PETROLEUM PIPELINES IN THE USSR AS OF 1 JANUARY 1957

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• Document Page Count: 94
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 12, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: June 2, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
N? 70 50X1
PETROLEUM PIPELINES IN THE USSR
AS OF 1 JANUARY 1957
CIA/RR 128
2 June 1958
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
PETROLEUM PIPELINES IN THE USSR
AS OF 1 JANUARY 1957
CIA/RR 128
(ORR Project 25.872)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This report discusses the construction, existence, physical char-
acteristics, use, and industrial potentials of oil and gas pipelines
in the USSR and makes generalized comparisons between the USSR and
the US in the resultant developments, facilities, and potentials. For
the USSR, there are presented a chronological summary of the construction
of oil and gas pipelines and also a chronological record of the traffic
in the oil pipelines as related to other freight traffic.
Because of the confused status and the inordinate number of sources
of information on Soviet pipelines, only the basic conclusions and esti-
mates are presented in this report, with no reference to either the
supporting evidence or the complicated methodologies necessary to re-
solve the evidence. The full methodology, completely documented, is
available in CIA files.
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CONTENTS
Summary
I. Introduction
II. Administration of Oil and Gas Pipelines
III. Oil Pipelines
A. Operating and Under Construction, 1 January 1957
B. Planned
C. Traffic
Page
1
5
9
11
11
13
17
IV.
Gas Pipelines
21
A. Operating and Under Construction, 1 January 1957
.
21
B. Planned
25
C. Capacity, Distribution, and Sources
29
V.
Conclusions
35
A. Capabilities and Technological Considerations . ?
?
35
B. Vulnerabilities
37
C. Intentions
38
Appendix A. Statistical Data
Appendix B. Methodology
Appendixes
39
91
1. General 91
2. Soviet Oil and Gas Pipelines 91
a. Basis of Estimated Physical Data
for Oil Pipelines 91
b. Basis of Estimated Physical Data
for Gas Pipelines 92
c. Assumed Continuity Status of Oil
and Gas Pipelines 92
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Page
3. Petroleum Traffic in the USSR 93
4. Auxiliary Service Installations and
Potential Throughput Capacities . . . 93
5. Data on Oil Pipeline Traffic 94
95
6. Recent General Reports on Soviet Oil
and Gas Pipelines
7. Weight-to-Volume Conversion Factors for
Petroleum Stocks
95
Tables
1. Trunk Oil Pipelines in the USSR, Operating or Under
Construction, 1 January 1957 41
2. Chronology for Construction of Trunk Oil Pipelines
43
in the USSR, Before 1957
3. Comparison of Total Lengths of Oil Pipelines in the
USSR, 1 January 1957, and in the US, 1 January 1956 . 47
4. Comparison of Diameter Distribution of Trunk Oil
Pipelines in the USSR, 1 January 1957, and in the
US, 1 January 1956 49
5. Planned Trunk Oil Pipelines in the USSR, 1956-60 and
51
1961-65
6. Estimated Annual Traffic in Nongas Petroleum Stock
in the USSR, 1940-55 and 1960 Plan 53
7. Total Freight Traffic in the USSR, by Type of Carrier,
Selected Years, 1913-56, and 1960 Plan 55
8. Transportation Balances in Nongas Petroleum Stock in
the USSR and the US, by Type of Carrier, 1950, 1955,
and 1960 Plan in the USSR and 1949 and 1955 in the US 57
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9. Transportation Balances in Total Freight in the USSR,
by Type of Carrier, 1940, 1950, 1955-56, and 1960
Plan
10. Comparison of Railroad Transport of Nongas Petroleum
Stock in the USSR and the US, 1950, 1954-55, and 1960
Plan in the USSR and 1950-53 in the US
11. Output of Nongas Petroleum Stock and Traffic in'Oil
Pipelines in the USSR and the US, 1940, 1950, 1952,
1955, and 1960 Plan in the USSR and 1940, 1949-50,
1952, and 1955 in the US
Page
59
63
65
12. Comparison of Prewar and Postwar Net Delivery of Crude
Oil to Refineries in the USSR, 1939 and 1954, and in
the US, 1936 and 1954 65
13. Principal Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR
Completed for Operation Before 1 January 1957 . . 67
14. Installed Lengths of Gas Pipelines Estimated for the
USSR, 1 January 1946 and 1 January 1957, and Reported
for the US, 1 January 1946 and 1 January 1956 . . ? ? 71
15. Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR,
1956-6o 73
16. Chronology for Construction of Transmission Gas
Pipelines in the USSR, Before 1957 83
17. Estimated Throughput Capacities of Transmission Gas
Pipelines in the USSR, 1 January 1957 85
18. Potential Service Factors of Transmission Gas
Pipelines in the USSR and the US, 1950, 1955-56, and
1960 Plan in the USSR and 1954 in the US 87
19. Specific Conversion Factors for Petroleum Products . 89
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Illustrations
Figure 1. USSR: Oil Pipelines, 1 January 1957
(Map)
Figure 2. Total Length of Operating Trunk Oil and
Gas Pipelines in the USSR and the US,
1945-56 and 1960 Plan in the USSR
(Chart)
Figure 3. Transport of Nongas Petroleum, by Type
of Carrier, in the USSR, 1940-55 and
1960 Plan (Chart)
Figure 4. Percentage of Transport of Nongas
Petroleum, by Type of Carrier, in the
USSR, 1940-55 and 1960 Plan (Chart) .
Figure 5. Transport of Nongas Petroleum, by Type
of Carrier, in the US, 1940-55
(Chart)
Figure 6. USSR: Gas Pipelines, 1 January 1957
(Map)
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(ORB Project 25.872)
PETROLEUM PIPELINES IN TRE USSR
AS OF 1 JANUARY 1957*
Summary
Soviet trunk oil pipelines form an interconnecting network between
most of the important crude oil regions and refining centers of the USSR,
nearly all of which are located in the European USSR. Important trunk
pipelines for oil products also connect with the refineries. Of par-
ticular interest is the recent oil pipeline connection between the Ural-
Volga area and the "new lands" area of southwestern Siberia.
Soviet exploitation of fuel gas resources has taken place largely in
the last few years. The transmission gas pipelines, nearly all of which
are also located in the European USSR, serve to connect the principal
sources of production of fuel gas with the principal centers of consumption.
In 1956, centralized authority over the construction of pipelines in
the USSR was in the All-Union Ministry of Construction of Petroleum In-
dustry Enterprises, functioning through the Main Administration for Con-
struction of Petroleum Pipelines. Some specific construction of pipelines
and their utilization for transport appear to be under the control of
various agencies correlated within the union-republic organization for the
petroleum industry. The effect of the official program for general decen-
tralization of authority of this type, as announced early in 1957, is yet
to be established.
As of 1 January 1957 the total length of installed trunk oil and gas
pipelines in the USSR was estimated to be about 19,500 kilometers (km),
of which 12,482 km were for the transport of petroleum oils and 7,037
km were for the transport of fuel gas, including about 740 km for the
transport of manufactured fuel gas.** Of the total length of trunk oil
pipelines, 73.3 percent was for crude oil and 26.7 percent was for oil
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent the
best judgment of ORB as of 1 January 1958. It should be noted, however,
that during the last 6 months of 1957 the original Sixth Five Year Plan
(1956-60) was in the process, of revision (see II, p. 9, below; III, B,
pp. 13-16, below; IV, B, p. 26, below; and Appendix B, 1, a, p. 92, belay).
** Throughout this report, unless otherwise indicated, the total length
of pipelines given for any year refers to the total length at the end of the
year.
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products. Of the total length of transmission gas pipelines, 89.5 per-
cent was for natural gas and 10.5 percent was for manufactured gas.*
On 1 January 1956 the corresponding total lengths in the US consisted
of 185,098 km of trunk oil pipelines and 233,662 km of transmission gas
pipelines. Of this total length of trunk oil pipelines in the US, 68.3
percent was for crude oil and 31.7 percent was for oil products. Of
the total length of transmission gas pipelines in the US, 97.6 percent
was for natural gas and 2.4 percent was for manufactured and mixed
gas.
The amount of oil pipeline transport in the USSR in 1955 is esti-
mated to have been 13.7 billion metric ton-kilometers,** constituting
9.7 percent of the total transport of all nongas petroleum stock
by all types of carriers. In the US in 1955 the amount of oil pipeline
transport is estimated to have been 256 billion ton-kilometers, con-
stituting 44.6 percent of the total transport of all nongas petroleum
stock by all types of carriers. Although data are not available for ton-
kilometers of gas pipeline transport in either the USSR or the US, the
net production of natural gas for pipeline transfer is estimated or
reported to have been 9 billion cubic meters in the USSR in 1955 and
203.4 billion cubic meters in the US in 1954, measured at the industry,
standard conditions of temperature and pressure. There was a correspond-
ing estimated net production of 1.4 billion cubic meters of manufactured
fuel gas for transmission gas pipeline transport in the USSR in 1955.
Apparently the USSR proposed during the original Sixth Five Year Plan
(1956-60) to complete for new service about 13,000 km of trunk oil pipe-
lines and about 12,250 km of identified transmission gas pipelines.***
Other new trunk oil and gas pipeline projects are identified for com-
pletion after 1960. The proposed trunk oil pipelines appear to be about
equally divided in length between crude oil pipelines and oil product
pipelines. Almost all of the proposed transmission gas pipelines are for
natural gas. Completions for new service in 1956 included 1,075 km of
the proposed trunk oil pipelines and 1,875 km of the proposed transmission
* For definitions of terms, see I, p. 5, below.
** Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
XXX In the directives of the plan, 14,500 km were proposed for the
trunk oil pipelines, and 9,000 km were proposed for the transmission
gas pipelines, without identification of all pipelines involved in such
totals. The Soviet press has published revised plans for the pipeline
constructions.
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gas pipelines. If the proposed lengths are constructed, the installed
trunk oil pipelines will be about 2:1 times as long in 1960 as in 1955,
and the transmission gas pipelines about 3.3 times as long.
The majority of the proposed trunk oil pipelines originate in the
Ural-Volga regions and extend westward to industrialized areas in the
central European USSR and eastward into southwestern Siberia. The USSR
has also announced a long-range plan for construction of a trans-Siberian
trunk oil pipeline system, with the trunk oil pipelines to be extended
to the Pacific Ocean under the original Seventh Five Year Plan (1961-65).
The proposed transmission gas pipelines, some of which are not to be
completed until after 1960, will serve primarily to exploit the newly
discovered natural gas reserves at Shebelinka, Stavropol', Stepnoye,
and Berezovo, and also the recently expanded gas reserves at Dashava.
The proposed transmission gas pipelines will further provide for major
exploitation of the natural gas reserves located in general regions of
oilfields.
One goal of the original Sixth Five Year Plan was a large increase
in the volume and efficiency of the use of oil pipelines. It is pro-
posed that in 1960 the ton-kilometers of oil pipeline traffic will
increase sixfold above the 1955 value and will in 1960 attain a value
of 83 billion ton-kilometers, representing 25 percent of the total
transport of nongas petroleum stock by all carriers.
Evidence shows that the USSR now has the capability for the mass
construction of oil and gas pipelines. Mechanized equipment of advanced
design is available, and other technological improvements are apparent.
In applied construction practice, and especially in the utilization of
pipelines, Soviet efficiency appears to be considerably below Western
standards, but improvement in efficiency appears to be in progress.
The projects of the original Sixth Five Year Plan for the construction
of pipelines probably are within Soviet capabilities, but there is evi-
dence that maximum use of capabilities probably will be required to
meet the goals involved.
The installed oil pipelines are presently inadequate for Soviet
needs, and this inadequacy places an extra burden on the already over-
loaded railroad facilities. Because of the deadhead hauls necessary
for the return of empty railroad tank cars, the burden placed on rail-
roads has a double effect. The USSR is especially vulnerable in regard
to the major trunk oil pipelines which now exist, and loss of the use
of any major oil pipeline might cause serious disruptions in industrial
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production. To the extent that the Soviet economy becomes dependent on
transmission gas pipelines as a source of fuel, a similar vulnerability
extends to the gas pipelines.
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I. Introduction.
This report discusses pipelines during past periods in the USSR
and those in existence during the closing period of Imperial Russia.
The data may be assumed to apply to the national areas enclosed within
the nominally prevailing boundaries during each period in question.
Definite terminology is applied as follows in this report with
respect to petroleum production and traffic:
The term petroleum is used in this report in its most general sense,
to mean either natural petroleum or synthetic petroleum, whether in the
gas, liquid, or solid phase. As applied in this report, the term stock
is used in a generalized sense to mean any petroleum material, and the
term oil is used in a specialized sense to mean any liquid petroleum.
The term natural petroleum means a petroleum either derived as such
from a natural deposit or derived subsequently from such a naturally
derived stock. The term crude petroleum means any petroleum stock that
normally serves as a source of new petroleum stock by subsequent pro-
cessing. The term crude oil means a liquid type of crude petroleum and
in this report refers only to natural crude oil, a stock constituted
by natural liquid crude petroleum in a physical state essentially as
derived from a natural deposit. Oil stocks discussed in this report
are in general predominantly of the natural type. The term petroleum
product means any petroleum stock normally already suitable for end
consumption, specifically a nonwaste stock not normally used as a
source of new petroleum stocks by processing. The term oil products
is used to refer to liquid petroleum products. The term refinery is
used specifically to mean a petroleum refinery handling a charge of
natural liquid crude petroleum, usually natural crude oil.
The term natural gas is applied in this report in its conventional
meaning, to denote natural gaseous crude petroleum in a physical state
essentially as derived from a natural deposit. The term as is applied
more generally, to denote either a gas of the petroleum type or a manu-
factured fuel gas not of the petroleum type. As considered in this
report, gases of the petroleum type include not only natural gas but
also the manufactured (processed) gases which consist of refinery gas,
generally a form of natural petroleum in a converted state, and of shale
gas, specifically a form of synthetic petroleum derived from oil shale.
Furthermore, as considered in this report, manufactured fuel gases not
of the petroleum type generally consist of varieties such as producer
gas and coke oven gas, specifically derived by gasification of coal
material.
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Definite terminology is further applied as follows in this report
with respect to type and use of pipelines:
The term petroleum pipeline as used in this report refers either
to an oil pipeline which is in service for oil of the petroleum type
or to a gas pipeline which is in service for gas of the petroleum type.
The term oil pipeline is used specifically, referring only to a crude
oil pipeline for crude oil or to a product oil pipeline for oil prod-
ucts. The term as pipeline Is applied more generally, to denote a
pipeline handling the natural gas or any manufactured gas that may be
under consideration.
The term trunk pipeline is used in this report in a generalized,
relative sense with reference to the function of the pipeline, meaning
a centralized or principal pipeline in a pipeline system connecting
two terminal points or areas. The principal coverage of this report
relates to trunk pipelines as thus defined. Especially with reference
to instances where the pipeline installations are extensive, the pipe-
line system may have one or more branch pipeline systems serviced by
trunk pipeline branches, and the separate pipeline system typically
consists of one or more trunk pipelines serviced by branch pipelines.
As distinguished from the trunk pipelines, the branch pipelines are
relatively shorter in route length; tend to be relatively smaller in
line pipe diameter; tend to be featured by intermittent operation com-
pared with the more or less continuous operation in the trunk pipelines;
and consist of collection pipelines, or gathering pipelines, which feed
the fluids to the trunk pipelines, together with distribution pipelines
which deliver the transported fluids away from the trunk pipelines.
It is emphasized that the term trunk pipeline is relative in meaning.
Sometimes, and especially so where the routes serve as connections in
over-all transportation systems or are relatively short in other in-
stances, trunk pipelines may constitute pipeline systems having no
branch pipelines. Nevertheless, a trunk pipeline usually has branch
pipelines and is typically of major extent in route length. Further-
more, a trunk pipeline typically serves for a relatively high quantity
rate of transfer of fluids, necessitating a relatively large line pipe
diameter. By way of exception, especially where the pipeline system
has no branch pipelines, a trunk pipeline may be relatively short in
route length. A trunk pipeline also may exist in useful service for
a relatively low rate of fluid transfer, featuring a relatively small
line pipe diameter. Trunk pipelines of small diameter are usually of
short route length and usually have few, if any, branch pipelines.
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Trunk pipelines of short route length typically have few, if any,
branch pipelines, whereas the branch pipelines and the relatively
large line pipe diameters are typically featured if the trunk pipe-
lines are of major route length. Trunk petroleum pipelines, trunk
oil pipelines, and trunk gas pipelines are derived terms, even though
the trunk gas pipelines are usually, but not necessarily, designated
as transmission gas pipelines.
In this report the work done in transportation is quantified in
terms of metric ton-kilometers, and such quantities are specifically
designated by the synonymous terms traffic and transport and sometimes
are still more specifically designated as quantity or amount or volume)
of the traffic (or the transport). The mass of the material transferred
in transportation is quantified in terms of metric tons, and such quan-
tities are specifically designated by the term transfer and are some-
times still more specifically designated as quantity (or amount) of the
transfer. The distance through which the material is transported is
given in kilometers and is specifically designated by the variation
terms distance of transfer, or transfer distance, and not by the term
transfer alone. The term transportation is not used in the sense of
traffic, transport, or transfer as defined above. According to con-
text, however, the terms traffic, transport, or transfer may denote
the general process or operation of transportation. The term trans-
portation balance refers to a correlation of the traffic, transfer,
and distance of transfer values as defined above, by type of carrier,
period of time, and usually category of material transported.
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II. Administration of Oil and Gas Pipelines.
In 1940 stated that through 1936 the control of
the construction or petroleum pipelines in the USSR had been central-
ized in Nefteprovodstroy (Gosudarstvennyy Trest po Proyektiro-
vaniyu i Sooruzheniyu Magistral'nykh Truboprovodov Neftyanoy Promysh-
lennosti -- State Trust for the Planning and Construction of Main
Pipelines of the Petroleum Industry). Between 1936 and 1940,
the control of the construction of pipelines was
decentralized and jointly vested in several organizations.
Following World War II the installation of oil and gas pipelines
in the USSR appears to have become a major enterprise, developed to
meet the urgent requirements of the Soviet petroleum industry. By
1955, authority was centralized in Minneftestroy (Ministerstvo
Stroitel'stva Predpriyatiy Neftyannoy Promyshlennosti -- the L41_.
Unio7 Ministry of Construction of Petroleum Industry Enterprises).
This ministry had as a subordinate Glavnefteprovodstroy (Glavnoye
Upravleniye Do Stroitel'stvu Nefteprovodov -- the Main Administration
for Construction of Petroleum Pipelines). Specific control of physi-
cal construction of the pipelines and of their subsequent use appears
to have been delegated concurrently to agencies of various names in
different areas, apparently involving correlation among certain main
administrations, trusts, and associations in the union-republic organi-
zation for the petroleum industry.
Early in 1957 the USSR officially announced a program for decen-
tralization of ministerial authority of the types just enumerated.
The effect of this program in relation to oil and gas pipelines is
not yet completely established.
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III. Oil Pipelines.
A. Operating and Under Construction, 1 January 1957.
At the close of 1956, Soviet trunk oil pipelines, with probable
diameters ranging from 8 to 28 inches and possibly more, formed a sig-
nificant network of interconnecting lines between most of the important
crude oil regions and refining centers of the USSR. The network con-
nected the Caspian Sea with the Black Sea across the Caucasus, the
Caucasus area with the Donets Basin area of the Ukraine, the Caucasus
area with the Ural-Volga area, and the Ural-Volga area with the "new
lands" area of southwestern Siberia. In addition, several important
trunk oil pipelines existed, connecting the refineries with main dis-
tribution centers.
The operating length of all trunk oil pipelines in the USSR
was increased from about 5,530 km in 1945 to 12,482 km in 1956, About
2.25 times. The total length was increased about 1.8 times during the
course of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55). Operating lengths of
major trunk oil pipelines, each of which is at least 100 km long, are
estimated to have been about 5,200 km in 1950, about 10,000 km in
1955, and about 10,900 km in 1956. The existing trunk oil pipelines
consist of crude oil pipelines and product oil pipelines. Three of
the crude oil pipelines are indicated for transport of oil products
also.
Available data provide no firm basis for estimating the length
of gathering crude oil pipelines in the USSR, but it is probable that
the total of 12,482 km of trunk oil pipelines constituted at least 60
percent of the total length of Soviet oil pipelines in 1956.* This
probability is established by analogy with the US.
By 1954 the availability of trunk crude oil pipelines in the
USSR had increased greatly compared with that before World War II.
In spite of the rapid progress during the postwar period, the need
for more oil pipelines is emphasized As late
as 1956, the inadequacy of oil pipelines
* In July 1954 a TASS radio broadcast from Moscow set forth a claim
that there were "several tens of thousands of kilometers" of oil
pipelines in the USSR. Although this claim may not be untruthful,
it appears to be an overstatement, for there is no evidence that
"several" referred to more than three, if so many.
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in the USSR and commented on the future use of oil pipelines to re-
lieve the excessive freight loading on railroads.
In 1955 and 1956, noted the recent practice
of installing oil and gas pipelines of relatively large diameter,
and the current use of 28-inch line pipe for
high-pressure transmission gas pipelines.
showing oil pipelines indicates that in the USSR individual trunk
oil pipelines are much longer, on the average, than they are in the
US. Moreover, the average diameters in the longer Soviet trunk oil
pipelines are greater than those in the US trunk oil pipelines.
Probable trunk oil pipelines operating or under construction
in the USSR as of 1 January 1957 are shown in Table 1.* The chron-
ology'of trunk oil pipeline construction in the USSR in 1945-57 is
shown in Table 2.** A comparison of total lengths of oil pipelines
installed in the USSR and the US is shown in Table 3,*** and a com-
parison of diameter distribution of trunk oil pipelines in the USSR
and the US is Shown in Table 4.****
Table 1 shows pipelines and
also shows a number of pipelines the existence of which is possible
but doubtful. The oil pipelines and oil pipeline lengths considered
in this report are only those confirmed
The traces of all of the oil
pipelines, including those the existence of which is possible but
doubtful, are shown on the map, Figure 1.t
On the map, Figure 1, different types of trace lines serve
to distinguish the traces of pipelines existing on 1 January 1957,
the traces of pipelines under construction, the traces of other
pipelines proposed in the original Sixth Five Year Plan, and the
Appendix A, p. 41, below.
Appendix A, p. 43, below.
Appendix A, p. 47, below.
Appendix A, p. 49, below.
Inside back cover.
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traces of pipelines proposed for the original Seventh Five Year
Plan. Different colors on the map distinguish the pipelines con-
firmed the pipelines confirmed
the pipelines the existence of which
but doubtful. Some of the pipeline routes, however, are
on the map and may only approximate the route lengths as
Tables 1 and 3.
is possible
schematic
given in
Shaded areas on the map indicate generalized regions of
natural crude oil production, and two sizes of symbols are used to
denote relative magnitude of production in the more important oil-
fields correlated with the pipelines. Symbols on the map represent
the major oil refineries and oil refinery constructions which are
correlated with the oil pipelines. Two sizes of symbols denote
relative magnitude of charge capacity in the refinery complexes,
and two types of symbols denote major refinery construction projects
of the original Sixth Five Year Plan, making a distinction between
major expansions of existing facilities and major construction of
new facilities.*
Figure 2** provides a graphic comparison of the chronology
of construction, referring to lengths of trunk oil pipelines com-
pleted for operation in the USSR and the US.
B. Planned.
In published Soviet directives and in later Soviet press
releases on the original Sixth Five Year Plan, the total length of
projected trunk oil pipelines is variously cited, ranging from "at
least" 10,500 km to "more than" 15,000 km. Table 5*** summarizes
available in early 1957 dealing with the oil pipe-
lines planned and constructed after 1955. It shows data on 32
projects for trunk oil pipelines having total length of about
14,850 km, identifiable with the original Sixth Five Year Plan.
The trunk oil pipelines of the original Sixth Five Year Plan
will serve as additional connections between the Ural and EMba areas
and between those areas and the Siberian "new lands," and they will
extend far eastward to connect with the central southern area of
* The shaded areas and symbols are intended to be schematic, and
exact geographic locations or boundaries are not to be inferred from
them.
** Appendix A, following p. 48, below.
*** Appendix A, p. 51, below.
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Siberia at Lake Baykal. In the European USSR the new trunk oil pipe-
lines will connect the Ural-Volga area with the Kama area and with
Moscow and also with specified large industrialized centers north and
south of Moscow.
Official Soviet long-range proposals for the original Seventh
Five Year Plan covered planned construction and completion of trunk
oil pipelines extending eastward from Lake Baykal in Siberia. As pro-
posed, the eastward extensions would complete a trans-Siberian trunk
oil pipeline system (see Planned Oil Pipelines in
Table 5*). The system would follow the general route of the Trans-
Siberian Railroad and would reach across the 7,000 km in the southern
expanse of Siberia, connecting the Ural Mountains with the Siberian
coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean.
The pipelines listed in Table 5 are shown on the map, Figure 1,
and the map shows general distinction in these traces as to the con-
struction status in 1956.
In addition to the planned oil pipelines shown in Table 5,
other trunk oil pipelines of major length appear to be officially
planned for installation at some future date, but data describe the
additional plans only in general terms.
there will be two systems of trunk oil pipelines to trans-
port crude oil from the Tatar and Bashkir oilfields in order to supply
new refineries to be constructed in Gor'kiy, Yaroslavl', Ryazan', and
Moscow. Planned Oil Pipelines in Table 2 with a
total length of 1,277 km, constitute one of the planned systems,
(miffing service to Moscow. The second planned system might very
well follow the routes of Planned Oil Pipelines and
include a fourth segment along the route of Planned Oil Pipeline
which appears to have been planned to transport oil products, rather
than crude oil, from Ryazan' to Moscow. The inclusion of Planned Oil
Pipeline would give a total length of about 1,550 km in the
second system of trunk oil pipelines.
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crude oil from the
Tatar and Bashkir oilfields will be supplied by trunk oil pipeline for
refining, not only in the proposed new refineries in Gortkiy, Yaroslavl',
Ryazan', and Moscow but also in 3 other new refineries planned for con-
struction -- 1 in the Ukraine and 2 in Belorussia. Odessa is specifi-
cally cited as one terminal of such a trunk oil pipeline for the supply
of crude oil. The sites of the latter 3 new refineries are not spec-
ified in available Soviet data, but the refinery in the Ukraine pos-
sibly will be at either Kremenchug or Odessa, whereas Minsk, Vitebsk,
or Polotsk would be logical sites for the refineries in Belorussia.
As shown in Table 5, Bryansk, Polotsk, Kremenchug, and Odessa
are terminals on Planned Oil Pipelines and these
pipelines probably are planned for transport of oil products. These
products are to be transported to Bryansk from Kuybyshev via Planned
Oil Pipeline a trunk oil pipeline specified
as one proposed for oil products.
If 2 trunk oil pipeline carriers are to transport crude oil
from the Tatar and Bashkir oilfields with a terminal at Ryazan', it
may very well be that 3 trunk oil pipelines are planned to carry part
of the crude oil on from Ryazan' -- 1 line from Ryazan' to Moscow;
1 line, about 1,200 km in length, southward from Ryazan' and across
the Ukraine to Odessa; and 1 line, about 800 km in length, westward
from Ryazan' to the 2 new refineries in Belorussia. Thus the addi-
tional trunk pipelines for crude oil would have a total length of
3,550 km.
The USSR reportedly intends to construct trunk oil pipelines
connecting the Baltic Sea areas with the Ural-Volga oilfields to trans-
port oil stocks. The planned trunk oil pipelines into Belorussia would
constitute a major segment of such a connection.
stated in early 1957 that
25,284 km of trunk oil pipelines and transmission gas pipelines were
scheduled for construction in the USSR in 1956-60 and that in that
total there would be about 12,000 km of transmission gas pipelines.
In this report, 12,266 km is estimated to be the length of transmis-
sion gas pipelines to be completed for new operation in the USSR in
1956-60.* The corresponding length for trunk oil pipelines to be com-
pleted for new operation then would be 13,018 km, representing an
* See IV, B, p. 25, below.
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average rate of about 2,600 km per year.* It is improbable, therefore,
that the additional length of 3,550 km of trunk oil pipelines cited
above is officially planned for construction in 1956-60, and it is pos-
sible that some of the total length as shown for 1956-60 in Table 4 is
not officially scheduled for completion in the stated period, partic-
ularly some of the lengths of Planned Oil Pipelines
It is estimated that 11,407 km of trunk oil pipelines were
operating in the USSR in 1955. If 13,018 km of new trunk oil pipe-
lines are completed for operation during the period of the original
Sixth Five Year Plan, the total length scheduled for 1960 will be
24,425 km, an increase to about 2.14 times the length in 1955 during the
period of the plan.
It is estimated that 1,075 km of trunk oil pipelines were com-
pleted for operation in the USSR in 1956.
at least 600 km in seven trunk oil pipelines,
were completed for new service in 1956 and
that the total length of trunk oil pipelines completed for new service
during 1956 exceeded 1,000 km. In addition, a considerable length of
trunk oil pipeline appears to have been installed in place in 1' 6
but not ? 'nto service, in particular Planned Oil Pipelines
These 1956 results, however, do not compare too well with
e required average rate of 2,600 km per year mentioned above, and
maximum use of increasing capabilities apparently will be required for
the USSR to fulfill the goal of the original Sixth Five Year Plan for
the construction of trunk oil pipelines.
in 1956 the USSR. may have utilized to the limit all of the current
capabilities of the country for supplying line pipe for pipelines.
As shown in Table 5, 22 trunk pipelines for crude oil with a
total length of 7,541 km and 10 trunk pipelines for oil products with
a total length of 7,309 km are to be completed under the original
Sixth Five Year Plan. Although available Soviet data are very meager
in regard to the construction of gathering crude oil pipelines in the
USSR, it is estimated that for the original Sixth Five Year Plan to
be realistic, the plan probably would involve a total length of about
6,000 km to be constructed in gathering crude oil pipelines, most of
which would be located in the Ural-Volga oilfields. This length of
6,000 km represents about 80 percent of the length of 7,541 km in
* For comparison, construction of new trunk oil pipelines in the US
was at an average rate of about 9,370 km per year during 1950-52 and
about 9,960 km per year during 1953-55.
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trunk pipelines for crude oil and would represent an average construc-
tion rate of 1,500 km per year during the 5-year period.*
28-inch line pipe for several of the
long transmission gas pipelines and some of the long trunk oil pipe-
lines planned for construction under the original Sixth Five Year Plan
in the USSR. of the total length of
these new trunk pipelines for oil and gas, 10 percent will be 32 inches
in diameter, 50 percent will be 28 inches in diameter, and 27 percent
more will be between 20 and 28 inches in diameter. In early 1957,
the actual manufacture and use
of 32-inch line pipe was still experimental.**
C. Traffic.
According to the present estimates, the volume of transport in
Soviet oil pipelines increased from about 2.7 billion ton-kilometers in
1946 to about 13.7 billion ton-kilometers in 1955.*** The volume thus
* In the US in 1955 the total length of gathering crude oil pipe-
lines constituted about 93.6 percent of the total length of trunk pipe-
lines for crude oil. The construction of new gathering crude oil pipe-
lines in the US was at an average rate of about 7,726 km per year during
1950-52 and of about 6,540 km per year during 1953-55.
** In the US there has also been a pronounced trend toward larger
diameters in trunk oil pipelines, especially in trunk lines for crude
oil. During 1950-52, for example, 40 percent of the installed length
of new trunk oil pipelines in the US replaced trunk oil pipelines con-
currently dismantled, and almost 48 percent of the new installed length
was 12 inches in diameter or larger, whereas more than 93 percent of
the dismantled length was less than 12 inches in diameter. In the US
during 1953-55, about one-thitd of the installed length of new trunk oil
pipelines similarly replaced trunk oil pipelines concurrently dismantled,
than 51 percent of the new installed length was 12 inches in
or larger, whereas almost 80 percent of the dismantled length
than 12 inches in diameter.
this oil pipeline traffic represented
freight traffic by all carriers in 1955 in the
in 1955, 1.4 percent of the
total freight traffic in the European USSR and 0.9 percent of the total
freight traffic in the Asiatic USSR were carried by oil pipeline. It
is presently estimated that of the 13.7 billion ton-kilometers of oil
pipeline transport, 9.6 billion ton-kilometers were accounted for by the
European USSR and 4.1 billion ton-kilometers by the Asiatic USSR.
and more
diameter
was less
1.2 percent of the total
USSR.
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increased 5.1 times during 1946-55. It is estimated, however, that
during the same period the indigenous output of nongas petroleum stock
increased from 40.2 million tons per year to 133.7 million tons per
year, about 3.3 times, and that the volume of total traffic in non-
gas petroleum increased from 45.1 billion ton-kilometers per year to
141.2 billion ton-kilometers per year, about 3.1 times. Hence the
share of pipeline transport in the total traffic in nongas petroleum
stock increased from 6.0 percent in 1946 to 9.7 percent in 1955. The
corresponding percentage is estimated to have been 6.2 percent in 1950.
In the postwar period in the USSR, there have been large in-
creases in the traffic in other types of freight as well as in nongas
petroleum, but at a somewhat less rapid rate of increase. Estimates
show that the total traffic in nongas petroleum represented 11.0 per-
cent of the total freight traffic in 1950 and that this percentaEe in-
creased to 12.1 percent in 1955. Estimates also show that the relative
share of the oil pipeline traffic in the total freight traffic has
been likewise increasing, the increase being from 0.7 percent in 1950
to 1.2 percent in 1955 and to 1.6 percent in 1956. In spite of the
emphasis in the Soviet press on the need for reduction in the share
of nongas petroleum in the total freight by railroad, estimates show
that this share actually increased from 8.6 percent in 1950 to 10.5
percent in 1955.
In the original Sixth Five Year Plan, 83 billion ton-kilometers
is the goal for 1960 in oil pipeline traffic, about 6 times as much as
in 1950, and it appears that this traffic in 1960 will represent 25
percent of the total traffic in nongas petroleum by all carriers and
4.6 percent of the total freight traffic in the USSR. Estimates
further show that in 1960 the total traffic in nongas petroleum will
represent 18.4 percent of the total freight traffic and that nongas
petroleum still will account for a share of 10.6 percent in the rail-
roarl freight.
oil pipeline traffic essentially resolves as
a matter of statistics. Estimated statistical data are accordingly
presented for the USSR as follows: traffic in nongas petroleum by
oil pipeline and by other types of carriers, 1940-55, and that planned
for 1960, in Table 6*; total freight traffic by oil pipeline and by
other types of carriers in selected years, 1913-56, and that planned
for 1960, in Table 7**; transportation balances in traffic in nongas
* Appendix A, p. 53, below.
** Appendix A, p, 55, below.
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petroleum by oil pipeline and by other types of carriers, 1950, 1955,
and that planned for 1960, in Table 8*; transportation balances in
total freight traffic by oil pipeline and by other types of carriers,
1940, 1950, 1955, 1956, and that planned for 1960, in Table 9**; break-
down of railroad freight traffic showing the relative share of nongas
petroleum in the traffic, 1950, 1954, 1955, and that planned for 1960,
in Table 10.***
Similarly as in the instances of estimated data on lengths and
diameters of Soviet trunk oil pipelines, the estimated data on traffic
in oil pipelines in the USSR have greater significance when they are
compared with corresponding data for countries in which the potentials
are better understood. Corresponding data for the US are included for
such comparison in Tables 8 and 10, even though corresponding data are
not always available for exactly the same years in the US and the USSR
and even though there are no planned goals for 1960 in the US.
Table 8 illustrates the different traffic patterns for nongas
petroleum in the USSR and the US. It is indicated that the average
distance of transfer in this over-all traffic is much longer in the
USSR than in the US but that the reverse has been true in regard to
the average distances of transfer in oil pipeline traffic. As planned
for 1960 in the USSR, the average distance of transfer in oil pipeline
traffic is to be much increased but not quite enough to equal the
corresponding distance as of 1955 in the US. Compared with the 9.7
percent in 1955 and the 25 percent planned for 1960 in the USSR, the
share of the oils pipelines in the over-all traffic was equal to about
45 percent as of 1955 in the US.
As shown in Table 10 for the relative share of nongas petroleum
in total freight traffic by railroads, the percentages as of 1950-55
and as planned for 1960 in the USSR are about three times the correspond-
ing percentages as of 1950-53 in the US.
Comparative data are shown in Table llxxxx for correlation of
potential transfer distances by oil pipeline traffic in the USSR and
the US. The use index is developed as defined in Table 11, giving the
ratio of oil pipeline traffic to indigenous output of nongas petroleum.
Appendix A, p. 57, below.
** Appendix A, p. 59, below.
XXX Appendix A, p. 63, below.
*xxx Appendix A, p. 65, below.
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Other than for the relatively small quantities of solid petroleum
products normally included in the output, this output constitutes
the principal oil stock potentially available for separate transfer
in oil pipelines. Except where other factors are controlling, the
resulting indexes stand in ratios approximating the ratios between
average distances of transfer in oil pipeline traffic.
Comparative data are shown in Table 12* for prewar and post-
war net delivery of crude oil to refineries in the USSR and the US.
Table 12 quantifies the large increase in availability of trunk crude
oil pipelines by 1954 in the USSR, as previously mentioned.** As of
1956 in the USSR, essentially all of the
net delivery of crude oil to refineries was by oil pipeline. It is
noted that the percentage data in Table 12 have been misinterpreted
being given sometimes as applicable to
the total mass of transfer (or tons originated) in the total traffic
in crude oil, sometimes as applicable to the total mass of transfer
(or tons originated) in the total traffic in nongas petroleum, and
even sometimes as applicable to the ton-kilometers of traffic in non-
gas petroleum.
* Appendix A, p. 65, below.
** III, A, p. 11, above.
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IV. Gas Pipelines.
A. Operating and Under Construction, 1 January 1957.
The operating length of all transmission gas pipelines in the
USSR is estimated to have increased from about 700 km in 1945 to about
7,000 km in 1956, or about 10 times during 1946-56 and about 2.2 times
during the course of the Fifth Five Year Plan. The operating lengths
of the major transmission gas pipelines in the USSR, each of which is
at least 100 km long, are estimated to have been'about 1,720 km in
1950, about 3,750 km in 1955, and about 5,050 km in 1956.
The operating transmission gas pipelines, shown in Table 13,
were about 7,037 km long on 1 January 1957. This total length con-
sists of 6,296 km for natural gas and 741 km for manufactured gas.
Available data provide no film basis for estimating the total
lengths of the collection and distribution pipelines installed for
fuel gas service in the USSR. The 7,037 km of transmission gas pipe-
lines, however, probably constituted at least 50 percent of the total
length of Soviet fuel gas pipelines in 1956. Available data generally
indicate that pipelines for the collection and distribution of gas
are relatively shorter in the USSR than in the US and that transmission
gas pipelines are relatively longer. A comparison of the total lengths
of fuel gas pipelines in the USSR with those of the US is shown in
Table 14.**
the gathering gas pipelines in the USSR
are more restricted to the larger producer wells, which are more centrally
located in the gas fields, than are those in the US and also that the dis-
tribution gas mains typically lead to more centralized units of consump-
tion in large apartment houses, industrial enterprises, and public and
government establishments. Exploitation of resources of fuel gas is re-
latively new in the USSR, and further exploitation is given high priority
in the original Sixth Five Year Plan. It probably will be many years,
however, before the USSR can attain a status comparable to the US in the
collection of natural gas from a wide scattering of small producer wells
as well as from large producer wells and in the distribution of fuel gam
over extended areas for small unit consumptions.
* Appendix A, p. 67, below.
** Appendix A, p. 71, below.
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Practically all of the exploitation of fuel gas in the USSR
has been in the postwar period, beginning with 1946. In 1945 the
Saratov and Dashava areas contained the major natural gas fields then
explored. Before 1946 there was only local exploitation of the Saratov
gas fields, supplying gas chiefly to the city of Saratov
Before 1948 the only exploitation of the
Dashava fields was also local, supplying gas chiefly to the cities of
Ltvov and Stryy
The other known major exploitations of fuel gas in the USSR
in 1945 were of natural gas produced in the general vicinity of oil-
fields. Transmission gas pipelines connecting the sources with
eight cities of considerable size are as follows:
Oilfield
Buguruslan
Yablonovo
Malgobek
Izberbash
Baku/Apsheron
Andizhan
Cities
Buguruslan, Kuybyshev
Kuybyshev
Malgobek, Groznyy
Makhachkala
Baku
Andizhan
By 1945, in some of these cities that were furnished with
natural gas, and likewise in certain other large cities of the USSR;
there probably existed limited supplies of manufactured gas derived
from coal in local gas plants.* Moscow and Leningrad, for example,
probably had such supplies.
In 1956, fuel gas in appreciable, but by no means abundant,
quantities was supplied by transmission gas pipelines to more than
50 cities of considerable size compared with service to about 10
cities in 1945. An incomplete list of these cities included the
following, given in decreasing order of probable population:
* For the purposes of this report, local gas plants are considered
to have direct connection with the distribution gas mains of the
local areas and, for that reason, to have no connections with trans-
mission gas pipelines.
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City
Moscow
Leningrad
Kiev
Baku
Khar'kov
Kuybyshev
Dneprepetrovsk
Kazan'
Rostov
Molotov
Stalingrad
Saratov
Voronezh
L'vov
Tula
Krasnodar
Ufa
Tallinn
Voroshilovgrad
Gro znyy
Chernikovsk
Taganrog
Dneprodzerzhinsk
Ordzhonikidze
Ryazan'
Poltava
Stavropol'
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City
Podol'sk
Bryansk
Zhitomir
Kolomna
Novorossiysk
Stalinogorsk
Makhachkala
Vinnitsa
Serpukhov
Kaluga
Bezhitsa
Berdichev
Stanislav
Chernigov
Yelets
Drbgobych
Yefremov
Ternopol'
Borislav
Morshansk
Buguruslan
Nebit-Dag
Stryy
Leninsk
Ostrogozhsk
Malgobek
Khmel'nitskiy
Mirgorod
As shown in Table 13, 58 transmission gas pipelines* are
identified as facilities completed for operation by 1 January 1957.
Forty-seven of these lines are shown in service for large cities,
and connecting lines, minor branch lines, and other types of minor
lines in local areas account for the remaining 11
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Table 13, but 71 separate pipelines are involved (see Table 13, FflXI
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Although the
58 pipelines are considered to be trunk or transmission gas pipe-
lines, a number of the lines are relatively short in length.*
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The principal natural gas pipelines listed in Table 13 serve
for exploitation not only of the major gas reserves in the older Dashava
and Saratov areas but also of the recently discovered ma'or gas reserves
in the Stavropol' and Shebelinka areas (Gas Pipeline from Shebe- 50X1
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a total length of about 500 km when completed). The other natural gas
pipelines of various lengths listed in Table 13 are auxiliary to the
principal natural gas pipelines or are in service for exploitation of
other gas reserves, including some reserves that are very large, sev-
eral reserves that are new, and many reserves that are located in the
general areas of oilfields.
Of these other natural gas reserves connected with the trans-
mission gas pipelines, the following are important enough to warrant
specific mention: the Borislav area in the western Ukraine; the Ugersko
stebout from Dashava; the Mirgorod area in the central Ukraine; the
Buguruslan, Minibayevo, Tuymazy, and Molotov areas in the Ural-Volga
oilfield region; the Archeda field in the Stalingrad area; new fields
in the general area of Krasnodar; various fields, old and new, in the
Groznyy area; the Izberbash field in the Makhachkala area; the large
new Karadag field together with older fields in the Baku area; minor
fields in the Turkmen and Fergana area; and long-neglected minor gas
reserves in the Okha area of Sakhalin.
Manufactured fuel gas has been exploited to some extent by
means of transmission gas pipelines constructed in the USSR after World
War II. As shown in Table 13, the principal pipelines of this type con-
nect Leningrad and Tallinn with the shale gas plants in Estonia and con-
nect Moscow with the larye new coal gasification plant at Shchekino near
Tula.
Although the present report does not cover the data on the
plants producing manufactured fuel gas, it is noted that
the existence in 1956 of about 250 plants producing manu-
factured fuel gas in the USSR, presumably including the shale gas
* Except for the traces of min
the index numbers
pipelines are shown on the map,
description of Figure 6, see B,
or siselines c sponding to two of
the traces of these
Figure ? inside back cover). For a
pp. 28-29, below.
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plants, the coke oven gas plants that process coal materials, and the
local gas plants that gasify coal materials directly. The coke oven
gas facilities appear to be connected with direct local gas distribu-
tion as well as with transmission gas pipelines.
B. Planned.
The directives of the original Sixth Five Year Plan of the
USSR stated that 9,000 km of transmission gas pipelines were to be
constructed in 1956-60. increased commit-
ments for this planned length and early in 1957 stated that the con-
struction would be about 12,000 km.
Based on Soviet data as of early 1957, the following lengths
are estimated for planned transmission gas pipelines: 12,266 km con-
firmed as completions for new operation in 1956-60, including 11,661 km
for natural gas and 605 km for manufactured gas; 1,875 km completed for
new operation in 1956, with construction work under way on 1,864 km
more in 1956; 2,315 km identified as scheduled to be completed for
operation in 1957; 1,654 km identified as scheduled to be completed for
operation in 1958; and a total of 6,721 km identified as scheduled to
be under active construction in 1957. Apparently, however, only
1,615 km of the line pipe were installed in place in 1956. Construction
work is scheduled for 1956-60 on 1,700 km of transmission gas pipelines
which are not scheduled to be completed for operation until after 1960,
and the possibility of constructing
2,027 km of transmission gas pipelines which are not known to be con-
firmed as official plans.
Table 15* summarizes the data available early in 1957 which
deal with 81 transmission gas pipelines planned or constructed subse-
quent to 1955 in the USSR, chiefly in conjunction with the original
Sixth Five Year Plan. Traces of the pipelines listed in Table 15, with
the exception of two minor ones, are shown on the map, Figure 6,** and
the map shows general distinction in these traces as to the construction
status in 1956. Table 13 includes 15 of the pipelines listed in Table 15,
14 of them being shown in Table 13 as completed in 1956*** and the
* Appendix A, p. 73, below.
** Inside back cover.
*** In 1 of these 14 lines, all but the
minor lead portion was completed for operation before 1956.
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remaining 1 being shown as under construe- 50X1
tion in 1957 with the lead portion completed for operation in 1956.
The chronology of transmission gas pipeline construction in the USSR
is shown in Table 16.*
Tables 13 and 15 are based on the Soviet data available early
in 1957. Other new reliable data were appearing later in 1957, how-
ever, and when these are more completely analyzed, Tables 13 and 15
may be revised, particularly the data for construction in 1950-56 and
the plans for 1956-60 and later.**
As shown in Table 15, the 81 transmission gas pipelines gen-
erally will serve for additional exploitation of most of the major
fuel gas resources already exploited in 1955-56. In particular, pipe-
lines to be completed for operation in 1957-60 will transport more gas
from the major natural gas reserves in the Stavropol' and Shebelinka
areas and apparently will round out the exploitation of the Dashava-
Ugersko natural gas reserves. Other new pipelines will serve the fol-
lowing significant areas and reserves of natural gas; the newly developed
Kosov, Zakarpatskaya, and Mikhaylovka areas in the Ukraine; the Mirgorod
area in the Ukraine; in the Ural-Volga oilfield region, the newly de-
veloped Mukhanovo reserves in the Kuybyshev area, the reserves of the
Al'met'yevsk area, and the newly developed and reportedly large reserves
of the Shkapovo area; the newly developed and reportedly large Stepnoye
reserves near Saratov; several newly developed reserves in the general
areas of Stalingrad, Krasnodar, and Groznyy; in the Baku area, especially
the Karadag reserves and the newly developed Siazan' reserves, re-
spectively located to the south and north of Apsheronskiy Poluostrov
(Apsheron Peninsula); the newly developed Kizyl-Kum reserves in Turk-
men and the newly developed Khodzhiabad reserves in the Fergana Valley;
and the reserves of the Okha area on Sakhalin.
One principal pipeline also will 50X1
lead to initial exploitation of recently discovered natural gas re-
serves at Berezovo in the Arctic tundras of western Siberia. In addi-
tion, there may be major exploitation of the recently explored natural
gas reserves located near Ukhta in the Arctic (see Table 15, 50X1
and footnote w). 50X1
* Appendix A, p. 83, below.
**
of transmission gas pipelines were scheduled for construction
USSR during the original Sixth Five Year Plan. 50X1
1,800 km of transmission gas pipelines were scheduled for con- 5UX1
struction in the Ukraine during the original Sixth Five Year Plan, but 50X1
a large increase in that planned total. 50X1
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The planned pipelines provide for some additional transport
and distribution of manufactured gas. One of the major lines is a
second transmission gas pipeline connecting Leningrad with the Kokhtla-
Yarve shale gas plants, and there will be new transmission gas pipe-
lines for coke oven gas in the Donbas and Pridnepr areas of the Ukraine
(see Table 15, footnote aa).
during the period of the original
Sixth Five Year Plan new supplies of fuel gas will be provided for
132 cities in the USSR, including 56 cities in the RSFSR and 54 cities
in the Ukraine. there was formerly no
supply of fuel gas for 93 of these cities, including 35 cities in the
Ukraine and 58 elsewhere. Available data indicate that in 1957-60
transmission gas pipeline service will be provided for the first time
to at least 28 major cities each with a probable population of 100,000 or
more. A list of these cities is as follows, given in decreasing order
of probable population:
City
Gor'kiy
Stalino
Odessa
Riga
Minsk
Zaporozh'ye
Krivoy Rog
Makeyevka
Magnitogorsk
Zhdanov
Gorlovka
Nikolayev
Villnyus
Shakhty
City
Kursk
Kadiyevka
Dzerzhinsk
Chernovtsy
Kherson
Vitebsk
Orel
Kramatorsk
Kirovabad
Armavir
Nikopol'
Konstantinovka
Yenakiyevo
Novocherkassk
Except that the service may not be provided until after 1960,
at least three other metropolitan cities fall in the same group:
Sverdlovsk, Tbilisi, and Yerevan
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It is estimated that 5,162 km of transmission gas pipelines
were operating in 1955 in the USSR. If 12,266 km of transmission gas
pipelines are completed for operation during the period covered by
the original Sixth Five Year Plan, the total length of transmission
gas pipelines scheduled for 1960 will be 17,428 km, an increase to
about 3.4 times the length in 1955 during the period of the plan.
The installation of 12,266 km of gas pipelines under the plan corresponds
to an average rate of about 2,450 km per year.*
The present estimate of 1,615 km of transmission gas pipe-
lines installed in place in 1956 is to be compared with
citations which range from 1,400 km to 1,700 km for the length in-
stalled" in 1956. The estimated length of 1,875 km for the completion
of such lines for new service in 1956 is less than the required aver-
age of 2,450 km per year. It appears that in 1956 the USSR utilized
to the limit all of the capabilities of the country for supply of line
pipe to transmission gas pipelines (see Table 15, footnote z). As in
the case of trunk oil pipelines, maximum use of increasing capabili-
ties apparently will be required for the USSR to fulfill the goal of
the original Sixth Five Year Plan for construction of transmission gas
pipelines. Early in 1957,
2,390 to 3,000 km of the transmission
stalled" in 1957 in the USSR.
of this "installation" in 1957 will be in the Ukraine
300 km of branch lines from Planned Gas Pipeline
gas
pipelines were
50X1
from 50X1
to be "in-
about 850 km 50X1
including about
and that the 50X1
"installation" would be in addition to the 150 km of natural gas field
collection lines already being constructed. Table 15 identifies 2,315 km
of the lines as scheduled to be completed for new operation in 1957.
8,000 km of distribution gas
pipelines are planned for construction in 1956-60, including 3,900 km
in the RSFSR and 2,500 km in the Ukraine. The total length of 8,000
km represents an average installation rate of 1,600 km per year.xx
Different colors on the map, Figure 6,*** serve to distin-
guish the traces and gas pipeline index numbers of the completed
* The net addition to transmission gas pipelines in service in the
US was at an average rate of about 10,140 km per year during 1946-55.
** The net addition to distribution gas pipelines in service in the
US was at an average rate of about 16,800 km per year during 1946-55.
*XX Inside back cover.
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pipelines as differentiated from the traces and planned gas pipeline
index numbers of the pipelines that were projected for future comple-
tion. Different types of trace lines on the map distinguish the traces
of the pipelines for natural gas, the traces of the pipelines for manu-
factured gas, the traces of the projected natural gas pipelines which
probably will be completed after 1960, and the traces of the projected
natural gas pipelines which appear to be doubtful or canceled as offi-
cial plans.* Some of the pipeline routes, however, are schematic on
the map and may only approximate the route lengths as given in
Tables 13 and 15.
Symbols are applied on the map to show the locations of the
most important natural gas fields and the sites of the most important
fuel gas manufacturing plants. The transmission gas pipelines connected
to these sources of fuel gas are also shown. Two sizes of symbols of
each type denote relative magnitude of output of fuel gas.
C. Capacity, Distribution, and Sources.
Available .data are too fragmentary for a realistic estimate of
the actual volume of transport in the Soviet gas pipelines. Published
figures in Soviet and non-Soviet sources for throughput capacity**
ratings in some of the more important of the lines, although often in-
consistent among themselves, have been used to estimate the capacity
ratings shown in Table 17.*** The capacity ratings are subject to a
considerable range of error but nevertheless are indicative and fairly
consistent with related data. Table 17 covers only the major trans-
mission gas pipelines in service in 1956.
In Table 18,**** potntial service factors are developed, show-
ing the relations between the fuel gas produced and the total length
* All other projected pipelines shown on the map presumably are
planned for completion during 1957-60. The unpublished appendixes con-
tain data on a number of totally improbable transmission gas pipelines
for the USSR, allegedly installed or planned in the past, including a
few that are allegedly planned for construction under the original Sixth
Five Year Plan
** Throughput capacity is a time-rate, being a function of the dia-
meter of the pipeline and the velocity of flow as well as of other fac-
tors.
*** Appendix A, p. 85, below.
**** Appendix A, p. 87, below.
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of transmission gas pipelines in operation. Table 18 shows a com-
parison between the USSR and the US in this respect. The data in
Table 18 indicate that the planned expansion in fuel gas output in
the USSR is at a higher relative rate than is the planned increase
in length of transmission gas pipelines.
Moscow and Leningrad were the major centers of consumption of
fuel gas in 1956 in the USSR. I
early in 1956 fuel gas was supplied to Moscow at the following rates,
mostly by means of transmission gas pipelines:
Type and Source
Coke oven gas from a large plant in the suburbs
Gas from local coal gasification plants
Total
Amount
(Million Standard
Cubic Meters
Per Year)
475
155
260
830
520
2,211O
____
in 1956 Leningrad had a local coal
gasification plant with an output of 65 million standard cubic meters
of gas per year.
In 1955, there were possibly 2,000 km of distribution gas mains
in Moscow and 800 km in Leningrad. Of the 2,000 km in Moscow, 350 km
were constructed during 1952 and 200 km during 1955. Recent construc-
tion of distribution gas mains in Moscow has included extensions to
the suburban areas: for example, a 15-km main was completed early in
1956 to serve the Kuntsevo area. During 1956-60, 700 km are scheduled
to be added to the Moscow mains. Of the length of the gas mains in
Leningrad, 654 km existed in 1954 but only about 80 km in 1945. Dur-
ing 1956, 100 km were scheduled to be added to the Leningrad mains,
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and 400 km were scheduled to be added during 1957-60. In all of the
RSFSR, 470 km of distribution gas main were scheduled to be constructed
during 1956, and 3,430 km more were scheduled to be constructed during
1957-60. In Kuybyshev, 210 km of distribution gas mains were constructed
during 1949-52, and 90 km of gas mains were constructed during 1955 in
Kuybyshev, Saratov, Ryazan', and Krasnodar together. During 1956, 46 km
of gas mains were scheduled to be constructed in Kharikov. During
1956-60, plans call for the construction of 60 km of gas mains in Vil'nyus
and for an increase in the length of gas mains in Stalino to 200 km.
In 1955, 8 km of distribution gas mains existed in Dneprodzerzhinsk.
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According to Soviet data on the original Sixth Five Year Plan,
about 1.25 million additional apartments are to be gasified in the
USSR. This figure includes 610,000 apartments in the RSFSR, 100,000
of which were to be gasified in 1956. Under the plan, 200,000 addi-
tional apartments are to be gasified in Moscow, so that a total of
700,000 apartments will be gasified in that city by 1960. In Lenin-
grad, 75,000 additional apartments are to be gasified, including
* This enumeration of the mechanical units in Moscow probably is in-
dependent of the enumeration of apartments or housing units.
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8,000 in 1956, and 28,500 additional apartments are to be gasified
in Kuybyshev. in 1956 there were about
120,000 gasified apartments in Baku and about 8,000 in Stalingrad.
in 1956-60 about 250 "giant" industrial
plants in the USSR will be converted to fuel gas as a source of energy.
nating the large waste
represented by burning
progress is being made in elimi-
of natural gas in the producing fields of the USSR
in flares and by other loss to the atmosphere.*
even though the transmission gas pipelines in
stripped associated gas as well as crude dry natural
percent of the gross associated natural gas was
the USSR transport
gas, only about 40
actually recovered as of 1955 in the oilfields.**
in the future there will be more efficient recovery of the
increasing gross production of associated gas in the oilfields.
4o new natural gas deposits and
89 new natural crude oil deposits were discovered during 1951-55 in the
USSR. The most prolific of the gas deposits appear to have been of the
dry gas type and to be located in the Stavropol' and Shebelinka areas.
1 billion standard cubic meters of natural
gas was thus wasted in 1946 at the producing wells in the Baku area.
** Associated natural gas is associated with natural crude oil in the
natural reservoir traps. Stripped associated gas is the dry natural gas
derived from this associated gas after removal of natural gas liquids
as condensates in the recovery plants. Crude dry natural gas occurs
mostly by itself in the natural reservoir traps and in normal instances
is composed predominantly of volatile hydrocarbons, chiefly methane,
without a content of the hydrocarbon vapors that will condense and form
natural gas liquids where these natural gas liquids consist of lique-
fied petroleum gas, natural gasoline, and occasionally cycle products
of the kerosine type. Although crude dry natural gas is to be found
only in gas wells, it is noted that gas wells often yield in place of
the dry gas a wet natural gas which contains condensible vapors of
natural gas liquids and which is similar to associated gas in that re-
spect. In the US in 1954 the dry natural gas for pipeline transmission
to market consisted of about a third of crude dry natural gas, about a
third of dry gas stripped out of wet gas from gas wells, and about a
third of dry gas stripped out of associated gas from oil wells. The
evidence is very confusing, however, in regard to Soviet exploitation
of wet gas from gas wells. In this report the term dry natural gas
means crude dry natural gas unless otherwise stated.
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Dry natural gas constitutes the reserves in the major gas
field areas: the Dashava area with the newly developed Ugersko step-
out, the newly developed Shelbelinka area, the Saratov area and the
newly developed Stepnoye area correlated with it, and the Stavropol'
area on the northern Causasus steppes. It is probable that dry gas
also constitutes other newly developed reserves in areas of lesser
potential such as the following: in the Ukraine, the Kosov, Mirgorod,
and possibly other areas; on the northern Caucasus steppes, the
Il'skiy area containing the Akhtyrskaya and Anastasiyevka deposits,
the Aleksandrovka area, and possibly other areas; the Kizyl-Kum area
in Turkmen; and the potential Berezovo area in the Siberian Arctic.
Some of the older exploited gas reserves in the general regions of
oilfields -- for example, the Buguruslan reserves and the Izerbash
reserves -- probably likewise contain dry gas.
Other natural gas reserves, some of which are of major signi-
ficance and most of which are located in or near major oilfield regions
may contain either associated gas or dry gas. 50X1
gas comprises some of these
other reserves, as follows: in the Ural-Volga oilfield region, the
newly developed and large reserves of Minibayevo and Shkapovo and
certain older and lesser reserves such as those at Tuymazy and Yablo-
novo; most of the reserves in the Baku area, including the newly
developed and large reserves at Karadag; and the Fergana Valley re-
serves at Khodzhiabad. Although the present report does not cover
data on the plants which process fuel gases and petroleum, there is
Soviet confirmation* that increasing emphasis is being placed on the
recovery of natural gas liquids and stripped associated gas (see
Table 14, footnote e).
a new natural gas
liquids recovery plant at Nizhnyaya Maktama began to operate early in
1957 and delivered stripped associated gas through local transmission
gas pipelines to Buzul'ma and Al'met'yevsk and also, possibly through
Gas Pipelines l Ito Kazan', Ufa, and Chernikovsk.
A second part of this new recovery plant was reported to be scheduled
for completion in 1957. From Al'met'yevsk it is possible that stripped
accociated gas is to be furnished to Stavropolikrasnyy
From Kazan',
stripped associated gas will be furnished to Cheboksary and Gorikiy
through Planned Gas Pipeline and to Yoshkar Ola through Planned
Gas Pipeline
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In addition to the facilities for coke oven gas of the Donbas
and the Pridnepr areas which are serviced by transmission gas pipe-
lines (see Table 15, footnote aa), and the local coal gasification plants
in Moscow and Leningrad, other important coal gasification plants
existed in 1956 as a source of fuel gas in local areas of the USSR.
Some of these plants are here mentioned for reference as follows:
coke oven gas facilities at Kaliningrad, reportedly restored in
1951-55; coke oven gas facilities at Magnitogorsk and also in the
"new lands" area at Kemerovo; a restored coal gasification plant at
Vyborg in the Leningrad Oblast; and the underground coal gasification
projects of the Podzemgas Research Institute at Tula, at Lisichansk,
and also in the "new lands" area at Kiselyevsk near Kemerovo.
The original Sixth Five Year Plan further called for the con-
struction of a number of significant coal gasification plants which
also would supply fuel gas to local areas. Examples of these pro-
posed plants are as follows: coke oven gas facilities at Chelyabinsk
and in the "new lands" area at Stalinsk near Kemerovo and at Nizhniy-
Tagil near Sverdlovsk and a coal gasification plant in the "new lands"
area at Pavlodar. In addition, manufactured fuel gas derived from
coal reportedly is to be furnished in 1956-60 to Serpukhov and
Podol'sk, possibly through Gas Pipeline and to Sverdlovsk,
possibly from Nizhniy-Tagil.
The USSR has actively experimented not only with the tech-
niques of underground coal gasification -- a new process that is still
in the development stage in the West -- but also with a process for
the recovery of methane gas for fuel gas use by exhausting the methane
gas from coal mines, where this gas is generated as the dangerous and
explosive "fire damp," or "marsh gas," by spontaneous decomposition
of coal, the methane recovery process was
applied early in 1957 to coal mines at Shakhtarsk and Chistyakovo,
plans for producing only about 350 million
standard cubic meters per year by the methane recovery process by
1960.
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V. Conclusions.
A. Capabilities and Technological Considerations.*
The practices and equipment now applied by the USSR for
struction of oil and gas pipelines are described
and Soviet technology seems generally comparable to that
The USSR has acquired this technology within a period of
mostly by following the patterns already fully developed
Only in a few instances is there evidence of significant
or invention in what has been done in the USSR.
con-
of the US.
a few years,
in the West.
originality
It is probable that
the USSR still lacks the finesse which has been attained in the West
by years of experience in construction operations and in the manu-
facture of equipment and material.
mechanization of construction work.
recent Soviet progress in
The mechanization is reported to
have resulted in high-speed installation of pipelines. The digging
of trenches, the laying of metal pipe, and most of the other heavy
labor processes are said to be fully mechanized. Self-propelled exca-
vators have replaced manual trench digging, and a factory at Leningrad
is said to have produced a new type of machine** for the laying of long-
distance pipelines. It is claimed that the machine has one-third more
power than older types. This machine is an integrated, mechanized unit
which serves to clean, insulate, and place the line pipe in the trenches.
It is said that bulldozers are used to fill the trenches.
progress in the use of new automatic and
semiautomatic devices for pipe welding, claiming not only that electric
arc welding has replaced the use of welding torches where electric
welding is applicable but also that progressive electric weldingxxx
machines have come into use for joining pipe ends without the need for
separate electrodes or flux. Although it is true that such progressive
electric welding is applicable to only certain services and that even
the oxyacetylene torch process is still desirable in some instances,
it is also true, that the older
manual operations are especially handicapped in use for overhead
** Mechanized column.
*** Contact or resistance welding with ring transformer.
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welding. state that magnetographic methods for
testing welds have come into use.*
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in the efficient use of 50X1
mechanization there is need for improvement, and Soviet officials set
up as a goal a world record achieved in the West, wherein 1,000 km
of pipeline were installed in 2 months over a previously prepared
right-of-way. urge the use of longer pipe sections to 50X1
increase the speed of installation and to reduce the time and cost in
welding. Six-meter pipe lengths appear to have been standard in the
USSR, and 12-meter and even up to 36-meter lengths are reportedly now
coming into use. Pleas for reduced cost of construction without loss
in utility are generally present in the Soviet sourc s which are crit-
ical of the progress made. propose the use 50X1
of modern radio communication to replace the more expensive telegraph
and telephone lines at present required along the routes of the Soviet
pipelines.
The USSR does not appear to have attained a very high level of
efficiency in the utilization of the installed oil and gas pipelines.
Soviet sources note that more efficient design is required for equip-
ment and housing at pumping and compressor stations and that closer
spacing of the stations within optimum limits would serve to increase
the capacity of the lines.** propose more use of
automatic control devices for more efficient operation of the pipe-
lines. Available evidence shows that Soviet pipelines are at present
deficient in modern devices for automatic control of the flows.
* Techniques using radioactive cobalt isotopes are also mentioned.
** In December 1955 an official Soviet source mentioned 50-atmos-
phere gauge for design pressure in gas pipelines.
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because of the absence of auto-
matic controls on the Saratov-Moscow gas pipeline, the first long
transmission gas pipeline to be installed in the USSR, 100 employees
are required at each of the 6 compressor stations and a total of
1,000 employees is required for operation of the transmission pipe-
line, which is 12 inches in diameter and 843 km long.
urge that the automatic controls be applied not only to
increase efficiency of the pipelines but also to reduce maintenance
and other operation costs of the oil and gas pipelines.
In discussing progress to be made during the original Sixth
Five Year Plan, the future use of auto-
matic controls on oil pipelines to the extent that a dispatcher could
sit at a control panel in Ufa and from there control the flow of oil
in the pipelines (presumably several oil pipelines with an aggregate
length of several thousand kilometers). The goals of the original
Sixth Five Year Plan for construction of oil and gas pipelines appear
to be within Soviet capabilities, although these goals probably will
require maximum use of the capabilities.
Referring to what is shown by comparison with corresponding
facilities and installations in the US, the relatively greater length
of the Soviet trunk oil pipelines is made necessary by the greater dis-
tance of major crude oilfields from major areas of processing and of
major areas of processing from major areas of consumption of the oil
products. The relatively greater average diameter is explained by the
fact that the economic advantage of petroleum pipeline service, especially
in a long pipeline, generally increases with an increase in line pipe
diameter up to an optimum diameter established by physical limitations
and by the quantity of petroleum stock to be transported.
the economy resulting from use of pipe of large diameter
when pipelines are long. As direct results of Soviet plans and current
practices in the location of new oil-processing facilities -- the selec-
tion of major areas of consumption of the oil products rather than areas
centralized relative to the crude oilfields -- future product oil pipe-
lines in the USSR probably will be decreased in average length and line
pipe diameter. The future trunk lines for crude oil, however, probably
will be longer than the present lines.
B. Vulnerabilities.
The USSR may be especially vulnerable in dependence on services
of 30 or more major trunk oil pipelines of large diameter. Permanent
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loss of the service of a particular trunk oil pipeline might cause
serious difficulty in the Soviet petroleum industry, especially be-
cause of the heavy freight traffic in ?etroleum already imposed on
Soviet railroads, an average trunk
oil pipeline 200 km long could transport in 24 hours the same amount
of oil as could be moved by 1,400 railroad tank cars.
in 1954 the average daily load of the Soviet oil
pipelines was the equivalent loading of 6,600 railroad tank cars and
that 33,000 railroad tank cars would be required in continuous service
to replace the oil pipelines.
Mass utilization of fuel gas is in the early stage of develop-
ment in the USSR. Twelve large-size transmission gas pipelines, each
at least 100 km long, existed in the USSR by the close of 1956, and
construction was in progress on one or more other lines of equal or
greater length and diameter. There is an apparent vulnerability in
these long and large-size transmission gas pipelines to the extent
that the Soviet economy is dependent on the use of gas for fuel or
other purposes, a dependence which will increase.
C. Intentions.
The present analysis of pipelines in the USSR reveals no reli-
able indications of the military intentions of the government. It is
apparent that the USSR intends to correct as rapidly as possible the
present acute deficiency in the extent of existing oil pipelines and
the present low level of efficiency in the utilization of such lines.
Although the original Sixth Five Year Plan appeared to involve a two-
fold increase both in the production of crude oil and in the total in-
stalled length of trunk oil pipelines, the plan still proposed to in-
crease sixfold the annual traffic in oil pipelines, so that the share
of the oil pipelines in total petroleum transport would increase 2.5
times.
It is also apparent that the USSR intends to expand on a large
scale the exploitation and utilization of extensive resources of natu-
ral gas formerly undeveloped and to build the necessary transmission
gas pipelines. This planned expansion appears to be consistent with
Soviet capabilities.
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APPENDIX A
STATISTICAL DATA
This appendix contains the tables referred to in the text and
also the charts which illustrate some of the data on which the
tables and the text are based.
The total length of operating trunk oil and gas pipelines in
the USSR and the US in 1945-56 and those scheduled to be built
under the original Sixth Five Year Plan of the USSR is shown in
Figure 2.* The data used in Figure 2 were extracted from Tables 1,
2, 3, 5, 13, 14, 15, and 16.
The transport of nongas petroleum, by type of carrier, in thc
USSR in 1940-55 and as originally planned for 1960 is shown in
Figure 3,** and the percentage of the transport of nongas petro-
leum attributed to each type of carrier in the USSR in 1940-55
and as originally planned for 1960 is shown in Figure 4.** The
data for both Figure 3 and Figure 4 were drawn from Table 6. To
facilitate the comparison of the transport of petroleum in the
USSR with that of the US, the transport of nongas petroleum, by
type of carrier, in the US in 1940-55 is shown in Figure 5.***
Figure 5, which may be compared with Figure 3, is based primarily
upon the data in Table 8.
Following p. 48.
Following p. 54.
Following p. 58.
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Table 1
TRUNK OIL PIPELINES IN THE USW'
OPERATING OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION
1 JANUARY 1957
Origin Intermediate Points and Terminals
Baku Kukheti, Batumi
Baku Batumi
Malyy e Sltiraki K ukheti
NIalyye Shiraki Mirzaani
Mirzaani Kachreti
Ostrov Artona Baku
Makhachkala Groznyy
Makhachkala Groznyy
Malgobek G'roznyy
G? roznyy Mozdok, Arinavir, Kosh (Nlaykop), Tuapse
Malgobek Mozdok
" Khadyzhenskaya K? osh (Nlaykon)
Abuzy K? hadyzhenskaya
Shirokaya Balks (Shiraky) Khadyzhenskaya
Asfal'tovaya Gore K? hadyzhenskaya
" N? eftegorsk Kosh (Maykop)
Neftegorsk Krasnodar
Novogroz.nenskoye Oilfield Groznyy
Groznyy Arrnavir
Armavir T? rudovaya
" Astrakhan' Saratov
Sara to y , Kazan'
Gur'yey Iskine, Dossor, .Makat , Kandagach, Orsk
Kandagach Orsk
BaychnnaS Iskine
Dossor Rakusha
Koschagyl Nlakat
Kul'sari Koschagyl
Borshoy Peshnoy Ostrov Gur'yey
N? ebit-Dag Oilfields Krasnovodsk
Ma3?Iysay L? eninsk (Assake)
Leninsk (Assake) Vannovskiy
P? alvantash Leninsk (Assake)
Andizhan Leninsk (Assake)
Yuzhnyy Alamyshik " Crunch Mazer
Chimion Vannovskiy
Changara Vannovskiy
Shor-Su K? im
Kiin M? ernikovo
Kim Mernikovo
Yablonovo
Syzran'
APmet'yevsk
Ishimbay
? Ishimbay
Ok tyabr'skiy
Oktyabr'skiy
Oktyabr'skiy
'Iuyntazy
Omsk
Okha
West Ekhabi
South Ekhabi
Okha Oilfields
Kuybyshev
lz berbash
Krasnodar
Stryy
Drogobych
Buguruslan
Novostepanovka
Pilyugino
Zol'noye
Zol'uoye
Urbakh (Pushkino)
Ufa
Laguri
Magadan
Rent
Baku
Baku
Makhachkala
Astrakhan'
Clur'yey
Kaluzliskaya
Keslerovo
Neftecnala
Changyrtash
Krasnokamsk
Lobanovo
Ust' Kachka
Subkhankulovo (Toymazy-Bavly area)
APmet'yevsk
Krotovka
Zhirnoye
Ostrov Artema
Karskoye
Saratov (Stepnoye) OUlielda
Suleyevo
Shkapovo
Romashkino (APmet'yevsk area)
Novokuybyshevsk (Kuybyshev area)
Ufa
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Confirmed
Major Length
oo
Hg
;
-5
To? 0
APmet'yevsk
Kaltasy
Sernyye Vody
13atraki
Batraki
C? histopolj Kazan Gor'kiy
Ufa
,Ufa
Tuymazy, Ufa
Tuymazy, Ufa
Urussu
Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Omsk
Tatarsk, Novosibirsk
Laguri, .Moskarvo
Okha
' Zany Urkt
Okha, Zaliv Urkt
Syzran', Penza, Br3unsk
Makhachkala
Novorossiysk
L'voy
t Stryy
Kuybyshev
Buguruslan
Bug uruslan
Kuybyshev
1 -
' Kuybyshev
Saratov, Ufa
1* Chelyabinsk, Omsk
.K0111303101'Sk
f
Palatka
, Odessa
Makbachkala
Makhachkala
t Astrakhan'
Gur'yey
Astrakhan'
Georgiye -Alipskaya
Krymskaya
Caspian Sea Shore
Tentyaksay (Kokan, Kishlak)
Molotov
M? olotov
Molotov
Shkapovo
A? znakayevo, Naryshevo, Subkhankulovo (Tuyrnazy-Bavly area)
Novokuybyslievsk (Kuybyshev area)
Stalingrad
Apsheronskiy Poluostrov (Apsheron Peninsula)
Novorossiysk
Trofimovskiy (Nalivnaya)
A? Pmet'yevsk
Ishimbay/Salavat refining area 140
Novokuybysbevsk (Kuybyshev area) 260
Saratov 359
B? erdyaush, Chelyabinsk, Sineglazovo, Chumlyak, Khokhly, Kurgan, Omsk -175
; Molotov
Chelunagush, Ufa
Krotovka
Omsk T T? atarsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk
Novosibirsk * Irkutsk
Omsk Pavlodar
a
Tel
al l
Unless otherwise specified, the data in this table are derived from tables in the unpublished N
shed appen- fajonrgIlh 9974
length, constructing 910
dixes],which give details and complete documentation.
Major length, all completed 9,064
Total, all completed 10064
Number of pipelines
Total
Major length, constructing
Major length, all completed
Total, all completed.
LENGTH (Kilometers)
CONFIRMED IN SOVIET AND NON-SOVIET SOURCES
Confirmed I Total
883
- -
162 ? - 162
155 155
89 - 89
64 644
ngth Operating
-J
Tti
0^ .?
a,
883 883
32 32
- -
162 162
155 155
89 89
644 * 644
25 1 25? ; 25
.8 8
=
108 108 - 108 108
200 200 ; - 200 200
6
24 24
8 8
6
16 16
-
Major Length
I -1
bo
. ero
--=
0 A
883 - 883 -
883 : 883
- : -
64
[ 641 - 64 , 64
- 13 13 13
- 32 32 32
- - 42 42 ; 42
162 - 162 162 : 162
155 - 155 .
. 155 , 155
89 89 , 89 , 89
644 - 644 - 644 611
- - - 25 25 25
- 6 6 6
24 24 . 24
8 8 8
6 6 6
- 16 16 16
108 108 - 108
200 - 200 108
- 200 . 200
455 - 455 - 455 455
665 - 665 - 665 7 665
455 ? - 455 - 455 , 455
665 665 - 665 605
709 - 709 ? - 709 709
61 - 61 ? - 61 61
118 ? 118 - 118 118
- 19 19 19
211
167 - 167 - ? 167 ' 167 -
100 - 100 - 100 100 I -
80 - 80 - 80 ' 80 -
15 15 15
40
40
709 709 - 709 709
211 211 - 211 211
- - - 23 23 ? 23
61 ?61 - 61 ? 16
118 - 118 118 118
19 ? 19 19
167
100
80
167
100
80
18 18
7 7
20 20
46 46
40 40 40
- 167 167
100 100
- 80 80
15 15 15
18 18 18
7 7 7
- - ? - 20 20 20
- - - 46 46 40
Not Confirmed;
Possible
but Doubtful
Total
18 18
18 18 -
73 73 73
125
166
166
227
1,332
180
452 577 - 125 577
- 166 :166 166
166 - 166 166
227 - 227 227
- - - -
1,332 1;132 4332
620 800 180 800
- 35 35 ? 35
18 18
125 - 452
166 -
-
166
- 227 -
227 - - 227 227
- 14 14
1,332 - -
- 180 ; 620
73
577
166
166
227
227
:132
800
130 1,070 1200
10 10
14 14
11 11
- 130
, 63 63
120 120
60 60
26
160 160
1,130 - 1,130 ? - 030 ? 1,130
28 28
, -
? 35 35
- 1,130
600 600
88 88
1070 1 1,200
63
120
60
160
1,130
600
88
r
18 18 18
18 18 18
73 ? 73
18 18 ? 18
- 125 577
- 166 ? 1,66
166 166
227 227
- 227 227
14 14 14
- 1,332 1,332
- 180 ' soo
35 35 35
10 10 10
14 14 14
51 11 11
- 130 ? 1,200
- 63 63
- 120 , 120
60 60
26 26 ; 26
- 160 ? 160
4 4
28 28 28
35 35 35
35 35 35
- -
1,130 1,130
600 600
88 88
-
35
- 22
35 35
22 22
94
110
110
300
74
b Arabic numerals identify separate pipelines shown on the map, Figure 1 (inside back cover).
c Fifty kiloineters (kin) or more.
d Less than 50 km.
e Some of the installation dates given are those for the years of probable completion of construction,
some indicate the probable periods of construction, and some indicate the periods sometime within
which construction probably was completed.
Oil Pipelinepossibly was planned to replace Oil Pipeline Oil Pipeline
tended over essentially the arne_wrie and probably was dismant e prsor to 1946 for use ut
construction of Oil & _neline Data are given for Oil Pipelinep-Ionly, noting, however,
that Oil Pipeline] I is cons ered to be of doubtful existence.
a Oil Pipeline [isa continuation of Oil Pipeline the data are shown for the two pipe-
lines combined.
h Parallel to-all or a part of a pipeline designated by the same number and in integral operation
with it.
26471 1.58
This pipeline was apparently completed in 1956 for service from Al'met'yevsk to Chistopor, and its
completed length is estimated to be 125 km.
- 94 91 94
- 110 - 110 110
- 110 110 110
- 300 300 300
- - 6 6 6
- 74 74 74
- 35 , 35 35
- 16 16 ; 16
- - 140 140 140
- ? 260 - 260 260
- 359 - 359 ?; 359
655 ? 1,130 1,130
446 446 446
90 90 ' ?90
87 87
- 87
2,450 2,450
2450
1,650 ? 1,650
1,650
400 400 400
7,920 13894 304 10,278 ? 18,198
7,920 I 8,830 - r 910 ' 8,830
-!9,064 ; - , 9064 9,064
- , 9,064 ? 304 9368 9,368
39 13 46 52
_
10 - 4 10
29 -t -29 29
29 131 42 42
- -
- 24 24
- 7
- 31 31
15 15
1,666 - r, 538 2,204
1,666 1,666
1,666 538 2,204
10 27 37
- -
10 - 1 1()
10 27 37
- 25 25 25
- 24 24 . 24 -
- 7 7 7
- 35 3535 -
,
31 31 31 -
22 22 22
- - - 15 15 , 15
94 - 94 - 94 ; 94
110 - ? 110 - 110 110
110 ?110 . - 110 110
300 - 300 - 300 ' 300
6
- - 6 -
74 74 - 74 74 -
- 35 35. 35 -
- - 16 - 16 16 -
140 - 140 140 ; 140 -
260 - 260 - 260 , 260 -
359_ , 359 359 1 359 -
475 655 , 1,130 475 . 1,130 -
- 446 , 446 . -- - ; 446 -
90 90 - ? - 90 -
30
-1
30
800 , - ? 800
250 250
376 376
376 376
-190 490
451 ? - 451
451 451
- - -
- 87 87 , - -, 87 - __ __
2450 2,450 ' - - , 200 -
- __
- : 1,650 , 1,650 - : 1,650 -
- 400 , 400 , - , - - 400
11,640 7,920 19,560 842 ; 12,482 120,102 5,082 30
, - - . 5,112
910 i 7,920 ; 8,830 ; - ; 910 1 8,830 -
10,730 1, - , 10,730 - . 10,730 '10,730 _
10,730 I - ' 10,730 ; 842 111,272 111,572
t
43 t; 10 I 49 '. 83 : 89 10 .
3: _10 313,0, it
' - : -
39 40 3799 I 3799
-
__ ,
_ t
- - :
J
I--- i --.
n There is other Soviet evidence that a similar line may have ecu completed much earlier, specifically
in 1951 as the first underwater petroleum pipeline constructed by the USSR in postwar time. If
this is true,it is not improbable that other relatively short undeiwater oil pipelines, existing but not
presently identified, were constructed 1950-55 in the Caspian Sea, connecting off-afire crude oil
production areas such as Neftyanyye Kamni, Ostrov Zhiloy, and Ostrov Artema with each other
and with the Apsheronskiy Poluostrov (Apsheron Peninsula) of the mainland.
o Identified las Ufa-Oms0I--1 Reportedly completed for service prior to 1956
from Ufa to Chelyabinsk, estimated completed length of 580 km-Ufa-Berdyaush, 218 km, com-
pleted in 1954, and Berdyastah-Ch,elyabinsk, 162 km, completed in 1955. Reportedly completed
in 1956 for service front Chelyabinsk to Chumlyak, completed length of 95 ken; the 184 km of trench
for the next sector, Chusnlyak-Kurgan, was also reportedly completed in 1956. A Soviet source
slated that the portion from Chelyabinsk to Petropavlovsk, 255 km long, was scheduled for comple-
tion in the fourth quarter of 1957. See Table 5, footnote I,, p.51, below.
883 -:883
885 - 885
64 + -1 64
13 13
32'; 32
- 42 42
162 ? 162
155 t -1 155
89 89
644 644
- ? 25 25
6 6
24. 24
8 8
6 6
- 16 16
108 108
200 -200
.
439 439
,
709 - 709
4 564
455
665 1
605
56
455
211 ?211
- 23 23
61 ? - 61
.118 118
- 19 19
- 40* 40
167 - 167
100 ? - 100
80 - 80
- 15 15
18 18
- 7 7
20 20
46 46
- 30 30
- 1'8 18
18 18
73 73
- ? 18 18
577 577
166 166
166 166
227 227
227 227
14
1,3:32 ' 1,332
800 - 800
- 35 35
10 * 10
14 14
11
1.200 - - 1,200
63 - ,
120 120
60
- 26, 26t
160 - , 160
- 248 28
35 , 35
- ? 35 35
800 - ; 800
1,130 - 1,130
600 1 - 600
88 88
250 250
376 1 - 376
376 376
490 - 490
451 451
451 451
- 25 25
24 24
7,
35 35
31 ; 31
22 ; 22
- 15 ; 15
9-1 - 94
110 - 110
110 - 110
300 - 300
6
74 - 74
- 35. 35
- 16 16
140 -; 140
260 - 260
359 - ; 359
1,130 - , 1,130
-146 - 446
90 - 90
87 - 87
2,450 - 2,450
1,650 - 1,650
400. - 400
24,642 872 ; 20514
- I
-
-;
411 100
1 Identified in Soviet sources as Truyrnazy-Onssk
k Reportedly completed in 1956 for service from Omsk to Tatarsk, completed length of about 180 km.
A Soviet source staled that Oil Pipeline I; the
-Iwas scheduled for completion in 1957, but another
Soviet source stated that only 500 km o line from Omsk was scheduled for completion in the
fourth quarter of 1957. However, 300 km of the line from Ornsk reportedly was welded in 1956,
and construction work reportedly had reached Barabinsk in September 1956.
I Reportedly completed in 1956 for service from Kuybyshev to Syzran', and its completed length is
reported to be about 130 km. The Syzran'-Penza sector, estimated to be 580 km long, was
reportedly scheduled for completion in 1957.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Probable Diameter (lnche
Date of Probable Type
Installation of Service
8 1906 Crude oil, oil products
12 1950-54 Crude oil
10 * Before 1927 Crude oil
8 1910 Crude oil
8 1910 Oil products
12 1940 Crude oil
8 1014 Crude oil
12 1936 Crude oil
10 1940 Crude oil
10 1928 Crude oil, oil products
10 1935 Crude oil
10 1927-36 Crude oil
8 1927-36 Crude oil
6 1927-36 Crude oil
6 1927-36 Crude oil
12 1927-30 Crude oil
8 1911 Crude oil
12 1955 Crude oil
10 1935 Oil products
12 1932 Oil products
10 1944 Oil products
10 1945 Oil products
12 1936 Crude oil
12 1940 Crude oil
8 1930 Crude oil
6 Before 1927 Crude oil
8 to 10 1934 Crude oil
8 1935 Crude oil
12 1942 Crude oil
12 1947 Crude oil
8 1949 Crude oil
8 1947 Crude oil
8 1947 Crude oil
8 1940 Crude oil
8 1943-45 Crude oil
8 1937-10 Crude oil
8 1949-54 Crude oil
-1 1941-45 Crude oil
2 1936 Distillate oil products
6 1936 Residual oil products
12 1940 Crude oil
10 1937 Oil products
12 Progress 1956 Crude oil
12 1936 Crude oil
12 1940 Crude oil
12 1947 Crude oil
12 1951 Crude oil
12 1947 Crude oil
20 1955 ' Crude oil
20 to 21 Progress 1956 Oil products
6 to 10 1932 Crude oil
10 1937 Crude oil
6 1947 Crude oil
6 to 8 1917 Crude oil
- I
20 t Progress 1956 Oil products
8 j 1940 Crude oil
10 to 16 1949 Oil products
6 , Before 1027 ,t Crude oil
6 Before 1927 ' Crude oil
12 , 1943 Crude oil
s 1940 Crude oil
8 1943 Crude oil
20 1947 ' Crude oil
20 1949 ' Crude oil, oil products
1 to 20 19-18-51 Oil products
12 to 14 1948-52 Oil products
12 1952 t Crude oil
8 , 1947 Oil products
10 1950-54 7 Topped crude oil
18 1950-5-1 Crude oil
1,8 1950-5-1 Oil products
--
12 1 1950-5-1 Oil products
12 1950-5-1 Crude oil
12 1950-54 Oil products
5 1913 Crude oil
4 1950-54 Crude oil
20 1950-54 Crude oil
8 1939 Crude oil
8 1950-5-1 Crude oil
12 1955 Crude oil
8 1950-54 Crude oil
15 to 20 1956 Crude oil
15 to 20 1956 Crude oil
20 1956 Crude oil
12 1955-56 Crude oil
12 1956 Crude oil
12 1956 Crude oil
15 1956 Crude oil
12 1956 Crude oil
20 1950-55 Crude oil
15 1950-55 Crude oil
12 1950-55 Crude oil
20 Progress 1956 Oil products
20 Progress 1956 4; Crude oil
12 Progress 1956 Crude oil
12 Progress 1956 Crude oil
20 Progress 1956 Crude oil
20 Progress 1956 Oil products
2 to 16 Progress 1956 , Crude oil
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Table 2
Chronology for Construction of Trunk Oil Pipelines in the USSR
Before 1957
Date of Installation of Pipeline in Place and Completed for Initial Operation Extensions
Continued
Before 1946 1946-50 1951-55 Before 1956 1956 Before 1957 in 1957
Lengths by Inches of Diameter
(Kilometers)
Length
(Kilo-
mamil
Units
Length
(Kilo-
Latkami
Units
Length
(Kilo-
eplmll Units
Length
(Kilo-
2,1160.1
Malts
Length
(Kilo-
r12:1Etml
Units
Length
(Kilo-
aqmli
Units
Extension
(Kilo-
meters)
Total
(Kilo-
meters)
4 or
Less
6
8
10
12
Mbla
Than 12
883
1
883
1
883
1
883
64
1
64
1
64
1
64
162
1
162
1
162
1
162
155
89
1
1
155
89
1
1
155
89
1
1
89
155
644
1
644
1
644
1
644
108
1
108
1
108
1
108
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
709
I
709
1
709
t
709
211
1
211
1
211
211
61
1
61
1
61
1
61
118
1
118
1
u8
1
118
167
1
167
1
167
1
167
100
1
100
1
100
1
loo
80
1
80
1
80
1
ao
73
1
73
1
.73
1
73
166
1
166
1
125
1
125
166
1
1
452
577
125
166
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
227
1
227
1
227
1
227
227
1
227
1
227
1
227
1,332
1
1,332
1
1,332
1
1,332
63
63
1
63
1
63
60
60
1
60
1
60
I60
160
1
I60
1
160
600
1
600
1
600
1
600
94
1
94
1
94
110
1
110
1
110
110
1
110
1
110
200
1
200
1
100
1
300
1
300
74
1
74
1
74
140
1
140
1
140
1
140
260
1
260
1
260
1
260
359
I
359
I
359
I
359
10.91
11
EL
4
7,118
8
1...IL
g2
gla
6
8,197
a
1151
Ili
0
121
1,12L
21.1
3,919
2,046
455
1
455
1
455
1
455
665
1
665
1
665
1
665
180
1
180
1
620
Boo
180
130
1
130
1
1,070
1,200
130
120
120
1
120
1
120
1,130
1,130
1
1,130
1
1,130
88
1
88
1
88
1
88
380
380
1
95
1
475
1
655
1,130
475
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Table 2
Chronology for Construction of Trunk Oil Pipelines in the USSR
Before 1957
(Continued)
Date of Installation of Pipeline in Place and Completed for Initial Operation
Extensions
Continued
in 1957
Lengths by Inches of Diameter
(Kilometers)
Before 1946
1946-50
Length
(Kilo-
Units
1951-55
Length
(Kilo-
xl2E2-1/ Units
Before 1956
Length
(Kilo-
EtnaUnits
1956.
Before 1957
Length
(Kilo-
122L221 Units1,12p121-21
Length
(Kilo-
02,,Jual
Units
length
(Kilo-
112.).
Units
Extension
(Kilo-
meters)
Total
(Kilo-
me-__tpx_.
4 or
Less
6
8
10
12
More
Than 12
Lan
a 208
a
1,511
g
2,858 6
122
1
lail?
11
2,345
.1,132
2
0
88
.2.
La
2,212
2,9111
a
7/a
6
4 828
10
10 622
32
.1.21A
2
1.1.A112
112.
2,797
'i,707
a121
L,J.J.
1.42L
,14172i
,1,215J,
4,602
13
614
4
4,828
10
10,044
27
850
7
10,894
32
2,797
3,707
o o
1,253
1,427
4,227
3,987
13
13
1
13
1
13
.
42
1
42
1
42
1
42
25
1
25
1
25
1
25
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
24
1
24
1
24
1
24
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
16
1
16
1
16
1
16
23
1
23
1
23
1
23
19
1
19
1
19
1
19
40
1
40
1
40
1
40
15
1
15
1
15
1
15
18
1
18
1
18
1
18
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
20
1
20
1
20
1
20
46
1
46
1
46
1
46
14
1
14
1
14
1
14
35
35
1
35
1
35
lo
10
1
lo
1
10
141
11
1
14
11
1
1
14
11
1
1
14
II
26
1
26
1
26
1
26
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
28
1
28
1
28
1
28
35
1
35
1
35
1
35
35
1
35
1
35
1
35
25
25
1
25
1
25
24
1
24
1
24
1
24
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
35
35
1
35
1
35
31
1
31
1
3.1.
1
31
22
1
22
1
22
1
22
15
1
15
1
15
1
15
6
1
6
1
6
35
1
35
1
35
16
1
16
1
16
23,
g)t_
6
2,L2.
6
2/i
is
24
12
222
I
12.?.
186
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Table 2
Chronology for Construction of Trunk Oil Pipelines in the USSR
Before 1957
(Continued)
Date of Installation of Pipeline in Place and Completed for Initial Operation
Extensions
Lengths by Inches of Diameter
(Kilometers)
Continued
Before 1946 1946-50 1951-55 Before 1956 1956 Before 1957 in 1957
Lebgth Length
(Kilo- (Kilo-
221Eal Units 1.322Lta) Units
Length
(Kilo-
gElta)
Unitssisle.L..)..s.
Length
(Kilo-
32
18
18
la
86
;2.
8,483
Units
Length
(Kilo-
reilsa
Units
Length
(Kilo-
EstEal
32
18
18
18
86
842
2,1?
Extension Total
(Kilo- (Kilo-
Uhits 122:_ter..
4 or
Less
la
18
42
24
18
42
aa
6
18
18
Z1
200
18
218
EEE
8 10 12
More
Than 12
32 1
18 1
18 1
18 1
86 4
21.6_ 22 124 6
L.,3?2. 1E1 21 12
11l-i
,463
14
_2,
16
1
1
1
1
4
IL
62
==
lo
12
LI
?.7.2
1122
1,075
1
2.
1
12
_Elfflex_
1
1
1
1
4
4o
12
12
82.
4
6
88
11
99
32
,12
ItIl
1,705
18
18
2i
22L
683
1,674
o
12i
4,075
o
lla
2,158
Total product oil
Total oil
Total pipelines
Crude oil
Product oil
Total oil
Extensions to 1956 completions,
Others under construction
Total confirmed Ei
Doubtful 1/
Total listed
1 206 6 208 2
1,510
2,924
1,'i29
120
1,825
1122
4,530
2,035
,528 g Lt 12
........
1,211
11,11a
L2.,!q12
4,193
construction continued in 1957 fl/
in 1956, construction continued in 1957 12/
2,797
5,123
2?,402
5,112
25,514
EEEEE
EEEEE
EEEEE
EEEEE
c. See Table 1, p. 41, above.
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Table 3
Comparison of Total Lengths of Oil Pipelines
in the USSR, 1 January 1957,
and in the US, 1 January 1956
Kilometers
Oil Pipelines
USSR pi
1 January 1957
US 12/
1 January 1956 2/
Trunk lines for crude oil
9,153
126,485
Gathering lines for crude oil
N.A.
118,329
Total lines for crude oil
N.A.
244 814
Trunk lines for oil products
3,329
58,613
Total trunk lines
12,1182
185,098
Total oil lines
N.A.
303,427
a. Estimates developed in this report.
b. Reported statistics.
c. Later similar statistics collated on a national basis are not
yet available.
-47-
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Thousand Kilometers
1,000
800
600
400
200
100
80
60
40
20
10
8
6
4
2
.6
.4
.2
Figure 2
TOTAL LENGTH OF OPERATING TRUNK OIL AND GAS PIPELINES*
IN THE USSR AND THE US
1945-56 and 1960 Plan in the USSR
US Total
US Gas
US Oil
USSR Total
.---
---
v
---??-'
....."
v v v v v v
v v
..
,,...;.?
..- ..,
......?.?......;-,
v-l...... .
, / ..,
..- ...--
", ?...
;,
v
,...
,
.
..
...""-
_ __?
/....
..--,--'
...------'. USSR Oil
_..----
_,...-----
_,...--' USSR Gas
.-----
----""
..7
V
..././:,,,,..,
e
R aszea to:
7
1
1
1
1
I
i i i i
I
i
1945 '46 '47 '48 '49 1950 '51 '52 '53
25741 12.57
'54
*Trunk pipelines for petroleum oils;
transmission pipelines for fuel gases.
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1955
'56
1960
(Plan)
50X1
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Table 4
Comparison of Diameter Distribution of Trunk Oil Pipelines
in the USSR, 1 January 1957, and in the US, 1 January 1956
Type of Pipeline
and Diameter
USSR 2/ us 12/
1 January 1957 1 January 1956
Length Length
(Inches) (Kilometers) Percent of Total (Kilometers) Percent of Total
Pipelines for crude oil
4 or less
24
0.3
7,255
5.7
6
200
2.2
18,687
14.8
8
1,705.
18.6
41,236
32.6
10
991
10.8
21,651
17.1
12
4,075
44.5
],4,886
11.8
More than 12
2,158
23.6
22,770
18.0
Total
2,151
100.0
126,485
100.0
Pipelines for oil products
4 or less
18
0.5
3,219
5.5
6
18
0.5
14,230
24.3
8
120
3.6
22,840
39.0
10
683
20.5
7,028
12.0
12
455
13.7
7,920
13.5
More than 12
2,035
61.2
3,376
5.7
Total
3,29
100.0
58,611
100.0
Total trunk oil pipelines
4 or less
42
0.3
10,474
5.7
6
218
1.8
32,917
17.8
8
1,825
14.6
64,076
34.6
lo
1,674
13.4
28,679
15.5
12
4,530
36.3
22,806
12.3
More than 12
4,193
33.6
26,146
14.1
Total all diameters 12 482 100.0 185,098 100.0
a. The data are derived from Table 1 (p. 41, above). If the diameter of a pipeline is
shown as an odd number in Table 1, the line is grouped in this table with lines having the
next higher even number for a diameter. If Table 1 shows two values for the diameter of a
line, the line is grouped in this table with lines having the larger value for a diameter.
b. Later statistics for the US, collated on a national basis, are not yet available.
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Table 5
Planned Trunk Oil Pipelines in the USSR 2../
1956-60 and 1961-65
Origin
Intermediate Points and Terminals
Specified in Direc
Length h/
(Kilometers)
Under Construction in 1956- Still in Planning
Stage
Completed Construction as of
in 1956 Well Advanced Construction Started Early 1957
yes as Projects of the Original Sixth Five Year Plan
Total
of the Original
Sixth Five Year Plan
(1956-60)
Total
of the Original
Seventh Five Year Plan
(1961-65)
Probable
Diameter di
(Inches)
Probable Type
of
Service
AI'met'yevek
Omsk
Kuybyshev
Ufa
Al'met'yevsk
Omsk
Novosibirsk
Tuymasy
Cor'kiy
Gor'kiy
Ryazan'
Ishimbay
Chistopol', Kazan', Gor'kiy
Tatarsk, Novosibirsk
Syzran', Penza, Bryansk
Chelyabinsk, Chumlyak, Kurgan, Omsk
Molotov
Tatarsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk
Irkutsk
Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Omsk
Yaroslavl'
Ryazan'
Moscow
Orsk
577
800
1,200
1,130
446
dentified in Later Soviet Sources as Projects o
2,450
1,650
1,350
350
350
250
310
the Original Sixth Five Year Plan
577
800
1,200
1,130
446
2,450
1,650
1,350
350
350
250
310
12 Crude oil ei
20 Oil products E/
20 Oil products si
14 to 20 Oil products hi
14 to 20 Crude oil 1/
20 Crude oil 1/
20 Oil products
28 Crude oil ki
Crude oil
Crude oil
Oil products
Oil products ki
Subkhankulovo (Tuymasy-Bavly
Al'met'yevsk
Krotovka
Zhirnoye
Ostrov Artema
Khrskoye
Saratov (Stepnoye) Oilfields
Suleyevo
Kaltasy
Sernyye Vody
Omsk
Dryansk
Bryansk
Kremenchug
Saratov
Tikhoretsk
NeftyanyyeKamni
Mukhanovo (Krotovka area)
Al'met'yevsk area
Dolina
area) .Shkapovo
Asnakayevo, Subkhankulovo (Tuymazy-Bavly area)
Novokuybyshevsk (Kuybyshev area)
Stalingrad
Apsheronskiy Poluostrov (Apsheron Peninsula)
Novorossiysk
Trofimovskiy (NalivnnYa)
Al'met'yevsk
Chekmagush,Ufa
Krotavka
Pavlcdar
Polotsk
Kremenchug
Odessa
Voronezh
Thapse
Ostrov Zhiloy, Apsheron Peninsula
Kuybyshev area
Kuybyshev area
Drogobych
Irkutsk
Amurskaya Oblast
Total
Amurskaya Oblast ri
Khabarovskiy Kray pi
94
110
110
300
6
74
35
16
Identified in Soviet Sources as Projects o
lkl
90
87
94
110
110
303
6
74
35
16
90
87
400 400
500
530
409
530
230
40
90 90
260 260
76 76
500
530
1409
530
230
40
he Original Seventh Five Year Plan
15 to 20 Crude oil
15 to 20 Crude oil
20 Crude oil
12 Crude oil li
12 Crude oil Ti
12 Crude oil
15 Crude oil
12 Crude oil
12 Crude oil pi
12 Crude oil 2/
12 to 16 Crude oil pi
Oil products
Oil products
Oil products
Oil products
Crude oil
16 Crude oil ki pi
Crude oil
Crude oil si
Crude oil ki
11,33a 4_621 5,275
14,850
2,500
700
Crude oil
Crude oil
c. The sequence of Oil Pipeline numbers is applied in Table 1 (p. 41, above) and on the map, Figure 1 (inside back cover)
and has been developed for geographical grouping. The sequence of Planned Oil Pipelines is here applied for coordina-
tion in Table 5. Table 1 has been developed for trunk oil pipelines completed or under ronztruction as of 1 January 1957
and includes the 18 lines in Table tin are designated by I specifically Planned Pipe-
lines Table 5 lists 2oi .t .'lines as .ro ects of the original Sixth Five Year
Plan, shown on the map, Figure 1 as Oil
Pipelines appear o ave een still in the planning stage in 1956.
A. In accordance with discussion in the text of this report (p. 17, above), 12 inches is considered to be the probable
minimum diameter in the Soviet trunk oil pipelines that comprise projects planned or actue.11y constructed since 1955.
In the longer lines in this category the diameters are probably 20 inches or more. The diameters of such lines, how-
ever, are not generally specified in the available Soviet sources, and the individual diameters have not been
estimated except for the 18 lines that were completed or under construction in 1956 and for Planned Oil Pipelines
Nos. 8 and 29, both of which have diameters specified in Soviet sources. As shown in Table 1 (p. 41, above), with
completion dates prior to 1956, Oil Pipelines (Thymasy-Omskl F I correlate directly
with the 1 d s, and there is Soviet source specification of 20 inches as the diameter of Oil Pipeline
cam 1 ted sagest single oil pipeline known to have been installed before 11.5
in the USSR. Oil Pipeline l I I will have a diameter of 28 inches.
e. This pipe me apparently was completed in 1956 for service from Al'met'yevsk to Chistopol', and its completed length 1,
estimated to be 125 km. The total length installed in place in 1956 is reported to be 200 km.
that the line was scheduled for completion in the third quarter of 1957.
f. This pipeline reporte as c et
ported to be about 180 km.
for completion in 19572
ted length is re-
was scheduled
,:,111,5, 500 km of the line from Omsk were scheduled for
- 51 -
completion in the fourth quarter of 1957. However, 300 km of the line from Omsk reportedly were welded in 1956; and
construction work reportedly had reached Barabinsk in September 1956,
g. This pipeline reportedly was completed in 1956 for service from Kuybyshev to Sym.an', and its completed length is
reported to be about 130 km. The Sysran'-Penza sector, with an estimated length of 380 km, reportedly was scheduled
for completion in 1957.
h. This pipeline (Ufa-OMsk reportedly was completed for service before 1956 from Ufa to Chelyabinsk, and its
completed length is estimated to be 380 he divided as follows: UfaBerdyaush, 218 km, completed in 1954, and Berdyaush-
Chelyabinsk, 162 km, completed in 1955. It was also reported that 95 km were completed in 1956 for service from
Chelyabinsk to Chumlyak, and the 184 km of trench for the next portion, Chumlyak-KUrgan, also reportedly were completed
in 1956. A Soviet source states that the portion from Chelyabinsk to Petropavlovsk, 253 in, was scheduled for completion
in the fourth quarter of .1957. See Table 1, footnote o, p. 41, above.
i. The reported length of the section of this pipeline installed in 1956 is 250 km. Construction advanced 230'10m north-
ward from Al'met'yevsk to tie in with construction advancing 20 km southward from Molotov. The entire pipeline
reportedly was scheduled for completion in 1957.
3. this trunk line will transport crude oil for charge to two new refineries to be con-
structed during the original Sixth Five Year Plan, at Bogotol in Kiasnoyarskiy Kray and at Angarsk near Irkutak.
k. Soviet sources state that construction is scheduled to start in 1957 on Planned Oil_fipelines Nos. 8, 29, and 32
and in 1958 on Planned Oil Pipeline They also state that Planned Oil 21 I land presumably also
Planned Oil Pipeline will be completed in 1958. Planned Oil Pipeline is designated as Tuymasy-Omsk
roe oellvery if crude oil to Stalingrad may be for transshipment via river barges on the Volga. It is possible,
however, that the crude oil may be for refining in Stalingrad. The status of possible refining facilities in Stalin-
grad is still uncertain. Reportedly as of early 1957, a crude oil refinery was under construction in Stalingrad and
was to be operating in part in the third quarter of 1957. Refinery construction in that city has been indicated in
the past, and unconfirmed secondary reports have identified existing refineries in the city.
m. These pipelines are underwater pipelines connecting with off-shore crude oil production in the Caspian Sea.
n. This pipeline reportedly was completed in considerable part in 1956.
o. Thirty-five km of this pipeline reportedly were completed in 1956. the line was
scheduled for completion in the second quarter of 1957.
p. On the basis of Soviet reports it appears that this oil pipeline is projected as a branch from Oil Pipeline
(Omsk-Irkutsk) from a point between Omsk and Barabinsk.
q. Second trunk crude oil pipeline to connect the two areas t first such line being Oil Pipeline
r. On the basis of Soviet reports this terminal probably wilhe be at a new natural crude oil refinerYltalbelconatructed
in the Blagoveshchensk-Raychlkhinsk area of Amurskaya Oblast,
s. This terminal probably will be at the existing natural crude oil refinery in Khabarovsk.
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Table 6
Estimated Annual Traffic in Nongas Petroleum Stock in the USSR
1940-55 and 1960 Plan
Type of Carrier
Oil Pipelines
Internal Waterway Maritime Railroad Total
Year
Amount
(Billion Ton-Kilometers)
Percent
Amount
(Billion Ton-Kilometers)
Percent
Amount
(Billion Ton-Kilometers)
Percent
Amount
(Billion Ton-Kilometers)
Percent
Amount
(Billion Ton-Kilometers)
Percent
1940
3.8
5.7
12.1
18.3
13.7
20.8
36.4
55.2
66.0
100.0
1941
3.9
5.8
12.0
17.7
14.o
20.7
37.8
55.8
67.7
100.0
1942
2.7
5.8
8.0
17.1
9.4
20.2
26.5
56.9
46.6
100.0
1943
2.1
6.o
5.9
16.7
7.0
19.9
20.2
57.4
35.2
100.0
1944
2.2
5.9
6.0
16.1
7.4
19.8
21.7
58.2
37.3
100.0
1945
2.4
5.9
6.3
15.6
7.9
19.5
23.9
59.0
40.5
100.0
1946
2.7
6.o
6.8
15.1
10.5
23.3
25.1
55.6
45.1
100.0
1947
3.3
6.1
7.9
14.6
14.7
27.1
28.3
52.2
54.2
100.0
1948
3.7
6.1
8.6
14.2
13.7
22.5
34.7
57.2
6o.7
100.0
1949
4.3
6.2
9.5
13.7
12.3
17.8
43.2
62.3
69.3
100.0
1950
4.9
6.2
10.4
13.2
11.4
14.5
52.0
66.1
78.7
100.0
1951
5.5
6.4
11.2
13.0
17.3
20.0
52.4
60.6
86.4
100.0
1952
6.3
6.6
12.0
12.6
15.2
16.0
61.6
64.8
95.1
100.0
1953
7.1
6.8
12.8
12.3
12.3
11.8
71.9
69.1
104.1
1150.0
1954
10.1
8.o
15.8
12.6
15.2
12.1
84.5
67.3
125.6
100.0
1955
13.7 y
9.7
13.2
9.3
12.7
9.0
101.6
72.0
141.2
100.0
1960
83.0
25.0
51.3 hi
15.5 y
51.3 12/
15.5 ti
146.4
44.1
332.0
100.0
the volume figure for oil pipeline traffic in 1955 as 14.7 billion ton-kilometers, but the figure of 13.7 billion ton-kilometers,
is considered to be more realistic, since it correlates with otherl evidence. the volume figure for oil pipeline traffic in
1)b was 20.5 billion ton-kilometers, and the planned volume figure for 195/ was 27.b billion ton-kilometers.
b. The traffic planned for internal waterway and maritime carriers combined is known to be 102.6 billion ton-kilometers. The amounts shown here are simple averages and do not
imply that the traffic necessarily will be shared equally by the two types of carriers.
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Billion Metric Ton-Kilometers
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Figure 350X1
TRANSPORT OF NONGAS PETROLEUM,
BY TYPE OF CARRIER, IN THE USSR
1940-55 and 1960 Plan
i
/-
1,/,_
Total f?-' ..,
Waterborne /,''
Transport \/:,,),?,.:).
., .., J
'0'0.'J''
?;-'0
,
0 01
,i
4,;,,,
Maritime /
,.../
\
..).,, .J J
,? 0 J ?-?
) .f' j?V
/
0
/
Internal
.., -/.//-
Waterway
/
,
\
\
Railroad
mmossiii
. --'
.
.
. '--
' Pipeline
,
.
1940
25740 12-57
1945
1950
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1955
1960
(Ple?s)
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Percent
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Figure 4 50X1
PERCENTAGE OF TRANSPORT OF NONGAS PETROLEUM,
BY TYPE OF CARRIER, IN THE USSR
1940-55 and 1960 Plan
,,,, ; , ,
//,/ /
//,/,? ? ' //, ,/,
i / . 1' /
/V/ //// ' ///
, 7 ? / ,
\ \*
/
/
\ '
///,/
/
/
\
,
,
\?.
,
,
Transport
, ,
, /
/
Internal
/
Waterway
...,
Railroad
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
i
I
I
Pipeline
I I I
I
1
1
1
1
1940
25739 12-57
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1945
1950
1955
1960
(Plan)
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 7
Total Freight Traffic in the USSR, by Type of Carrier 2/
Selected Years, 1913-56, and 1960 Plan
Type of Carrier
Internal Waterway
Maritime Total Waterway Railroad Highway Oil Pipeline Total
Year
Amount
(Billion Ton-
Kilometers)
Percent
of
Total
Amount
(Billion Ton-
Kilometers)
Percent
of
Total
Amount
(Billion Ton-
Kilometers)
Percent
of
Total
Amount
(Billion Ton-
Kilometers)
Percent
of
Total
Amount
(Billion Ton-
Kilometers)
Percent
of
Total
Amount
(Billion Ton-
Kilometers)
Percent
of
Total
Amount
(Billion Ton-
Kilometers)
Percent
of
Total
1913 12
1928
1940
1950
1954
19552/
1956
1960 1/
28.59
15.9
35.89
45.93
6.5
67.44
70.2
121
24.9
13.3
7.4
6.4
6.1
5.8
5.4
6.7
19.78
9.3
23.79
39.72
56.6
68.94
82.4
143
17.3
7.8
4.9
5.6
5.5
5.9
6.3
7.9
48.37
25.2
59.68
85.65
119.0
136:38
152.6
264
42.2
21.1
12.3
12.0
11.6
11.7
11.7
14.6
65.7
93.4
415.0
602.3
856.8
970,92
1,079.1
1,375
57.4
78.2
85.1
84.5 2/
83.7
83.42/
83.0
76.1
0.1
0.2
8.9
20.1
37.52
42.5
47.5
85
0.1
0.20.64
1.8
2.8 2./
3.7
3.72/
3.7
4.7
0.31
3.76
4.85
10.07
13.7
20.5
83
0.3
0.5
0.8
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.6
4.6
114.5
119.4
487.4
713.0
1,023.4
1,163.52/
1,299.7
1,807
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
a. I rounded figures are given for some but not all of the absolute values shown in Table 7. Conforming within limits of con-
ventional rounding to the various absolute values, to the ratios of absolute values, and to the percentages of totals, all as given ml a manner
to cause all such values, ratios, and percentages to show minimum discrepancy with respect to one another, certain absolute values are introduced into the table, and certain of
the rounded absolute values are expanded to more significant figures. The totals of ton-kilometers are always rounded as shown in the table.
Negligibly different rounded figures are shown for most of the data
b. Within the borders of the USSR prevailing prior to 17 September . or these data also gives the following values in billion ton-kilometers for
total freight traffic in 1913, reckoned within the borders of the USSR prevailing as of 1956: internalwaterway, 28.9; maritime, 20.3; and railroad, 76.4.
c. slightly different values for these percentages as follows: railroads, 84.6 for 1950 and 83.7 for 1955; highway, 2.7 for 1950 and 3.4 for 1955.
d. rounded figures as shown below for total freight traffic in the USSR; these figures cover 1955 operations and the planned percentage breakdown
for 1960. Some of the figures differ somewhat from those shown in Table 7, and the same series of slightly differing percentages for 1960 are also
mentioned in footnote c, above:
Type of Carrier
Traffic
Quantity in 1955
(Billion Ton-Kilometers)
Percent
1955 1960
Waterborne transport
Internal waterway
67.4
5.7 6.7
Maritime
68.9
6.0 7.9
Total waterborne transport
136.3,
11.7 14.6
Railroad
970.9
83.4 76.4
Highway
42.5
3.7 4.4
Oil pipeline
13.9
1.2 4.6
Total
1,163.6
100.0 100.0
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FtIV1
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Table 7
Total Freight Traffic in the USSR, by Type of Carrier
Selected Years, 1913-56, and 1960 Plan
(Continued)
-the above figures also gives values for each type of carrier, where each such value is the ratio of the volume planned for 1960 to the volume developed
in 1955: for internal waterway traffic, 1.8; for maritime traffic, 2.1; for railroad traffic, 1.42; for highway traffic, 2.02; for oil pipeline traffic, 6; and for all traffic,
1.55. Except for highway traffic the same ratios for 1960 over 1955 are given in ITable 7 and are correlated in the volume values derived for the
1960 Plan as shown in Table 7. The highway traffic ratio of 2.02 is replaced by a rounded factor of 2 in Table 7; the ratio of 2.02 is numerically incom-
patible with the percentages and other ratios correlated with the 2..02 in the other Soviet source. Within limits of conventional rounding, the figure given in
1 Ithe 1960 total volume of freight is 1.55 t 0.0049 times the 1955 total. Using also the upper and lower limits of the figures given Ifor the per-
cent of total freight that is or will be transported by highway carrier in the 2 years (1955 . 3.7 percent and 1960 . 4.4 percent? the ratio of the volume in 1960 to that of
the volume in 1955 will have to fall between 1.79 and 1.90. The figure 2.02 does not fall within this range. found to be internally inconsistent, and the
1955 and 1960 data of Table 7 are assumed to be the more nearly realistic.
e. In the European USSR, 706.8 billion ton-kilometers; in the Asiatic USSR, 456.7 billion ton-kilometers.
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(Iv 1
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Table 8
Transportation Balances in Nongas Petroleum Stock in the USSR and the US
by Type of Carrier
1950, 1955, and 1960 Plan in the USSR
and 1949 and 1955 in the US
Mass of Transfer2../* Traffic
Average Distance Volume
Amount Percent of Transfer (Billion Ton- Percent
Country, Year, and Carrier (Million Metric Tons) of Total (Kilometers) Kilometers) of Total
USSR
1950
Oil pipeline
15.3
18.3
318
4.9
6.2
Internal waterway
12.3
14.7
846
10.4
13.2
Maritime
12.8
15.3
891
11.4
14.5
Railroad
43.2
51.7
1,205
52.0
66.1
Total or average
83.6
100.0
941
18.7
loo.0
1955
Oil pipeline
50.7
32.0
270
13.7
9.7
Internal waterway
13.9
8.8
950
13.2
9.3
Maritime
16.1
10.2
789
12.7
9.0
Railroad
77.6
49.0
1,309
101.6
72.0
Total or average
158.3.
100.0
892
141.2
100.0
1960
Waterborne transport
Internal waterway
17.0
5.6
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Maritime
24.2
8.0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Total waterborne
transport
41.2
13.6
2,490
102.6
30,9
Oil pipeline
127.7
42.0
650
83.0
25.0
Railroad
135.1
44.4
1,084
146.4
44.1
Total or average
304.0
100.0
1,092
312.0
100.0
* Footnotes for Table 8 follow on p. 58. - 57 _
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Table 8
Transportation Balances in Nongas Petroleum Stock in the USSR and the US
by Type of Carrier
1950, 1955, and 1960 Plan in the USSR
and 1949 and 1955 in the US
(Continued)
Mass of Transfer 21 Traffic
Average Distance Volume
Amount Percent of Transfer (Billion Ton- Percent
Country, Year, and Carrier (Million Metric Tons) of Total (Kilometers) Kilometers) of Total
US
1949
Oil pipeline
236.8
36.4
709
167-8
45.o
Waterway
256.0
39.3
654
167.5
44.9
Railroad
43.7
6.7
651
28.5
7.6
Highway 12/
114.5
17.6
80
9.2
2.5
Total or average
651.0
loom
573
373.0
loom
1955
Oil pipeline
340.9
37.3
751
256.0
44.6
Waterway
356.0
39.0
776
276.4
48.2
Railroad
38.0
4.2
701
26.7
4.7
Highway
178.1
19.5
80
14.2
2.5
Total or average
913.0
100.0
628
273.1
100.0
a. represent the total tonnage originated in the USSR (for further explanation of --
the meaning of the mass of transfer, see Table 9, footnote a, p. 60, below). US figures represent
the tonnage of net delivery in the US. The data for the US are developed by analysis of published
statistics. Referring to the ton-kilometer values shown for the US traffic, the values for oil pipe-
line and railroad may be derived more or less directly, whereas the values for waterway and highway
require independent estimates of certain statistical details that are not published. The data as
shown in Table 8, however, are believed to represent correctly orders of magnitude for the US and the
USSR alike.
b. The principal highway carriers are motor tank-trucks, the highway
transportation of nongas petroleum stock in the USSR has been insignificant, at least before the
original Sixth Five Year Plan.
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Billion Metric Ton-Kilometers
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Figure 5 50X1
TRANSPORT OF NONGAS PETROLEUM,
BY TYPE OF CARRIER, IN THE US
1940-55
_
Highway
:::.,....:
;?:'
,
','?
_
,
?
Total
Waterborne
Transport
?,-
,
,
. ?J
J ,
????
r' U 1
,
3
, ,,0?:
t., 3
_
, 3
J ,
D
?
t
Railroad
'
-
_
1
1
i
i
1
Pipeline
1 I I
I
I
I
1
1940
26470 12-57
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1950
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1955
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Table 9
Transportation Balances in Total Freight in the USSR
by Type of Carrier
1940, 1950, 1955-56, and 1960 Plan
Year and Carrier
Mass of Transfer W.
Average Distance
of Transfer .3/
(Kilometers
Traffic
Amount
(Million Metric Tons)
Percent of Total
Volume
(Billion Ton-Kilometers)
Percent of Total
1940
Waterborne transport
Internal waterway
Maritime
Total water-
72.9
31.2
4.7
2.0
492
763
35.89
23.79
6.4
5.6
borne transport
104.1
6.7
573
59.68
12.0
Oil pipeline
7.9
0.5
476
3.76
0.7
Railroad '
592.6
37.9
700
415.0
84.5
Highway
858.6
54.9
10.4
8.9
2.8
Total or average
L.L3
100.0
312
487.4
100.0
1950
Waterborne transport
Internal waterway
86.3
3.0
532
45.93
6.4
Maritime
33.7
1.2
1,178
39.72
5.6
Total water-
borne transport
120.0
4.2
714
85.65
12.0
Oil pipeline
15.3
0.5
318
4.85
0.7
Railroad
834.2
29.5
722
602.3
84.5
Highway
1,861.1
65.8
10.8
20.1
2.8
Total or average
2,830.6
100.0.
252
112a
100.0
1955
Waterborne transport
Internal waterway
131.0
2.5
515
67.44
5.8
Maritime
53.5
1.0
1)288
68.94
5.9
Total water-
borne transport
184.5
Li
739
136.38
11.7
Oil pipeline
50.7
0.9
270
13.7
1.2
Railroad
1,267.5
23.8
766
970.92
83.4
Highway
3,828.8
71.8
11.1
42.5
3.7
Total or average
5,331.5
100.0
218
1,163.5
100,0
Footnote for Table 9 follows on p. 60.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 9
Transportation Balances in Total Freight in the USSR
by Type of Carrier
1940, 1950, 1955-56, and 1960 Plan
(Continued)
Mass of Transfer e Traffic
Average Distance
Amount of Transferpy./ Volume
Year and Carrier (Million Metric Tons) Percent of Total (Kilometers) (Billion Ton-Kilometers) Percent of Total
1956
Waterborne transport
Internal waterway
146.6
2.5
479
70.2
5.4
Maritime
57.7
1.0
1,428
82.4
6.3
Total water-
borne transport
Eati
3,/,
747
.152.A.
11.7
Oil pipeline
65.3
1.1
314
20.5
1.6
Railroad
10371.0
23.6
787
1,079.1
83.0
Highway
4,166.7
71.8
11.4
47.5
3.7
Total or average
9,807.9
100.0
224
1.299.7
100.0
1960
Waterborne transport
Internal waterway
198.7
2.2
609
121
6.7
Maritime
79.4
0.9
1,800
143
7.9
Total water-
borne transport
278.1
32.1
949
264
14.6
Oil pipeline
127.7
1.4
650
83
4.6
Railroad
1,833.3
MJ
750
1,375
76.1
Highway
6,640.6
74.8
12.8
85
4.7
Total or average
8,879.7
100.0
203
lii.10
100.0
a. The mass of transfer appears to be tons originated The originated tonnage usually involves
duplicate accounting of the actual material carried when there is transshipment by different types of carriers and sometimes
by different ? systems comprising the same type of carrier. The duplicate accounting may be of considerable significance in the
national total for different types of carriers and also may develop a significant factor in the total for a given type of
carrier, especially for the highway type. The average distance of transfer is then a ratio that is an apparent average only.
The originated tonnage Is the actual transferred tonnage (tota), tonnage of net delivery) multiplied by a duplicate
accounting factor that is greater than unity'. The actual average length of haul of the actual transferred tonnage is the
correlated apparent average distance of transfer multiplied by the same factor. The actual average length Of haul is the
ratio of the total ton-kilometers to the total mass of transfer when the latter is corrected to represent total tonnage of
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 9
Transportation Balances in Total Freight in the USSR
by Type of Carrier
1940, 1950, 1955-56, and 1960 Plan
(Continued)
net delivery. In the transportation of nongas petroleum stock, however, the duplicate accounting factors probably have only
nominal effect in the Soviet data for a given type of carrier, although the effect may be significant in the national total
fOr different types of carriers.
Negligibly different rounded figures are shown for some of the mass transfer data Differences
of some significance but still, very small are present in the following datal
Mass of Transfer
(Million Metric Tons)
Transport Facility
1950
1955
Waterborne transport
Internal waterway
91.5
139.1
Maritime
33.7
53.7
Total waterborne transport
145,1
12L1
Oil pipeline
15.3
51.7
Railroad
834.3
1,267.0
Highway
1,859.2
3,730.0
Total
2,874.0
5,241.5
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Table 10
Comparison of Railroad Transport of Nongas Petroleum Stock in the USSR and the US
1950, 1954-55, and 1960 Plan in the USSR and 1950-53 in the US
Traffic
Volume
(Billion Ton-Kilometers)
Percent of Total
Nongas
Other
Nongas
Other
Country
Year
Petroleum Stock
Material
Total
Petroleum Stock
Material
Total
USSR
1950
52.0
550.3
602.3
8.6
91.4
100.0
1954
84.5
772.3
856.8
9.9
90.1
100.0
1955
101.6
869.3
970.9
10.5
89.5
100.0
1960
146.4
1,228.6
1,375.0
10.6
89.4
100.0
US 21
1950
30.0
831.9
861.9
3.5
96.5
100.0
1951
31.7
921.7
953.4
3.3
96.7
100.0
1952
30.5
878.0
908.5
3.4
96.6
100.0
1953
29.5
904.8
934.3
3.2
96.8
100.0
a. For intercity service, thus excluding the relatively small intracity nonpassenger
traffic on railroads, the data for railroads in the US, referring to total nonpassen-
ger traffic (freight, express, and mail), are as follows:
Traffic
Year (Billion Ton-Kilometers)
1950
871.51
1951
956.79
1952
910.29
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Table 11
Output of Nongas Petroleum Stock and Traffic in Oil Pipelines
in the USSR and the US
1940, 1950, 1952, 1955, and 1960 Plan in the upsR and
1940, 1949-50, 1952, and 1955 in the US
Country and Year
Indigenous Output of Nongas Petroleum Stock
(Million Metric Tons)
Traffic
Crude Oil
Nongas Products a/
Total
Volume
(Billion Ton-Kilometers)
Use ,
Index ?V
USSR
1940
31.1
26.7
57.8
3.8
66
1950
37.9
33.4
71.3
4.9
69
1952
47.3
41.9
89.2
6.3
71
1955
70.8
62.9
133.7
13.7
102
1960
135.0
119.6
254.6
83.0
326
US
1940
182.4
162.1
344.5
86.5
251
1949
248.3
247.3
495.6
167.8
339
1950
266.0
266.3
532.3
188.6
354
1952
308.7
330.3
639.0
230.0
360
1955
334.9
370.8
705.7
256.0
363
a. Gross output at processing units, derived from crude oil, from natural gas liquids, and from synthetic oil processing. The
crude petroleum charged to this processing is developed into the gross output of the nongas products, plus gas and waste. Of the
gross output of nongas products, a portion is consumed in petroleum processing and in other phases of the petroleum industry.
b. The index, given in terms of kilometers and representing a theoretical length, is derived by dividing volume of traffic by
total output of stock.
Table 12
Comparison of Prewar and Postwar Net Delivery of Crude Oil to Refineries
in the USSR, 1939 and 1954, and in the US, 1936 and 1954
Percent of Total Tonnage
Carrier
USSR
US
1939
1954
1936
1954
Oil pipeline
Waterway
Railroad and truck
Total
11.4
45.9
42.7
100.0
75.0
25.0
100.0
71.3
26.6
2.1
100.0
74.6
23.9
1.5
100.0
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Table 13
Principal Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR
Completed for Operation Before 1 January 1957 21*
(mtel=teigis)
Oriain Intermediate Points and Terminals
Major
Pipe-
linec
Lesser
Pipe-
lines
Minor
Pipe-
lines
Total
Pipe-
lines
Diameter hi
(Inchea)
Date
of Installation
50X1
Daehava
Ternopol', Berdichev, Kiev, Bryansk/Be-
chitsa, Ealuga, Moscow -
1,320
1,320
20
1946-51 ('/
Rhitomir
Vinnitsa
42
40
42
40
1955E/
? 1955
50X1
Pereyaslav-Khmelhaitskiy
75
75-
1955
Chernigov
18
18
1956
Ugandan
DashavE7
52
52
1955-56d
Ugersko (Dashava area) L'vov
Dashava L'vov
70
70
70
70
1951-55_,/
1930 h
50X1
Dashava
L'vov
70
70
1930-40 hi
Dashava
10
10
1940 hi
Stryy
Borislav Drogobych
25
25
1947-5o
Radchenkov (Gogolevo) Mirgorod
60
60
1956
Radchenkov (Gogolevo) Poltava
90
90
1956
Shebelinka Kbar'kov
74
74
28
19569/
Saratov Tambov, Ryazan', Moscow
843
845
12
1944-46 1/
Ryazan Priokskiy
Tambov Morshansk
15
15
1956
97
5
97
5
1951-55 A/ t/
1955
50X1
Kolomna
Yelshenka
Yelshanka
Saratov
Saratov
17
17
17
17
16 to 18
16 to 18
1942
1942-43/
50X1
let' -Kurcloann
Snnatov-tnyanevka
30
30
194409/
Novostepanovka, Poklavistnevo,
Kuybyeluv
166
166
10 to 14
1943
50X1
Novostepanovka, Pokhvistnevo,
Kuybyshev
166
166
10 to 14
1946-51 4/
. F." for Table 13 follow on p. 69. ? 67 -
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Table 13
Principal Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR
Completed for Operation Before 1 January 1957 2../
(Continued)
Gas Pipeline Number pi Planned Gas
Ke Number
pipeline Number Origin
Sultangulovo
Buguruslan
Yablonovo
Zhigulevsk
Minibayevo
Minibayevo
Oktyabr'skiy
Archeda
Rostov
Akhtyrskaya (Il'skiy area)
Anastasiyevka (Il'skiy area)
Pravoberezhnoye
Malgobek
Malgobek
Izberbash
Debit-tog oilfield
yushnyy Alamyshik oilfield
Andishan oilfield
Andishan oilfield
Palvantash oilfield
Changyrtash oilfield
Yarino (Kama River)
Length 2/
(Kilometers)
Intermediate Points and Terminals
Major
Pipe-
lines
Lesser
Pipe-
lines
Minor
Pipe-
lines
Total
Pipe-
lines
Diameter 8/
(Inches)
Date
of Inetallation 2/
Novostepanovka, Pokhvistnevo
19
19
1947
Asekeyevo
10
10
1948
Kuybyshev
32
32
6 to 12
19459/
Zol'noye (Zhoinoya)
25
25
1955 1/
Kazan'
260
260
12
1954
Tuban -Kul'
100
100
10
1954
Tuban-Kul',
Ufa/Chernikovsk
164
164
12
1948-51 9/
Frolovo,
Stalingrad
127
127
12
1953
Stavropol',
Rostov, Voroehilovgrad,
1,300
1,300
28
1955-56 9/
Voronezh, Tula, Moscow
Taganrog
78
78
1956 ..?./
Krasnodar
80
80
1953
Novorossiysk
80
80
1956
Groznyy
26
26
10
1946
Gro.yy
72
72
10
1945
Ordshonikidze(Esaudzhikau)
80
80
1951-55
Makbachkala
65
65
10
1940 9j
Baku/Apsheron area (14 pipelines)
150
150
10 to 16
Before 19462/
Karadag, Baku
75
75
1951-55 r
Belyy Gorod (Shaumyanovskiy District, Baku)
50
50
1956
Vyshka,
Nebit-Dag
30
30
1951
Crunch ?Cesar
Andishan
7
14
7
14
5
1940-46
1945
Andishan
10
lo
1948
Leninsk
Kochkor-Ata
5
7
5
7
1947
1956
Molotov
27
27
1956
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Table 13
Principal Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR
Completed for Operation Before 1 January 1957 pi
(Continued)
For transmission in Okha area, Sakhalin
Total natural ga
Manufactured gas pipelines
Shale gas pipelines
Producer gas pipeline
Coke oven gas Pipelines
Refinery gas pipeline
Total manufactured gas
Total fuel gas
Length 2/
(Kilometers)
Major Lesser Minor Total
Pipe- Pipe- Pipe- Pipe- Diameter. i/ Date
Origin Intermediate Points and Terminals lines lines lines lines (Inches of Installation e/
Err' Oxernyy 27 27 1956
Okha Rayon oilfield Populated area, Okha Rayon 4 4 1956
112.1 1,238 812 L2,91
Kokhtla-Yarve Leningrad (Pipeline No. 1) 203 203 20 1948
Kokhtla-Yarve Tallinn 200 200 20 1953
Slantsy Junction with Gas Pipeline No. 52 53 53 20 1951-55
Shchekino Tula, Moscow 200 200 20 1951-55 R/
Bagley
Bagley
Dneprod.mhimk
Dnepropetrovsk
Baku (Novobakinskiy refinery) Sumgait (synthetic alcohol and
rubber plant)
10 10
40 4o
35 35
.6.91 21 ?1
aais. 1..291 al Lail
1955
1956
1951-55 t/
as shown in Table 15 (p. 73, below), which
e 3 as pipelines that had lengths completed in
1956. The Gas Pipeline and Planned Gas Pipeline number sequences, distinguished by color, are used to identify traces of the gas pipelines shown on the map, Figure 6 (inside hack cover).
c. Lengths are based either onl lor on map measurements and probable deviation factors. In this table a major pipeline has a length of at least 100 km, a lesser pipeline has a length of at
least 50 no but less than 100 km, and a minor pipeline has a length of less than 50 km.
d. The diameter is given only where there is reasonably firm basis for the figure 1 I
e. In some instances the time periods shown are the probable periods of active construction and effective completion. In other instances the actual dates of construction and completion are not known, and
the time periods shown are those during which there probably was construction and completion.
f.
Ithe lead sector of One Pipeliner----1(Dashava-Kiev), 510 km, was completed for operation in 1946-48, and the remaining sector (Kiev-Moscow), 810 km, was completed for oper-
I
ation in 1948-51. It is probable however, that the installatiOn-mr-the pipeline in place in that remaipleg_sector was effectively completed in 1950. 1 la new compressor station
was completed on San pipeline rin 1955 at Berdichev, servicing also the branch line, Gas Pipeline
g' I it appears that the Dashava-Stanislav sector, 47 km, was completed or operation in 1955 and that the lead sector (Ugersko-Dashava), 5 km, connecting with the stepout
development at Ugersxo, was installed in 1956.
h. Gas Pipelineal Iconstitute pipelines reportedly constructed in the Soviet Carpathian area which was in Poland at the time of construction. Gas Pipelines probably existed as
oPerating lines in 1957,1? ?omprising 2 parallels connecting Dashava with L'vov. 1 wes a third line constructed (1951.-55) be-
tween the Dashava area al? - .-..
Iwas completed for operation northward to Khar'kov, 74 km, in the first half of 1956 and that the construction of Planned Gas
Pipelinel Otould be contLieu nortnwars. at an accelerated rate in 1957, with completion in 1958 apparently planned.
',I. The 84 3 km of length include 28 Ian of field collection lines in the Saratov oilfields and apparently also the length of a branch constructed from Peshany Umet to the Kologrivovka compressor station
on the min tr.& use. I ITomboy is not on the trace of Gas Pipeline but that Voronesh-Tambov-Morshansk, 300 km, is a branch from Gas Pipeline projected
for construction in original Sixth Five Year Plan.
I. I
1 Construction of this pipeline 1 Ithe geographical location is not completely identified. The probable location is shone on the map, Figure 6 (inside back cover).
m. This line reportedly vas completed for operation in 1951, but the effective completion of the installation of the line pipe in place probably occurred in 1950.
the length of (Planned Gas PipelineL Ivory from 1,265 km to 1,600 km. This variation appears to depend on what lengths are included fOr 15 planned
branch lines (see Table 15, p, 73, below) god also for 17 intermediate connecting lines. The 17 intermediate connecting lines presumably are each quite short led serve to tie in with the distribution
mains in the 17 populated places which are located on the trace of the central trunk line between Izobil'noye and Moscow (these 17 places are cited in Table 15, p. 73,
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50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
VW, I
50X1
50X1
56Se11
DuX1
anvil
50X1'
550X1
1fF!nx1
86X1
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Table 13
Principal Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR
Completed for Operation Before 1 January 1957
(Continued)
below. 0f the 17 populated places, Stavropol', Rostev, Voroshilovgrad, and Voronezh are the principal cities. The 1,501 km length as shorm in this table and in Table 15 (P. 73, below) is considered to
be that of the central trunk line, 1,265 km, plus those of the 17 relatively short connecting lines.
I Ithe lead sector of this line to Rostov, 260 km, was effectively installed in place in 1955, that the installation for operation in the lead eector to Rostov was completed
in the early part of 1956; and that the installation for operation in the entire central trunk line to Moscow was effectively cOmpleted by the end of 1956. The relatively short connecting lines to Stavropol,,
Rostov, and the city of Podol'sk are I IcOmpleted in 1956, and I Ithe similar connecting lines to the large cities of Voroshilovgrad and Voronezh
were scheduled for completion in 1957, Preaumably early in the Year. The 12 other connecting lines to the populated pled. (smaller cities, towns, and villages) presumably either were completed in 1956 or
were scheduled for completion early in 1957.
In Table 15 (p. 73, below), 15 branches of Gas Pipeline l(Planned Can Pipelinel I are listed as reported, representing an aggre ate le of 66 to. The Rostov-Taganrog branch, Gas Pipeline
I KPlanned Gas Pipeline 78w,,I completed for operation in 1956. (Planned Gas Pipelinellwill deliver
fuel gas to more than 20 populated places on the route between Izobil'noye and Eoscow. I 17 such places on the central trunk line trace and 15 similar p aces to be served
by the branch lines.
Gas Pipeline has been heralded with much fanfare in the Soviet preas and radio broadcasts and is declared to be the largest gas pipeline installed in Europe. There
has been much publicity about the completion of this significant pipeline a year ahead of schedule.
o. This line is I lthe first significant fuel gas pipeline installed in an area that was within the USSR at the time of the installation. I Inatural
gas was still being produced in appreciable quantities in the Izerbaeh field as of early 1957. Unconfirmed reports allege that a longer transmission gas pipeline, Khachmas-Derbent-Izerbash-Makhachkala,
200 km long, also exists for natural gas and that its terminal sector is paralleH
p. Not shown on the map, Figure 6 (inside back cover).
q. I Ithe following transmission gas pipelines were then in service on the Apsheron Peninsula:
Eight pipelines leading in the Shaumyanovskiy district of Baku, with origins in these outlying areas on the Peninsula:
Peninsula Area
Mmeter
(Inches)
Azizbekov 10
Azizbekov 12
Kaganovich 14
Kaganovich 16
Lenin 10
Lenin 12
Ordzhonikidze 14
Stalin 14
Tao pipelines interconnecting the following areas on the peninsula also were reported: one from Ordzhonikidze to Kaganovich, with a diameter of 16 inches, and one from Ordzhonikidze to Lenin, with a
diameter of 14 inches. In addition, I Chernyy Gorod in the Shaumpanovekiy district was connected by a similar 10-inch pipeline with the Kirov Rayon on the peninsula and wan to be
connected by three more pipelines of that type whin designated peninsula areas, specifically by a 10-inch pipeline with the Bibi Eybat area, and by a 14-inch line and a 16-inch line with the Aziabekov
area.
All such transmission gas pipelines on the Apsheron Peninsula would be very short, I I It is presently assumed that the 14 pipelines as above enumerated
represent an aggregate length of about 150 in. Other than Sol Hater details are not available on gas pipelines in oilfield areas and other areas on the Apsheron Peninsula except in
correlation with the original Sixth Five Nem, Plan. ,
r. I IGas Pipelinel lappears to have been constructed in 1951-55, to be of large diameter, and to be the carrier supplying natural gas to the Karadag cement plant. The
Duvannyy gas deposits appear to have been exploited earlier than were the Karadag gas deposits. I la master distribution gas mean circumventing Baku was constructed, presumably
land Planned Inn 'ft.earanasl--I and 46 (see Table 15, p. 73, below) will comprise three pipelines connecting the reportedly prolific Karadag natural gas deposits
10 1950-55. Gas Pipelinesl
with the Baku area. I IGas Pipelitel l(PlannedG as Pipelinel } as a second transmission gas pipeline connecting Karadag with Baku.
s. Pipeline for transport of producer gas from the large gas plant recently completed at Shchekino, apparently using as ray material the brown coal or lignite of the Moscow Basin.
t. l aupply via pipeline of refinery gas for charge stock (process gas) in the synthetic alcohol and rubber plant.
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bUA"I
;50X1
KriX1.
50X1
OUA
50X1
50X1
550X1
I
150X1
-6-6X1
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Table 14
Installed Lengths of Gas Pipelines Estimated for the USSR, 1 January 1946 and 1 January 1957,
and Reported for the US, 1 January 1946 and 1 January 1956
Kilometers
USSR Ei US
Type of Gas Pipeline
Transmission Gas Pipelines
Transmission Gas Pipelines
Gathering Gas Pipelines 1J
Distribution Gas Pipelines f./
Total Gas Pipelines
1 January 1946
1 January 1957
1 January 1946
1 January 1956 1 January 1946
1 January 1956 1 January 1946 1 January 3356
1 January 1946
1 January 1956,
Natural gas
713
6,296
124,367
228,061
43,451
74,384
183,170
420,829
350,988
723,274
Manufactured gas a/
741
5,488
676
o
o
110,382
18,572
115,870
19,248
Mixed gas 8/
o 2/
2,382
4,812
o
o
27,647
45,786
30,029
50,59
Liquefied petroleum gas
0/
32
113
o
o
3,203
7,242
3,235
7,355
Total fuel gas
7,037
132,269
213,662
43,451
74,384
324,402
492,429
500,122
800,475
Percent of total gas pipelines
26.4
29.2
8.7
9.3
64.9
61.5
100.0
100.0
a. Pipelines completed for service as shown in Table 13 (p. 67, above). Specific estimates of the lengths of fuel gas pipelines installed in the total USSR are available only for the trans-
mission type.
b. Field gathering and other collection gas pipelines; in general, the gathering gas pipelines in natural gas fields.
c. Distribution gas mains excluding service lines to consumer meters; in general, the distribution gas pipelines in cities and other consumption areas.
d. Mixed gas is a mixture of natural and manufactured gases. In the US, natural gas has largely replaced manufactured gas as a fuel gas except insofar as manufactured gas is locally produced
and consumed in the industrial plants. Of the total length of transmission gas pipelines installed in the US, the lengths of those for manufactured and mixed gases represented the following
percentages:
Type of Gas
1946
1956
Manufactured gas
4.1
0.3
Mixed gas
1.8
2.1
Total
212.
2.4
In the USSR the transmission of manufactured gas is relatively more significant in the gas industry. Of the estimated total length of transmission gas pipelines installed for service in the
USSR on 1 January 1957, the length for manufactured gas represented 10.5 percent. However, of the total length of transmission gas pipelines shown in Table 15 (p. 73, below), as the ones
apparently planned and confirmed for completion for operation during the original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60), the length for manufactured gas represents only 4.9 percent.
e. do not indicate that transmission gas pipelines have been installed or are planned for mixed gas or liquefied petroleum gas in the USSR. It is quite probable, however,
that mixed gas has been, and will be, carried by the distribution mains in the consumption areas which have supplies of manufactured gas as well as of natural gas. As of 1956,1
rapid development in the distribution of liquefied petroleum gas in the form of "bottled gas" for fuel gas use, especially in the Ukraine and in Moldavian cities such as Kishinev.
plans to distribute liquefied petroleum gas for fuel gas use, at least on an interim basis until transmission gas pipelines are constructed, in the distribution
gas mains of certain cities such as Leningrad. Official Soviet plans further call for the supply of "liquefied gas" (probably liquefied petroleum gas but possibly liquefied natural gas) to
distribution gas mains in other cities such as Molotov, Ulyanovsk, Irkutsk, Noginsk, Ivanovo, and Tallinn.
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Table 15
Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR 2../*
1956-60
Kilometers
Origin
Intermediate Points
and Terminals
Length IV
Identified in the Original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60)
Other Under
Construction
in 1957
Under Construction
in 1956
v s
M
Se
P.N 11 _Lg. _16
. Footnotes for Table 15 follow on p. 79.
Kovel, Kobrin, Baranovichi,
Minsk, Opochka, Ostrov, Pskov,
Lugs., Leningrad
Lida, Vil'oyus
Riga
Khar.kov, Belgorod, Kursk,
Orel, Bryansk
Gor'kiy
Stavropol', Yegorlykakaya,
Akmayskaya, Bataysk, Rostov,
Voroshilovgrad, Novopskov,
04trogozhak, Semiluki,
Voronezh, Yelets, Yefremov,
Stalinogorsk, Shchekino,
Inn, Serpukhov, Podol'sk,
Moscow
Nevinnomyssk, Mdneral.nyye Vody,
Malgobek, Grosnyy
Ordzhonikidze (Dzaudzhikau),
Tbilisi, Yerevan
Krasnavodsk
Sverdlovsk (Siberia)
Chernigov
74
1,300
18
- 73 -
426
S-E-C-R-E-T
400
1000
500
200
1,200
Identified in Other Sources
V,
g
? 0 `i
Z,
g kg
41,1
.1=J F,4
tA
2
2
g
,92
22
1
1
-1-1
1
'a
'A
j4
1,420
1,420
28
200
200
20
280
280
16
500
500
28
1000
1000
28
1,300
1,300
28
000
400
28
500
500
200
200
1,200
1,200
18
18
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Table 15
Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR 2/
1956-60
(Continued)
Kilometers
Intermediate Points
Origin and Terminals
Ryazan'
Belaya Tserkov.
Chernovtsy
Priokskiy
Starobel'ek
Lisichansk
Rubeznoye
Stalino
Krasnodon
Kamensk-Shakhtinskly
Roven'ki
Sverdlovsk
Krasnyy Sulin
Shakhty
Length hi
Identified in the Original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) Identified in Other Sources
Under Construction
in 1956
Other Under
Construction
in 1957
11
4:4
Ng
gg
.e, v
g
% ti
,171 il I cii
OAt"
z g gl 3 g
2,i'
1
i ''It'' n,,t,t h
-.i.1 ',??? 8
I 8 ' '4'7,
h gt
e,
8 t-',3, 82 42 ..8fi85 82
50
50
50
150
150
150
150
15
15
15
75
75
75
25
25
25
65
65
65
15
15
15
130
130
130
130
25
25
25
40
40
4o
10
10
lo
15
15
15
13
13
13
5
5
5
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Table 15 .
Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR 2/
1956-60
(Continued)
Kilometers
Intermediate Points
Origin and Terminals
Length 11/
Identified in the Original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60)
Identified in Other Sources
Under Construction
in 1956
Other Under
Construction
in 1957
5
8"873
Rostov Taganrog
Taganrog Zhdenov
Taganrog Amvrosiyevka
Bistaysk Azov
Aksayskays Novocherkassk
78
320
25
31
67
78
120
67
25
34
78
120
67
25
34
Ugersko Dashava
5
5
5
Kosov Kuty, Chernovtsk
65
65
65
Chernovtsy ESmenets Podol'skiy
65
65
65
Zakaxstekays gas MUkschevo, Uzhgorod
field
70.
70
70
70
Redchenkov Mirgorod
60
60
60
(Gogolevo)
Radchenkov
Poltava
90
90
90
(Gcgolevo)
Mirgorod area
270
270
270
270
Mirgorod area
220
220
220
220
Mikhaylovka
175
175
175
175
Shebelinka
Dnepropetrovsk
192
192
192
28
Dnepropetrovsk Odessa
458
458
458
28
Bryansk Vitebsk
Vitebsk Minsk, Vil.nyue, Riga
- 75 -
360
680
360
680
380
680
360
680
Vitebsk Pskov, Leningrad
600
600
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Table 15
Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR 21
1956-60
(Continued)
Kilometers
Intermediate Points
Origin and Terminals
Length Si'
Identified in the Original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) Identified in Other Sources
Under Construction
in 1956
Other Under
Construction
in 1957
Stepnoye
Engel s-Saratov
100
100
100
0
Stepnoye
Vol ' sk
75
75
75
0
Mukhanovo
Kuybyshev
88
88
88
28
Al'mat'yevek
Stavropol.krasnyy
260
260
260
260
Shkapovo
Belebey, Tuban-Kul,
130
130
130
Shkapovo
Ishimbay/Salavat, Sterlitamak
area
160
160
160
Ishimbay
Magnitogorsk
225
225
225
Saushinsk
Stalingrad
127
127
127
a
Korobki
Stalingrad
loo
loo
loo
21
Korobki
Kamyshin
63
63
63
17
Linevo
Zhirnoye
Ab
27
27
27
14
Archeda
Arcbeda
36
127
36
36
127
13
? 76 ?
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Table 15
Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR 2/
1956-60
(Continued)
Kilometers
Origin
Length Fi
Identified in the Original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) Identified in Other Sources
Under 'Construction
So 1956
11 11
and Terminals 14 1 .4
Intermediate Points
8 'A
R2
Other Under
Construction
in 1957
gi
v t g 2
22
"5"815
P g
R I a
Voroshilovgrad, Serpukhov,
550
750
Bosom+
Leningrad
750
750
Tikhoretek
280
283
Navorossiysk
80
Armavir-Tikhoretsk
21
119
Novodmitriyevekaya
70
Groznyy
53
Belyy Scrod (Shaumyanovskiy
50
District, Baku)
Baku/Shchluvelyany
Sumgait
Kirovabad
Baku (Pipeline No. 4 to Baku)
Ali Bayramli
Sumgait
Ostrov Artema
45
- 77 -
50
9
a
1,300 1,300
750 750
280 280
Bo Bo
8
1-
28
140 I40 17
70 70 21
53 53
50 50
50 50
45 45
350 350 350
120 120 120
as
so
9 9
85 85
50 50
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Table 15
Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR L/
1956-60
(Continued)
ovt
Intermediate Points
and Terminals
Kisyl-Kum Kum Dag, Nebit-Dag
Khodshiabad Niyasbatyr-Fergana-Kokand
Kokand Tashkent.
Changyrtash oilfield. Kochkor-Ata
Khilya oilfield Xhilya
Severnyy Sold, Kokend
Severn yy Sokh Shor-Su osokerite mine
Length
Identified in the Original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60)
Other Under
Under Construction Construction
in 1956 in 1957
?. 4:
8,
VS .2'2 11%
H Hg
8 u8 u8
7
Yarino (Kama River) Molotov 27
Ukhta/Ishma Molotov, Ishevak
Sverdlovak Chelyabinsk
Erri Osernyy
Okha Rayon oilfield Populated area, Odds Rayon
Okha Rayon oilfield Populated area, Okha Rayon
Kokhtla -Terve
85 85
205
30
28
s
1
t 3 A
30
10
Identified in Other Sources
k
170
900
230
30
30
170
170
10
170
7
7
28
213
30
30
10
10
27
27
4 27
20
20
Iiik
1?211
1,860
1.228
1,1129
5_,.3.72
1,921
5,172
11 661
1
7
24
3
8
22
3
16
75
205
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S-E-C-R-E-T
900
230
27
4
20
Lam 2.1,3L. 1,927
2 77 8
205 21
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 15
Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR 2/
1956-60
(Continued)
Kilometers
Origin
Len,rth 91
Identified in the Original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) Identified in Other Sources
Under Construction
in 1956
Other Ubder
Construction
in 1957
1 %
1.! ' i 1 '-.,,
v 'i. :.:1 I
t,,'
ts Al A," L'oR, A'' ,, e,
e P. M t 11 m
, A ?,
1 I
:He. ..-.'1 '8:j ''',i: 1,_ k. ;.P. 8,8.8 31,
:,.. 8 a
?2 s :2, '2 :Fog. 8 ., 5 ,_, 4 4
Ol F; 2 t
'A tg 0
Intermediate Points ?R 4:, fa' 14a 8" .
c,.. co 4
and Terminals g i
8-2 861 6 11 , 8 6 3 A 3 .8 n 2 ,I.:2v, . I i i 8?A
Bagley Dnepropetrovsk 40
Krivoy Rog Bagley
Stalino, Makeyevka Yenakiyevo, Debal'tsvo, Voro-
shilovsk, Konstantinovka, Artemovsk-
Kramatorsk
120
240
40 40
120 120
240 240
La 'g25. 120 212.1
1 1 1 1 4 4
12222 1026 1.109 L...21 lal 1,619. 1,112 1.201 Lill 12 266 1-2,.,21 13.966 3.927
15 3 1 7 25 3 9 22 3 16 79 2 81 8
50X1
50X1
, a Except as otherwise indicated
._ these lines are planned for completion in 193 cnv 4
b. Lengths are based on citations where available or ere otherwise based on map measurements and probable deviation faztors. cnv4
_. . .
c. Diameters are given only where them is . direct citation, or a reasonably firm indirect substantiation, I I ? --- - ?
I d. Although Planned One Pipelinend its principal branches (planned One pipelines were officially proposed and shown on maps in 1956 in the Soviet Preen, I
I the proposal had been definitely canceled, whereas earlier l an ometimes earlier years as planned completion dates. Soviet souznes in 1957 indicate that the recent expan-
1 50X1
sions in potential reserves in Ihe Dashava ges fields, at Ugersko and elsewhere, were sufficient only for the requirements of existing one Pipeline? plus the expanding needs for the gas in the western Ukraine..
Planned Gas Pipelines Iwere scheduled to be replaced by l I furnish Shebelinka gee to Minsk, Vil.nyus, Riga, and Leningrad, /TENN, 4
l
l' gas to Leningrad. Still later Soviet sources, however, discussed the possibility that the lead sector of to Minsk, length 640 km,
combined length 480 km, would be constrUcted after all, canceling the construction of Planned Gas Pipelines , ? ?I combined length 1,640 km. Tbis 50)(1
powsibility would reduce by .320 km the total construction shown to be actual or probable in Table 15. 1959 as the scheduled completion date of any transmission gas pipeline thus involved, whichever
,./....,% I
it may be, carrying natural gas from any source to Minsk, Vil'nyus, Riga, and Leningrad.
,J).-//?
e. See Table 13, footnote 0, p. 69, above. I
C. See Table 13, footnote n, p. 69, abOve.
g. Directives and later discussion I I0f the original Sixth Five Year Plan merely state that construction of Planned One Pipeline l lis to be started during the course of the plan. The traoe of
Planned One Pipeline s deaignated as Groznyy-ordzhonikidze-Tbilisi in some Soviet sources, whereas other Soviet sources indicate that Mineral'ny Vody - Ordzhonikidze - Groznyy is to be the terminal trace of 50X1
Planned line clth Planned One Pipeline No. 6 branching off from Planned One Pipelinei 'at Ordzhonikidze no as to lead to Tbilisi. It is present nenoaned thntetrace nf Pleased Oas
.Pipeline Vody - Malgobek - droznyy and that Planned Gas Pipeline I *ill branch off from planned One pipeline I Ibetween : Mineral.nyye Vody and Malgpbek, passing through Ordzhonikidze
!to Tbilisi. plans for the distribution of natural gas from the Stavropol. area to towns in Stavropol' Kray; 1 IPlanned One Pipeline I IAA planned to supply gas to 50X1
yevinnomyssb, and Yeanentuboi in theikray, and also to Mineral'ayye Vody, PYatigorsk, Zheleznovodak, and Kislovodak, the principal healtEresorts of the northern Caucasus in the kray. I I 50X1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000140002-2
Table 15
Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR
1956-60
(Continued)
construction work was being started on Planned One Pipelines that Planned Oas Pipeline would be extended to Yerevan, giving a total length of 900 km for Stavropol.-Tbilisi-Yerevan
h. Although the location of the Kisyl-Kum reserves is Oct directly identified, there is indirect I levidence for locating thisK4zyl-Kbmiarea as a atepout from the Nebit-Dag, oilfields. I
1 construction of Keened Gas Pipeline I Iwill be in in 1957. The trace of Planned Gaa Pipeline I es &sown on the map, Figure 6 (inside back cover), is schematic only. I
I
preparatory work on the first-section of Planned Gas Pipeline as schedule& for com letion in the latter half of 1956. Planned Gas PipelinesI land 53 are sometimes identified as separate pipelines, and
Planned Gee Pipeline l lis sometimes identified as a branch from Planned Gas Pipeline the length of Planned Gas Pipeline was originally cited as 200 km, as shown in Table 15, but
this length has been recently cited as 260 km.
i. Directives of the original Sixth Five Year Plan specified that development work was to be started on the newly discovered natural gas reserves at BereCovo and that construction work was to be atarted on planned
GOB Pipeline' I
Oonstruction work was to be eterted on Planned Gae Pipeline in 1956; construction and completion in 1956 has been inferred 1 lbut the actual
status is not Confirmed.
k. I linclu
as there is no direct confirmation
o be su. lied with as via Planned Gas Pipeline I a branch such se Voronezh-Kursk, 225 km, might thus be inferred as planned, but that is doubtful inasmuch
according to the original Sixth Five Year Plan a major branch from Planned Gas Pipelinel--kill have the trace,
Voronezh-Tambov-Mershansk. See TAble 13, footnote ,j, p. 69, above.'
1. See Table 13, footnete g, p..69, above.
m. I
learly in 1957 gave information as follows on Planned Gas Pipelines'
Th I
The two pipelines were considered to be more important than Planned Gas Pipeline With respect to providing fuel gas as a substitute for solid fuels. The particular reference was to the Pridnepr industrial
area, including the large cities of Dnepropetrovsk and Dneprodzerzhinsk to which Planned Gas Pipelines I Were scheduled to supply natural gas in 1957; the large city of Zaporozh'ye to which the same two
lines were scheduled to supply natural gas in the first half of 1958; and the smaller cities of Lemovaya, Pavlograd, Sinel'nikovo, end'Novo-Misakovek to which the two lines were scheduled to supply natural gee in 1957.
The lewd pipeline, Planned Gas Pipeline F I Shebelinka-Dnapropetrovsk, 192 km, was scheduled for completion by 1 .iply_1957, and the next sector of Planned Gas Pipelines Nos. 20 and 21 including service to
Dneprodzerzhinek was to be completed in 1957. 'Thus nearly 200 on of the central truWc line in Planned Gas Pipelines I land 21 were scheduled for completion in about 5 months during the first half of 1957.
In 1958 the remaining sector of Planned Gas Pipelines' /to Ode.o was to be completed, much Of the excavation and other preliminary work on this remaining portion presumably being scheduled for com-
pletion in the latter part of 1957. In addition to the sevea cities of the Pridnepr as above listed, Nikopol', Krivoy Rog, Nikolayev, end Thereon as well as Odessa were designated as principal cities to'recsywe
natural one via Planned Gas Pipelines
It appears that Planned Gas Pipel I
Will have a number of branches leading from a central trunk line in order to deliver natural gas to the various cWes an Iesignated in the Soviet sources.
Currently available information provides no details with respect to the proposed routes Of the central line end its branches, and the trace of Planned Gas Pipelineed 1, as shown on the map, Figure 6
(inside back cover), is schematic only.
n. This pipelike construction comprises One phase of the exploitation of the Stepnoye natural gee deposits. The directivee and later Soviet source discussions of the original Sixth Five Year Plan specified thot the
Stepnoye deposits were to be exploited during the plan period. Available data axa not specific, but it is probable that Planned Gas Pipelines Mil comprise two separate pipelines as here shown. A
Soviet source lists for construction in 1957 017-hook tranemiesion gas pipeline, 145 he long; from Saratov to Vol'sk; however, other data indicate that this is a confused reference to Planned Gas Pipelinesl 1
I I
1 a pipeline of large diameter. ?
o.
P. Ellie second central trunk pipeline from the KterropOl' area to Moscow is to be completed from the oint of ori in to Voroshilovgrad in 1957; length citations for such
a completion vary from 500 he to 550 km, the entire line will be completed in 1958, and the entire line will be orb.. in 1097.
q. The lead portion of Planned Gaa Pipeline from Alekaandrovka to Armevir,1 scheduled for completion in 1957. I N.o
been completed, apparently early in 1957.
r. See Table 13, footnote,r, p. 70, above. Planned Gas Pipeline is a pipeline that will connect Karadag with Shuvelyany for supply of natural gas to the power plants Krasnaya
Zvezda and Severnaya Gee and also for supply of esters.]. 00 to residential consumption on the Apsheron Peninsula.
s. I 1Planned Gee Pipeline is proposed for delivery of natural gae for use an fuel in the pipe rolling mill, the thermal electric power plant, and other industrial installations in
Sumgait. ,
t. Although the location of,GoralKyurov-Dag is not definitely established, it is here inferred
andKeradag gas deposits.
u. Underwater pipeline proposed to transport associated gas from off-shore production in the Caspian Sea.
v. I a 40-km portion of Planned One PipelineIT.:.?H.
was installed in 1 6 resumably comprising the portion, Khodzheyabad-Niyazbatyr, scheduled for in-
stallation in 195C I ;the entire length o anned Gas Pipeline wen scheduled for completion in the first quarter of 1957, thereby supplying the natural gae not only to Fergana,
but also to the towns of Andizhan, Leninsk, and Mergelan.
w I I large new reserves of natural gas were being exploited in the Ukhta area and that construction of a transmission ges pipeline was contemplated, connecting the Ukhta
natural gas reserves with the Grails. Prior construction of a natural gas pipeline along the trace of Planned Gas Pipeline 1 with such conetruction said to have been
ems been allegedl
started during World War I/. Because of lack of known confirmation of Soviet origin, this prior construction is considered to be improbable. The trace of Planned Gas Pipeline ' /as shown appears, however, to be
logical for the pipeline 1 la plan for the future.
.. natural gas aervice was installed in 1956 for domestic use in the following three workers' settlements in Okha Rayon. Novostroyka Rudniki, and Vtoraya Ploshchad.
state that systems for natural gas field collection were installed in 1956 in Vtoraya Ploshchad and in Saknornya Rayon on Sakhalin and that Planned Gas Pipeline ill be completed for operaln in January 1J58.
I I
y. Specific locations of terminals are not identified; pipeline not shown on the man, Figure 6 (inside back cover).
0.
1 146 km of this project were completed by the end ofr1G56_but that work on the reraainin9on to Leningrad was temporarily halted because of the lack of line pipe. In 175,_:.:Lority
was given to the completion of Planned One Pipeline[
I Planned One Pipeline is parallel to Gas Pipeline' I in the same service for transport of shale gas. Early in 1957, Gas Pipeline was
I
reported to be badly corroded and in need of general repairs after nearly 10 years of service. It is reported that Planned Gee Pipeline I /will supply shale gas for fuel to the following plaees in Le ngrad
Oblast in addition to Leningrad: Kolpino, Petrovoretak, Pushkin, Sestrorctsk, and Shelenogorsk. Bence a number of branch lines from Planned Gan Pipeline are indicated, but because of a lack of detailed
information, the trace of Planned Gas Pipelind las shown on the map, Figure16 (inside back cover), is schematic.
that the place is Kirovdag, located southwestward from the general area of the Euvarmyy
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50X1
gal
bUX1
anv4
50X1
50X1
cJW I
Sal
gal
WX1
gol
50X1
01
goil
EK)X1
E50X1
50X1
OVA!
OUAI
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP79R01141A001000140002-2
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Table 15
Planned Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR
1956-60
(Continued)
no.in 1939 stated that a network of gas pipelines was then under construction in the Donbas for transmission of coke oven gas for industrial use. The reported network consisted of systems, in-
cluding 2 systems leading from Ordzhonikidze (Yenakiyevo), 1 system connecting places in the vicinity of Stalin?, and 1 system leading from Sergo (Kadiyevka), as follows: (1) Ordzhonikidze-Makeyevka-Konstantinovka,
(2) Ordzhonikidze-Makeyevka-Stalino, (3) Mushketovo-Stalino-Rutchenkovo-Smolyanka-Putilovka, and (4) Sergo-Voroshilovsk-Voroshiloverad. Later data, however, with direct bearing on such constructions are not
available.
11954 stated that there were distribution gas mains in service for coke oven gas in Stalin?, YenakiyeVo, Makeyevka, and Dnepropetrovsk and that apartments were then being piped for use of
coke oven gas in Gorlovka, Dneprodzerzhinsk, and Krivoy Rog.
In 1955 reported that reconstruction work was then in progress on distribution gas lines for coke oven gas in Stalin?. the original Sixth Five Year Plan called for the
construction of 200 km of distribution gas mains to supply coke oven gas to 45,000 apartments in Stalino and further celled for supply of coke oven gas in Gorlovka, Konstantinovka, Yenakiyevo, Artemovsk, and
Kramatox'sk.
in 1955 stated that coke oven gas was then distributed Throes in Stalin?, Makeyevka, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ehar'kov, and Zhdanov end that the original Sixth Five Year Plen called f or construct/co
of 400 km of transmission gas pipelines to supply coke oven gas to 12 other cities including Gox.lovka, Konstantinovka, Artemovsk, Kramatox:sk, Dnepropetrovsk, Voroshilovsk, and Druzhkovka. It is probable that the
remaining 5 of these other 12 cities consisted of Yenakiyevo, Krivoy Rog, DzerzhInsk, Kadiyevka, and Debel'tsevo. I I construction work was concurrently in progress on distribution
gas seine for coke oven gas in Stalino, Gorlovka, Konstantinovka, Yenakiyevo, Artemovsk, Kramatorsk, Makeyevka, Zhdanov, and Dzerzhinsk.
In Table 15 the 400 Ism of transmission gas pipeline as planned (1955-60) for coke oven gas in the Donbas and Pridnepr area bine ion o line
generally identified mr11 Idata on the original Sixth Five Year Plan. I will connect the coke oven facilities of
)(rivoy Rog with the fuel gas services in Dneprodzerzhinsk and Dnepropetrovsk, via the Bagley coke oven facilities. Plenned One Pipeline 19w. 69 will interconnect the coke oven facilities and fuel gas services as
situated in the local areas of Stalino-Makeyevka, Yenakiyevo-Gorlovka, Debal'tsvo, Kadiyevka-Voroshilovsk, Druzhkovka-Dzerzhinsk-Konstantinovka, Artemovsk, and Kramatorsk, including within these local areas the
more localized vicinities of Musketovo-Stalino-Rutchenkovo-Smolyardso-Rutilovka and Artemovek-Sergo.
gas-pz.odOoing coke oven (or coke chemical) facilities exist not only in Krivoy Rog and s.t Bagley but also in Dneprodzerzhinsk, Stalin?, Nakeyevka, Yenakiyevo, and Voroshilovsk, with
new facilities of that type to be constructed during the Original Sloth Five Year Plan at gonstantinovka. It appears that fuel gas service in Ichar Ikov and Zhdanov, and possibly also in Voroshilovgrad, will be
hwdivnduoll su,lied by local coke oven facilities.
reportedly was completed in 1956, and reportedly wan planned for completion in 1957. Active construction work reportedly wool in
a
Or0 1,
In 1955-57 on the general fuel gas supply system represented 31 and the central trunk line o pparently was under construction in 1957. The route of
fl
s shown schematically on the map, Figure 6 (inside back cover )--1
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go-5X1.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001000140002-2
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Table 16
Chronology for Construction of Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR
Before 1957
Date of Installation of Line Pipe in Place 8/
Date Completed for Initial Operation
Before 1946
1946-50
1951_95
Before 1956
1956
Before 1957
Before 1946
1946-50
1951-55
Before 1/56
1956
Before 1957
Units
Length
(Kilo-
ma_e_ial
Units
Length
(Kilo-
smtm_Imi
Units
Length
(Kilo-
reste
Units
Length
(Kilo-
mtsj...
Unite
Length
(Kilo-
905985
00005
Length
(Kilo-
na_y_lsma/
Units
Length
(Kilo-
ells,
Units
Length
(Kilo-
Ea_telam
Units
?
Length
(Kilo-
mtels3
Units
Length
(Kilo-
mes_
Units
Length
(Kilo-
mea,
Unite
Length
(Kilo_
1,320
1
1,320
1
1,320
1
510
1
810
1
1,320
1
1,320
1
843
1
843
1
843
1
843
1
843
1
843
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
166
1
260
1
260
1
260
1
260
1
260
1
260
1
100
1
100
1
100
1
ioo
1
100
1
loo
1
164
1
164
1
164
1
3.64
1
164
1
164
1
127
1
127
1
127
1
127
1
127
1
127
1
260
1
260
1
1,040
1
1,300
1
1,300
1
1,300
1
1.009
I
31?.5.2.
i'la
I'3..1_08
4
1 040
L
4J2.L6
4
166
L
Lau.
2.
31127
6.
3.,3L6
II
_.,.3m3.
2.
4 446
9_
203
1
203
1
203
1
203
1
203
1
203
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
221
1
322
.2
331
1.
331
i
221
1
498
2
Li
1
333.
1
Lag
g
Lai
i
Lig
?,
4,009
12.
igg
L
5,049
12
1.61
1
315.5.6.
1
2,027
8
31749
II
1,421
I
'too
12
75
1
75
1
75
1
75
1
75
1
75
1
47
1
47
1
5
1
52
1
47
1
47
1
5
1
52
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
70
1
60
1
60
1
60
1
60
1
90
1
90
1
90
1
90
1
74
1
74
1
74
1
74
1
97
1
97
1
78
1
97
78
1
1
97.
1
97
1
78
1
?Z
(
Bo
1
Bo
1
Bo
1
80
1
80
1
80
1
80
1
80
1
80
1
80
1
72
1
72
1
72
1
72
1
72
1
72
1
80
1
Bo
1
80
1
80
1
80
1
80
i
65
1
65
1
65
1
65
1
65
1
65
1
75
1
75
1
75
1
75
1
75
1
75
1
50
1
50
1
50
1
50
1
351
i
5.23.
1
Sol
11
Lk31
1
1,2.1
11
21/
ii.
lilt
/
LI
II
'In
/
lal
LI
53
1
53
1
53
1
53
1
53
1
53
1
&U
a
?2
2.71.
I
31
a. The data as given do not account for line pipe installed in place before 1 January 1957 eM not completed for operation by 31 December 1956.
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b -
Table 16
Chronology for Construction of Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR
Before 1957
(Continued)
Date of Installation of Line Pipe in Place Date Caapleted for Initial Operation
Before 19106 1946-50 1951-55 Before 1956 2956 Before 1957 Before 1946 1946-50 1951-55 Before 1956 1956 Before 1957
Length
(Kilo-
5,11Laill
Units
Length
(Kilo-
assirii/
Uhite
length
(Kilo-
aelmol
Unite
Length
(Kilo-
Ines
Units
length
(Kilo-
a64a-9.1 Unite
length
(Kilo-
m_LteLi.e.
Unite
Length
(Kilo-
sqlnal
Length
(Kilo-
Units eLE.31 Unite
Length
(Kilo-
m_e_tes.ai
Unite
Length
(Kilo-
9.1Eal
Unite
Length
(Kilo-
eLmILL.
Unite
Length
ast_eL31
Units
42
1
42
1
42
1
42
1
42
1
42
1
40
1
4o
1
40
1
4o
1
4o
1
4o
1
18
1
18
1
18
1
18
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
25
1
25
1
25
1
25
1
25
1
25
1
15
1
15
1
15
1
15
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
17
1
30
1
30
1
30
1
30
1
30
1
30
1
19
1
19
1
19
1
19
1
19
1
19
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
32
1
32
1
32
1
32
1
32
1
32
1
25
1
25
1
25
1
25
1
25
1
25
1
26
1
26
1
26.
1
26
1
26
1
26
1
150
14
150
14
150
14
150
14
150
14
150
14
30
1
30
1
30
1
30
1
30
1
30
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
14
1
14
1
14
1
14
1
14
1
14
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
27
27
1
1
27
27
1
1
27
27
1
1
27
n
1
1
4
1
I.
1
4
1
4
1
gli
a
a
41.2
a
Vt.
12
a
Sa
a
LYS!
22
aol
/
La
a
gL
Ig
a
6,2
a
10
1
10
1
n
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
40
1
40
1
40
1
40
1
35
1
35
1
35
,1
35
1
35
1
35
1
ia
a
al
a
a
ill
a
L.Lc1
a
a
a
22.
11
I
2a
1.1.
I
LIZ
'a
am
al
I
1.311.
gl
aaa
a
391
16
39
aa
1,575
14
.6.,g2i
64
al
gi
131k
i
um06
itha
a
L/5.1
14
6.290
64
221
i
!tg
a
121
91.
1
rIL
I
aga
a!,41a
/2a
91
a
391
;
1,aa
.11
Ii2L1
a
22912
ag
1911
11
7,097
IL
111
aa
1A21
12
64791 gi
3162
2/
LIM
a
73037
IL
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Table 17
Estimated Throughput Capacities of Transmission Gas Pipelines in the USSR 2/
1 January 1957
Pipeline Terminals
Length
(Kilometers)
Throughput Capacity
(Million Standard
Cubic Meters Per Year)
Dashava, Moscow
Saratov, Moscow
1,320
843
900
600
Buguruslan, Kuybyshev
166
250
Buguruslan, Kuybyshev
166
250
Minibayevo, Kazan'
260
350
Minibayevo, Tuban-Kul'
100
150
Oktyabr'skiy, Ufa/Chernikovsk
164
150
Archeda, Stalingrad
127
150
Izobil'noye, Stavropol', Moscow
1,300
5,000
Kokhtla-Yarve, Leningrad
203
350
Kokhtla-Yarve, Tallinn
200
200
Shchekino, Tula, Moscow
200
260
Total
5,049
8610
a. All pipelines shown are at least 100 km
long. The capacities as shown are probably maxima and possibly higher than is
realized.
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Table 18
Potential Service Factors of Transmission Gas Pipelines
in the USSR and the US 2/
1950, 1955-56, and 1960 Plan in the USSR
and 1954 in the US
Operating Transmission Gas .Production s/
Gas Pipelines bi (Billion Standard Potential
Country and Type of Gas Year (Kilometers) Cubic Meters) Service Factor
USSR
Natural gas 1950 2,168 5.8 374
1955 4,461 9.0 496
1956 6,296 12.06 522
1960 16,122 56.5 2/ 285
Manufactured gas 1/ 1950 203 .04 508
1955 701 1.4 501
1956 741 1.66 446
1960 1,306 3.5 373
US
Natural gas 1954 215,646 203.4 1,060
a. Estimated data for the USSR; reported data for the US.
b. At the end of the year shown.
C. Net field delivery to transmission.
figures are .ladicated (but not positively stated) to be the
quantifications of net field delivery to transmission. The following material balance for
the US shows the significance of such quantifications, even though the available intelli-
gence is inadequate for a similar balance for the USSR:
Production and Disposition Billion
of Dry Natural Gas in the US 1954 Standard Cubic Meters
Stripped gas 192.3
From oil cell associated gas
From gas well vet gas
95?3
97.0
Crude dry gas from gas wells 110.0
Gross production 302.3
From oil wells 95.3
From gas wells 207.0
Oil well repressure use 43.0
Net production 259.3
Field storage in ground 2.9
Gross field delivery 256.4
Field consumption 53.0
Field waste
Field use
u.8
41.2
Net field delivery to transmission 203.4
Transmission waste 6.1
Marketed use 121L1
Field use 41.2
Total use 238.5
Total waste 17.9
Gross field delivery 256.4
d. Kilometers of pipeline per billion cabin meters of gas.
e. 1, which show considerable upward revision of the original
planned figure.
f. about 250 manufactured-gas plants existed 111.1956 in the
USSR, producing 15 billion standard cubic meters of low-calorific fuel gas per year. Pre-
sumably included in this enumeration and output are the local coal gasification plants and
their production of gas for local use, as well as the plants and correlated production of
manufactured gas which are serviced by transmission gas pipelines. Production of smell-
factored .gas,[ Ipresumably refers only to the plants and correlated
production of manufactured gas serviced by transmission gas pipelines.
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Table 19
Specific Conversion Factors for Petroleum Products 2/
Products
Degrees
API 12/
Pounds
per
US Gallon
Barrels
per
Metric Ton
Aviation gasoline
68.0
5.904
8.891
Other gasoline
61.0
6.119
8.578
Kerosine
42.0
6.790
7.731
Specialty distillates (naphtha,
gas oil, solvents, and the
like)
41.7
6.803
7.716
Diesel fuel and distillate fuel
oil
36.0
7.034
7.462
Benzene
29.4
7.323
7.168
Lubricating oil
27.0
7.434
7.061
Residual fuel oil and light
specialty liquid residuals
13.0
8.115
6.437
Heavy specialty residuals (tar,
road oil, and the like)
4.6
8.658
6.063
Liquefied petroleum gas
133.3
4.450
11.799
Natural gasoline
79.0
5.596
9.379
Cycle product type of natural
gas liquids
49.1
6.523
8.047
a. These conversion factors are applied only where the stock is
specifically identified. The factors are used primarily in the
unpublished appendixes. Standard values of the oil industry are
assumed for temperature and pressure. Average dry refinery still
gas is considered to weigh 0.07 pound per standard cubic foot.
b. Degrees of gravity on the Ameridan Petroleum Institute (API)
scale. Data as shown are for liquid products only.
c. The standard oil barrel of 42 US gallons (35 Imperial gallons)
is used.
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APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
2. Soviet Oil and Gas Pipelines.
a. Basis of Estimated Physical Data for Oil Pipelines.
In general, the oil pipelines discussed in this report are
the most important ones in the USSR
In some instances, however,
the available evidence is not conclusive. Estimates have been made
for some minor trunk oil pipelines and certain trunk oil pipeline
branches in addition to the major trunk oil pipelines. It was nec-
essary in several instances to develop additional estimates for the
line pipe diameters and dates of installation of some pipelines. The
additional estimates are based on evidence of Soviet practices in a
given area or in general or during a specific time period, and the
estimates are subject to a rather wide range of probable error. The
estimates of the lengths of pipelines are
selected by correlation with map measurements and
probable route deviations where necessary, and are believed to be the
most realistic available.
Table 1* shows 10 pipelines under construction and 8 pipelines
completed in 1956, all,of which are projects of the original Sixth
Five Year Plan, and also shows 76 pipelines completed before 1956.
* Appendix A, p. 41, above.
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Table 1 summarizes the information available at the time of the final
compilation of this report, but new data were becoming available
later in 1957 which may identify a number of trunk
oil pipeline constructions and construction activities not listed in
the table and may necessitate revision of some data given in the table,
particularly that of 1950-56. All pipelines in Table 1 serve as main
central lines between terminal points, and to facilitate comparison
with US statistics on trunk pipelines, all pipelines in the table are
considered as trunk lines. Because of a general lack of adequate in-
telligence data at present, no specific coverage of gathering crude
oil pipelines in Soviet oilfields is included in this report.
b. Basis of Estimated Physical Data for Gas Pipelines.
Progress in the Soviet fuel gas industry has been limited
except in the last few years, and Soviet publications, even as late as
1956, point to the acute inadequacy of the distribution gas pipelines
in the cities.
c. Assumed Continuity Status of Oil and Gas Pipelines.
If an oil or gas pipeline is indicated to have been installed
between given terminal points in the USSR, and if there is no evidence
to the contrary, it is here assumed that the pipeline has been con-
tinued in active service. Various maintenance operations, such as re-
pair, rehabilitation, or even replacement, depending on the age and
use of the line, obviously would be required for service to continue.
With few exceptions,
service is
reported and estimated total pipeline lengths as given for the USSR.*
considered to have been continuous for all of the
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* In the US at present, most of the new pipeline construction is either
for replacement of old lines or along new routes to serve for production
or processing. The USSR is still in the stage of building oil pipelines
largely for service to older areas of production and processing. 50X1
during 1950-52 in the US almost 45 50X1
percent of the total length of new oil pipeline construction (more than
51,000 km) served to mske up for oil gootnube continued on p. 917
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3. Petroleum Traffic in the USSR.
The quantity or volume of Soviet petroleum traffic is estimated
in this report in terms of metric ton-kilometers, metric tons origi-
nated, and average length of stock transport in kilometers. Unless
otherwise noted, metric ton-kilometers and metric tons originated
are considered and quantified on an annual basis. The average length
of stock transport in kilometers is the ratio of metric ton-kilometers
to metric tons originated.
Soviet literature on oil pipeline traffic is mostly concerned with
the transport of nongas petroleum stock* by railroad, internal
waterway shipping, and maritime shipping and usually excludes reference
to truck or other highway freight traffic. Such nongas petroleum
stock generally consists of crude oil and petroleum products, presumably
including natural gas liquids. Most of this stock in the USSR originated
as natural petroleum, but minor quantities of synthetic petroleum
derivatives may be included.
4. Auxiliary Service Installations and Potential Throughput
,Capacities.
The principal auxiliary service installations consist of tank
farms and pumping stations for oil pipelines and of gas holders and
pipelines that were concurrently dismantled either along the same
route or along different routes. During the subsequent 3-year
period, 1953-55, almost 42 percent of more than 50,000 km of total
new oil pipeline construction similarly served to make up for con-
currently dismantled lines.
* The nongas-stock is predominantly liquid petroleum in the physical
state handled, chiefly the following: crude oils and natural gas
liquids; distillate or liquid fuels for internal combustion engines,
mostly as gasolines, otto-cycle tractor fuels, diesel-cycle engine
fuels, and jet fuels; other kerosines; lubricating oils; specialty
oils and other specialty naphthas with solvents included; and residual
and other types of fuel oils primarily used for direct heating. In
minor proportions the stock may consist of semiliquid materials (tars,
asphalts, paste greases, and the like) and some solid materials (petro-
leum coke, waxes, and the like). Petroleum pipeline traffic, of
course, is essentially restricted to the transport of fluid stocks.
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compressor stations for gas pipelines. Potential throughput capac-
ities refer to time rates of volume or mass transfer of oil or gas
by pipelines. The available information for all such features is
applicable to only a smnll portion of the total lengths of the pipe-
lines in the USSR.
no attempt
has been made in this report to develop an over-all correlation for
the auxiliary service installations. A brief review is included in
the unpublished appendixes, however, to cover the source information
on facilities of those types.
50X1
a reasonable basis for estimates of the 50X1
actual amount of transportation accomplished by use of oil pipelines
in the USSR, but data are not available on the actual use of gas pipe-
lines. Estimates of the actual amount of transportation by oil pipe-
lines are substituted in this report for estimates of potential capac-
ities applicable, inasmuch as the estimates of actual use should be of
more intelligence value than estimates of potential capacities. In the
unpublished appendixes, however, there is a summary of the fragmentary
data available for potential capacity ratings of the Soviet oil pipe-
lines. For the trunk or transmission gas pipelines estimated to be
existing in the USSR, available data on even the potential throughput
capacity ratings are fragmentary.
5. Data on Oil Pipeline Traffic.
The estimates in this report for oil pipeline traffic in the USSR
are based primarily on the data and ratios published in the Soviet
press in 1955-57. These data generally relate Only to specified key
years, and the time sequences as here estimated required a somewhat
elaborate system of interpolations and extrapolations together with
use of numerous sources of earlier origin. Although all comparative
data for the USshown in this report are essentially based on open-
source statistics, a mathematical analysis of some complexity was
required to develop data suitable for comparison with oil pipeline
traffic in the USSR. Details and full documentation for the oil
pipeline traffic data in the USSR and the US are included in the
unpublished appendixes.*
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6. Recent General Reports on Soviet Oil and Gas Pipelines.
In 1956 and early 1957 a number of Free World press reports
were
published, generally covering the trunk pipelines installed and cur-
rently planned for oil and gas in the USSR. These reports vary from
brief summaries to comprehensive discussions and generally have
pipeline maps attached and sometimes deal only with the Soviet gas
industry.
7. Weight-to-Volume Conversion Factors for Petroleum Stocks.
In this report an assumption is made that when no temperature
and pressure conditions are specified, the standard values of the
industry are implied for such conditions where volumes are reported
for liquid petroleum. On the basis of general information, refer-
ring to the standard oil barrel of 42 US gallons, the liquid densi-
ties of typical natural crude oils are assumed to be as follows:
7.3 barrels weigh 1 metric ton in the USSR, and 7.418 barrels weigh
1 metric ton in the US. Distillates generally predominate among
petroleum product oils transported by pipeline, and the average con-
version factor for such product oils in the US is 8.488 barrels per
metric ton. On waterway carriers, such as river barges and ocean
tankers, loads of petroleum products normally consist of all of the
liquid types together with the solid types, and for such liquid prod-
ucts the average density is taken as that of the typical natural crude
oil.
Specific conversion factors for petroleum products are shown in
Table 19.* In addition to the liquid products shown in the table,
average dry refinery still gas is considered to weigh 0.07 pound per
standard cubic foot.
* Appendix A, p. 89, above.
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SECRET
Figure 6
1 January 1957
TRUNK OR TRANSMISSION LINES
Projected in the original Sixth Five Year Plan:
Natural Gas
Natural Gas (cancelled or doubtful)
as lIIIIluuIJIuiiajjjjn Manufactured Gas
Major area of natural gas production
Other significant area of natural gas production
Pipeline number (see text)
Manufactured Gas Plants:
+ Large capacity
+ Smaller capacity
28
twit*Nye v o
re4e
josey:koiy
7e :
ir
0": 0y42 to/4..
?6'10
tyito
41204.
25617 12-57
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USSR: OIL PIPELINES
1 January 1957
TRUNK LINES
Existing (confirmed by Soviet sources)
Existing (confirmed by non-Soviet sources)
Under Construction (original Sixth Five Year Plan)
Planned (original Sixth Five Year Plan)
Planned (original Seventh Five Year Plan)
Doubtful
SECRET
Figure 1
Existing-undergoing major expansion
Under construction or planned
(large capacity)
TUYMAZY AREA
To Irkutsk
25610 12-57
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