyl acetate ("Vinalit")
60
Total
7,827
a. The major portion of production of phenolics for use as plastics
is in the form of molding powder containing about 50 percent, by weight,
of inert filler. The figure given is unfilled resin.
(1) Synthetic Fibers.
(a) Polyacrylonitrile is used in East Germany, to
manufacture "Wolcrylon," which has similar properties to natural wool,
and is called "Orion" and "Acrilan" in the US. Acrylonitrile, derived
from acetylene, is produced and polymerized to polyacrylonitrile by
VEB Chemische Werke Buna, Schkopau. In 1955, VEB Filmfabrik (AGFA)
Wolfen expected to produce 100 tons of Wolcrylon spun products, using
Schkopau's polyacrylonitrile and dimethylformamide supplied by VEB
Leunawerke. 300/ The Schkopau plant hopes to begin its own pro-
duction of Wolcrylon during 1956. 301/ The production of Wolcrylon
in East Germany is to be 720 tons in 1956, and a preliminary 1960 plan
calls for 5,000 tons. 302/
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(b) Heptamethylenediamine, a piMelic acid copolymer
called "Trelon," is a polyamide structurally similar to nylon but which
requires furfural, which is obtained from oat hulls and other farm
products. Development of this new resin was made in the VEB Deutsches
Hydrierwerk Rodleben 303/ and at the Teltow-Seehof Fiber Research
Institute. 304/ The production of Trelon products (silk and fiber)
was to begin early in 1955 at VEB Kunstfaserwerk *Wilhelm Pieck" at
Schwarza. 305/ In some applications the properties of Trelon make it
preferable to Nylon or Perlon.
(c) Polyester fibers, called "Lanon" in East
Germany, "Terylene" in the UK, and "Dacron" in the US, are of great
importance because of mechanical-stability and resistance to chemicals.
Basic research on this material has been done in the Teltow-Seehof
Fiber Research Institute. 306/ Production of 18 tons was planned for
1955 and 1956 And of 1,800 tons for 1960. 307/ The starting materials
for Lanon are believed to be terephthalic acid (via alkylation of
toluene) and ethylene glycol.
(2) Fluorocarbons.
The plastic, called "Teflon" in the US, is
essential for production of guided missiles and aircraft calling for
plastic materials of a wide range of temperature tolerances. The VEB
Elektrochemisches KoMbinat in Bitterfeld has been responsible for the
development of this polymer type. Methods used in the US have not been
successful in East Germany, because of the lack of high-pressure poly-
merization reactors, but research work incorporating US practice has
been in progress sinee1954. 308/ Continuous efforts have been made
by the Sino-Soviet Bloc to obtain the strategic and embargoed equipment
from the West.
(8) Polyethylene.
Polyethylene) obtained from acetylene, is valuable
because of its excellent electrical insulation properties, which make
it useful for construction of :high-frequency wire and cable used in
radar and other electronic equipment. Because of the lack of high-
pressure reactors, little progress in volume production has been made
in East Germany, but a preliminary 1960 production plan calls for an
output of 2,000 tons. 3
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(4) Cellulose Acetate.
After World War II, production of photographic
film in East Germany continued on a fairly large scale using flam-
mable cellulose nitrate as a film support material. A Soviet order,
however, required that all X-ray film be made with nonexplosive
materials, and the replacement of cellulose nitrate with cellulose
acetate became necessary. From 1953 through 1954, imports of cellu-
lose acetate and methylene chloride (a solvent) were scheduled to
make the change possible. Insufficient supplies of acetic anhydride
before 1955 precluded previous hopes to manufacture cellulose tri-
acetate in large volume for significant production of photographic
safety film. Sizable production of cellulose acetate ("acetyl
cellulose" =cellulose triacetate) was scheduled to begin during
1955 at VEB Chemische Fabrik Finowtal at Finow/Eberswalde. No
actual production figures are available, but the 1955 production
plan was 420 tons. 310/ A tentative 1960 production goal for East
Germany calls for 9,800 tons of cellulose triacetate, of which
perhaps about one-half would be used by the varnish industry. 311/
(5) Silicones.
Although research on developing various silicone
products has been continuing for several years, current production
in East Germany is relatively insignificant. The only known pro-
ducer of silicones in East Germany is VEB Schwefelsaeure- und
Superphosphatwerk Nuenchritz (near Radebeul). Silicones retain
their basic physical properties at high temperatures, and because
they are inert and oxidation resistant, they make good protective
coatings that resist weathering and the corrosive action of many
chemicals. Most silicones are also water repellent and are
excellent electrical insulators. Silicone products include var-
nishes, resins, oils, greases, and rubber substitutes. No actual
production figures for silicones are available, but the Nuenchritz
plant planned to produce 4o tons of silicones in 1955, of which 30
tons were to be varnish and 10 tons were to be an oil. 3E/
(6) Epoxy Resins.
Since 1952 the laboratory for plastics of the
German Academy of Sciences in Berlin has been developing different
types of epoxy resins for use in industry. Early in 1956 the VEB
Leuna-Werke "Walter Ulbricht" was to begin actual production of a
thermosetting casting epoxy. J13./ This resin is intended to
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replace a similar Swiss product called "Araldit," which is extremely
expensive and which East Germany, because of its shortage of foreign
currency, cannot procure in the necessary quantities. 314/ In the
US, epoxy resins are active in the field of protective coatings
because of their high, resistance to water, detergents, and chemicals.
The resins also are used widely as industrial adhesives, such as
bonding aluminum to aluminum, and they are employed by electrical
and electronic equipment manufacturers. A tentative East German
1960 production plan calls for 500 tons of epoxy resins. 315/
6. Pharmaceuticals.
During the 1949-53 period, total production of phar-
maceuticals in East Germany increased steadily. The SAG and VEB
plants accounted for a large part of the increase, the privately
owned plants gradually falling behind. Production of pharmaceuticals
in East Germany, by type of plant, in 1949-53 is shown in Table 35.
Actual and planned production of selected pharmaceuticals in East
Germany in 1953-55 is shown in Table 36.*
Table 35
Production of Pharmaceuticals in East Germany, by Type of Plant 2/
1949-53
Million DME
Type of Plant
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953 12/
SAG
1.5
3.4
7.3
18.4
20.0
VEB
49.5
80.6
104.2
113.1
160.0
Privately owned
69.0
69.0
63.5
59.4
20.0
Total
120.0
153.0
175.0
190.9 4/
200.0
a. 316/ Production data for 1954 and 1955 are not available. The
1954 planned production was a value of 415 million DME, and the 1955
planned production was a value of 464 million DME. The plan figures
are those established by the First Five Year
b. Figures for 1953 are estimated.
c. The planned total was 305 million DME, a
Five Year Plan. 317/
d. The planned total was
Five Year Plan. 318/
e. The planned total was
Five Year Plan. 319/
k Table 36 follows on p.
Plan.
s established by the First
335 million DME, as
372 million DME, as
88.
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established by the First
established by the First
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Table 36
Actual and Planned Production of Selected Pharmaceuticals in East Germany
1953-55
Product
Penicillin
Chloromycetin
Streptomycin
Sulfonamides
Insulin
Morphine (pure)
Codeine
Acetylsalicylic
acid
Sera
a. 320/
b. 121/
Ce
350 kilograms;
units. 322/
d. 323/
e. 324/
f. Production
billion units;
Unit of Measure
Billion units
Kilograms
Kilograms
Metric tons
Million units
Kilograms
Kilograms
Metric tons
Liters
Production
1953 8/
1954
Plan Actual Plan 2/ Actual 1/
3,244
200
64
N.A.
277
2,260
1,701
3,414 3,248
201 240
65 200
56 N.A.
300 14.50
2,720 77
2,030 2,090
96.5 96.9 70.0
3,468 3,441 8,937
3,107
489
126
85
330
N.A.
N.A.
1955
Plan .9./
4,loo 4/
550 1/
400 4/
107.1 d
340 d
25W
2,400 2/
N.A. 100.0/2/
N.A. 9,000 a.
Actual
3,401 2/ f/
N.A.
457 2/
N.A.
360 2/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
LA.
1955 production plans as follows:
streptomycin, 500 kilograms; sulfonamides,
penicillin, 3,400 billion units; chloromycetin,
82 metric tons; and insulin, 270 million
of penicillin in 1911.8 was 0.28 billion units;
and in 1952, 2,874 billion units.. 325/
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In 1949, 5.0 billion units;
in 1951, 109.0
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B. Foreign Trade.
1. General.
According to the 1954 East German economic plan, gross
exports of chemicals were to amount to about 350 million dollars,
approximately 14 percent of the value of total planned production of
chemicals. Imports in 1954 were to amount to about 70 million dollars.
In recent years, the value of the annual surplus of exports over
imports has ranged between 200 million and 300 million dollars.*
Official East German announcements of the trade plans,
given in terms of rubles, may not include categories such as trade
conducted by semiofficial firms engaged in illegal trading,**
reparations shipments, and preferential exports to the USSR known as
"T-shipments."*** In addition, the method of ruble valuation used
in the official announcements understates the volume of both exports
and imports in relation to domestic production measured in terms of
domestic prices. The ruble unit values for intra-Bloc trade are
derived primarily from the 'world market prices" of 1950, actually the
London or New York prices of that year, multiplied by four. 326/ An
indication of the downward bias created by the ruble unit factor is
given by the ruble-dollar ratio for Soviet prices of chemicals -- at
least 13 to 1. This ratio should be fairly representative for the
Soviet Bloc. Because East Germany is a net exporter of chemicals,
the use of artificially low prices for intra-Bloc clearings requires
payment of substantial government subsidies to exporters of chemicals.
For realistic assessment of the importance of East German
trade in chemicals, a source is required which values trade in East
German prices and which includes "extra-plan" trade activities. For
1954, such a source is available. A correlation of the information
given in the 1954 East German plans for the over-all material balance
* German records show an export surplus of 500 million to 700
million DME (1944 constant prices). This figure has been converted
to US dollars by use of the ratio 2-1/2 marks (Messwerte) equals $1.00.
** Chemipha and the DWV (Deutsche Warenvertriebsgesellschaft) are
such companies, conducting both legal and illegal trade in chemicals.
*** "T-shipments" represent payment in goods to the USSR against
Soviet Credits. Such shipments appear to be at nominal prices and
are given a higher priority than normal commercial shipments. In
past years they have been poorly coordinated with the trade plan.
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in chemicals* and in the 1954 official plan** for trade in chemicals
gives an opportunity to adjust for some of the data previously
excluded. Because the data given are those for the plans only, they
serve only as a guide to the orders of magnitude involved. A com-
parison of East German plans for trade in chemicals in 1954 is shown
in Table 37.***
The 1954 Materials Balance Plan probably includes valua-
tions of exports and imports in domestic prices (in Messwerte), and
is inclusive of subsidies and irregular trade channels.xxxX The 1954
Trade Plan, however, is based on nominal trade "plan prices" and does
not incorporate the state subsidies that are paid to make up the
difference between the cost of production and the final export price.
The USSR, in particular, benefits from the pricing of East German
exports with unrealistically low nominal ruble valuations.
Correlation of the Trade Plan and the Material Balance
Plan indicates that the Trade Plan understates the volume of exports
of chemicals by more than 500 million DME (Messyerte). Discrepancies
concerning imports are not as great. The Trade Plan would not include
certain illegal imports, and the Materials Balance Plan probably
revalues imports at domestic prices. The net effect seems to be that
the Trade Plan understates the planned volume of imports by 20 million
DME (Messwerte).
Fulfillment of plans for trade in chemicals is contingent
on many uncontrollable factors. Generally, East German import plans
either have been reduced during the course of the year or have been
* These plans, hereafter referred to as the Material Balance Plan,
include the over-all distribution schedules, in terms of East German
domestic Valuations, and include more comprehensive data on the scale
of exports than do the Trade Plans as such.
** These plans, hereafter referred to as the Trade Plan, include
trade data in terms of nominal ruble valuations. Certain major
categories of trade activities are not incorporated in the totals
given.
*** Table 37 follows on p. 91.
xxxx A possible exception would be exports from the allocations made
to the Technical Supply Offices associated with the Wismut Corporation.
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Table 37
Comparison of East German Plans for Trade in Chemicals
1954
DispOsition
and Product
Material Balance Plan,
(1,000 DME, Messwerte) 'E/
Trade Plan
(1,000 DME, Current) 12/
Exports
Basic chemicals
415,761
Pharmaceuticals
71,378
Rubber and asbestos
117,263
Mineral oils
and tar products
? 262,573
Total
866,975
31.1.2,628
Imports
Basic chemicals
92,391
Pharmaceuticals
30,882
Rubber and asbestos
20,377
Mineral oils
and tar products
26,352
Total
Total export surplus
170,002
696,973
111-9,14.96
193,132
a. Valuation in current marks would be considerably higher.. 327/
b. data in rubles, which have been converted to 50X1
marks by use of the official exchange rate governing after October 1953 --
1 DME equals 1.8 rubles. The ruble evaluation of export items is nominal
and is not related to costs. 328/
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underfulfilled, as they were in 1951, 1952, and 1953. 329/ The export
plan was reported fulfilled in 1951 and underfulfilled in 1952. 330/
An estimate of the fulfillment of the 1952 East German
export plan indicated that commodities classified as chemicals con-
stituted 17 percent of the official exports. 331/ In 1954 the
Material Balance Plan projected exports of chemicals as 14 percent
of total East German production of chemicals. 33 Of the exports of
DIA-Chemie (the official chemical trade monopoly), the USSR received
45 percent, according to official data; 35 percent went to the other
countries of the Soviet Bloc, and 20 percent went to the Free World. 333/
These data must be adjusted, however, for the subsidies on exports to
the USSR, and the adjusted figures indicate that the USSR received
from one-half to two-thirds, in terms of value, of the exports of
chemicals. Such shipments are available either for Soviet consumption
or for re-export.
As of January 1954, East German reparations to the USSR
officially ceased. As a result, the 1954 Material Balance Plan may be
considered reasonably accurate as to the extent of shipments of chemi-
cals out of the country. Assuming that planned shipments are not
lower than the combined exports, reparations, and T-shipments of
chemicals for any .preceding year, the plan would appear to set a
ceiling of approximately 870 million DME* on such shipments. Perhaps
two-thirds of this represents the value of annual shipments of chemi-
cals from East Germany to the USSR, ** including reparations.
2. Imports.
East Germany relies heavily on the USSR and the European
Satellites to furnish chemical raw materials to sustain its large
chemical industry. The most important of the commodities imported are
several coal chemicals -- benzol, toluol, and naphthalene -- which are
* This value is in Messwerte, reflecting the 1944 price level. In
terms of current prices, it would be significantly higher. An
exchange ratio of 2-1/2 DME equals US $1.00 seems applicable to
Messwerte, making this ceiling $348 million.
** The current share of the USSR would be somewhat lower, reflecting
a shift in chemical trade to countries other than the USSR.
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supplied by the USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Quantities of
naphthalene also are obtained from the West. Another product, a coal
chemical derivative called "aniline," is imported mainly from the USSR
and Poland. Imports from the Free World include pyrites, some indus-
trial chemicals, phosphate fertilizers, and many special-purpose
chemicals.
Listed below are important chemical raw materials,
compounds, and products most often noted in reports on East German
imports:
Aniline
Barium carbonate
Borax
Carbon blacks
Caustic soda
Cellulose triacetate
Citric acid
Coal chemicals (benzol, toluol,
and naphthalene)
Drugs, medicinals, and pharm-
aceuticals (aureomycin,
insulin, streptomycin, sul-
fonamides, terramycin, sera,
vaccines, vitamin A, and
others)
Dyestuffs, intermediates, and
pigments
Essential oils and perfume
materials
Fatty acids and alcohols
Fine chemicals
Freons
Glycerin
Iron oxide (red)
Lead tetraethyl
Liquid fuels
Litharge (lead oxide)
Lithium compounds
Lithopone
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Methylene chloride
Nickel sulTate
Naval stores (rosin and tur-
pentine)
Phosphate rock and Kola apatite
Photogelatin
Plastics and synthetic resins
Pyrites
Rare gases
Red lead
Rubber, natural
Rubber products (tires, belting,
and the like)
Salts and oxides of rare earths
Shellac
Soda ash
Sodium hydrosulfite
Sodium perborate
Sulfuric acid
Superphosphate
Tanning agents (vegetable)
Tartaric acid
Tin oxide
Titanium dioxide
Urea
Vegetable oils (linseed and
castor)
Zinc white, oxide, chloride,
and dust
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The USSR is the largest Soviet Bloc exporter to East Germany
In addition to coal chemicals, the USSR has exported natural rubber,
rubber tires, tetraethyl lead, photogelatin, sulfuric acid, shellac,
organic dyestuffs and intermediates, fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
and naval Stores.
Combined East German imports from the European Satellites
are considerably less than imports from the USSR. In addition to coal
chemicals, Poland supplies zinc white, and Czechoslovakia furnishes
titanium dioxide, rubber tires, and various rubber products. Hungary's
exports to East Germany are largely pharmaceuticals -- drugs, vaccines,
and sera -- but rare gases and sulfuric acid have also been exported.
Rumania has exported sulfuric acid and has supplied soda ash, caustic
soda, carbon blacks, and glycerin. Bulgaria's exports have consisted
mainly of sulfuric acid, glycerin, and drugs'. No other European
Satellite furnishes chemicals in significant amounts.
Free World (mostly Western European) exports to East
Germany are important, but deliveries have frequently not been on
schedule. There have been instances when East Germany, to insure
deliveries, was willing to pay more than prevailing prices. In 1953,
however, a shortage of hard currency accounted partly for the under-
fulfillment of the East German import plan. Trade with the Free World
on the basis of bilateral barter agreements also has been extensive.
Some of the more significant commodities that have often
appeared in East German lists of imports from the Free World are
caustic soda, soda ash, superphosphate, photogelatin4 naphthalene,
borax, titanium dioxide, Blanc Fixe, cellulose triacetate, methylene
chloride, polyvinyl acetate (Mowilith), pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,
Organic dyestuffs and intermediates, sodium hydrosulfite, tanning
materials, and various fine chemicals. Nearly two-thirds of East Ger-
many's pyrites requirements are supplied by imports from the West.
Complete data on actual East German imports of rubber
products are not available, but planned imports for 1954 and 1955 are
Indicative of the character and volume of this trade Planned imports
of rubber products by. East Germany in 1954-55 are shown in Table 38.*
* Table 38 follows on p. 95.
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Table 38
Planned Imports of Rubber Products by East Germany
1954-55
DME Year
Product
Unit
Value
per Unit
1954 2/
1955 IV
Bicycle tires
Each
18
11,500
10,000
Conveyor belting
Square meters
48
10,000
10,000
Rubber strips 2/
Tons
11,480
140
100
Auto tires
Each
2,000
Miscellaneous products
Rubles
300,000
400,000
a. 334/
b. 335/
c. This probably refers to V-belting.
Although conveyor belting of special types is exported by
East Germany, the item imported is reported to be of heavy construction,
1.8 meters or more in width, for use in coal mines. There appears to
be a shortage of belting of this type in East Germany, and deficiencies
in the brown coal industry have been attributed to this shortage. 3 6
A similar shortage apparently exists in V-belting. A mid-year market
analysis made in July 1954 reports V-belts in short supply, with the
notation that "planned imports of 100,000 meters would relieve the
situation." 337/ The same document reports motor vehicle tires as
being in short supply, with "many motor vehicles idle due to a short-
age of tires."
Imports of pharmaceutical products by. East Germany in
1953 are shown in Table 39.* Imports of selected chemicals and
chemical products by East Germany in 1949-56 are shown in Table 40.**
* Table 39 follows on p. 96.
** Table 40 follows on p. 97.
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Table 39
Imports of Pharmaceutical Products by East Germany 2/
1953
Thousand DME
Exporting Country Value
Sino-Soviet Bloc
USSR
729.5
Bulgaria
188.2
Czechoslovakia
434.9
Hungary
1,432.2
Poland
151.2
Rumania
131.2
Communist China
8.2
Total
3,075.4
Free World
Belgium
887.7
Denmark
818.0
Netherlands
617.6
Norway
150.0
Sweden
100.9
Switzerland
3,068.2
West Germany
1,650.8
UK
975.9
Total
8,269.1
Grand total
.1.2.4..3141..1
12/
a. 338/
b. The 1954 import plan was reported as 15,135,600
DME.
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Table 4o
- Imports of Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products by East Germany a/
1949-56
Metric Tons (except as noted)
Product
'
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
Aniline
Benzol (refined)
Caustic soda
Cellulose triacetate
Naphthalene
Natural rubber
Phosphate fertilizers (P205 content)
Soda ash
Sulfuric acid (100 percent acid basis)
Toluol
Motor vehicle tires E/
699
10,565
3,075
N.A.
21,511
1,767
65,731
2,079
1,360
261
25,008
921
18,400
10,823
N.A.
16,939
1,775
62,100
34,195
0
3,700
8,700
12/
12/
2/
12/
2/
2/
1,100
20,500
3,727
N.A.
18,600
10,681
42,483
20,758
0
4,700
10,000
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
1,300
25,000
13,000
N.A.
20,000
2,150
34,175
16,019
8,407
5,400
30,896
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
1,686
27,000 2/
8,101
1,200
20,500 I./
3,700
24,150 12/
0 2/
9,621
4,881 2/
20,860
1,939 a/
22,000 2/
4,731 a/
1,550 2/
17,000 2/
8,600
60,000 2/
0 2/
7,700 2/
3,200 2/
11,500 Cl
1,496
43,500 2/
o 2/
2,300 2/
17,680 2/
9,445
50,759
? S/0
0 2/
2,500 2/
62,586
1,800
43,500
o El
2,300
21,000
10,500 El
60,000
El
0
3,500 El
50,000 s/
a. The data presented in this table were compiled from a great number of individual statistical reports which it would be impractical to
include as source references.
b. This is the amount received during the first 9 months of the year.
c. Planned.
d. This is the amount received during 11 months of the year.
e. This is the amount received during the first 8 months of the year.
f. Planned. A second report advised of an import plan of 16,418 tons.
g. Numbers of vehicle tires are given in terms of units.
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3. Exports.
East German exports of chemicals to the countries of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc, especially to the USSR, are particularly significant.
Commodities mentioned in trade agreements or reported in other ship-
ments might indicate shortages or requirements in the Soviet economy.
Alterations in trade patterns with Bloc countries could reflect
economic trends, modifications in industrial emphasis, and even policy
changes within those countries. Commodities exported to the Free
World are of less strategic importance than are those shipped to
countries of the Bloc, but the monetary return in currency or goods
is greater.
The following chemicals and chemical products are known
to be exported by East Germany:
Acetates (methyl, ethyl, isoamyl,
and butyl) .
Acetic acid anhydride
Acetone
Alcohols (ethyl, methyl, butyl,
isobutyl, isoamyl, and isopropyl)
Aluminum sulfate and chloride
Amines (monomethyl and dimethyl)
Ammonia, liquid
Barium carbonate, chloride
and nitrate.
Benzoic acid
Bromine, liquid, and bromine
salts
Calcium carbide
Calcium carbonate and chloride
Camphor
Caprolactam
Carbon blacks (acetylene
and others)
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Catalysts
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Caustic potash
Caustic soda
Cellulose nitrate
Cryolite
Chlorates (sodium and
potassium)
Chloride of lime
Chlorine, liquid
Chlorobenzenes and their
derivatives
Chlorosulfonic acid
Coal chemicals (pure benzol,
cresols, crude and pure phenol,
pyridine, and xylenol fractions)
Detergents (Mersol and Mesamoll)
Drugs, medicinals, and pharmaceu-
ticals (acetylsalicylic acid,
barbiturates, caffeine, insulin,
penicillin, phenacetin,
salicylic acid, sulfa drugs,
and others)
Dyestuffs, inorganic and
organic
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Ethyl benzol
Fatty acids, refined
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Gases, liquefied
Gems, synthetic
Glycols (ethyl, diglycol,
and ethylene)
Hexamethylenetetramine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogenated naphthalenes
(tetralin and decalin)
Hydroquinone
Insecticides and pesticides
(arsenic compounds, DDT,
Wofatox, BHC, and Selinon)
Ion-exchange resins (Wofatite)
Lacquers and varnishes
Liquid fuels (gasolines, jet fuels,
diesel fuels, brown coal tar,
and others)
Lithopone
Magnesium chloride, carbonate,
and oxide
Nitrates (sodium and potassium)
(technical grade)
Nitric acid
Nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium
sulfate, calcium-ammonium nitrate,
calcium cyanamide, and sodium
nitrate)
Oxalic acid
Paraldehyde-ethyl alcohol mixture
Pentaerythritol
Perfumes
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus, red and yellow
Phthalic anhydride
Photographic film (black/white
and color), paper, and photo-
chemicals
Plastics and products (DiDi;
phenol, and melamine molded
products; Perlon; Perfol;
Piatherm; polystyrene; polyvinyl
chloride; polyvinyl acetate; and
others)
Potassium bichromate and carbonate
Potassium fertilizers
Potassium ferric- and ferrocyanides
Potassium permanganate
Pyrotechnics
Rubber chemicals (accelerators and
others)
Rubber products (tires, conveyor
belting, and others)
Rubber, synthetic
Saccharin
Salicylic acid
Silicon carbide
Soda ash (calcined soda)
Sodium cyanide
Sodium metal
Sodium nitrite
Sodium sulfate and sulfide
Softeners (Palatinole, tricresyl
phosphate, and others)
Solvents, organic (cyclohexanone,
cyclohexanol, and methyihexalin)
Sulfur
Sulfuric acid
Trichloroethylene
Trisodium phosphate
Waxes and paraffins
Weed killer (2, 4-D)
Some of the important chemical products shipped to the USSR
are calCium carbide, caustic potash, alcohols (methanol and ethyl),
acetic acid, acetone, synthetic rubber and rubber products, phthalic
anhydride and phthalates, ethyl benzol, paraldehyde-ethyl alcohol
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mixture, chlorobenzenes, insecticides and pesticides, sulfur, photo-
graphic films and paper, and crude and pure phenol, liquid fuels,
chlorates, catalysts, and various plasticizers. In addition, the
export of plastics and resins and fabricated, plastic materials to
the USSR is large and is a steady drain on the East German economy.
Other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, are dependent
on East Germany for various chemical products. These countries
import large volumes of unexposed photographic films and related
materials, insecticides (especially DDT), and organic dyestuffs.
Nitrogen fertilizers are shipped principally to Poland, Czecho-
slovakia, and China. Poland is the largest importer of liquid
chlorine and chlorinated chemicals and motor vehicle tires. Poly-
vinyl chloride is exported mainly to Poland, Czechoslovakia, and
Hungary. The manufacture of synthetic fuels in Czechoslovakia has
been dependent on the East German supply of catalysts.
Some of the commodities exported to the Free World,
particularly to Western Europe, have been ammonium sulfate and po-
tassium fertilizers, photographic film and photochemicals, chlori-
nated chemicals, polyvinyl chloride, glycols, bromine (liquid),
butanol, cresols and xylenol, pyridine, and tricresyl phosphate
(a plasticizer). During 1954, East Germany concluded a number of
trade agreements with industrially underdeveloped countries in the
Far East (Indonesia and India), Near East (Turkey and Egypt), and
South America (Argentina and Uruguay). Chemicals and allied
products will be exported to these countries in return for agri-
cultural products and raw materials.
East German exports of synthetic rubber are probably
distributed to various countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, including
the USSR, on a basis determined in Moscow. The 1953 export plan
called for the following tonnage distribution of 29,400 tons of
East German synthetic rubber 339/:
Country
Amount
USSR
15,000
Czechoslovakia
1,863
Poland
1,408
Hungary
564
West Germany
5
Unspecified
10,560
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In 1954, East Germany planned to export 42,325 tons of synthetic rubber,
or 63.8 percent of its 1954 output. 340/
East Germany also exports finished rubber products. The
quantities and prices paid are determined by the East German State
Planning Commission with the approval of the USSR. Data on actual
exports are not available, but planned exports during a recent year
indicate the scope of the export program. Planned exports of rubber
products by East Germany in 1954 are shown in Table 41.
Table 41
Planned Exports of Rubber Products by East Germany 2/
1954
Product
Unit
Number
of Units
Value
per. Unit
(Rubles)
Total
Value
(Thousand
Rubles)
Buna S3 and SS
Pervinin
and plasticator
Rubber work boots
Vehicle tires
1,000 tons
Tons
1,000 pair
34.225
150
100
2,204,000
3,740
7,000
75,431
561
700
Truck tires
1,000 units
56
155,000
8,68o
Automobile tires
1,000 units
? 15
40,000
600
Motorcycle tires
1,000 units
2
Bicycle tires,
complete
1,000
150
8,600
1,290
Conveyor belting
1,000 sqare meters
80
20,370
1,629.6
Various rubber
products
5,921
Total value
4,812.6
?
a. 341/
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The 1954 plan for exports of rubber products by East
Germany, in effect in March 1954, was subsequently changed, and the
planned exports of Buna became 42,325 tons, which, at the price shown
in Table 41, would have a value of 93,284,300 rubles. The prices
fixed by the USSR are the amounts credited to the East German export
account and bear no relation to either cost of production or world
market prices. In addition to the commodities listed in Table 41,
East Germany supplies other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc with
rubber hose. Planned 1955 exports of rubber hose were valued at
10 million rubles. 342/
Data on East German exports of pharmaceutical products
are incomplete, but a partial list of 1954 planned exports is avail-
able and will indicate the general magnitude of shipments. Planned
exports of pharmaceutical products by East Germany in 1954 are shown
in Table 42.
Table 42
.Planned Exports of Pharmaceutical Products
by East Germany 2/
1954
Thousand DME
Importing Country
Value
Sino-Soviet Bloc
USSR
N.A.
Albania
Bulgaria
3,089.5
Czechoslovakia
552.7
Rongary
792.6
Poland
1,085.7
Rumania
20.5
Communist China
7,720.9
North Korea
3,769.8
Total 17,031.7
a . 1.3./
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Table 42
Planned Exports of Pharmaceutical Products
by East Germany
1954
(Continued)
Thousand DNE
Importing Country
Value
Free World
Belgium
532.4
Denmark
249.3
Finland
195.0
India
75.0
Netherlands
314.2
New Zealand
132.5
Norway
0.1
Switzerland
666.8
UK
33.0
US
77.0
West Germany
63.9
Total
2,339.2
Grand total
Exports of selected chemicals and chemical products by
East Germany in 1949-56 are shown in Table 43.*
* Table 43 follows on p. 104.
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Table 43
Exports of Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products by East Germany a/*
1949-56
Metric Tons
Product
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
Ammonium sulfate (as nitrogen)
N.A.
31,000
33,921
40,552
55,700 12/
54,000
72,311
N.A.
Benzol (refined)
o
o
o
o
550
4,000 12/
6,500 y
4,000 y
Calcium-ammonium nitrate
(as nitrogen)
N.A.
5,000
4,922
7,901
10,000 12/
10,000 12/
10,670
N.A.
Calcium carbide
Calcium cyanamide
10,000 12/
14,349
34,728
26,247 2/
36,000 12/
33,000 12/
30,958
0 12/
(as nitrogen)
N.A.
0
1,897
1,208
1,000 12/
1,240
1,791
N.A.
Caprolactam
0
o
o
o
o
220
468
300 y
Caustic potash
2,000 12/
N.A.
2,332
1,571
3,331 !al
5,000 y
7,500 y
7,500 y
Caustic soda
o
o
2,391
7,056
500 y
1,000 y
7,282
13,000 y
Chlorine (liquid)
2,800 12/
N.A.
8,376
8,172
6,500 12/
2,000 12/
7,546
0 12/
Cresol
N.A.
1,600
1,914
1,761
1,300 12/
1,100 12/
1,500 12/
1,700 12/
DDT (100 percent DDT basis)
Ethyl benzol
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
5,000
1,210 12/
9,000
2,971
6,012
3,149 12/
5,200 12/
4,725 12/
0 Y
2,400 12/
3,950 2./
2,000 12/
4,000 y
Hydrochloric acid
N.A.
N.A.
224
1,381
521g../
N.A.
204
200 12/
Methanol
1,120.12/
10,040
17,000 12/
6,546
7,000 y
17,548
19,897
19,000 y
Monochlorobenzene
N.A,
186
500 12/
1,005
500 12/
1,000 12/
1,000 12/
1,000 12/
Nitric acid
Nitrogen fertilizers
N.A.
500
1,115
83
1,500 b/
1,500 :12/
1,505
1,500 12/
(as nitrogen)
67,785
36,000
47,559
51,560
40,000 y
45,000 y
84,772
N.A-
Palatinols (phthalate esters)
N.A.
427
445
125
900 12/
915 12/
1,133
1,300 12/
Phenol (pure)
N.A.
696
1,161
230 f/
660 f/
50 12/
75 12/
750 y
Phthalic anhydride
840 y
2,162
4,150
W.A.
5,100 12/
5,200 12/
5,242
5,600 12/
Polyvinyl chloride
N.A.
3,500
6,225
8,850
10,200 12/
12,000 12/
12,001
12,000 12/
Potash (potassium carbonate)
4,500 B/
9,744
11,184
6,735
6,000 y
8,00o y
9,000 12/
10,000 y
* Footnotes for Table 43 follow on p. 105.
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Table 43
Exports of Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products by East Germany 2/
1949-56
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Product
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
Potassium fertilizers (as K20)
875,00012/
917,000
990,283
803,648
925,000 Li/
957,000
1,000,882
970,000 y
Soda ash (calcined soda)
10,000 51
N.A.
N.A.
178 11
20,000 12/
45,000 b/
79,110
8o,000 y
Sodium nitrate (as nitrogen)
300 12/
0
1,052
1,900
2,000 12
2,000 12/
582
48o y
Sulfuric acid (as 100 percent
acid)
475
12,260
1,290
126 ?1/
0
14,700 y
37,764
12,250 y
Synthetic rubber
15,799
16,900
24,300
28,000
29,400
38,000 &
39,103
38,500 bJ
Toluol
1,353
220
N.A.
o y
o y
Tricresyl phosphate
100 y
300
12/
583
754
1,500 12/
1,500 12/
1,829
2,040 y
a. The data presented in this table were compiled from a great number of individual statistical reports/
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Planned.
The export plan was 30,000 tons.
Delivered during the first 7 months of the year.
Planned. The alternate plan is 2,950 tons.
Delivered during the first 6 months of the year.
The planned amount to be. delivered as reparations.
Estimated.
Delivered as reparations during the first 6 months of the year.
Shipped as reparations only.
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C. Stockpiling.
The magnitude of state reserves of chemicals and chemical
products in East Germany is not known. The various chemical products
stored in depots and warehouses in East Germany are intended to serve
not only as a reserve for the paramilitary police (Kaserne Yolks-
Polizei, KVP) but also as a cushion for unexpected changes in the
economic plan, failures of imports, epidemics, and other contingencies.
It has been reported that the reserves are built up pri-
marily on a quarterly plan worked out by the Council of Ministers
and implemented by the State Secretariat administering the reserves.
Planned reserves may be augmented when a favorable import agreement
is concluded or when there is an unexpected surplus in any particu-
lar commodity. Issues from the reserves are made only when replace-
ments are available -- except issues made to the KVP. The date of
replacement is decided by the Council. To keep stocks rotating,
especially those stocks subject to deterioration in storage, issues
are also "offered" with a demand for their return at a later date. 3AV
On 10 August 1953 the Council of Ministers established an
operational reserve for finished pharmaceutical and medical supplies
under the authority of the Ministry for Health. These supplies were
to be withdrawn from the state reserves and would then be available
In the operational reserve for immediate distribution in the event
of an emergency. The state reserves were to retain certain raw
materials and basic products which could be made available to manu-
facturers of finished pharmaceuticals to avoid shutdowns, in case
the flow of these materials was interrupted. 21.12/ State reserves of
chemicals and chemical products in East Germany in 1953-55 are shown
In Table 44.*
The data shown in Table 44 is incomplete, and the East
German stockpile of chemicals and chemical products probably is much
greater than the table indicates. Reserves of medical and pharma-
ceutical products, for example, were valued at about 15 million DME
in 1953, and additional products valued at 4 million DME were to be
added in 1954. 346/
* Table 44 follows on p. 107.
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Table 144
State Reserves of Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany
-1953-55
Amount
1953 , 1954 , 1955 ,
Product Unit On 1 January 1953 1,/* Plan IV On 1 January 1954 2/ Plan gi Plan 2/
Acetic acid anhydride Tons 10
Acetone Tons 10 1
Acetyl salicylic acid Tons 10
Aniline Tons 15
Borax Tons 853 153
Calcium carbide Tons 50
Caustic soda Tons 2,491 650 1/ 565
Insulin Million units 105
Iodine, pure Tons 2 8
Lead tetraethyl Tons 97 I/
Methylene chloride Tons 2
Morphine hydro-
chloride Kilograms 50
Penicillin Billion units 800
Phenacetin Tons 5
Phenol Tons 40
Rubber, natural Tons 871 20 1/ 532
Rubber, synthetic Tons 1,000 372
* Footnotes for Table 44 follow on p. 109.
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Table 14.11.
State Reserves of Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany
1953-55
(Continued)
Product
Rubber products
Motor vehicle tires,
unspecified
Automobile tires
Autollobile inner
tubes
Truck tires
Truck inner tubes
Motorcycle tires
Motorcycle inner
tubes
Shellac
Soda ash
Streptomycin
Titanium dioxide
Turpentine
Vitamins C and B1
Zinc white
Unit
Units
Units
Units
Units
Units
Units
Units
Units
Tons
Tons
Kilograms
Tons
Tons
Kilograms
Tons
Amount
195a. , 1954 1955 ,
Oh 1 January 1953 21 Plan EY On 1 January 1954 2/ Plan 911/ Plan 2/
44,000
15
1,005
65
482
250
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9,000 II
2,637
5,369
168
3,902
1,278
LI-72
4.5
65
260
24
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Table 11.14.
State Reserves Of Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany
1953-55
(Continued)
a. 347/
b. 348/
c. 349/
d. The plan for medical and pharmaceutical supplies of the state reserves. 122/
e. The planned additions only to the state reserves. 321/
f. The planned additions to the state reserves in the fourth quarter of 1953.
Ig? 3E/
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D. Material Balances.
The estimated material balances for selected chemicals and
chemical products in East Germany in 1952-56 are shown in Table 45.*
* Table 45 follows on p. 111.
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Table 45
Estimated Material Balances for Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany !/*
1952-56
Metric Tons (except as noted)
Commodity
Year
Production
Imports
Available
in Stockpile
Gross , Net ,
Supply 12I Exports Supply 2/
Sulfuric acid
1952
362,290
8,407
0
370,697
126
370,600
(100 percent acid
1953
423,360
9,621
0
432,981 1/
0
433,000
basis)
1954
531,300
7,700
0
539,000
14,700
524,300
1955
594,000
0
0
594,000
37,764
556,200
1956
620,000
0
0
620,000
12,250
607,800
Synthetic ammonia
1952
278,000
278,000
Negligible
278,000
(as nitrogen)
1953
290,000
290,000
0
290,000
1954
313,900
313,900
0
313,900
1955
335,000
335,000
165
334,800
1956
350,000
350,000
206
349,800
Nitric acid
1952
246,091
246,091
83
246,000
1953
254,284
254,284
1,500
252,800
1954
268,788
268,788
1,500
267,300
1955
280,000
280,000
1,505
278,500
1956
300,000
300,000
1,500
298,500
* Footnotes for Table 45 follow on p. 116.
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-t;
Table 45
Estimated Material Balances for Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany 2/
1952-56
(Continued)
Metric Tons (except as noted)
Commodity
Calcium carbide
Caustic soda
Soda ash
Chlorine
Available Gross
Year Production Imports in Stockpile Supply IV
1952 690,395 o
1953 702,400 o
1954 735,374 o
1955 820,000 o
1956 860, 000 o
1952 208,875 13,000
1953 221,162 8,101
1954 227,699 4,731
1955 258,000 o
1956 270,000 o
1952 190,834 16,019
1953 296,561 o
1954 3721024 o
1955 4581000 o
1956 490,000 o
1952 1941000 o
1953 201,000 0
1954 202,932 0
1955 212,000 o
1956 215,000 o
0
Negligible
N.A.
2,491
565
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1,005
N.A.
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670,395
702,14.00
735,374
8201000
860,000
P21,875
231,754
232,995
258,000
270,000
206,853
297,566
3721024
458,000
14.90, 000
1914,000
201,000
202,932
212,000
215,000
Net
Exports Supply Ei
26,247
30,000 1/
35,000 I/
30,958
0
7,056
500
1,000
7,282
13,000
178
20,000
45,000
79,110
80,000
8,172
5,000 1/
2,000
7,546
0
664,100
672,1400
700, 1#00
789,000
860,000
2114,800
231,300
232,000
250,700
257,000
206,700
277,600
327,000
378,900
410,000
185,800
196,000
200,900
2041500
215,000
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Table 4-5
Estimated Material Balances
for Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany 2../
1952-56
(Continued)
Metric Tons (except as noted)
Commodity
Year
Production
Imports
Available
in Stockpile
Gross
Supply IV
Exports
Net /
Supply 2/
Benzol (refined)
1952
10,300
25,000
o
35,300
0
35,300
1953
10,800
27,000 1/
0
37,800
550
37,300
1954
11,300
22,000
0
33,300
4,000
29,300
1955
11,900
43,500
N.A.
55,400
6,500
48,900
1956
12,300
43,500
N.A.
55,800
4,000
51,800
Toluol
1952
3,460
5,400
o
8,860
1,353
7,500
1953
3,600
4,88o
o
81480
220
8,300
1954
3,600
3,200
o
61800
N.A.
6,800
1955
3,600
2,500
N.A.
6,100
0
6,100
1956
3,900
3,500
N.A.
7,400
o
71400
Naphthalene
1952
41700
20,000
o
24,70o
o
24,70o
1953
1954
4,826
5,100
19,300 1/
17,000
o
o
24,126
22,100
o
o
24,10o
22,100
1955.
5,300
17,680
N.A.
22,980
0
22,980
1956
51400
21,000
N.A.
26,400
0
26,400
Phenol
1952
9,250
9,250
230 2/
9,000
(refined)
1953
10,200
10,200
900 17
91300
1954
11,400
11,400
50
11,400
1955
12,700
12,700
75
12,600
1956
13,500
13,500
750
12,8400
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Table 45
Estimated Material Balances for Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany 2/
1952-56
(Continued)
Metric Tons (except as noted)
Commodity
Year
Production
Imports
Available
in Stockpile
Gross
Supply IV
Nitrogen fertilizers
1952
258,316
258,316
(as nitrogen)
1953
264,587
264,587
1954
276,681
276,681
1955
293,000
293,000
1956
300,000
300,000
Phosphorus fertilizers
1952
37,133
34,175
71,308
(as P205)
1953
72,310
30,000 1/
102,310
1954
79,203
39,000 1/
118,203
1955
80,000
50,759
130,759
1956
110,000
50,000 1/
160,000
Potassium fertilizers
1952
1,331,690
0
1,331,690
(as K20)
1953
1,378,000
0
1,378,000
1954
1,463,200
0
1,463,200
1955
1,550,000
0
1,550,000
Synthetic rubber
1952
56,300
0
N.A.
56,300
1953
64,097
0
1,000
65,097
1954
66,323
0
372
66,695
1955
70,936
0
N.A.
70,936
1956
74,000
0
N.A.
74,000
- ia4 -
S-E _R -E_T
Net
Exports Supply EV
51,561
67,000
70,000
84,772
85,000
803,648
925,000
957,000
1,000,882
28,000
29,400
38,000
39,103
38,500
Li
Li
Li
206,800
197,600
206,700
208,200
215,000
71,300
102,300
118,200
130,800 -
160,000
528,000
I/ 453,000
506,200
549,100
28,300
35,700
1/ 28,700
31,800
35,500
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Table 45
Estimated Material Balances for Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany a/
1952-56
(Continued)
Metric Tons (except as noted)
Commodity
Year
Production
Imports
Available
in Stockpile
Grossk/ Net /
Supply !Y Exports Supply .2./
Motor vehicle tires e
--1952
772,300
30,896
N.A.
8o3,196
34,80o
768,400
1953
916,000
20,860
44,000
980,860
19,000
961,900
1954
11139,700
11,500
4,083
1,155,283
146,000
1,009,300
1955
1,300,000
62,586
N.A.
1,362,586
10,700
1,351,900
1956
1,410,000
50,000
N.A.
1,460,000
N.A.
1,460,000
Polyvinyl chloride
1952
35,122
o
o
35,122
8,850
26,300
1953
36,734
o
o
36,734
10,200
26,500
1954
39,579
o
o
39,579
12,000
27,600
1955
1956
42,000
44,000
o
o
o
42,000
44,000
12,000
12,000
i4(0)(C)
Penicillin 12/
1952
2,874
0
N.A.
2,874
0.34
2,900
1953
3,414
0
N.A.
3,414
N.A.
1954
3,107
o
800
3,907
1,500
2:11-=
1955
3,401
0
N.A.
3,401
1,100
2,300
1956
4l000
0
N.A.
4,000
o
4,000
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Table 45
Estimated Material Balances for Selected Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany LI/
1952-56
(Continued)
a. Explanatory bases for figures given in this table are to be found under the appropriate sections of
this report:, Production, Imports, Exports, and Stockpiles. In general, material balances for 1954-56
are less accurate than for 1952 and 1953 because of a lack of complete trade information.
b. Gross supply is the sum of domestic production, imports, and stockpile.
c. Net suppl is the difference between gross supply and exports. The figures are rounded.
d. Reported as 429,970 tons. 353/
e. The repor e actua s ipments during the first 6 months of the year.
f. Estimated.
g. Quantities for motor vehicle tires are given in number of units.
h. Quantities for penicillin are given in billion units.
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III. Consumption and Distribution.
A. General:
The chemical industry of East Germany supplies other indus-
tries with raw materials and semifinished products such as acids and
alkalies, salts, organic compounds, solvents, compressed gases, and
pigments and dyes and fulfills its own requirements for the produc-
tion of chemical products -- explosives, fertilizers, drugs and medi-
cines, synthetic liquid fuels, synthetic rubber and rubber products,
synthetic fibers, paints, dyes, detergents and cleansing agents,
plastic materials, pesticides, and the like.
The products of the chemical industry are used by industries
that produce durable goods such as electrical equipment, motor vehicles
and other transportation equipment, building materials, metal products,
and furniture, and by industries that manufacture nondurable materials
such as food and beverages, leather goods, textiles, and paper and
rubber products. The following discussion of the use patterns of
some chemicals and chemical products shows how the East, German chemi-
cal industry is integrated with the national economy.
B. Industrial Chemicals.
1. Sulfuric Acid.
Consumption of sulfuric acid is a measurement of the
industrial development of a country. The acid is vital to the pro-
duction of fertilizers, steel products, liquid fuels, chemicals,
explosives, synthetic fibers, plastics, insecticides, dyes, paint
pigments, and storage batteries, and tb the processing of nonferrous
metals.
The postwar sulfuric acid industry in East Germany could
not satisfy domestic requirements, and it was necessary to import
sulfuric acid and to curtail production in some industries require-
ing sulfuric acid. Because of the acid shortage, the trend has been
toward reorienting the phosphate industry away from superphosphate
to other phosphate fertilizers which do not require sulfuric acid.
The shortage of acid was so critical during 1953 that the East German
Council of Ministers ordered cuts in the production of superphosphate
to avoid underfulfilled allocation quotas of sulfuric acid at key
industrial plants that otherwise would extend production failures to
equally vital manufacturing sectors of the economy. 354/
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The use pattern for sulfuric acid in East Germany is con-
siderably different from the use patterns in most other countries. In
East Germany during 1953 the manufacture of viscose rayon fiber and
staple ("Zellwolle") consumed the largest share of the available
supply of sulfuric acid, about 32 percent. In contrast, the German
Federal Republic used about 16 percent of its available sulfuric aeid
in the textile industry in 1953, and other countries -- including the
US, the UK, France, and Italy -- used still lesser amounts, on a
percent-of-total basis. 355/ The USSR consumed about 2 percent of
its available sulfuric acid for the manufacture of rayon.
The manufacture of superphosphate and ammonium sulfate
(chiefly the coke-byproduct type) fertilizers is the second largest
consumer of sulfuric acid in East Germany and required nearly 26 per-
cent of the supply available in 1953. West Germany used about 42 per-
cent of its total 1953 production of sulfuric acid for fertilizers,
about 30 percent for ammonium sulfate, and 12 percent for super-
phosphate; the US used about 40 percent of its 1953 total for
fertilizers, 35 percent for superphosphate; the UK about 45 percent,
28 percent for superphosphate; France about 57 percent, 40 percent
for superphosphate; and Italy about 50 percent. ]5.16/ Very little
sulfuric acid is required in East Germany to produce ammonium
sulfate, almost all of which is manufactured by using gypsum
(anhydrite) as the raw material.
The Soviet-owned firm of "Technisches Kontor" (Wismut A.G.)
at Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz), which is concerned with the mining and
processing of uranium ores, is a large consumer of sulfuric acid in
East Germany. About 21 percent of the supply of acid available in
1953 was used by this firm in processing ore. Deliveries to Wismut A.G.
receive high priorities, at the expense of the domestic economy.
The estimated consumption pattern for sulfuric acid in
East Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 46.*
2. Synthetic Ammonia.
Ammonia is sold in East Germany as anhydrous liquid ammonia)
aqueous ammonia (25 to 28 percent ammonia content), and as ammonium
sulfate. Commercial anhydrous ammonia is used for the manufacture of
nitric acid, nitrate fertilizers, ammonium nitrate (for explosives),
and of other chemicals and products. A grade of higher purity
Table 46 follows on p. 119.
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Table 46
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Sulfuric Acid
in East Germany
1953
Use
Amount a/ Percent
(Metric Tons) b/ of Total
Viscose rayon fiber and staple 138,060 c/ 32.1
Fertilizers 110,250 ay 25.7
Uranium ore processing by Wismut A.G. 88,200 ? 20.5
Mineral oil and liquid fuels industry 20,820 e/ 4.8
Miscellaneous
Hydrofluoric acid
Explosives
11,760
5,420 f/
2.7
1.3
DDT (insecticide)
5/380 i/
1.3
Caprolactam
4,800 Ti/
1.1.
Miscellanous chemicals and other
industrial uses
38,600 i/
9.0
Addition to stocks
6,610
1.5
Total
429,970
100.0
a. All amounts given in this table are as reported
except as otherwise noted. 357/
b. Tonnage is given in terms of 100 percent acid.
c. This figure may be broken down as follows: fiber. 23,030 tons;
staple, 115,030 tons.
d. This figure may be broken down as follows: superphosphate fertilizer,
105,720 tons; other fertilizers (mostly ammonium sulfate), 4,530 tons.
e. This is the total amount consumed for all products, including
carburetor and diesel fuels, basic coal chemicals, and other bypro-
ducts, produced by plants under the Main Administration for Liquid Fuels.
f. The estimate is based on an estimated production of 2,000 tons
of TNT (trinitrotoluene) and 1,100 tons of DNT cl.initrotoluene). The
1954 production plan was 2,040 tons of TNT (requiring 3,030 tons of
aid) and 1,420 tons of DNT (requiring 2,910 tons of acid). Thus, the
total acid required was 5,940 tons (as 100 percent acid). 358/
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Table 46
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Sulfuric Acid
in East Germany
1953
(Continued)
g. The total 1953 production quota for DDT was 6,600 tons (100 per-
cent effective DDT content). 359/ To produce 1 ton of DDT, 0.815
ton of sulfuric acid (as 100 percent acid) is required. This input
factor was employed in the 1953 production plans of the largest East
German DDT manufacturing plant, located at Bitterfeld. 360/
h. Caprolactam is the starting material for producing Perlon, a
nylon-type material. Estimated 1953 caprolactam output (gross) was
2,700 tons. The reported 1954 acid requirement for 1 ton of caprolactam
was 1.776 tons (as 100 percent acid). 361/
i. This is a residual value obtained by difference. Estimated consump-
tion of sulfuric acid by the steel industry in pickling operations is
less than 1 percent of the total acid consumed in East Germany.
(99.9 percent ammonia content) is used by the refrigeration industry.
Aqueous ammonia is used in making ammonium sulfate and other ammonium
salts, soda ash, caprolactam, cuprammonium rayon, textile products,
and yeast and for other industrial purposes.
In 1953 there were no reported exports of synthetic
ammonia by East Germany, and all domestic production, estimated as
290,000 tons (nitrogen content), probably was consumed within the
country. About 90 percent, 260,000 tons, of the total was consumed
in the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizers,* including ammonium
sulfate and nitrate types. This amount includes the nitric acid,
also made from ammonia, required in the production of the nitrate
fertilizers. It is estimated that in 1953 the amount of synthetic
ammonia consumed in the manufacture of industrial explosives, about
2.8 percent of the available supply, was about 8,200 tons (nitrogen
content). This includes both ammonia used directly and ammonia required
for the nitric acid used to make ammonium nitrate (technical grade)
* In 1953 the USSR consumed about 49 percent of the total Soviet
available supply for the manufacture of fertilizers. 362/
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and mixed acids for nitrating purposes. The remainder of the total
available supply of ammonia, 21,800 tons (nitrogen content), was used
to produce nitric acid for industrial purposes and for various nitrate
chemicals, to produce other chemicals and industrial products, and
for commercial refrigeration.
The estimated consumption pattern for synthetic ammonia
in East Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 47.
Table 47
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Synthetic Ammonia
in East Germany
1953
Use
Amount
(Metric Tons) 2/
Percent
of Total
Synthetic ammonium sulfate (fertilizer)
Nitric Acid
Nitrate fertilizers
147,500 b/
75,700 zy
51,100 ay e/
50.9
26.1
17.6
Ammonium nitrate (for explosives)
2,700 ay T7
0.9
Other nitrates
3,000 iv -
1.0
Caprolactam h/
2,500 TY
0.9
Other chemical and industrial
uses and losses j/
7,500 k/
2.6
Total
290,000
100.0
a. Tonnage is given in terms of nitrogen content.
b. The estimate is based on an estimated output of 143,000 tons N
(nitrogen) of synthetic ammonium sulfate, using an ammonia factor of
1.0315 tons N per ton of product.
c. The estimate is based on a reported output of 254,300 tons of
nitric acid (100 percent acid basis), using an ammonia factor of
0.2977 ton N per ton of product.
d. This figure excludes nitric acid required in the manufacture.
e. The estimate is based on the sum of ammonia quantities required
for the manufacture of calcium-ammonium nitrate and potassium-ammonium
nitrate, and a total reported fertilizer output of 99,936 tons N,
using an ammonia factor of 0.5115 ton N per ton of product.
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Table 47
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Synthetic Ammonia
in East Germany
1953
(Continued)
f. The estimate is based on a reported output of 5,306 tons N of
ammonium nitrate (technical grade), using an ammonia factor of 0.5115
ton N per ton of product.
g. This is an estimate of ammonia (as N) required for the manufacture
of all other nitrates produced from ammonia.
h. Caprolactam is the starting material for the manufacture of Perlon,
a synthetic similar to nylon.
i. The estimate is based on the estimated gross output of 2,700 tons
of caprolactam, using an ammonia factor of 0.94 ton N per ton of pro-
duct. ?
j. Other uses include soda ash, ammonium chloride, cuprammonium
rayon, other manufactured chemicals, and refrigeration.
k. This is a residual value obtained by difference.
3. Nitric Acid.
In peacetime, nitric acid is used chiefly in the manufacture
of nitrate fertilizers, industrial explosives, chemicals, and dyestuffs.
In wartime, the manufacture of military explosives and propellants
requires the greatest proportion of the available nitric acid.
Almost all nitric acid produced in East Germany is con-
sumed directly by the plants producing the acid, primarily for the
manufacture of nitrate fertilizers. Only about 10 percent of the
total production of acid is used outside the producing plants. The
nitric acid plants at Bitterfeld and Sondershausen reportedly consume
all of their own production of acid, but VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen
supplies acid for export and sells directly to plants producingAndus-
trial explosives, photographic film, and various chemicals and phar-
maceuticals. Wolfen also provides nitric acid to the East German
economy for general industrial uses.
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In 1953, about 82 percent of the East German supply of
nitric acid was consumed in the manufacture of nitrate fertilizers
(calcium-ammonium and potassium-ammonium nitrates).* The manufac-
ture of industrial explosives was the second largest consumer of
nitric acid. The acid was shipped to the explosives plants in the
form of ammonium nitrate (technical grade) and as mixed acids con-
taining nitric and sulfuric acids. It is estimated that 8 percent
of 1953 production of nitric acid was used in production of indus-
trial explosives. There is no evidence that any military explosives
requiring nitric acid were produced in East Germany during 1953.
The estimated consumption pattern for nitric acid in
East Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 48.
Table 48
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Nitric Acid
in East Germany
1953
Use
Nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate types)
Ammonium nitrate (fof industrial explosives)
Cellulose nitrate (colloxylin) c/
Mixed acid (for industrial explosives) e/
Other chemicals manufacture g/
Various industrial uses
Export
Total
Amount Percent
(metric Tons) of Total
209,100 a/** 82.2
12,300 Toy 4.8
8,600 ay 3.4
8,000 3.1
8,800 Ey 3.5
6,000 -3y 2.4
1,500 y 0.6
254,300 100.0
* The USSR is believed to have consumed between 35 to 4o percent of
its 1953 production of acid for agricultural purposes.
** Footnotes for Table 48 follow on p. 124.
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Table 48
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Nitric Acid
in East Germany
1953
(Continued)
a. Primarily this figure is for calcium-ammonium nitrate, but it
includes about 1,100 tons of potassium-ammonium nitrate; the amount
of 1,100 tons represents estimated nitric acid production by the
Sondershausen plant, sole producer of potassium-ammonium nitrate.
The remainder, 208,000 tons, was determined from an estimated produc-
tion of 90,000 tons of calcium-ammonium nitrate (expressed as nitrogen),
using a nitric acid input factor of 2.31 tons per ton of product.
b. The estimate is based on a reported output of 5,306 tons of ammonium
nitrate (technical grade) (expressed as nitrogen), using a nitric acid
factor of 2.31 tons per ton of product.
c. Cellulose nitrate is used mainly in East Germany as a photographic
film base.
d. The estimate is based on an estimated output of 6,400 tons of col-
loxylin produced at the Eilenburg plant, using a nitric acid factor of
1.35 tons per ton of product.
e. Mixed acid shipped to explosives-manufacturing plants for nitrating
purposes contains 50 percent nitric acid and 50 percent sulfuric acid.
f. VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen planned to supply about 16,000 tons of
mixed acid in 1953 as a total for the Schoenebeck and Gnaschwitz explo-
sives plants. This amount is equivalent to 8,000 tons of nitric acid
(100 percent acid basis). In 1952, about 7,200 tons were shipped for
this purpose. 363/
g. Other chemicals include oxalic acid, acetaldehyde, and many chemi-
cals for the dyestuffs industry.
h. This amount represents a residual quantity obtained by difference.
i. Industrial uses include deliveries to the Ministry for Machine Con-
struction, to the local economy, and to a synthetic fuel plant at
Schwarzheide for the manufacture of a catalyst.
j. The estimate is based on reported delivery of 964 tons during the
first 6 months of 1953 to the construction industry, the local economy,
and other consumers. 364/ In addition, 4,000 tons were supplied to
SAG plants, including 3,500 tons (planned) to Schwarzheide 365/ and
500 tons to other SAG plants not producing chemicals.
k. This is a planned export. 366/
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4. Calcium Carbide.
Calcium carbide is important chiefly as a source of
acetylene and as a starting material to produce calcium cyanamide
for chemical, industrial, and agricultural purposes.
Acetylene is used for metal cutting and welding, as a
raw material or intermediate in the chemical industry, and ad an
illuminant. Acetylene is most important as a "building block" for
the organic chemical industry in the production of synthetic rubber,
plastics, chlorinated solvents, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone,
acetic anhydride, alcohols, glycols, acetylene black, and pharma-
ceuticals. In 1953 the East German chemical industry consumed about
80 percent of the total East German production of acetylene.*
Althbugh production of calcium carbide in East Germany
is now considerably greater than it has been in any previous period,
it is insufficient to cover all domestic requirements and large
exports too, mainly to the USSR. No exports are planned for 1956 --
an apparent attempt to relieve the Supply shortage.
The manufacture of buna rubber, plastics, and other
acetylene-derived chemicals has received the highest priority in
East Germany, chiefly tO support the export program. As a conse-
quence, the local economy, the construction industries, and trans-
portation (especially railroads) suffer from curtailed allocations
of commercial carbide. 368/ .
In 1953 the Schkopau plant produced about 66.3 percent
of the total East German production of calcium carbide and consumed
about 69?6 percent of the total. The excess of consumption over pro-
duction was to have been supplied by the Piesteritz plant. 369/ In
1954, Schkopau planned production of 492,000 tons of calcium Carbide
and was to purchase 30,000 tons from Piesteritz. 370/ Because Schkopau
expects to increase production of synthetic rubber and other chemicals
and to begin production of new products, purchases of calcium carbide
from Piesteritz are expected to continue.
The estimated consumption pattern for calcium carbide in
East Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 49.4E*
* In 1953 the US chemical industry consumed about 75 percent of total
national production. .1?1/
** Table 49 follows on p. 126.
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Table 49
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Calcium Carbide
in East Germany a/
1953
Use
Amount
(Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Synthetic rubber of various types b/
_
General welding, cutting,
construction, and mining uses c/
Various organic chemical products (by
the Schkopau plant) f/
Paraldehyde-alcohol mixture (for
export) b/ g/
Acetylene black (carbon black) h/
Vinyl chloride b/
Acetic acid b/
Calcium cyanamide m/
Deliveries to the USSR
253,000
115,400 d/
82,900
73,400
54,000 i/
50,200 -3/
29,200 ii
14,300 -iv
30,000 TO/
36.0
16.4 e/
11.8
10.5
7.7
7.1 k/
4.2
2.0
4.3
Total
702,400 100.0
a. Consumption of calcium carbide for various products made by
Schkopau was calculated from the plant's 1953 production plan and
adjusted to the total carbide believed available to the plant during
the year. 371/
b. Produced only by VEB Chemische Werke Buna, Schkopau.
c. Allocations to metallurgical, machine construction, and chemical
plants are included, in addition to amounts supplied transportation,
mining, and the general local economy.
d. The estimate was based on actual carbide allocations during the
first 6 months and the estimated quantity for sale by Piesteritz,
exclusive of sales to Schkopau, plant consumption, and export. 372/
e. In 1953 the US metal cutting and welding industry consumed about
one-third of total US production of calcium carbide.
f. The chemicals included are butanol, ethyl alcohol, acetaldehyde
for sale), ethyl acetate, ethylene oxide, glycols, trichloroethylene
and tetrachlorethylene), plasticizers, polystyrene, synthetic lubri-
cating oils and "export oil" (SS Oil 906), and ethyl benzol (exported
to the USSR).
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Table 49
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Calcium Carbide
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
g. The production plan for the mixture was 52,000 tons, all to be
delivered to the USSR.
h. Mainly produced by VEB Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz. No acetylene'
black is made in the US.
i. The estimate is based on an estimated output of 15,000 tons of
acetylene black, using a carbide factor of 3.6 tons per ton of black.
j. The estimate is based on a reported production plan of 37,200
tons of vinyl chloride, using a carbide factor of 1.35 tons per ton
of product. 374/
k. In 1954 the US used about 19 percent of its total production of
calcium carbide for the manufacture of vinyl and vinylidene chloride
plastics.
1. The estimate is based on a reported production plan of 18,745
tons of acetic acid, using a carbide factor of 1.558 tons per ton of
acetic acid. 375/
m. Produced byVEB Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz for fertilizer and as
an intermediate in the manufacture of plastics. No calcium cyanamide
is made in the US.
The estimate is based on an estimated output of 15,000 tons of
calcium cyanamide, expressed as nitrogen content, using a carbide
factor of 0.953 ton per ton of product.
o. The estimate is based on actual shipment of 12,700 tons in the
first 6 months 376/ and total planned delivery of 36,000 tons for
1953. 377/
5. Caustic Soda.
373/
Caustic soda has no direct military uses, but it is indis-
pensable to production of many commodities essential to both a military
and a civilian economy. Caustic soda is used in production or refining
of chemicals, rayon and cellulose film, textiles, soaps and cleansing
agents, rubber reclaiming, dyestuffs, petroleum and synthetic oil, and
pulp and paper.
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In East Germany the rayon and cellulose pulp industries
depend largely on the supply of caustic soda, and in the synthetic
fiber and detergent industries, insufficient supplies of caustic soda
have curtailed production. At the end of 1951 the entire textile
industry of East Germany was nearly immobilized because of an acute
lack of caustic soda. 378/ Imports of caustic soda improved only
slightly the critical supply situation. By the end of 1955, however,
East German requirements for caustic soda were almost completely
satisfied by domestic production; no imports were planned after 1954.
On the other hand, i-elatively large exports were scheduled for 1955
and 1956.
The estimated consumption pattern for caustic soda in
East Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 50.
Table 50
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Caustic Soda
in East Germany a/*
1953
Use
Viscose rayon fiber, cord, staple fiber, and
other viscose products
Chemicals and chemical processing
Pulp and paper
Soap and washing materials
Uranium ore processing (by Wismut A.G.)
Mineral oil and liquid fuels industry
Fatty acids and alcohols'
Calcined alumina
Food industry
Reclaimed rubber
Miscellaneous and expOrt
Amount Percent
(Metric Tons) of Total
104,500 b/ 45.2 c/
52,000 a/ 22.5.T/
22,700 Tv 9.8 ii
12,600 EY 5.5
12,000 T/ 5.2
10,200 71.7 4.3 k/
5,500 I/ 2.4 -
5,100 Ei 2.2
1,600 Ti/ 0.7
goo -C7 0.4
4,l0017/ 1.8
Total 231,200 q/ 100.0
* Footnotes for Table 50 follow on p. 129.
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Table 50
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Caustic Soda
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
a. The estimates in this table were derived from a great number of
individual statistical reports which it would be impractical to include
as source references. In addition, the methodology and calculations
employed to obtain these estimates have had to be abbreviated to allow
inclusion in the footnotes accompanying this table.
b. The 1953 output of Zellstaffkunstfaser (cellulose artificial
fiber, including cellulose staple fiber and jute) was 102,100 tons 379/;
by using a caustic soda (Na0H) factor of 0.83 ton per ton of product,
the amount of NaOH required was 85,000 tons. In addition, 16,800
tons of viscose rayon fiber and cord were produced; by using the factor
of 1.10 tons of NaOH per ton of product, the amount of NaOH required
was about 18,500 tons. Other viscose products made by AGFA Wolfen
plant consumed about 1,000 tons of NaOH. The total NaCH used was
104,500 tons.
c. In 1953 the US rayon and cellophane industry consumed about 23.7
percent of total US production of caustic soda. 380/
d. Principal chemical plants consuming NaOH for making chemicals are
located at Bitterfeld, Wolfen (Farbenfabrik), Westeregeln, Schkopau,
Leuna, Ammendorf, and Osternienburg. On the basis of many individual
reports, it is estimated that these plants used about 47,100 tons of
Nadi during 1953. It is estimated that AGFA Wolfen consumed about
1,000 tons for the manufacture of photographic film and chemicals;
the plant's Na CH consumption plan for 1952 was 700 tons and for 19541
about 1,300 tons. 381/ Production or processing of many chemicals
and pharmaceuticals in smaller plants brings the total to about 52,000
tons of NaCH.
e. In 1953 the US chemical industry consumed about 26.7 percent of
total US production of caustic soda. 382/
f. Pulp and paper is assumed to be synonymous with "textile cellulose,"
which includes cellulose for manufacturing viscose products and nitro-
cellulose (colloxylin). The 1953 production plan for textile cellulose
was 139,446 tons. 383/ An estimated 130,000 tons of this cellulose
was required for viscose fiber, cord, and staple fiber, and if an
average NaOH output factor of 0.170 ton per ton of textile cellulose
is used, the amount of NaOH consumed would be 22,100 tons. The
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Table 50
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Caustic Soda
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
manufacture of 9,000 tons of textile cellulose for other products
would require about 600 tons of NaOR (factor; 0.068 ton). The estimated
output of textile cellulose is then 139,000 tons, and the total NaOH
needed for its production would be 22,700 tons.
g. In 1953 the US pulp and paper industry consumed about. 7.3 percent
of total US production of caustic soda. 384/
h. East German production of soap in 1953 was 40,100 tons (on a
40 percent fat content basis), 385/ and by using a factor of 0.20 ton
of Na OR per ton of product, the amount of NaOH required was about 8,000
toas. Washing agents are made by a plant at Genthin, and in 1952
this plant used 4,423 tons of NaOR. 386/ The estimate for 1953 is
4,600 tons. Thus the total amount of NaOH required is 12,600 tons.
Other washing materials made in East Germany are presumed to require
soda ash for their manufacture.
i. There is no definitive information on Wismut's 1953 NaOH require-
ment. The estimate is partly based on a reported 1955 planned alloca-
tion of 12,500 tons. 387/ Plants at Bitterfeld, Ammendorf, and
Nuenchritz are suppliers. In 1953, Bitterfeld shipped about 5,900
tons to Wismut. 388/
j. The 1953 planned allocation to the industry was 10,218 tons. 389/
In 1954 the industry consumed 11,387 tons. 390/ The amount includes
from 600 to 700 tons used by the tar distillery and coal chemicals
producing plant at Erkner (near Berlin).
k. In 1953 the US petroleum refining industry consumed about 8.6 per-
cent of total US production of caustic soda. 391/
1. The Rodleben chemical plant and the Fewawerk plant in Karl-Marx-
Stadt are the chief producers of fatty acid and alcohols. The 1953
production plan for fatty acids (natural and synthetic) was 17,030
tons and for fatty alcohols, 6,830 tons. .322/ Rodleben's 1953 alloca-
tion plan for NaOR was 4,600 tons, 393/ and the plan for Fewawerk
Was 2,400 tons. 394/ It is assumed, however, that Rodleben did not
use more than 3,100 tons for making the fatty chemicals but that
Fewawerk required its full allocation. Thus the total is 5,500 tons.
The products are used mainly as raw material stock in the margarine
and soap industries.
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Table 50
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Caustic Soda
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
m. In 1953, production of calcined alumina was 33,800 tons. 395/
If a factor of 0;15 ton of NAGE is used, the amount of NaOR consumed
for calcined alumina was about 5,100 tons.
n. The food industry had a 1952 planned allocation of 1,700 tons of
Na0R, 396/ but it is doubtful that the plan was fulfilled. In 1953
the industry possibly received about 1,600 tons.
o. In 1952, production of reclaimed rubber was 4,917 tons. 397/ It
is estimated that the 1953 output was 6,000 tons. If a factor of
0.15 ton of NaOH per ton of product is Used, the amount of NaOR con-
sumed in 1953 would have been about 900 tons. -
p. Miscellaneous NaOR uses include unknown amounts for the textile
industry (cotton mercerizing and the like) and 'the leather tanning
industry. The 1953 export plan was 500 tons, and the entire amount
was shipped by 1 August. 398/
q. The total includes reported domestic production (221,160 tons),
an import of 8,100 tons, and an estimated net withdrawal of 1,930
tons from East German state reserves. The state reserves were reported
to have a balance of about 2,490 tons of Na OR on 1 January 1953 and
565 tons on 31 December 1953. 399/
6. Soda Ash.
Soda ash is used as a cleansing agent, as a water softener,
and in the manufacture of chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, petroleum
products, nonferrous metals, glass, caustic soda, and sodium bicar-
bonate. Caustic soda, caustic potash, and potassium carbonate (potash)
may be substituted for soda ash in certain operations, primarily when
an alkali is required, but these substitutes are not preferred and
are more expensive.
During the postwar period, there has been a continuing and
critical shortage of soda ash in East Germany -- largely the result
of Soviet plant dismantlings and reparations payments -- and industries
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dependent on soda ash, particularly the glass and washing materials
industries, have been restricted in their production and development.
Until 1953, soda ash was imported, but the total supply could not
meet all East German requirements for soda ash.
During the first half of 1953, deliveries of soda ash to
all allotee groups combined, including top priority SAG plants,
averaged 80 percent of the half-year allotments. The local economy
received only 37.percent of its planned allocation of soda ash. Ex-
ports and/or reparations In the same period, however, amounted to
184 percent of plan. 400/
At the same time, there was a shortage of caustic soda
in East Germany, but before 1952 practically no caustic soda is
believed to have been produced by soda ash plants through causticiza-
tion; it was necessary to utilize all available soda ash for other
purposes. By 1955 the situation had improved to the extent that the
Bernburg plant planned to causticize 23,000 tons of soda ash, equiva-
lent to approximately 15,000 tons of caustic soda. 401/
In East Germany, soda ash is used in a significant amount,
about 25 percent of total production in 1953, in processing uranium
ore by "Technisches Kontor" (Wismut A.G.) at Karl-Marx-Stadt. In 1955
the allotment plan for Wismut amounted to 24.2 percent of total planned
production. 402/ Because of the strategic importance of uranium and
East Germany's apparent abundance of the raw ore, the consumption
pattern for soda ash in East Germany is different from the consump-
tion patterns of other countries.
East German chemical plants, excluding plants belonging
to the mineral oil and liquid fuels industry, consumed an estimated
52 percent of 1953 East German production of soda ash. On the same
basis, US chemical plants consumed about 53 percent of total US pro-
duction in 1953.
The estimated consumption pattern for soda ash in East
Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 51.*
* Table 51 follows on p. 133.
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Table 51
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Soda Ash
in East Germany a/
1953
Use
Uranium ore processing (by Wismut A.G.)
Washing materials and cleansing agents
Nitric acid
Caustic soda and sodium bicarbonate
Mineral oil and 'liquid fuels industry
Barium carbonate
Other chemicals and chemical processing
Miscellaneous (including glass, textiles,
pulp and paper, food, soap, and various
industrial uses)
Export
Total
Amount Percent
(metric Tons) of Total
75,000 b/
32,000 Ey
26,300 ay
17,200 -e-y
3,000 iy
2,800 Ey
73,000 I/
47,300 j/
20,000 TY
296,600 m/
25.3
10.8
8.9
5.8 f/
1.0 -
0.9
24.6
16.0 k/
6.7 ?
100.0
a. The estimates in this table were derived from a great number of
individual statistical reports which it would be impractical to include
as source referen4es. In addition, the methodology and calculations
employed to obtain these estimates have had to be abbreviated to allow
inclusion in the footnotes accompanying this table.
b. The estimate is based partly on a reported 1955 planned alloca-
tion of 109,000 tons. 403/
c. The estimate does not include soap and washing agents made by
plants other than VEB Luna-Werke, VEB Persil-Werk Genthin, and VEB
Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld. Leuna's 1954 requirement plan
called for 994 tons of soda ash to produce 2,208 tons of washing
powder. 404/ Leuna possiblY used about 800 tons of soda ash during
1953. The Genthin plant had a 1952 requirement plan of 25,185 tons
but used only 21,272 tons. 405/ It is assumed that the amount used
in 1953 was 25,200 tons. Bitterfeld used about 6,000 tons of soda
ash to make 22,952 tons of "Siliron" and "Trosilin" in 1953. 406/
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Table 51
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Soda Ash
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
d. The estimate is based on a reported output of 254,284 tons of
nitric acid, using a soda ash factor of 0.1034 ton per ton of nitric
acid (100 percent acid basis). 407/
e. The estimate includes caustic soda by the lime-soda process in an
amount of 9,000 tons, 4o8/ which would have required about 13,000 tons
of soda ash (soda ash factor: 1.45), and 212,000 tons of electrolytic
caustic soda, which would require about 2,600 tons of soda ash for its
manufacture (soda ash factor: 0.0124). About 2,300 tons of sodium
bicarbonate was made, 409/ and this would need about 1,600 tons of
soda ash. Thus the to soda ash consumed would be 17,200 tons.
f. In 1953 the production of caustic soda and sodium bicarbonate
(baking soda) in the US consumed about 25 percent of total US produc-
tion of soda ash. 410/
g. The estimate is based on planned consumption of 4,248 tons in 1955
and actual consumption of 3,534 tons in 1954. 411/ ,
h. The estimate is based on reported output of 1,839 tons of barium
carbonate, using a soda ash factor of 1.5 tons per ton of product. 412/
i. The estimate is the difference between an estimated consumption
of 150,000 tons of soda ash (73,200 tons in 6 months 14.13/) by all
chemical plants (not including SAG plants) belonging to the State
Secretariat for Chemistry and the sum of soda ash needs for washing
materials, nitric acid, caustic soda and sodium bicarbonate, and
barium carbonate. The figure obtained was 71,800 tons. An additional
1,200 tons were added for SAG chemical plants, exclusive of those
plants in the mineral oil and liquid fuels industry, thus giving .a
total of 73,000 tons.
j. This is a residual value obtained by difference. The sum of the
amounts for all uses given in this table, including the amount exported,
was subtracted from the estimated total of 296,600 tons. No figures
for total production of glass were available for East Germany.
k. In 1953 the manufacture of glass in the US consumed about 28 per-
cent of total US production of soda ash. 414/
1. The estimate covers the first 6 months. 1E2/
m. Actual reported production of soda ash for 1953 was 296,561 tons. )21g
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7. Chlorine.
The chlorine industry in East Germany is essential in the
nation's economy because chlorine is vital in the manufacture of numer-
ous chemicals and allied products for both civilian and military use.
Because of technological development, the manufacture of chemicals is
demanding increasing percentages of the total East German production
of chlorine. In wartime, production of military goods creates an.
additional demand for chlorine. During World War II, although direct
US mijitary uses (largely for chemical warfare gases and smoke screen
agents) consumed only 3 percent of all chlorine consumed in the US,
indirect requirements for essential military end products demanded
50 percent of the installed production capacity.
Chlorine is used for bleaching wood pulp and textiles and
for purifying industrial and municipal water supplies. It is used for
manufacturing bleaching agents, solvents (including carbon tetrachloride),
metal degreasers, plastics and resins, antifreeze agents, hydrochloric
acid, automotive fluids, medicines, dyestuffs, insecticides and herbi-
cides, chlorinated rubber, wood preservatives, synthetic detergents,
explosives, photographic film, and aluminum. Synthetic hydrochloric
acid, made by burning chlorine, is used in metallurgy and ore processing
and in production of petroleum, rubber, plastics, and chemicals.
As late as 1953, production of chlorine in East Germany
was greater than requirements, and thousands of tons of chlorine had
to be destroyed. Demand for chlorine began to increase during 1954,
and additional requirements are expected in the growing synthetic
organic chemical industry.
The consumption pattern for chlorine in East Germany is
markedly different from that of the US. In 1953 the UB required chlorine
for the production of tetraethyl lead, phenol, aniline, propylene
glycol, diphenyl, methylene chloride, and acrylonitrile,.but none of
these products was manufactured in East Germany. In the US, 75 percent
or more of the production of chlorine is used to produce chemicals,
but East Germany consumes possibly less than 60 percent for the same
purpose. About 17 percent of the us 1953 production of chlorine was
consumed for making ethylene oxide and glycol, but East Germany is
estimated to have used perhaps less than 4 percent.
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Consumption of chlorine in East Germany is expected to
increase appreciably. Principal East German consumers of chlorine
will include new chemical products such as tetraethyl lead fluid and
methylene chloride. Methylene chloride is a vital raw material for
the manufacture of cellulose triacetate, which is used in the manu-
facture of nonflammable photographic films. Both the Bitterfeld
plant and the Schkopau plant will consume more chlorine in increased'
production of vinyl chloride and -- at Bitterfeld -- the possible
production of alumina. 417/
The estimated consumption pattern for chlorine in East
Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 52.*
8. Aromatic Coal Chemicals.
Aromatic chemicals derived from coal** are essential to
a modern industrial economy. They are basic raw materials for products
such as photochemicals, rubber, explosives, petroleum, plastics and
resins, synthetic fibers, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, paints and
pigments, and synthetic detergents. Furthermore, chemical end products
and intermediates made from aromatic coal chemicals are used in agri-
culture (insecticides, pesticides, and herbicides), in the food indus-
try (preparation, preservation, and flavoring of products), in the
textile industry (dyeing, preservatives, and water repellents), in
the leather industry (tanning agents, dyeing, and preservatives), in
the lumber industry (wood preservatives), and in the perfume and cos-
metic industries.
East German consumption patterns for benzol, toluol, .naph-
thalene, and phenol through 1952 have been discussed and compared with
US use patterns The following dis- 50X1
cussion is limited chiefly to estimated 1953 consumption patterns and
to future changes in consumption.
The organic chemical industry of East Germany is based
largely on aromatic coal chemicals, and the country is incapable of
producing sufficient quantities of benzol, toluol, and naphthalene for
* Table 52 follows on p. 137.
** In the US, aromatic chemicals are also obtained commercially from
petroleum sources and may be included among petrochemicals.
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Table 52
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Chlorine
in East Germany a/*
1953
Amount Percent
Use (Metric Tons) of Total
Chemicals
Aluminum chloride
Bleaches
Chloral
Chlorinated benzenes
Chlorinated naphthalenes
Chlorinated solvents (except
chlorinated benzenes)
Glycols
Hydrochloric acid (synthetic)
for: Uranium Ore processing
(Wismut A.G.)
Vinyl chloride
Chemicals manufacture
and processing
Other industrial uses
and export
Mersol D
Phosphorus trichloride
Miscellaneous chemicals
Pulp and paper bleaching
Export
Miscellaneous uses and losses,
Total
2,140 b/
5,500 y
6,450 ...il
9,370.-e-/,
1,590 Ty
18,800 g/
6,350 EY
92,000 I/
(38,000) k/
(26,800) ly
(18,900) 0/
( 8,300) 2/
8,100 q/
1,870 17y
10,000 17
20,000 .-51
5,000 u/
13,830 Try
.201,000
1.0
2.7
3.2
4.7
0.8
9.4
3.1
45.8 j/
(18.9) 1/
(13.4) ri/
( 9.4)
( 4.1)
4.o
0.9
5.0
10.0
2.5
6.9
100.0
* Footnotes for Table 52 follow on p.138.
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Table 52
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Chlorine
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
a. The estimates in this table were derived from a great number of
individual statistical reports which it would be impractical to in-
clude as source references. In addition, the methodology and calcu-
lation employed to obtain these estimates have had to be abbreviated
to allow inclusion in the footnotes accompanying this table.
b. The Schkopau plant planned a consumption of 2,135 tons of chlorine
to produce 1,500 tons of aluminum chloride. it12/
c. Bleaches considered are soda?bleaching iy?ksodium hypochlorite),
and chloride of lime. An estimated output of 16,200 tons of soda7
bleaching lye would require about 2,280 tons of chlorine (chlorine
factor: 0.141). An estimated output of 7,940 tons of chloride of
lime would required about 3,220 tons of chlorine (chlorine factor:
0.406). The total chlorine for bleaches is then 5,500 tons.
d. East Germany uses chloral chiefly for making DDT. The only
producer, Bitterfeld, produced 2,569 tons during 1953, and this amount
consumed about 6,450 tons of chlorine (chlorine factor: 2.510). 11,221/
e. Chlorinated benzenes include mono- and dichlorobenzenes and
benzene hexachloride (BHC). Most of the production of chlorinated
benzenes is used for preparing insecticides and pesticides. The
estimated 1953 output of mono- and dichlorobenzenes is 9,300 tons,
and this amount would require about 8,370 tons of chlorine (chlorine
factor: 0.900). Estimated 1953 output of BHC (85 percent gamma
isomer content) is 73 tons, which would required about 1,000 tons of
chlorine (chlorine factor: 13.8). Total chlorine for chlorinated
benzenes is 9,370 tons.
f. Chlorinated naphthalenes include a pour-point depressr ("Fluhyzet
Al for lubricating oils and a wood preservative ("Xylamon"). In
1953, 434 tons of Fluhyzet A were produced, 421/ which required about
180 tons of chlorine as a raw material input (chlorine factor: 0.42).
Xylamon production in 1953 is estimated at 2,200 tons, and this
amount would consume about 1,410 tons of chlorine (chlorine factor: 0.64).
The total chlorine required is about 1,590 tons.
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Table 52
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Chlorine
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
g. Chlorinated solvents include carbon tetrachloride (a dry-cleaning
solvent) and chloroethylenes (metal-degreasing solvents). The estimated
1953 output of carbon tetrachloride is 7,140 tons, 14.22/ which would
require about 8,300 tons of chlorine (chlorine factor: 1.162). The
Schkopau plant is the only producer of chloroethylenes (tri-, di-, and
perchloroethylenes) in East Germany. The plant planned to produce
9,760 tons of these products and to consume about 10,500 tons of chlorine
for their manufacture during 1953. 423/ The estimated consumption of
chlorine for chlorinated solvents is 18,800 tons.
h. Glycols are believed to be produced only by the Schkopau plant.
At that plant glycol is produced from ethylene oxide, which in trun
requires chlorine for its manufacture. In 1953, Schkopau planned
production of 3,685 tons of ethylene oxide, and this amount was to
consume 7,555 tons of chlorine. An estimated 84 percent of the
ethylene oxide was to be converted to glycol. Therefore, about 6,350
tons of chlorine were to be used to produce 2,850 tons of glycol. 424/
A large portion of production of glycol is used by explosive plants
for making dynamites.
i. East Germany has seven producers of synthetic hydrochloric acid,
made by burning chlorine, and the 1953 estimated combined output of
these plants is 92,000 tons. This output would require about 92,000
tons of chlorine.
j. In the US, Very little chlorine is used in the production of
snythetic hydrochloric acid.
k. Wismut A.G. was reported to have a fourth-quarter 1953 requirement
of 10,200 tons of hydrochloric acid (100 percent acid basis). 425/
Wismut's 1955 planned allotment was 38,000 tons. 426/ Estimated con-
sumption by Wismut during 1953 is from 35,000 to 477000 tons._ (Figures
in parentheses are components of the category figure and do not contribute
to the total.)
1. Possibly 40 percent of the hydrochloric acid produced in East
Germany must be shipped to process uranium ores for the USSR in the
area of the former province of Saxony.
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Table 52
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Chlorine
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
m. In 1953, SchkoPau planned to produce 37,200 tons of vinyl chloride
and to consume about 26,800 tons of chlorine for the hydrochloric acid
needed in the manufacture. 427/
n. In 1953 the US consumed only about 4 percent of its production of
chlorine for the manufacture of vinyl chloride. 428/
o. Plant analysis studies indicate that about 07900 tons of synthetic
hydrochloric acid (100 percent acid basis) were used in the manufacture
of various chemicals and allied products, including pharmaceuticals and
rayon.
p. East Germany had a 1953 export plan for 2,500 tons of hydrochloric
acid. 429/ An estimated 5,800 tons of acid were consumed by nonchemi-
cal industries.
q. "Mersol D" is a fully synthetic substitute for fatty acids in the
soap industry. Thus it is a synthetic detergent. Two plants,
Farbenfabrik Wolfen and Leuna-Werke, are the only known producers of
the product, and their estimated 1953 combined output was 24,600 tons.
,The estimated consumption of chlorine for Mersol D is 8,100 tons, based
on an input of 0.33 ton of chlorine per ton of product. 430/
r. The Bitterfeld plant is the sole East German producer of phosphorus
trichloride, and the plant's 1953 output was 2,307 tons. 431/ The
estimated chlorine requirement is 1,870 tons (chlorine factor: 0811).
Most of the phosphorus trichloride is used to make phosphorus oxychloride,
which is used chiefly in the manufacture of plasticizers for the synthe-
tic rubber and plastics industries.
s. Some of the miscellaneous chemicals are methylene chloride, dyestuffs,
benzotrichloride, benzalchloride, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (Igelit
PC), liquid bromine, herbicide (2, 4-D), ethylene oxide (other than for
glycols), and tetrachloroethane distilled. Plant analysis studies
show that at least 10,000 tons of chlorine are consumed in the manufac-
ture of miscellaneous chemicals not previously cited in this table.
t. No production data on bleached pulp and paper are available for
1953. It was assumed that chlorine used by pulp and paper plants was
supplied to them as liquid chlorine. The estimate of 20,000 tons is
a residual value obtained after considering possible uses and distribu-
tion of liquid chlorine in East Germany.
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Table 52
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Chlorine
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
u. The 1953 export plan for chlorine (liquid) was 6,300 tons, but
only 3,287 tons were shipped in the first 7 months. 432/ It is
believed that an export of 5,000 tons was all that could be made
for the year.
v. Chlorine losses or waste in 1953 are estimated as 6,500 tons.
The Bitterfeld plant reportedly wasted 2,000 tons during the first
6 months of 1953. 433/ The residual value remaining, 7,330 tons,
is believed to have been consumed chiefly for water purification
and sanitation (sewage treatment).
domestic requirements.. Annual production quotas for products made by
the organic chemical industry can be achieved only if import plans
for benzol, toluol, and naphthalene are successful.
a. Benzol (Refined).
It is estimated that in 1953, 27,000 tons of benzol
(refined) were imported by East Germany, and with an estimated domestic
production of 10,800 tons, the total available benzol was about 37,800
tons. There is no evidence that benzol was used to produce aniline,
synthetic phenol, or maleic anhydride, and apparently little benzol
was used to prepare resorcinol or was used as "motor benzol" to increase
antiknock properties when added to gasoline.* The manufacture of
synthetic rubber is the largest consumer of benzol, demanding about
40 percent of the total available benzol. Production of insecticides
and pesticides, including DDT, benzene hexachloride (BHC), and
dichlorobenzenes, probably was the second largest consumer, demanding
about 20 percent of the benzol.
* Negotiations were reportedly conducted during June 1954 between
East Germany and Poland for the exchange of 50,000 tons of synthetic
gasoline from East Germany for 50,000 tons of motor benzol from
Poland. 434/
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The estimated consumption pattern for refined benzol
in East Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 53.
Table 53
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Refined Benzol
in East Germany a/
1953
Use
Amount
(Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Styrene (for Buna S rubber types)
Ethyl benzene (for export)
Polystyrene
DDT (insecticide)
Chlorobenzenes (other than for DDT)
Benzene hexachloride (BHC) (insecticide)
Miscellaneous chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
and solvent and diluent uses
Export
15,080 b/
4,250 -&*/
1,420 E/
5,800 Tly
3,220 ../
1,000 Ty
6,48o g/
550 Ei
39.9
11.2
3.8
15.3
8.5
2.7
17.1
1.5
Total
37,800 100.0
a. The estimates in this table were derived from a great number of
individual statistical reports which it would be impractical to in-
clude as source references. In addition, the methodology and calcu-
lations employed to obtain these estimates have had to be abbreviated
to allow inclusion in the footnotes accompanying this table.
b. ChemischeMerke Buna, Schkopau, produces styrene from ethyl benzene.
The estimated 193 production of ethyl benzene is 25,400 tons, of
which about 20,200 tons were used to make styrene. About 18,46o tons
of ethyl benzene were consumed for styrene that was used directly in
the manufacture of Buna S rubbers and 1,740 tons for styrene that
was polymerized to prepare polystyrene plastics. The refined benzol
input factor for 1 ton of ethyl benzene is 0.817 ton. 435/
c. The 1953 planned delivery of ethyl benzene to the USSR was 5,200
tons. 436/
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Table 53
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Refined Benzol
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
d. The 1953 DDT production is estimated as 6,650 tons, which includes
actual output of 4,049 tons by the Bitterfeld plant. 437/ The total
DDT output would demand about 5,985 tons of monochlorobenzene, which,
in turn, would consume about 5,800 tons of benzol for its manufacture.
The factors used were 1 ton of DDT requires 0.90 ton of monochlorobenzene;
1 ton of monochlorobenzene requires 0.97 ton of benzol.
e. The Bitterfeld and Wolfen (Farbenfabrik) plants are producers of
mono- and dichlorobenzenes, the latter a byproduct. The 1953 combined
output of the two plants is estimated at 9,300 tons, requiring about
9,020 tons of benzol. Because 5,800 tons of benzol were consumed to
make DDT, the difference, 3,220 tons, is the amount of benzol involved
for chlorobenzenes available for export and other uses.
f. Estimated 1953 output of insecticide BHC is 73 tons (85 percent
gamma isomer content). This amount would require about 1,000 tons
of benzol (benzol factor: 13.8 tons per ton of "85 percent" BHC 438/).
g. This is a residual value obtained by subtracting all listed uses
from the estimated total available benzol, 37,800 tons.
h. 435/
VEB Chemische Werke Buna (Schkopau), VEB Farbenfabrik
Wolfen, and VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld, are believed
to have used about four-fifths of all benzol consumed in East Germany
during 1953. The Schkopau plant alone may have used 55 percent of
the total.
East German demands for refined benzol probably
showed a marked increase in 1955. Production of synthetic rubber
and insecticides will expand, and the first postwar production of
aniline (via nitrobenzene) may begin. VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen was
scheduled to increase nitrobenzene facilities during 1954, preparatory
to manufacturing aniline and to increase production of meta-aminophenol
(for resorcinol). The Wolfen plant planned to produce aniline either
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in 1955 or 1956 and ultimately to produce 3,000 tons of the product. 44o/
Anticipated planned production of aniline probably was reflected in
the 1955 East German import plan for benzol, which showed an increase
of 95 percent over the 1954 plan.
b. Toluol.
In 1953 the import plan for toluol was 4,880 tons,
and with an estimated domestic production of 3,600 tons, the total
supply of toluol was 8,L1.80 tons. The use of toluol as a solvent and
diluent in production of paints, lacquers, and varnishes may have
accounted for more than one-half of the 1953 supply of toluol. The
second largest consumer, industrial explosives, required about one-
fifth of the available toluol, and production of chemicals, pharmaceu-
ticals, perfumes, and the like consumed an estimated one-sixth of the
total.
The estimated consumption pattern for toluol in East
Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 54.
Table 54
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Toluol
in East Germany
1953
Use
Amount
(Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Industrial explosives
1,844 a/
21.7
Chemical uses
1,400 1.7)/
16.5
Solvent and diluent uses
5,016 -67
59.2
Export
220 Tili
2.6
Total
8,14-8o e/
100.0
a. VEB Sprengstoffwerk I, Schoenebeck/Elbe, is the only producer of
trinitrotoluene (TNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT) in East Germany. The
TNT and DNT are used to manufacture industrial explosives by Schoenebeck
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Table 54
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Toluol
in East Germany
1953
(Continued)
and VEB Sprengstoffwerk II, Gnaschwitz/Bautzen. The finished explo-
sives are required by the potash mining industry and by Technisches
Kontor, Karl-Marx-Stadt (Wismut A.G.), for mining uranium ore. 441/
b. Chemical uses include the manufacture of benzoic acid, saccharin,
benzal and benzyl chlorides, benzaldehyde, and the like. These
products are used to prepare other chemicals, dyestuffs, food pre-
servatives, pharmaceuticals, rubber accelerators, synthetic perfumes
and flavoring agents, and textile processing chemicals. The signifi-
cant toluol consumers are benzoic acid and saccharin. The estimate
of 1,400 tons of toluol for chemical uses is a rough approximation
obtained by plant analysis studies for possible toluol requirements
by various chemical plants.
c. This is a residual value obtained by difference. It is presumed
that a large volume of toluol is required as a solvent and diluent
in the manufacture of paints, lacquers, varnishes, adhesives, thinners,
and paint removers. Toluol is an especially good, low-toxic, solvent,
particularly valuable for cellulose-base lacquers.
d. All toluol reportedly exported was shipped to "capitalistic
countries." 442/
e. The estimated total available quantity of toluol is the sum of
the estimated 1953 production, 3,600 tons, and the 1953 import plan,
4,800 tons 443/.
Among chemical plants in East Germany the major con-
sumers of toluol are VEB Sprengstoffwerk I, Schoenebeck/Elbe; VEB
Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld; VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen; and
VEB Fahlberg-List, Magdeburg. In 1954 the Wolfen plant planned to
increase production of nitrotoluol and other toluol intermediates
for manufacturing dyestuffs, 444/ and the Schoenebeck plant began
expansion of facilities to increase production of trinitrotoluol (TNT)
at a total cost of 15 million DME, and the plant's ultimate TNT'
capacity will be 6,000 tons per year. 445/
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c. Naphthalene.
It is estimated that in 1953 East Germany imported
about 19,300 tons of naphthalene and produced 11-,800 tons, a total
available supply of 24,100 tons. The production of phthalic anhy-
dride is the largest single use for naphthalene and required almost
35 percent of the total 1953 supply of naphthalene. The manufac-
ture of carbon black, hydrogenated naphthalenes, and beta-naphthol
accounted for nearly 42 percent of the remainder of the total naph-
thalene.
Nearly all available naphthalene in East Germany is
consumed by the chemical industry. Approximately 95 percent of the
total was used by VEB Chemische Werke Buna at Schkopau, VEB Farbenfabrik
Wolfen, VEB Russwerk Oranienburg, VEB Deutsches Hydrierwerk Rodleben,
and VEB Deutsches Solvay Werk Westeregeln. The Schkopau plant itself
probably consumed more than 4o percent of the total naphthalene sup-
ply.
In the future, considerable increases in production
are anticipated for phthalic anhydride at the Schkopau plant and
beta-naphthol at Wolfen. The latter plant expects to expand its beta-
naphthol facilities either in 1956 or 1957. 446/ The estimated con-
sumption pattern for naphthalene in East Germany in 1953 is shown
in Table 55.*
d. Phenol (Refined).
The total 1953 supply of refined phenol in East Germany
is estimated at 10,200 tons, all from domestic production; there
were no imports reported. The production of polyamide-type fibers,
plastics, and similar products, in finished form known as Perlon
goods, was probably the largest consumer of refined phenol during
1953. The chemical intermediate, caprolactam, which is derived from
refined phenol, is the base material for manufacturing Perlon products.
This commodity is estimated to have used about 36 percent of the
available phenol. The manufacture of phenolic plastics and resins,
exclusive of those resins used in preparing synthetic organic tanning
agents and ion-exchange resins, was the second largest consumer and
used almost 15 percent of the total supply.**
* Table 55 follows on p. 147.
** Continued on p. 149.
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Table 55
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Naphthalene
in East Germany a/
1953
Use
Amount
(Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Phthalic anhydride
Carbon black
Hydrogenated naphthalenes
decalin)
Beta-naphthol
Chlorinated naphthalenes
Emulsifier for Buna rubber
("Emulagtor 1000")
Miscellaneous uses
(tetralin and
8,360 b/
3,610 zy
3,360 d/
3,080 -.y
1,930 TY
1,590 g/
2,170 TV
34.7
15.0
13.9
12.8
8.0
6.6
9.0
Total 24,100 i/ 100.0
a. The estimates in this table were derived from a great number of
individual statistical reports which would be impractical to in-
clude as source references. In addition, the methodology and calcu-
lations employed to obtain these estimates have had to be abbreviated
to allow inclusion in the footnotes accompanying this table.
b. Chemische Werke Buna, Schkopau, is the sole producer of phthalic
anhydride, and the estimated 1953 output was 8,200 tons. This amount
would consume about 8,360 tons of naphthalene (naphthalene factor:
1.02). Phthalic anhydride is used for the manufacture of plasticizers
and softeners for the plastics and rubber industries and for making
alkyd resins ("Duxalyd"). It is estimated that more than 60 percent of
the product was delivered to the USSR during 1953.
c. Russwerk Oranienburg produces carbon black from naphthalene for
the rubber, printing inks, and paint industries. The 1953 output
of this carbon black ("Gasruss") is estimated to have been 2,200
tons, which would require about 3,610 tons of naphthalene (naphthalene
factor: 1.64).
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Table 55
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Naphthalene
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
d. Deutsches Hydrierwerk Rodleben is the only producer of tetralin
and decalin, solvents for .the lacquer industry and also used to make
floor polishes. Based on reported actual production in the first
6 months of 1953; the estimated final outputs of tetralin ,and decalin
are 1,100 tons and 2,100 tons, respectively. 447/ These outputs
would correspondingly consume naphthalene in amounts of about 1,180
tons and 2,180 tons (naphthalene factors: 1.075 for tetralin; 1.038
for decalin).
e. Farbenfabrik Wolfen is the producer of beta-naphthol; which is
used chiefly to prepare a rubber antioxidant chemical. The 1953
output is estimated to have been 2,500 tons, based on reported pro-
duction of 1,549 tons in 1951 and 2,043 tons in 1952. 448/ An out-
put of 2,500 tons would require about 3,080 tons of naphthalene
(naphthalene factor: 1.23).
f. Two chlorinated naphthalenes are made in East Germany. The
Westeregeln chemical plant produces "Xylamon," a wood preservative.
The 1953 output of Xylamon is estimated to have been 2,200 tons,
based on reported production of 1,062 tons in 1951 and 1,610 tons in
1952. 449/ The naphthalene requirement for 2,200 tons of Xylamon
should be 1,822 tons (naphthalene factor: 0.828). The other chlo-
rinated naphthalene is made by a liquid fuels plant at Zeitz, an.
the product is called "Fluhyzet A," a pour-point depressor for
lubricating oils. The 1953 output was reported to have been 434 tons,
and about 108 tons of naphthalene were used. 450/ Thus total naphthalene
for chlorinated products is estimated as 1,930 tons.
g. The Schkopau plant produces "Emulgator 1000" for an intermediate
raw material in the manufacture of Buna rubbers. In 1953 the emulsifier
output is estimated to have been 3,900 tons; the plan was 3,855 tons,. 451/
Naphthalene consumption would be about 1,590 tons (naphthalene factor:
0.407 452/).
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Table 55
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Naphthalene
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
h. This is a residual value obtained by difference. Miscellaneous
naphthalene uses probably include the manufacture of dyestuffs,
synthetic tanning agents, and insecticides. The quantity may also
include some naphthalene disappearance resulting from processing the
"hot-pressed" grade to a pure grade of naphthalene.
i. The estimate was made from. a reported total consumption of 12,130
tons for the first half of 1953. Actual naphthalene imports for
this period were 9,650 tons. 453/
Insufficient production of refined phenol in East
Germany has had unfavorable effects on the general economy of the
country and has caused underfulfillment of annual economic plans.
Both production of vital products made from phenolic plastics (Bakelite)
and resins and the manufacture of essential leather-tanning agents
have been retarded. Less desirable phenol substitutes, cresol and
xylenol, have been used. In spite of the phenol shortage, relatively
large quantities of phenol have been shipped to the USSR.
An example of the effects of the shortage of phenol
is the revision of the 1955 economic plan for production of caprolactam,
a 52-percent downward revision to 4,815 tons. 454/ Thus, instead
of 13,700 tons of refined phenol being required for caprolactam,
only about 6,600 tons were to be used in 1955.
About two-thirds of the refined phenol available
during 1953 in East Germany was consumed by VEB Leuna-Werke "Walter
Ulbricht," VEB FarbenfabrikWolfen, VEB Fettchemie- und Fewawerk
at Karl-Marx-Stadt (formerlY: Chemnitz), and VEB Elektrochemisches
Kombinat Bitterfeld. The Leuna plant may have used as much as 49 per-
cent of the total supply.
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The estimated consumption pattern for refined phenol
in East Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 56.
Table 56
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Refined Phenol
in East Germany a/
1953
Use
Amount
(Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Caprolactam (raw material for
Perlon products)
Phenolic plastics and resins
Cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone (except
for caprolactam)
Synthetic organic tanning agents
Pharmaceuticals
Salicylic acid
Weedkiller (2,4-D)
Refining lubricating oils
Triphenyl phosphate
Miscellaneous chemicals
Export
3,700 b/
1,500 .Ey
1,300 d/
1,100 -J/
340 T/
240 -g../
200 1-17
180 T./
100 :5/
64o Tcy
900 TY
36.3
14.7
12.7
10.8
3.3
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.0
6.3
8.8
Total 10,200
100.0
a. The estimates in this table were derived from a great number of
individual statistical reports which it would be impractical to in-
clude as source references. In addition, the methodology and calcu-
lations employed to obtain these estimates have had to be abbreviated
to allow inclusion in the footnotes accompanying this table.
b. Caprolactam is produced only by the Ledna-Werke, and the estimated
1953 gross output was 2,700 tons, based on 6 months' production of
1,342 tons. 455/ An output Of 2,700 tons would consume about 3,700
tons of phenol (phenol factor: 1.37 456/).
c. 1953 estimated production of phenolic .plastics and resins,
excluding synthetic tannins and ion-exchange resins, was 10,600 tons.
This output possibly consumed about 1,500 tons of phenol. In 1952,
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Table 56
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Refined Phenol
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
phenolic plastics and resins production was 8,272 tons, 457/- and
1,175 tons of phenol were used. 458/
d. These phenol-derived products are valuable organic solvents and
are made chiefly by Leuna-Werke. It is estimated that Leuna consumed
about 1,300 tons of phenol to produce these products -- in addition
to what was required directly for manufacturing caprolactam.
e. The two principal producers are Fettchemie-und Fewawerk, Karl-
Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz), and Farbenfabrik Wolfen. Fewawerk is estimated
to have used about 600 tons during 195, 1.1-.22/and Wolfen about 500
tons, based on'an estimated output of l',400 tons of synthetic tannins.
Thus the total phenol required for tanning agents was 1,100 tons.
f. In 1952 the pharmaceutical industry consumed 307 tons of phenol,
and the 1953 plan was 340 tons. 460/ Lacking final 1953 information,
it is assumed that 340 tons were used.
g. The revised East German 1953 production plan for salicylic acid
was 280 tons. 461/ Output, however, was perhaps 300 tons, which
would require -.4-75 tons of phenol (phenol factor: 0.8). Portions
of the salicylic acid are now used to manufacture aspirin and photo-
graphic film (safety type).
h. Elektroehemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld produces "Hormin" and
"Hormit," wnich contain the weedkiller 2,4-D. In 1953, about 200
tons of phenol were used to prepare 2,4-D. The Hormin product is
sold as a dust and Hormit as a spray. Output of the dust was 962
tons, and 158 tons of the spray were sold.1.12/ The phenol input
factors used were: 0.065 for the dust and 0.9 for the spray.
i. Mineraloelwerk Luetzkendorf at Krumpa employs phenol as a
selective solvent for refining lubricating oils. In 1951 the
plant used 94 tons of phenol and in 1952, 144 tons. 463/ The
estimated 1953 consumption was 180 tons.
j. The Bitterfeld plant is the only producer of triphenyl phosphate,
a softener for the plastics and photochemical industries. The 1953
output was 114 tons, 464/ and this amount would require about 100
tons of phenol (phenol factor: 0.9).
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Table 56
Estimated Consumption Pattern for Refined Phenol
in East Germany a/
1953
(Continued)
t.
k. Miscellaneous chemicals include photochemicals, ion-exchange resins,
and dyestuffs. These items are made by Farbenfabrik Wolfen, and it is
estimated that the 1953 phenol requirement was 500 tons. Chemische
Werke Buna, Schkopau, produces a detergent, alkyl phenol, and other
textile auxiliary chemicals. In 1953, Schkopau planned to use 140
tons of.phenol to produce these products. 1.1?1/
1. East German phenol exports amounted to 660 tons for the first half
of 1953. 466/ It is estimated that 900 tons of phenol were exported
during the year.
East German phenol requirements are expected to rise
for many years, and all phenol produced can be used within the country.
Probable expanded production of caprolactam, phenolic plastics, syn-
thetic tannins, salicylic acid, and dyestuffs will require greater
supplies of phenol.
C. Chemical Fertilizers.
1. Nitrogen Fertilizers.
Agricultural yields in East Germany are determined, to
a large extent, by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil. Pre-
sent requirements for chemical-nitrogen fertilizers are much greater
than they were before World War II because natural organic fertilizers
are not now available to the extent that they were. In 1939, about
45 percent of the nitrogen added to the soil was obtained from chemi-
cal fertilizers and 55 percent from organic fertilizers, and in 1948
chemical fertilizers accounted. for 50 percent of the total 250,000
tons of nitrogen added. 467/ In 1948, however, the nitrogen supply
from chemical fertilizers was only 59 percent of the amount furnished
during 1939. By the 1951/52 fertilizer year the amount of chemical
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nitrogen consumed by agriculture had increased nearly-6o percent
over the 1947/48 consumption, but this still represented only about
95 percent of the 1938/39 amount. 468/
Although current production of fertilizer in East Germany
is behind prewar production, it would satisfy domestic requirements
if exports were not necessary. Exports, reparations payments, and
other special-account deliveries of nitrogen fertilizer to the USSR
have received higher priorities than domestic allocations. It is
estimated that in 1953 about 25 percent of East German production of
nitrogen fertilizer was exported. This included exports of calcium-
ammonium nitrate to Poland and Czechoslovakia that amounted to about
16 percent of East German production. It is estimated that in 1954,
total exports of nitrogen fertilizer were 70,000 tons (nitrogen
content), about 25 percent of total production of fertilizers. 469/
The 1955 export plan called. for delivery of 78,500 tons, 27 percent
of planned 1955 production. 470/ East German agriculture has benefited
very little from annual increases in production of nitrogen ferti-
lizers; higher exports have consumed those increases.
Allocations of chemical nitrogen fertilizers to agricul-
ture in East Germany in fertilizer years 1938/39 and 1945/46 through
1955/56 are shown in Table 57.*
2. Phosphorus Fertilizers.
During the postwar period, East German agriculture has
suffered severely from a lack of phosphorus fertilizers. Imports,
nearly all from Belgium, Holland, France, and West Germany, have
been necessary to supplement domestic supplies. Import plans, how-
ever, seldom have been fulfilled, partly because East Germany was
usually short of foreign currencies.
In 1939, phosphoric acid (as P205) was applied to the
soil in the area that is now East Germany in the amount of 289,000
tons. About 63 percent of this total was obtained from chemical
fertilizers. In 1948, however, only about 29 percent of the 1939
amount was applied, and chemical fertilizers furnished a little more
than 35 percent of the total. 471/ By the 1951/52 fertilizer year
the amount of phosphoric acid consumed by agriculture as chemical
* Table 57 follows on p. 154.
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Table 57
Allocations of Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizers
to Agriculture in East Germany
Fertilizer Years 1938/39 and 1945/46 through 1955/56
Metric Tons of Nitrogen
Fertili;er
Year a/
Amount
Actual
Annual Plan bi
First Five Year Plan c/
1938/39
1945/46
1946/47
1947/48
1948/49
1949/50
1950/51
1951/52
1952/53
1953/54
1954/55
1955/56
218,300 d/
49,204 Ty
75,694 Ty
129,384 Ty
177,508 T/
183,400 -ay
192,939 Ty
206,253 iy
180,000 I/
198,000 Ty
210,000 rt./
214,000 ii/
190,000 f/
190,000 E/
N.A. ?
205,000 j/
N.A.
N.A.
190,000
195,000
200,000
210,000
230,000
a. A fertilizer year covers the period from 1 July through 30 June
of the following calendar year.
b. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is shown.
c. 4 2
d. 3/
e. 77/
f. 75/
g. 476/
h. 77/
i. 478/
k. Estimated.
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fertilizer had increased to about 167 percent of the 1947/48 consump-
tion but still represented only 47.5 p6rcent of the quantity consumed
in 1938/39. 48o/
Actual deliveries to domestic agriculture have lagged
markedly behind planned allocations. The highest known quantity actu-
ally delivered in any year since World War II was during 1953/54, but
the amouht was only about 68 percent of the goal previously established
for 1954 by the First Five Year Plan (1951-55). It is evident that
the quantity of phosphoric acid being added to the soil of East Germany
is too small to obtain yields, particularly of root crops, comparable
to those of the prewar period.
Allocations of chemical phosphorus fertilizers to agricul-
ture in East Germany in fertilizer years 1938/39 and 1945/46 through
1955/56 are shown in Table 58.*
3. Potassium Fertilizers.
Agriculture is the largest consumer of potassium salts.in
East Germany. A small part of the East German production of potash
salt, about 60,000 tons (potassium oxide equivalent -- K20), is used
by the chemical industry for the manufacture of potassium carbonate,
caustic potash, and potassium chloride. The potassium chloride is
further processed into chemical compounds -- potassium chlorate,
potassium permanganate, potassium iodide, potassium bromide, and the
like. These products are used by the glass, soap, cleansing-agent,
paper, dye, and chemical industries.
In 1939, about 583,840 tons (K20 content) of potassium
were added to the soil in the area that is now East Germany. About
325,000 tons, amost 56 percent of the total, was obtain from chemi-
cal fertilizers and the remainder from organic fertilizers. 481/ In
the 1938/39 fertilizer year, total consumption of chemical paassium
fertilizers by Germany was 1,309,843 tons (K20). 482/ Therefore,
24.8 percent of this total was used in the area -ffigT is now East
Germany.
* Table 58 follows on p. 156.
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Table 58
Allocations of Chemical Phosphorus Fertilizers
to Agriculture in East Germany
Fertilizer Years 1938/39 and 1945/46 through 1955/56
Metric Tons of Phosphoric Acid
Fertilizer
Year a/
Amount
Actual
Annual Plan b/
First Five Year Plan c/
1938/39
1945/46
1946/47
1947/48
1948/49
1949/50
1950/51
1951/52
1952/53
1953/54
1954/55
1955/56
182,585 a/
9,630 --e-/
7,301 -67
32,116
63,057 -J/
102,810 zi
75,944 yi
85,865 7/
90,000 T./
106,000 1/
125,000 Ts/
145,000 Tc/
130,000 g/
150,000 EY
N.A. ?
95,000 j/
N.A.
N.A.
150,000
150,000
150,000
155,000
163,000
a. A fertilizer year covers the period from 1 July through 30 June
of the following calendar year.
b. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is shown.
c. 483/
d. 484/
e. 785/
f. 7G/
g. 487/
h. 488/
i. 459/
j. "4-D-5/
k. Estimated.
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In 1948 the amount of total potassium added to East German
soil was approximately 382,000 tons (K20), about 65 per-cent of the
1939 quantity; and chemical fertilizers accounted for about 63 percent
of the total. 491/ In the 1949/50 fertilizer year, East German
agriculture, however, received more chemical potassium fertilizer than
was supplied during 1938-39.
Since 1948/49 the quantity of chemical potassium furnished
to East German agriculture has steadily increased from year to year,
with the exception of 1952/53. This has been accomplished in spite
of large world exports of potassium fertilizers, including reparation
deliveries to the USSR. It is estimated that the amount allocated to
domestic agriculture in 1954/55 was almost one-third more than in
1938/39 and showed an increase of about 65 percent over the 1911.8/11-9
quantity.
Allocations of chemical potassium fertilizers to agricul-
ture in East Germany in fertilizer years 1938/39 and 1945/46 through
1954/55 are shown, in Table 59.*
Potassium fertilizers are among the most lucrative of the
Items exported by East Germany. About two-thirds of annual pro-
duction is exported, chiefly to countries of the Free World in
return for hard currency or goods and equipment in barter.
Because supplies of nitrogen and phosphorus for East
German agriculture have been substantially below prewar levels, larger
quantities of potassium fertilizers are provided for domestic farming.
Amounts delivered to agriculture from 1951 through 1954 have either
exceeded or closely approximated the deliveries planned by the First
Five Year Plan.
D. Rubber and Rubber Products.
The East German State Planning Commission handles the planning
of the distribution of available supplies of rubber, both synthetic
and natural, to the various consuming ministries. Data on actual
allocations for the years immediately after World War II are not avail-
able, but figures for planned distribution of synthetic rubber for
1953-55 and estimates of the consumption of new rubber in the vehicular
tire industry in 1953 are available. Planned distribution of synthetic
rubber in East Germany in 1953-55 is shown in Table 60,** and estimated
consumption of new rubber for motor vehicle tires in East Germany in
1953 is shown in Table 61.***
* Table 59 follows on p. 158.
** Table 60 follows on p. 159.
*** Table 61 follows on p. 160.
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Table 59
Allocations of Chemical Potassium Fertilizers
to Agriculture in East Germany
Fertilizer Years 1938/39 and 1945/46 through 1954/55
Metric Tons of Potassium Oxide
Amount
Fertilizter
Year a/ Actual Annual Plan b/
1938/39 325,387 d/
1945/46 418,759 ../
1946/47 283,606 "6/
1947/48 241,883 -6/
1948/49 260,739 -6/
1949/50 339,030 7/
1950/51 366,195 7g/
1951/52 425,566 .i./
1952/53 390,000 7/
1953/54 425,000 71/
1954/55 430,000 E/
First Five Year Plan
./
300,000 h/
360,000
350,000 I/
400,000
N .A . ?
400,000
N.A.
435,000
N.A.
46o,000
a. A fertilizer year covers the period from 1 July through 30 June
of the following calendar year.
b. Only the latest annual plan known for a given year is shown.
c. 492/
d. T7/
e. TT/
f. V95/
g. 496/
h. TT/
i. 498/
j.
k. Estimated.
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Table 6o
Planned Distribution of Synthetic Rubber
in East Germany
1953-55
Metric Tons
Year
Availability and Distribution
1953 2/
1954 12/
1955 Si!
Available
Inventory, 1 January
950
372.2
N.A.
Production for year
60,800
66,500
70,936
Total
61,750
66,872.2
70,936
Division Of available
Ministry for Heavy Industry
23,300
17,821.20
22,629
Ministry for Machine Construction
Industry
2,850
3,905.07
5,419
Ministry for Light Industry
1,180
1,119.71
1,465
Ministry for Construction
0.36
4
Other consumers (local industry)
4,120
1,719.45
1,506
Total
31,1#50
24,565.78
31,023
Export
29,14.00
42,325
39,140
Contingent allocations
61
43
Operating reserves
39
230
Inventory, 31 December
800
N.A.
500
Grand total
61,750
66,890.78
70,936
a.
b.
c.
500/
501/
502/
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Table 61
Estimated Consumption of New Rubber for Motor Vehicle Tires
in East Germany 2/
1953
Number of Tires
Metric Tons of Rubber
Requested
Planned
"Acknowledged", Production Expected
Actual
Require per 1,000 Tires
Estimated Consumption
Type of Tires
by Consumers
Requirements 12/ Plus Imports Shortage
Production
Natural
Synthetic
Natural
Synthetic
Motorcycle
350,000
165,000 159,000 6,000
174,141
0.3
2.2
52.24
383.11
Passenger car
560,000
360,500 289,700 70,800
279,936
0.5
5.0
139.97
1,399.68
Truck
Heavy tractor
850,000
137,000
519,900 , 438,00o 81,900
(39,000) 2/
47,600 33,200 14,400
368,672
36,118
2.5
2.8
18.2
31.9
921.68
101.13
6,709.83
1,152.16
Solid
35,000
7,000 7,000 o
7,000
1.0
5.1
7.000
35.70
Miscellaneous
110,000
6,000 6,000 o
6,000
0.3
4.9
1.80
28.80
Total
1,223.82.
9,709.28
a. The data
efer to new rubber only; they do not include
reclaimed
rubber. 503/
b. Acknowledged requirements' fixed by State Planning Commission.
c. This figure represents planned imports and is included in the total.
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Estimated consumption of rubber for vehicular tires in East
Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 62.
Table 62
Estimated Consumption of Rubber for Vehicular Tires
in East Germany
1953
Metric Tons
Use
Natural
Synthetic
Motor vehicle tires
1,224 2/
9,709 2/
Motor vehicle tubes
1,800 12/
Bicycle tires and tubes
2,250 2/
Tire repair materials
1,500 il/
Total
3,024
13,459
a. These figures refer to new rubber only. See Table 61,
p. 160, above.
b. This estimate assumes an average of 5.33 pounds (about
2.5 kilograms) of rubber per tube and production of as many
tubes as tires.
c. .East Germany produces between 4 and 5 million bicycle
tires and about the same number of tubes per year. This
estimate assumes a requirement of 0.5 kilogram for each "set,"
composed of a tire and tube.
d. Tire repair materials are estimated to require about
10 percent of the amount of rubber used in making new tires.
Production of vehicular tires in East Germany consumes more
than 80 percent of the natural rubber imported but only 38.7 percent
of the available synthetic rubber. The remainder of the natural
rubber would be required principally for making surgical goods and
drug sundries. The manufacture of about 2 million pairs of foot-
wear each year requires less than 1,000 tons of rubber, all synthetic.
There are no available data on which to base estimates of consumption
of rubber for other consumer items and industrial goods.
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E. Synthetic Plastics, Fibers, and Resins..
The industrial uses of plastics in the economy of East Germany
are so many and so varied that the determination of a significant use
pattern is impossible. With the expanding research and development
in chemical plastics, fibers, and resins, new uses are being found
and are being applied on production levels. Because of the versatil-
ity of plastic materials and the rapid development of technology in
production and use of chemical plastics, any approximate use pattern
would be of little aid in evaluating the importance of synthetic
plastics, fibers, and resins in the economy of East Germany.
F. Pharmaceuticals.
Little information is available on which to determine a dis-
tribution pattern for the complex East German pharmaceutical industry.
It is known that there is a shortage of pharmaceuticals in. the Sino-
Soviet Bloc and that most of the countries of the Bloc depend on East
Germany for supplies of pharmaceuticals. It is safe to assume that
in 1954 about 50 percent of total East German production of pharma-
ceuticals was exported to the USSR and that an additional 5 to 10
percent of the total went to Communist China and the European Satel-
lites.
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IV. Major Input Requirements.
A. General.
The chemical industry of East Germany is a volume user of raw
materials, which are transformed by chemical processing into innumer-
able end products. The industry also requires in large quantities
the products or byproducts of other industries. Because much of the
chemical industry is integrated, it uses many of its awn products as
starting materials and carries them to finished production, and it is
by far the largest consumer of the primnry chemicals and intermediates
which it produces. The wide scope of the industry and the volume of
its products have made it a major consumer of raw materials, manpower,
and process materials and energy.
B. Raw Materials.
Some of the important inorganic raw materials consumed by the
East German chemical industry, other than inorganic chemical compounds,
include the following:
Nonmetals Metals
Limestone Phosphorus
Rock salt Sodium
Phosphate rock and apatite concentrate Lead
Pyrites Mercury
Gypsum (anhydrite) Copper
Potash Iron
Sulfur Zinc
Barite (blanc fixe) Silver
Alumina Platinum
Fluorspar
Kieserite (magnesium sulfate) Others
Chrome ore
? Ilmenite Air
Pyrolusite (manganese ore) Water
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A few of the organic raw materials consumed by the East German chemi-
cal industry, other than manufactured organic chemical products, are
listed below:
Mineral
Coke
Coal tars and light oils
Lignite (brown coal)
Petroleum
Paraffins and waxes
Vegetable
Fats and oils
Sugar and molasses
Lumber and wood
Naval stores
Cotton linters
Starch
Vegetable extracts
Animal
Fats and oils
Milk
Animal organs
Blood and components
Available information does not permit quantitative estimates
of all raw materials used by the East German chemical industry in any
year, but reliable estimates of some of the major raw-material inputs
are possible. Estimated consumption of selected raw materials by the
chemical industry of East Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 63.
Table 63
Estimated Consumption of Selected Raw Materials
by the Chemical Industry of East Germany a/*
1953
Metric Tens
Raw Material
Amount b/
Barite (barium sulfate)
Benzol, crude
Chrome ore (as Cr203)
Coal tar (from bituminous coal) f/
10,000 c/
20,000 -a/
4,60o -e/
?
100,000
Coke (from bituminous coal)
500,000 g/
Gypsum, anhydrite (calcium sulfate)
842,0001T/
Kieserite (magnesium sulfate; 26 percent sulfur
content)
71,000 i/
Limestone
1,400,000
Footnotes for Table 63 follow on p. 165.
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Table 63
Estimated Consumption of Selected Raw Materials
by the Chemical Industry of East Germany 'a/
1953
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Raw Material
Amount .12/
Phosphate rock and apatite concentrate
260,000 k/
Pyrites (42 percent sulfur content)
250,000 Iv
Salt, rock (sodium chloride)
800,000 Ej
Sulfur
52,000 Tiy
a. The data presented in this table were derived from a large num-
ber of statistical reports which it would be impractical to include
as source references.
b. Quantities shown are believed to be minimum amounts.
c. The figure includes barium carbonate and several barium contain-
ing compounds, not including lithopone.
d. The amount may be as high as 50,000 tons, if imports must all be
processed before use.
e. The figure includes only potassium chromate and other chrominum-
containing compounds produced by VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat
Bitterfeld,
f. Coal tar is used primarily for producing aromatic coal chemicals
and electrode materials.
g. The figure includes about 420,000 tons for the manufacture of
calcium darbide and 37,000 tons for the manufacture of soda ash.
h. The figure includes 777,000 tons for the manufacture of ammonium
sulfate and 65,000 tons for the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
i. The figure is for sulfuric acid only.
j. The figure includes about 770,000 tons for the manufacture of
calcium carbide, 430,000 tons for the manufacture of soda ash, and
175,000 tons for the manufacture of calcium-ammonium nitrate.
k. The figure includes about 220,000 tons for the manufacture of
phosphate fertilizers and 40,000.tons for the manufacture of yellow
phosphorus.
1. .The figure is for the manufacture of sulfuric acid only.
m. The figure includes 445,000 tons for the manufacture of soda ash
and 340,000 tons for the manufacture of caustic soda.
n. The figure includes only 36,000 tons for the manufacture of
carbon disulfide and 16,000 tons for the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
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The consumption by the East German chemical industry of some
basic chemicals not included in Table 63 may be determined from the
consumption patterns given for those chemicals in III, above.* Raw
materials required by the rubber industry, for example, are calcium
carbide, refined benzol, and naphthalene,** and the most important
starting materials for the East German plastics industry are calcium
Carbide and phenol.***
C. Manpower.
Defections from East Germany to the West have imposed a rigid
ceiling on the available force of industrial workers and have nulli-
fied the normal additions resulting from population increase. Addi-
tions to the labor force of the East German chemical industry, there-
fore, tend to be made at the expense of other industries. The govern-
ment accordingly .emphasizes increases in labor productivity rather
than increases in the number of persons employed. The labor problem
of the industry is complicated further by a shortage of technically
trained personnel. Estimated employment in the chemical industry of
East Germany in 1950-53 is shown in Table 64.
Table 64
Estimated Employment in the Chemical Industry
of East Germany a/
1950-53
Year
Persons Employed
Index
(1950=100)
1950 (January)
180,865
100
1951 (January)
185,352
102
1952 (January)
195,000 b/
108
1953 (November)
222,155 zy
123
a. 504/
b. Estimated.
c. The figure inCludes about 44,000 workers employed by the Main
Administration for Liquid Fuels. 505/
* P. 117, above.
** Pp. 126, 142, and 147, respectively, above.
*** Pp. 126 and 150, respectively, above.
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The chemical industry of East Germany is characterized by a
high concentration of employment in a small group of very large enter-
prises. According to East German statistics, as of 31 December 1951,
62 percent of the labor force of the chemical industry was employed
in 33 plants, or 1.2 percent of the 2,700 chemical plants in East
Germany. 506/ In late 1953 and early 1954, about 46 percent of the
labor force was concentrated in the 18 plants listed below 507/:
Plant
Persons
Employed
VEB Leuta-Werke "Walter Ulbricht" 27,757*
VEB Chemische Werke Buna, Schkopau 16,o38**
VEB Filmfabrik (AGFA) Wolfen 13,982**
VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat Bitterfeld, Bitterfeld 13,086-x-*
VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen 5,823***
VEB Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz 5,000XXXX
VEB Sprengstoffwerk I, Schoenebeck 2,856**
VEB Fettchemie- und Fewawerk, Karl-Marx-Stadt ::TP::
VEB Deutsches Hydrierwerk Rodleben xx
VEB Eilenburger Zelluloidwerk, Eilenburg 2,096****
VEB Sodawerke "Karl Marx," Bernburg 1,929**
VEB Schering, Berlin-Adlershof 1,835****
VEB Fahlberg-List, Magdeburg 1,716**
VEB Sodawerke "Fred Oelssner," Stassfurt 1,620**
VEB Gummiwerk, Bad.Blankenburg 1.:0.-7::xx
VEB Schoenebecker Gummiwerk, Schoenebeck
VEB Schwefelsaeure- und Aetznatronwerk, Nuenchritz 1,151****
VEB Sprengstoffwerk II, Gnaschwitz 709xxx
Total 103,466
Reported as of January 1955.
Reported as of March. 1954
Reported as of January 1954.
Reported as of September 1953.
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D. Process Materials and Energy.
The East German chemical industry, including synthetic fuel
plants, is a major consumer of process materials such as brown coal
(lignite), high-temperature coke, low-temperature brown-coal coke,
brown-coal briquettes, and process steam. The industry is also the
country's major consumer of electric power.
East Germany has admitted that lignite is the most important
raw material, for the "entire economy is based on lignite production."
It is estimated that in 1953 the chemical industry consumed about 30
percent (11.8 million tons) of the lignite briquettes and more than
70 percent (4.3 million tons) of the low-temperature brown-coal coke
consumed in East Germany.
Some branches of the chemical industry of East Germany re-
quire high-temperature cokes prepared from bituminous coal ("hard
coal," as it is called in Germany) and lignite. It is estimated
that about 1.5 million tons, approximately one-third of the total
1953 East German consumption of high-temperature coke, were used by
the chemical industry. A portion of the hard-coal coke, however,
serves as a raw material in the manufacture of calcium carbide and
several other chemical products. Lack of information precludes
presentation of quantitative estimates of the amounts of process
water and steam consumed by the chemical industry. It is believed
that the volume of water and steam used annually is considerable.
The East German chemical industry is not only a large pro-
ducer of electric power, accounting for about 4o percent of total
1953 East German production, but it is the largest single consumer
in the country. In 1953 the industry was reported to have consumed
30 percent, about 7.3 billion kilowatt-hours, of total East German
power consumption. 508/ It is estimated that the manufacture of
calcium carbide and electrolytic alkalies (caustic soda and caustic
potash) combined required 3.26 billion kwh, approximately 45 percent
of the total power consumed by the chemical industry. Liquid-fuel-
producing plants are estimated to have used another 2 billion kwh
in 1953. 509/ On the basis of plant analysis, it is estimated that
four chemical plants, at Schkopau, Piesteritz, Bitterfeld, and Wolfen
(Farbenfabrik), jointly required about 4.8 billion kwh during 1953.
A late 1954 report advised that the Schkopau plant was consuming
about 10 million kwh per day for production of acetylene (via carbide)
alone. 510/
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Significant quantities of process materials are consumed in
the manufacture of synthetic rubber. On the basis of data obtained
by US and British experts who studied the German synthetic rubber
industry immediately after World War II, some estimates of consump-
tion can be made. Estimated major process materials consumed in
production of 64,000 tons of synthetic rubber in East Germany in
1953 is shown in Table 65.
Table 65
Estimated Major Process Materials Consumed in Production
of 64,000 Tons of Synthetic Rubber in East Germany
1953
Process Material
Unit
Amount per Metric
Ton of Rubber
Total Input
Electricity
Steam
Water, process
Water, treated
Kilowatt-hours
Metric tons
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
155
3.3
240
1.9
9,920,000 a/
211,200 ?
15,360,000 b/
121,600 1-5/
a. Estimated total electricity required, including the amount needed
to produce the raw materials used, would be about 998,000,000 kwh
(based on 15,59)-1- kwh per ton of rubber).
b. Estimated total water required, including the amount needed to
produce the raw materials used, would be about 182,660,000 cubic.
meters (based on 2,854 cubic meters per ton of rubber).
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V. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.*
A. Capabilities.
Because the chemical industry of East Germany produces such
a great variety of end items and intermediates, it is impossible to
evaluate the capability of the industry in absolute terms. Soviet
control of export commitments further complicates the problem of
evaluation. In a very general way, it can be said that as of 1956
the East German chemical industry had the capability of producing
supplies of sulfuric acid, synthetic ammonia, nitric acid, caustic
soda, soda ash, potassium fertilizers, and synthetic rubber adequate
for domestic consumption, but did not have the capability of produc-
ing adequate supplies of most other chemical products -- particularly
of aromatic coal chemicals, chlorine, phosphorus fertilizers, motor
vehicle tires, some plastic materials, and some pharmaceuticals such
as antibiotics, insulin, and various sulfa drugs. Only because of
high export commitments, production of nitrogen fertilizers and
calcium carbide for domestic use has been inadequate.
The future development of the East German chemical industry
appears to depend largely on the degree of emphasis allowed under
Soviet authority through the directives of the Council for Economic
Mutual'Assistance (CEMA). There is evidence that CEMA is exerting
pressure on each European Satellite to direct its efforts toward
that branch of industry which its natural resources and technical
skills make it most capable of developing. There are indications,
moreover, that East Germany's economic plans from 1956 onward will
be more closely coordinated with the plans of other countries of
the Sino-Soviet Bloc. In addition, there is likely to be among the
countries an exchange of technical knowledge and experience which
eventually may lead to common standards for processes and inputs. 511/
No final East German Second Five Year Plan (1956-60) produc-
tion goals and no particulars of recently signed long-term trade
agreements between East Germany and other countries of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc are yet known. In July 1955, however, Fritz Selbmann,
East German Minister for Heavy Industry, stated that in the Second
Five Year Plan, priority would be given to coal, power, chemicals,
* This discussion does not cover synthetic liquid fuels and some
other commodities produced under the jurisdiction of the Main Admin-
istration for Liquid Fuels.
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and metallurgy, in that order, and that in the chemical industry pro-
duction of sulfuric acid, soda ash, other alkalies, chlorine, synthetic
fuels, synthetic rubber, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, and plastics
would be emphasized. 512/ The Fourth SED Congress had pointed out
previously that one of the principal tasks of the new Five Year Plan
was the expansion of the chemical industry. 513/
Perhaps most significant in any evaluation of the chemical
industry of East Germany is the fact that in the event of war, both
direct and indirect requirements for many major chemical products
could be satisfied by reallocation of these products from civil to
military use.
B. Vulnerabilities.
The apparent vulnerabilities of the chemical industry of East
Germany are its dependence on imports of certain raw materials and
some types of construction materials and plant equipment, the inter-
dependence of its various productive operations, its dependence on
electric power, and the geographical concentration of its production
facilities.
Effective proscription of East German imports of pyrites,
phosphorus fertilizers, crude phosphate rock and apatite, hard-coal
coke, refined benzol, toluol, and naphthalene would cripple the chemi-
cal industry seriously. A major portion of East German imports of
pyrites, the source of over one-half of East Germany's sulfuric acid
in 1955 (two-thirds in 1953), comes from the West, as does a part of
the naphthalene used in production of synthetic rubber and various
organic chemicals, all of the imports of phosphorus fertilizers, and
some of the crude phosphate ores.
East German production of calcium carbide 'andaromatic coal.
chemicals (except phenol) is dependent on Soviet Bloc supplies of
hard-coal coke and the bituminous coal from which additional coke
is made. Almost 70 percent of combined production of refined benzol,
toluol, and naphthalene in East Germanyis made from bard coal imported
from the. Bloc. During 1954*, more than 60 percent of East Germany's
supply of refined benzol, about 50 percent of the toluol, and almost.
70 percent of the naphthalene was imported ,from the USSR, Poland,
and Czechoslovakia.
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The chemical industry of East Germany suffers from shortages
of construction materials and certain vital plant equipment. These
shortages have precluded more rapid expansion of the industry and
have restricted production of some chemicals and chemical products.
Construction materials in short supply include pit and support tim-
ber, stainless steels and other high-quality steels, sheet metal,
and seamless boiler tubes. Scarce items of plant equipment include
retorts, pressure vessels (especially for high pressures), vacuum
pumps, and electrical equipment.
The chemical industry of East Germany is one of the major
consumers of its own products. The consequent interdependence of
the productive operations within the industry has created a balance
which could be destroyed easily by the acute shortage of a single .
raw material. If, for example, the chemical industry were deprived
of its supply of pyrites, production of sulfuric acid would be cur-
tailed seriously, and as a consequence, production of synthetic fibers,
phosphorus fertilizers, explosives, synthetic motor fuels, insecti-
cides, and various other products would be retarded or stopped en-
tirely.
The chemical industry of East Germany is almost entirely
dependent on the supply of electric power. The disruption of power
supplies to a few of the larger chemical complexes would affect the
entire industry, and an extended stoppage of electric power at the
major plants might lead to a paralysis of the East German economy.
The concentration of the East German chemical industry in
the complexes at Leuna, Schkopau, Bitterfeld, Wolfen (Farbenfabrik),
and Piesteritz constitutes a significant potential vulnerability.
If those plants were incapacitated, East Germany would lose all of
its production of synthetic ammonia, nitric acid, and synthetic
rubber; almost all of its production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic
chemicals, and calcium carbide; and more than one-half of its pro-
duction of caustic soda, chlorine, and plastics.
C. Intentions.
Because the products of the chemical industry of East Germany
are versatile in their industrial applications and can be readily
reallocated from the civil economy to the military, a shift or a
trend in the intentions of the East German government probably would
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not be accompanied by marked increases in production of basic chemi-
cals. Abrupt changes in the consumption and trade patterns of the
chemical industry, however, might be clear indications of intentions.
Unexpected reallocations of key products or unusually large imports
of chemicals or chemical raw materials might indicate mobilization
of material reserves and impending increases in production of mili-
tary-oriented goods. Unprecedented increases in East German exports
of some chemicals to other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc might
also indicate the.military intentions of the Bloc. Although changes
in the East German consumption and trade patterns would not necessarily
imply warlike intentions but might reflect economic trends or modifi-
cations of political or economic policy, some analysis of the possible
military significance of such changes will be of value.
The synthetic ammonia industry in East Germany is one of the
best indicators of military intentions, for a war will require diver-
sion of synthetic ammonia and its two primary products, nitric acid
and ammonium nitrate, from the manufacture of large quantities of
nitrogen fertilizers to production of explosives. A decrease in
production of nitrate fertilizers might indicate consignment of larger
allocations of nitric acid to production of explosives, and a reduc-
tion in the mixing of ammonium nitrate with calcium carbonate to
produce a fertilizer, calcium-ammonium nitrate, might indicate a
shift of ammonium nitrate to explosives if there were no simultaneous
reduction in production of ammonium nitrate.
A significant increase in production of sulfuric acid probably
would not occur if war were imminent, but if the acid were reallocated
to produce direct or indirect military items, a noticeable drop in
the manufacture of superphosphate fertilizer might be evident. The
expansion of production of oleum (fuming sulfuric acid), however,
might suggest larger allocations for explosives.
In addition to increases in production of nonatomic explo-
sives, production of the following chemicals and allied products,
among many others, probably would be increased if military activity
were imminent: acetic acid anhydride, ethyl alcohol, aniline, form-
aldehyde, hexamethylenetetramine, glycols, methanol, chlorinated
organics (including solvents), pentaerythritol, and heavy-duty truck
tires.
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Production, allocation, and trade of special Chemical materials
which may be used as constituents of rocket propellants might be
significant indicators of intentions. Among a list of rocket fuels
that may appear in East Germany are the following: aniline,
dimethylamines and trimethylamines, diethylamines and triethylamines,
furfuryl alcohol, hydrazine hydrate, and dimethylhydrazine. Among
the possible fuel oxidizers are the following: red fuming nitric
acid, fluorine (liquid), and chlorine trifluoride. The various amines
mentioned above are already in production at VEB Leuna-Werke "Walter
Ulbricht." The production of aniline was scheduled to begin during
1955, presumably at VEB Farbenfabrik Wolfen. With the exception of
'liquid fluorine, which is produced by VEB Fluorwerke Dohna at Dohna,
no other items listed above are known to be in production at this
time.
Outright confiscation or gradual disappearance of medicinal
supplies such as vaccines, antibiotics, and sera from local pharmacutical
establishments might possibly indicate preparation for hostilities.
It is assumed that State Reserves for pharmaceutical products would
be well established, but military requirements might not be satisfied
with the amounts held in reserve.
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APPENDIX A
STATISTICAL TABLES
The tables in this appendix provide a statistical summary of the
production phase of the East German chemical industry from 1936 through
1955. Production of major chemicals and chemical products in East
Germany in selected years, l936-, and 1946-56 is shown in Table 66.*
A comparison of production of major chemicals and chemical products in
East Germany with production in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, the European
Satellites, the USSR, and West Germany in 1954 is shown in Table 67.**
* Table 66 follows on p. 17a.
** Table 67 follows on p. 179.
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Table 66
Production of Major Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany 4/
Selected Years, 1936-44 and 1946-56
Thousand Metric Tons (except as noted)
Commodity
1936
1938
1939
1943
191414
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
Sulfuric acid (100 percent
basis)
369.6
447.1
N.A.
N.A.
514.5
125.4
129.9
185.7
237.0
279.8
363.0
362.3
423.4
531.3
Synthetic ammonia (as N)
Nitric acid (100 percent
N.A.
320
385.1
259.4
128.2
62.3
122.5
174
210
236
270
278
290
313.9
basis)
106
164
200
212
280
25.3
105
131
162
184
234.5
246.1
254.3
268.8
Calcium carbide
208.8
N.A.
390
550
N.A.
226.7
309.9
412.4
529
628
678.3
690.4
702.4
735.4
Caustic soda
124.7
195
N.A.
N.A.
298
66.4
86.9
110.2
138
148.7
183.9
208.9
221.2
227.7
Soda ash
378
496
N.A.
N.A.
473
47.4
63.6
82.1
93.7
102.7
121.8
190.8
296.6
372.0
Chlorine
83
N.A.
226
N.A.
N.A.
58
82
106
142
176
194
201.0
202.9
Benzol (refined)
N.A.
9.5
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
5.9
.131
6.7
8.5
10.2
10.3
10.8
11.3
Toluol
N.A.
2.4
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1.2
1.8
2.5
3.1
3.5
3.6
3.6
Naphthalene
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
2.3
2.4
3.8
4.0
4.7
4.8
5.1
Phenol (refined)
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
3.6
4.3
5.2
7.9
9.3
10.2
11.4
Nitrogen fertilizers (as N) 392
N.A.
401.1
N.A.
N.A.
90.9
128
138.2
193.9
231.0
252.3
258.3
264.6
276.7
Phosphorus fertilizers
(as P205)
N.A.
N.A.
78.3
N.A.
N.A.
6.7
8.o
23.6
20.0
29.4
37.5
37.1
72.3
79.2
Potassium fertilizers
(as 1(20)
948
N.A.
1,105.2
1,213
N.A.
654
800
917.2
1,164
1,314
1,397.7
1,331.7
1,378
1,463.2
Synthetic rubber
0
4.9
20.2
71.1
42.1
24.0
28.5
30.7
26.5
39.0
48.9
56.3
62.1
67.7
Motor vehicle tires 4/
176
313
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
23.5
39
104
217
394
611
772.3
915.9
1,139.7
Penicillin 4/
0
0
0
0
0
Negligible
N. A.
0.28
5.0
N.A.
109.0
2,874
3,414
3,107
Polyvinyl chloride
N.A.
0.8
2.7
17.3
N.A.
N.A.
6.3
16.4
14.5
20.1
29.4
35.1
36.7
39.6
1955 y 1956
620
'0:1 =350
275.9 300
813.8 860
256.9 270
458.5 490
212 215
11.3 12.3
3.6 3.9
5.3 5.4
12.7 13.5
297.7 300
82.7 110
1,569.6
70.7
1,225.2
3,401
N.A.
74.0
]4..,1
1,01.g
41.9 44
a. The data in this table represent a compilation of the data in the tables in the body of the report.
b. Available data on reported actual production in 1955 have been included in this table.
c. The figures given are in-terms of thousand units.
d. The figures given are in terms of billion units.
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Table 67
Comparison of Production of Major Chemicals and Chemical Products in East Germany
with Production in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, the European Satellites, the USSR, and West Germany 2/
1954
Commodity
East German Production
(Metric Tons)
East German Production
as Percent of Area Production 12/
East German Production
as Percent Equivalen
of Area Production 12/
Sino-Soviet Bloc
European Satellites
USSR
West Germany
Sulfuric acid (100 percent
basis)
531,300
11.0
36.6
16.9
25.4
Synthetic ammonia (as N)
313,900
28.1
65.7
53.4
44.4
Nitric acid (100 percent
basis)
268,800
13.5
48.6
18.9
2/
Calcium carbide
735,400
52.0
71.4
197.7
91.5
Caustic soda
227,700
21.9
54.0
45.5
45.7
Soda ash
372,000
15.7
50.1
28.2
39.8
Chlorine
202,900
35.0
71.1
71.2
56.1
Coal chemicals (refined
benzol, toluol, and
naphthalene only)
20,000
2.4
8.3
3.7
15.3
Phenol, refined
11,400
18.4
42.5
33.5
137.3 1/
Nitrogen fertilizers
(as N)
276,700
27.8
60.6
58.8
39.8
Phosphorus fertilizers
(as P20)
79,200
7.6
27.3
10:8 2/
16.1
Potassiuth fertilizers
(as 1(20)
1,463,200
83.3
99.3
515.8
90.6
Synthetic rubber
66,300
23.2
91.6
31.1
947.1
a. The data in this table are based on production data and estimates available as of 15 May 1956.
b. The percentage figures are rounded.
c. The production figure is not available, and no percentage equivalent can be derived.
d. Represents only natural phenol production; synthetic phenol production figure is not available.
e. Production figure includes ground phosphorite and Thomas slag.
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APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
1. Production.
On the basis of available information, this report covers pro-
duction figures for several prewar years through 1955 and estimates
for some commodities for the 1955-60 period. Those estimates neces-
sary to complete a production series for the postwar period through
1955 were developed from plant analyses -- an estimate for a specific
year represents the sum of known and/or estimated production of
individual plants.
The absolute data presented in the production tables for indus-
trial chemicals and fertilizers for years before 1953 were compiled
from a great number of individual statistical. reports which, because
of their number, it would have been impractical to include as source
references.
Many production figures, especially prewar data for the German
Reich and for the areas now called East Germany and West Germany, were
obtained from West German publications, including surveys and com-
pendiums prepared by West German statisticians.
Most production estimates beyond 1955 were based on trend
extrapolations, occasionally guided by reported preliminary 1956
and 1960 plans, and were adjusted by the analyst's judgment
influenced by the folIowing factors:
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a. Graphical projection of all established postwar production
data, including plans
b. Rationalization of previous plan accomplishments
c. Review of construction and equipment capabilities
d. Allowance for possible time lapses for constructing
and equipping plant extensions or new installations,
whichever seemed more likely, in view of material
limitations
e. Availability of raw materials and electric power
f. Technological problems to be overcome and status of
research efforts
g. Significance of economic and political factors possibly
determining degrees of emphasis and rates of growth
2. Foreign Trade.
The basic method used in making estimates of trade was one of
collation of all available information and evaluation of that infor-
mation on the basis of other information. This procedure disclosed
additional quantities of some commodities shipped to the USSR under
reparations and other special accounts, which were rarely reported
separately.
3. Consumption and Distribution and Major Input Requirements.
Special effort was made to employ reported official East German
input factors in the preparation of consumption patterns and of the
raw material input table. In those cases where East German factors
were unavailable, however, West German or even US factors were
applied. Estimates of consumption are generally explained in
footnotes to the consumption pattern tables or in the accompanying
text. Consumption patterns were developed for 1953, instead of
1954 or 1955, because more detailed information and final statistics
were available for 1953.
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East Germany
1
Major, Chernical,ProduciniPlaots
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A Sulfuric acid
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C Nitric acid
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G Chlorine
H Coal chemicals
J Nitrogen fertilizer
K Phosphorus fertilizer
I. Organic chemicals
M Explosives
N Synthetic rubber
O Photochemicals and film
P Rubber tires
R Plastic materials
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