CIVIL DEFENSE IN POLAND

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CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0
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RIPPUB
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S
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41
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December 23, 2016
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August 21, 2013
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1
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Publication Date: 
September 1, 1960
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REPORT
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 SECRET Economic Intelligence Report CIVIL DEFENSE IN POLAND CIA/RR ER 60-24 September 1960 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Office of Research and Reports RETURN TO RECORDS CENTS* IMMEDIATELY AFTER USE 4 JOB` 7 7-r- //Y.,/ Box,/ 7 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 c.7"... GT, I I '/ N? 3 50X1 50X1 SECRET Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 SECRET Economic Intelligence Report CIVIL DEFENSE IN POLAND CIA/RR ER 60-24 WARNING This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the espionage laws, Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans- mission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Office of Research and Reports SECRET Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S-E-C-R-E-T CONTENTS Summary I. Concept and Missions Page 3 A. Effectiveness Against Atomic Attack 3 B. General Mission 3 C. Necessary Measures D. Organizational Responsibility 4 II. Organization 5 A. National Civil Defense Headquarters (Main Command of TOPL) 5 B. Military Units of TOPL 7 C. Provincial Commands of TOPL ? 7 D. City and County Commands 7 E. Industrial Civil Defense 8 III. Instructions and Training 9 A. Staff and Command 9 B. Industrial Civil Defense 10 C. City Services and Civil Defense Battalions ? . . 10 D. Drills and Demonstrations 11 E. General Public 11 IV. The Category System 12 A. City Categories 13 B. Plant Categories 14 C. Shelter Categories 16 V. Types of Civil Defense Construction 16 A. Basement Shelters 16 B. Detached Underground Shelters 17 C. Observation Shelters 18 D. Light Command Posts 18 E. Heavy Bunkers 18 F. Other Types of Civil Defense Structures 18 G. Filter Ventilators for Air-Raid Shelters ? ? ? ? 19 -v - S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S-E-C-R-E-T Page VI. Implemented Air-Raid Shelter Construction . . ? ? 19 A. Command Posts 19 B. Plant Air-Raid Shelters 19 C. Basement Shelters 20 D. Filter Ventilators 21 E. Statements on Amount of Shelter 21 VII. Other Aspects of Civil Defense 22 A. Fire Defense 22 B. Warning and Communications 23 C. Blackout 24 D. Supply 24 Figure 1. Figure Illustrations Poland: Organization of Civil Defense Chart) 2. Poland: Reported Organization of the tional Headquarters of Civil Defense (Chart) Figure 3. Figure Na- Poland: A Basement Air-Raid Shelter (Sketch from Memory) 4. Poland: Typical Layout of an Independent Air-Raid Shelter (Sketch from Memory) . - vi - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Following Page 6 6 18 18 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T Figure 5. Poland: Double Vestibule Entrance of an Independent Air-Raid Shelter (Sketch Following Page from Memory) 18 Figure . Poland: Observation Air-Raid Shelter (Sketch from Memory) 18 Figure 7. Poland: Light Command Post (Sketch from Memory) 18 Figure 8. USSR: Heavy Air-Raid Shelters (Sketch) . 18 Figure 9. Poland: Location of RepOrted Air-Raid Shelter Preparation (Map) 20 Figure 10. Poland: Organization of TOPL Wire Com- munications System (Chart) S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T - CIVIL DEFENSE IN POLAND* Summary, Poland has been conducting civil defense preparations since about 1950. The USSR has furnished some guidance for these preparations, and it must be assumed that the broad aspects of the program have had Soviet approval. Increased civil defense efforts have been evident in Poland since 1956. Civil defense has been given more publicity in Poland than in other countries of the Soviet Bloc. Published or broadcast statements indicate that civil defense officials consider warning, shelter, evacuation, supply, and training to be the principal components of a civil defense system. Publicity also has been given to civil defense achievements, referring to the accomplished preparation of "many" air- raid shelters, to training completed and in progress, to the manufac- ture in Poland of civil defense supplies, and to past research in the civil defense field. A priority system governs the preparations made for Polish civil defense. This system places the defense of important cities and in- stallations before that of the public at large -- a fact that is not publicized. Industrial cities and important factories have been ac- tive in organizing for civil defense and in providing air-raid shel- ters. Preparations in smaller cities and throughout rural areas are essentially unmentioned and probably exist in less organized fashion where they exist at all. As in other countries of the Soviet Bloc, the responsibility for Polish civil defense preparations has been assigned to a staff sub- ordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The staff is composed of headquarters personnel who are assigned at all levels of govern- ment from the national to the city level. Local civil defense opera- tive units are based largely on civilian groups the peacetime func- tions of which are related to civil defense. Such groups include fire and police departments, medical agencies, and the like. In ad- dition, the Poles have been organizing military civil defense units, most of which units probably are reserve battalions. * The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best judgment of this Office as of 1 August 1960. S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T The first civil defense training conducted in Poland was given to industrial workers and in government offices. The Polish paramilitary society, firefighting organizations, the Red Cross, schools, and the Boy Scout movement have been used in promoting and conducting training. Civil defense training programs for the general public have not been very effective in urban areas and probably have been negligible in rural areas. Staff and supervisory personnel, however, have been training for several years in civil defense schools and courses. De- scriptions of drills and competitions for operative civil defense units have appeared in Polish publications during the past 2 years. Again, the units most frequently identified have been those from in- dustrial enterprises. Announced Polish civil defense goals, published statements on air- raid shelters, and information from former residents combine to demon- strate that Poland has been constructing new air-raid shelters and re- building World War II shelters for some time. As in several other countries of the Soviet Bloc, the most frequently reported new shel- ters are basement shelters in masonry buildings, shelters in important industrial installations, and shelters for personnel important to government and civil defense control. There is not enough information available from which to derive a definitive estimate of the present capacity of air-raid shelters in Poland. The amount of shelter fur- nished with filter ventilation is unknown, but the manufacturing of ventilators and filters is reported as well as the installation of this equipment in some instances. A civil defense warning system based on alert by the military forces has been or is being developed in Poland. Sirens were installed in larger cities, beginning about 1955. Blackout in case of air alert is still planned, and some preparatory steps already have been taken. Fire defense volunteers are enrolled in large numbers, and it is re- ported that expanded firefighting forces will be stationed outside Warsaw in case of mobilization to fulfill civil defense roles after air attack. Civil defense preparations similar to those in the USSR are being developed as part of a long-term Polish defense program. Although the more important elements of the Polish population already have some protection, the majority of the population is unprotected and largely untrained. There is little evidence that a state of emergency readi- ness is planned in the near future. Continuing efforts have been undertaken, however, to improve the Polish civil defense situation through expanded training, increased construction of air-raid shel- ters, and other measures. - 2 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T I. Concept and Missions During 1958 and 1959, Poland indulged in publicity concerning civil defense that probably is unique among members of the Sino- Soviet Bloc. A number of radio broadcasts and newspaper interviews outlined the broader concepts of Polish civil defense. A. Effectiveness Against Atomic Attack In the published material on civil defense in Poland that has been examined, stress is placed principally on "modern" defense against air attack and atomic weapons, with occasional mention of the possibility of chemical or biological attack. Complete protection against nuclear attack is recognized as impossible. For example, the national civil defense commander in Po- land stated that there is no "absolute, one-hundred-percent defense" for the population against presently available means of attack. 1/* Polish publications have pointed out that, although.the greatest pos- sible number of people should be protected, the accomplishment of civil defense preparations in Poland would serve only to greatly curtail "losses." ?../ Potential loss of life would be reduced by more than one-half if Polish cities were to complete planned preparations for atomic defense, in the opinion of unidentified "specialists." 1/ B. General Mission Polish publicity most often has stressed the saving of lives and the minimizing of casualties as a mission of civil defense. Al- though certainly a valid aim, this stress on the possibility of sur- vival probably is used to encourage public support on humanitarian grounds and as an appeal to self-interest. In one instance the civil defense commander of Warsaw used a sentence reminiscent of Soviet statements on civil defense missions. He said, "The basic tasks of civil defense in the event of war will include the protection of the urban population from air attacks, help- ing the wounded, protection of state and public property, 5/117 the protection of industry.")1/ Inasmuch as civil defense preparations in places of work generally have preceded all others in the Soviet Bloc, it is suggested that the two tasks mentioned last actually may have the higher priority. - 3 - S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 , Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T C. Necessary Measures In general, Polish publicity concerning civil defense meas- ures of protection is similar to that concerning civil defense goals -- it stresses, almost exclusively, the protection of the population. The principal means for protecting the population are said to be urban evacuation and the use of air-raid shelters. 2/ The elevation, in Polish publicity concerning civil defense, of urban evacuation to a parity with the use of air-raid shelters is unique among the countries of the Soviet Bloc. (A limited strategic evacuation concept was in- troduced in the USSR in 1958, but thus far only brief statements on the subject have been found in Soviet civil defense literature.) Polish civil defense evacuation has been stated to apply par- ticularly to "all children, their teachers, the sick, aged persons, cripples, and so on." ?I One newspaper article implied that prepara- tion for evacuation might be limited to "exposed centers" 1/ -- prob- ably meaning likely target cities. The Poles envision a number of specific measures, prepared or projected, as the principal components of the civil defense system. These measures include, in addition to preparations for partial urban evacuation, the following: (1) the preparation of a suitable alert system capable of informing the people in time of threatening danger from the air, (2) the construction of an "appropriate" number of air- raid shelters and protected places resistant to the action of atomic weapons, (3) instruction and training for the entire population in de- fense against air attack and atomic weapons, ()-i-) the preparation of civil defense forces and means suitable for rescue work and rendering assistance to people in contaminated areas, J.,/ (5) the creation of a blackout system for the entire country, (6) furnishing the population with appropriate civil defense equipment, and (7) the development of a command system for controlling civil defense "forces and means." 2/ D. Organizational Responsibility The civil defense organization in Poland is called Local Antiair Defense (Terenowa Obrona Przeciwlotnicza TOPL). At the national level there is the national civil defense headquarters, or Main Command of TOPL (Komenda Glowna TOPL), under the Ministry of In- ternal Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnecznych). According to pub- lished information, this Main Command is responsible for directing and coordinating all the work in preparation for air and atomic de- fense. At the provincial level the responsibility rests with TOPL commands under the presidiums of the peoples councils. 12/ Cities and industrial districts also have local commands of TOPL. - 4 - S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T Large industrial plants have trained civil defense organiza- tions, 11/ the setting up of which is the responsibility of a TOPL office in the ministry to which the plant is subordinate. 12/ Military units of TOPL are subordinate to the Main Command of TOPL 11/ but are "under the framework" of the Internal Security Forces (Wojska Wewnetrzne). These units are said to have appropriate equip- ment and to be trained for action in contaminated areas.1)21 It is implied that they have the mission of rescue work in areas damaged by air attack. 12/ General civil defense training for the population, although under TOPL direction at all levels, is based on the cooperation of a number of organizations and governmental units. Included are the Polish paramilitary society (League of Soldiers' Friends -- Liga Przyjacial Zolnieiza), the Polish Red Cross (Polski Czerwony Krzyz), the ministries of education and higher education, firefighting organi- zations, and others. II. Organization* 50X1 civil defense was controlled by the Ministry of Defense 50X1 (Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej), it was legally subordinate to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. On 4 December 1954 a Council of State decree transferred civil defense activities to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 22/ It is probable that Soviet-Polish coordination in civil defense matters has increased since the change in jurisdiction. 21/ About 50 Polish civil defense officials have taken courses in the USSR, 22/ usually at the Leningrad School for Local Antiair Defense. 21/ Ac- cording to one report, a group of Soviet civil defense colonels was sent to Poland in 1955 to "organize and direct the Polish headquarters on nuclear defense." 21J A. National Civil Defense Headquarters (Main Command of TOPL)** The Polish national civil defense headquarters, or Main Command of TOPL, is under the direct control of a Deputy Minister of the Minis- try of Internal Affairs. The Commander-in-Chief (Colonel Alexander Cesarski), the Chief of Staff (Major Stanislaw Gruntowski), and the 11/. See the chart, Figure 1, following p. 6. 11.8/ ** 22/. For the organization of the Main Command of TOPL, see the chart, Figure 2, following p. 6. -5- S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T Chief of the Mobilization Department (Lieutenant Colonel Stepnowski) constitute a Command Council (Kolegium Kiernownicze) for policy formu- lation. In addition to carrying out general responsibilities for supervising staff and subordinate units, the Main Command of TOPL con- ducts annual inspections of provincial headquarters and submits annual reports to the Minister of Internal Affairs and to the government be- fore the budget debate. the fol- 50X1 lowing subordinate departments at headquarters, estimated to employ 100 persons: 1. The organizational department is divided into general and operational sections and has responsibility for developing civil defense doctrine. 2. The training department has under it the public train- ing section, responsible for training the entire population; the staff training section, which supervises courses and excercises for command and staff personnel at all echelons; and the Central Training Base at Otwock, which employs about 25 instructors. Two types of courses, of 3 months duration each, are given at the base, one for staff members at national and provincial headquarters and another for employees of industrial plants, ports, and the like. 3. The operational department includes sections for opera- tions, communications and warning, and planning and mapping. It is responsible for developing civil defense plans consistent with the characteristics of the areas involved and for planning the warning system to include coordination with the air force and the preparation of wireline and radio links. 4. The technical department includes sections for con- struction of air-raid shelters and technical inptallations. It is responsible for preparing shelter plans and serves as the approving authority for production of civil defense equipment in industrial plants. 5. The finance department plans and supervises civil de- fense expenditures. 6. The research department is said to engage in research on foreign civil defense preparations and to receive instructional and training material from the USSR and other countries of the Soviet Bloc. 7. The mobilization department is responsible for prepar- ing plans for the mobilization of manpower and equipment for civil de- fense purposes. Increased activity was noted in this department in 1956 as a result of the planned organization of civil defense "reserve battalions." The department in 1956 also had at least temporary re- sponsibility for planning urban evacuation. - 6 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Poland: Organization of Civil Defense MILITARY UNITS TOPL MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS COUNTY COMMANDS CITY SERVICE RURAL INDEPENDENT DEFENSE GROUPS 29077 9-60 MAIN COMMAND OF TOPL COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF PROVINCIAL COMMANDS MUNICIPAL COMMANDS CITY DISTRICT COMMANDS INDEPENDENT DEFENSE GROUPS: APARTMENT HOUSES ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT AND THE LIKE Figure 1 OTHER MINISTRIES - - - - - - - - MINISTERIAL DIVISIONS TOPL TOPL INSPECTORATES: REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF RAILROADS, INDUSTRIAL COMBINES, AND THE LIKE _...? TOPL UNIT COMMANDS (BLDGS. AND THE LIKE) MUNICIPAL BRANCHES: LEAGUE OF SOLDIERS' FRIENDS RED CROSS TOPL UNIT COMMANDS (BLDGS. AND THE LIKE) CITY DISTRICT BRANCHES: LEAGUE OF SOLDIERS' FRIENDS, RED CROSS Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 ---P DIRECT COMMAND POLICY GUIDANCE COOPERATIO" 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 Figure 2 Poland: Reported Organization of the National Headquarters of Civil Defense MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS DEPUTY MINISTER FOR TOPL COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF TOPL CHIEF OF STAFF Organizational Department Central Training Base Training Department General Operational Public Training Staff Training Operational Section Section Section Section Section 29078 9.60 Operational Department Communications and Air Warning Section Finance Department Research Department Mobilization Department Independent Planning Department Planning and Mapping Section Atomic and Chemical Defense Department Technical Department Shelter Section Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Technical Installations Section 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T 8. The function of the independent planning department is not clear, it prepares plans for the de- velopment of air defense "networks." 9. The atomic and chemical defense department operates in close coordination with scientific and technical establishments and has planned for production of "antiatomic equipment." B. Military Units of TOPL Polish publications have noted that Poland has military units of TOPL and also have stated that such specially organized and trained civil defense units exist in the USSR and in other European Satellite countries. 21/ The concept of military civil defense battalions was introduced in Poland in 1956. A cadre of officers was sent to the USSR for civil defense training in the same year. This civil defense corps reportedly will consist of three regular battalions stationed at Warsaw, Katowice, and Szczecin and about 40 reserve battalions. 28/ The three regular battalions were organized in 1957. Although they were Internal Security Forces for the purposes of administration and discipline, they were sub- ordinate to TOPL for operations and training. 29/ The battalions will be subordinate to regional headquarters should they be called up in an emergency. L/ Within a civil defense battalion, there are reported to be the following subordinate units: (1) a heavy earth-moving equipment com- pany (literally, "bulldozer company"); (2) an antinuclear and anti- chemical company; (3) a motor transport company; and (4) a services company the functions of which include communications and supply. 21 C. Provincial Commands of TOPL There are 17 provinces (wojewodztwos) in Poland, and each has a civil defense headquarters employing about 5 to 10 persons. 12/ Ac- cording to one report, the provincial civil defense command functions additionally as the command for the provincial capital city. 33/ Warsaw, the capital of Poland, is reported to have special status under the national headquarters. For civil defense purposes, the city is divided into two sections, Warsaw and Praga, each having a civil de- fense headquarters. 111/ D. City and County Commands About 50 city headquarters of civil defense are reported in Poland. _L/ The city headquarters at Gliwice had 10 employees in - 7 - S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R-E -T 1956 A large city may have subordinate 50X1 district commands if the city is so divided for civil defense plan- ning. E./ As in the case of provincial capitals, it is probable that capital city commands of counties are identical with the county head- quarters. 1?./ City services of a civil defense nature are stated to include those for (1) security, (2) medical aid, (3) fire defense, (4) rescue (5) warning and information, and (6) disinfection and decontamina- tion. 22/ "Special TOPL services" (Specjalne Sluzby TOPL) have been formed, using such organizations as the Health Service, the fire de- partments, and the Citizens' Militia as bases.)i2/ Aid from a variety of Polish agencies has been sought to sup- port the general civil defense training effort. The League of Sol- diers' Friends, the Polish Red Cross, firefighting organizations, the Union of Polish Scouts, the Society for General Knowledge, aero clubs, the Union of Socialist Youth, the Union of Rural Youth, the ministries of education and higher education, the army, trade unions, the press, and radio and television media are all listed in one periodical as being asked to participate in a drive to expand civil defense training for the general public. LI./ Specific mention has been given to the civil defense training accomplished by the League of Soldiers' Friends, the Red Cross, the fire department, and the Union of Polish Scouts. The use of so many organizations in civil defense training seems to have made necessary special committees for coordination. Ac- cording to one publication, coordinating committees, "on the basis of a statute and their own plans of operation ... function under the leadership of the appropriate commands of TOPL." 12/ These committees are made up of representatives of the organizations listed in the preceding paragraph. E. Industrial Civil Defense Industrial civil defense is specially organized in Poland and probably has a much higher priority than civil defense for the general population. Each ministry is reported to emplOy five civil defense specialists, one of whom must be an engineer. 132 This group is re- sponsible for preparing civil defense directives in its field and issues orders to its subordinate units or installations. L01/ the specific duties of civil defense 50X1 offices of the various ministries included "enforcing all TOPL head- quarters orders, supervising the construction of air-raid shelters, selecting personnel for warden courses, maintaining a current list of all air-raid wardens of organizations subordinate to the ministry, - 8 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T procuring protective equipment such as gas masks, and keeping TOPL headquarters informed of all civil defense activities within their ministry." L.,51 Additionally, industrial construction organizations employ civil defense monitors to insure the inclusion of civil de- fense measures in building plans.1-1/ Plant managers in Poland (as in the USSR) are responsible for all civil defense preparations in their installations. /i// A sub- ordinate official, however, usually is specifically charged with civil defense preparations. Li-L3/ The organization of civil defense in plants includes units for the following functions: (1) protection of order, (2) firefielting, (3) medical services and first aid, (4) rescue work, (5) disinfection and deactivation, 49 / (6) communications, (7) emergency repair and 7 construction, and ) camouflage and blackout. 50/ III. Instructions and Training - A. Staff and Command A number of Polish civil defense officers were trained in the USSR, and Soviet officials have visited Poland to give guidance in civil defense preparations, as noted above.* Staff training also is conducted at a Polish civil defense installation near Warsaw. Courses are of 3 months duration. 21/ Continuing staff training also has been indicated in the form of periodical tactical exercises (without troops) at the national and regional levels. 22/ (This type of training is consistent with that prescribed for civil defense officials and head- quarters in the USSR.) In 1958 a special 10-week course was organized at the Polish Institute for Nuclear Research by the civil defense command. The pur- pose of the course was stated to be the preparation of an adequate cadre with knowledge of atomic defense problems. Students were to be familiarized with principles of dosimetry and decontamination and "basic provisions pertaining to radiological defense." The classes are evidently mall -- the Polish periodical describing the activity noted that 18 students of the second group attending completed the course with favorable results. Graduates are to conduct training courses in their home regions, using the knowledge gained in this special course. * See II, A, p. 5, above. - 9 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T B. Industrial Civil Defense "In general, civil air raid defense in Poland was well organized within industrial in- stallations -- especially those producing military equipment."2/2/ Publicity given to civil defense training exercises in Poland fre- quently mentions units from industrial plants. At least two special courses in civil defense have been re- ported for plant leaders. One is a 3 months course at the national civil defense training base, and the other, for "wardens," is a 3 or 4 weeks course that takes into account special problems peculiar to the installations of particular ministries. Since 1953, graduates of the latter course are reported to have numbered 20,000 annually. 2g Training of instructors and steps toward the organization of civil defense appear to have been general in Polish industry and transportation during 1953-55. 2// Mass training for the workers, however, several times was reported to be primitive, cursory, and frequently boring. Since 1955 the training of teams and workers has been intensi- fied, and workers from many plants report taking civil defense courses and the occurrence of periodic air raid drills. Zi Courses for workers have become compulsory, .25" and workers in one plant were threatened with discharge for nonattendance. 60/ Defense measures against atomic weapons are now a part of instruction. Publicity given civil defense in Poland also indicates rather well-advanced training preparations in industrial units. In mid-1958 the Polish civil defense commander-in-chief stated that "several" hun- dred thousand factory workers were organized and trained. .g." Drills and competitions, specifically including industrial civil defense units, were given publicity during 1958 and 1959. Both interrogation reports and publicity, therefore, agree that there is increasing activity in civil defense training for industrial and other economic enterprises, although some reports still note poor performance at particular installations. C. City Services and Civil Defense Battalions Specific details of training for operative units of a city or region and for civil defense battalions have not been publicized in Poland. It is not demonstrable whether this omission is a reflection of Polish security restrictions or of a lack of activity. Descriptions of civil defense drills in Poland strongly suggest that such units are trained sufficiently to engage in rather full-scale exercises. - 10 - S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T D. Drills and Demonstrations Civil defense drills and demonstrations have been reported from Poland since 1955. 63/ According to a published article, equipped personnel of the TOPL services paraded on May Day 1958 in 11 communities. Lq An air-raid drill in Wroclaw in June 1958 involved militia, fire departments, the Polish Red Cross, and "forces" of TOPL. Activity during the drill included sounding of sirens, troops appear- ing in protective clothing, simulated firefighting, rendering first aid, a disinfecting operation by the "chemical section," and rescue work by an "engineering section." This "atomic" drill lasted 4 hours but was criticized as not being entirely successful, because the general public was not prepared to participate. ..6_2/ Units of TOPL and "corresponding formations from factories and ports" took part in civil defense exercises in Czestochowa in Septem- ber 1958. .61.6_/ In Gdansk a civil defense exercise in 1958 involved 1,500 persons from local services and groups from "some" installa- tions. Ninety civil defense units from all parts of Poland competed at Lodz in August 1959. Competition was by sections, including sec- tions for communications, firefighting, first aid, decontamination, and deactivation. L?_/ E. General Public The League of Soldiers' Friends in Poland, with about 1 mil- lion members, 69/ frankly acknowledges that it is patterned after the Soviet Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the Army, Air Force, and Navy (Dobrovol'noye Obshchestvo Sodeystviya Armii, Aviatsii i Flotu DOSAAF), an organization that is heavily involved in popular civil defense training in the USSR. Evidence indicates that the League of Soldiers' Friends has been given similar missions, as fol- lows: (1) premilitary training for Polish youth; (2) training its own members in military specialities (radio communications, vehicle operation, seamanship, and the like); and (3) assisting in the civil defense training program. Another large organization that fulfills a role in Polish civil defense training is the Polish Red Cross. This society, with more than 2 million members, /1/ conducts first aid training for the population. /2/ In 1957 it was stated that the Red Cross would give assistance for medical civil defense training as part of the larger training program under the general supervision of the League of Sol- diers' Friends. 73/ S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T Revived after the 1956 "peaceful revolution," PI/ the Polish Boy Scout movement also has been enlisted to engage in civil defense training. 12/ Special efficiency badges are to be awarded to scouts completing civil defense training in a variety of subjects. After training, it is expected that scouts will take part regularly in civil defense exercises. 16./ The numbers of the general public in Poland trained in civil defense are unknown and, on the basis of presently available informa- tion, do not appear to be substantial. In early 1958, Polish pub- licity on civil defense decried the general lack of public knowledge of civil defense, although "several hundred thousand members" of TOPL units had been trained and "many" civilians had received training given by the League of Soldiers' Friends and the Red Cross. /1/ The "several hundred thousand" trained most probably are workers in im- portant plants rather than the general public. /Li/ One published article seemed to reflect an element of apathy on the part of the Polish public, stating that a special law was now needed compelling people to take part in civil defense work. Only general statements on popular training appeared in the Polish press during 1958 and 1959. An article published in early 1959 notes that training was given to "several thousand" instructors and teachers and to more than 1,000 persons from the instructors' cadre of the Polish scouts and also that training in civil defense was given in various specialist courses organized by the League of Sol- diers' Friends, the Red Cross, firefighting organizations, and others.p The coverage of the article seemed to indicate that the year 195 was used for instructor and operative training rather than for universal public training. An exception probably is the inclusion of air defense training for students. LI In January 1959 the train- ing of 40,000 young people in air and atomic defense was publicized in Warsaw. ,12./ These and several thousand adults were said to have been trained by the League of Soldiers' Friends, industrial enterprises, and the Red Cross. It can be concluded only that Poland is making preparations for civil defense training for the general public but that truly uni- versal civil defense training was only at an early stage in 1959. IV. The Category System It is becoming increasingly evident that several countries of the Soviet Bloc, including Poland, assign a civil defense category to each city and economic installation. This category determines the civil defense preparations to be carried out in the city or enterprise. - 12 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T A. City Categories It is only reasonable that Polish cities should conduct vary- ing civil defense preparations depending on the possible size and type of attack. It would be illogical, for example, to invest in massive blast shelters in a town not large enough or important enough to justify heavy air attack. Similarly, complex rescue organizations and communications need not be organized in smaller communities, where the most probable attack would involve targeting of specific points such as bridges, powerplants, or small factories. The city category system has only been hinted at in open Pol- ish publications. Particularly, special civil defense procedures, which stress the importance of certain localities, have involved evacuation and shelter preparations. For example, the commander-in- chief of Polish civil defense stated on one occasion that "evacuation of particularly exposed* centers" and other measures would greatly limit losses. 83/ A civil defense pamphlet published in 1958 connects projected evacuation with the population of larger cities* but notes that shelters capable of withstanding the effects Qf atomic weapons at short distances from the blast are being provided for the personnel who must remain in the city to perform essential functions. 84/ the existence of a list of cities, ori- 50X1 ginating from the national civil defense office in 1958, which listed the cities in three categories -- special, first, and second. 50X1 Warsaw, Gdynia, 50X1 Gdansk, Katowice, Gliwice, and Bytom were among those in the "special" category, and the cities of the first and second category that were recalled ranged downward in population to as low as 31,000.** two zones, "A" and "B," in late 1957. Poland was divided into 50X1 Zone "A" included cities and * Analyst's underlining. ** An East German civil defense document states that categorization of cities in East Germany is to be accomplished, taking into account their "political, economic, and geographic structure and their signifi- cance to the defense of the country." The document also states that the classification of cities and of production and supply installations, by the degree of air attack danger and vulnerability, is intended to establish the extent of required protective measures. Czechoslo- vak cities also are categorized by degree of importance for civil de- fense. 87/ Because civil defense in the European Satellites is guided by the USSR, it is highly probable that the Polish category system is based on a like principle. - 13 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T industrial areas that are likely targets of atomic attack, and zone "B" included the rest of the country. .1,Li/* 50X1; city TOPL head- 50X1 quarters were maintained in cities with more than 4o,000 popula- tion. 91/ Polish population figures for 1957 indicated that there were 49 cities in Poland with a population of more than 40,000. 22/ This information does not necessarily mean that only all points with a population of more than 40,000 are estimated to be likely atomic targets. Factors other than size probably influence the estimated target importance of a city and the civil defense measures planned. B. Plant Categories Polish industrial plants (and probably other economic instal- lations such as ports, mines, rail terminals, and communications in- stallations) are assigned to civil defense categories (I through IV). Installations in Category I are said to include industrial plants engaging in military production or those that could be con- verted for military manufacture. Also included are powerplants and steel mills and plants manufacturing machine tools, electrical equip- ment, locomotives and railroad cars, and chemical products. Plants in Category II are those of less importance to national defense, such as cable plants, large repair shops, construction ma- terial plants, and some mines. Plants in Categories III and IV are described only as those less important to the national defense effort. Industrial plants in Category I are required to meet the fol- lowing civil defense specifications: 1. Electric power -- two separate sources of electricity, each capable of furnishing 100 percent of the electrical needs of the plant. Each line would have an independent transformer room. * The East German manual mentioned in the second footnote on p. 13, above, also refers to a "zoning" of the entire country in addition to the classification of cities. Secondary zones are implied to be "less endangered areas" that are of civil defense significance for storage and warehousing purposes. 89/ ** Czechoslovak, 11/ Soviet, 22/ and Hungarian 191.,/ plants also are categorized for civil defense purposes, and an East German planning document 2// indicates an extensive civil defense scheme based on the categorization of industrial plants and other economic installations in East Germany. -14- S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R-E -T 2. Water -- two sources, each capable of fulfilling all needs of the plant. The general inadequacy of Polish water systems has prevented realization of this requirement. Some plants have pro- jected deep wells. 3. Air-raid shelters -- underground gas-proof shelters for 50 to 60 percent of the workers on the largest shift. Plans have been developed to adapt basements or to build trench shelter for the rest of the work force. 4. Required civil defense installations (other than the above shelters) include a civil defense collunand post, first-aid posts (both in shelters), a decontamination bathing point, an observation point, a clothing decontamination point, a vehicle and rail decon- tamination point, civil defense storage facilities, and a chemical- bacteriological-radiological laboratory. Industrial plants in Category II are required to meet the fol- lowing civil defense specifications: 1. Electric power -- there must be two sources of power, but only one transformer installation is required. 2. Water -- same as for Category I. 3. Air-raid shelters -- underground gas-proof shelters for 40 to 50 percent of the workers on the largest shift. Facilities for the rest of the work force are the same as for Category I. 4. Other required civil defense installations -- same as for Category I. Industrial plants in Category III are required to meet the fol- lowing civil defense specifications: 1. Electric power -- same as for Category II. 2. Water -- same as for Category II. 3. Air-raid shelters -- underground gas-proof shelters for 25 to 4o percent of the workers on the largest shift. Facilities for the rest of the work force are the same as for Categories I and II. 4. Other required civil defense installations -- same as for Category I. - 15 - S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T Industrial plants in Category IV are required to meet the fol- lowing civil defense specifications: 1. Electric power -- no special requirements. 2. Water -- no special requirements. 3. Air-raid shelters -- underground gas-proof shelters for 25 to 30 percent of the workers on the largest shift. 4. Other installations -- plans for these were reported to be only "paper" plans. C. Shelter Categories Poland (as well as some other countries of the Soviet Bloc has a variety of designs for air-raid shelters divided into four types according to protective strength. 22/ Types I and II probably are bunkers. Type III is said to be able to withstand 11.4 pounds of pressure per square inch (8 metric tons* per square meter). 100/ The meager description that is available of Type IV makes it appear to be generally similar to the lightest basement shelter in the USSR, with 16 centimeters (cm) (6.3 inches) of concrete for the roof. it can "withstand pressures" of 5 pounds per square per square meter). inch (3.5 tons V. Types of Civil Defense Construction A variety of shelter types may be expected to result from the category system in Poland. References to variations in shelter strength and in specifications for air raid shelters have not been found, however, in open Polish publications, although numerous de- fectors describe varying types of air-raid shelters. A. Basement Shelters 50X1 50X1 Although basement shelter designs in Poland differ in several details, the descriptions generally are consistent 50X1 with one another and with known Soviet designs. Instructions commonly call for shelters to be built during new construction as part of the basements of apartment houses. 101/ Shel- ters also have been built in other new structures such as plants, stores, and government buildings. * Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report. - 16 - S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S-E-C-R-E-T A typical Polish basement air-raid shelter (see the sketch, Figure 3* 102/) contains one or more shelter rooms, a lavatory, a filter-ventilation room, an emergency exit tunnel, and an entrance with double airtight doors of steel or reinforced concrete. 103/ Various ceiling thicknesses are given -- in a typical case the ceil- ing was stated to consist of reinforced concrete 20 cm (7.9 inches) thick. The length of the escape tunnel usually is determined by the height of the building -- it must be one-half as long as the building is higb. In a number of cases, ceilings for basement shelters have been reported of reinforced concrete ranging in thickness up to 80 cm (31.5 inches). 104/ Some ceilings are of three layers, with sand 105/ or sawdust concrete 106/ between the shelter roof and the finished first floor. B. Detached Underground Shelters The detached underground shelter in Poland is similar to the basement type but may be described as an underground light bunker. Its use is most often associated with industrial plants, but its design probably also is intended for residential areas where basements are inadequate or nonexistent. 50X1 this type of shelter is required to 50X1 meet the following civil defense specifications (see the sketches, Figure 4* 108/ and Figure 5* 109/: 1. A capacity of 100 to 200 people. 2. Two entrances. 3. The ceiling to be reinforced concrete with resistance of 4,500 kilograms per square meter (6.4 pounds per square inch) and to be covered with at least one-half meter (19.7 inches) of earth. 4. Outer walls to be 72 cm (28.3 inches) thick and inner walls 51 cm (20.1 inches) thick. The walls usually are of brick. 5. Shelter rooms not to exceed 40 square meters (431 square feet) in area. Six-tenths square meter (6.5 square feet) of floor area and 1.4 cubic meters (49.4 cubic feet) of air space per person. 6. Water tanks both for drinking and for sanitary pur- poses, the drinking-water tank to contain 1 liter (1.06 quarts) of water per person. * Following p. 18. - 17 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T 7. Electric lights supplied with electricity from the normal lines and flashlights to be provided for emergencies. 8. Ventilation through ducts induced by a fan that can be operated by electric power or by hand. Expansion chambers and filter canisters are part of the ventilating system. C. Observation Shelters As in Hungary, a small one-man or two-man shelter has been designed for Polish workers who must remain at their jobs during air attacks. Such workers probably include essential guards and those required to maintain watch on furnaces in foundries and on distribu- tion boards in powerplants. A shelter of this type is essentially an anchored concrete cone with vision slits and a small iron door (see the sketch, Fig- ure 6* 110/). The only equipment specified for these shelters was a flashlight (in 1958). 111/ D. Light Command Posts** A variation of the light bunker or "independent shelter" is the reported command post shelter for industrial establishments in Poland. Its variation consists principally of special equipment and a room arrangement suitable for civil defense operations (see the sketch, Figure 7* 113/). Decontamination showers and clothing changes are prescribed for those who must enter from contaminated surroundings. E. Heavy Bunkers Heavy bunkers probably are used for major civil defense, air defense, and government headquarters in Poland. These bunkers may be similar to bunkers built in Hungary and sketched in Soviet civil de- fense literature 114/ (see the sketches, Figure 8* 115/). Such shel- ters are characterized by extremely heavy construction -- walls about 4 meters (13 feet) thick and full appointments. 116/ The latter may include a complete filter ventilating system, an emergency generator, telephone and radio communications, a deep well for water supply, and stocks of food. F. Other Types of Civil Defense Structures A number of other types of civil defense structures have been reported from Poland, including protected medical aid points, vehicle * Following p. 18. ** 112/ - 18 - S -E -C -R -E -T I Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X11 Cut A Poland: A Basement Air-Raid Shelter Emergency exit Cut A-B-C-D 50cm Emergency exit House entrance 51cm B? Staircase Ventilation shaft 3.5m 10cm 77cm 180cm 120cm Toilet Toilet _J ?1.4m Air-lock lcm 38cm 51cm Sanitary room Water tank Figure 3 51cm Ventilation shaf Air-raid shelter 51cm --7,1r,Ventilation shaft 12cm 1.5m 77cm Ventilation shaft First floor Air-raid shelter 2.2m Air-raid shelter 29079 9-60 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Figure 4 Direction of air flow into shelter Air-intake rr I I I I I I I I Air-filter and ventilation room Air expansion room No. 1 X and No. 2 Shelter room for personnel Gasproof doors Vestibule Vestibule Entrance .4?Air-intake >2? Shelter room for personnel Normal doors Shelter room for personnel 32cm? Shelter room for personnel >ND< Entrance Vestibule Vestibule Small opening in door or wall Shelter room for personnel Normal wall Latrine 6-2Arm)g 64cm Exhaust Poland: Typical Layout of an Independent Air-Raid Shelter 29080 9-60 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 2m Figure 5 50X1 Air-intake vent Soil (at least one-half meter thick) Reinforced concrete roof with resistance of 4500 kg per sq m 29081 9-60 Concrete stairs Inside shelter Poland: Double Vestibule Entrance of an Independent Air-Raid Shelter 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Floor level Figure 6 View of the observation slit from inside the shelter 29082 9-60 > i-12cm.-1 --L icm F-- 60cm --1 Door. to the shelter Poland: Observation Air-Raid Shelter 80cm Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Figure 7 29083 9-60 Manhole cover (opens inward) 17rn 77cm!brick Room of the Commander or Chief of Staff Offices Telephone exchange Accumulator (battery) MOM Vestibule [? \ Emergency , \ exit Ga stightil____ doors \ , ?- r r Toilet Dressing room Shower MOM Undressing MOM \ Store MOM Corridor Portable reservoirs for drinking water, (50 L. capacity) Operations room Reporting room WindoWindow through which reports and orders w passed Couriers room Second vestibule Filtro-ventilation chamber FiItro-ventilation device Furnace Central heating First \ room n vestibule \I- 10m 1.5m Poland: Light Command Post 50X1 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Figure 8 Solid-Type Shelter johtual0.4...?.44i I ? ? .414, "6.k4s4"41"..4: ? .**41? ???? ? : Layer-Type Shelter USSR: Heavy Air-Raid Shelters 29084 9-60 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T and personnel decontamination points, and permanent and emergency trench shelters. The trench shelters are covered with earth and are lined with concrete or wood. G. Filter Ventilators for Air-Raid Shelters Filter ventilators for Polish air-raid shelters are reported to be of the Soviet type. As designed, these include an air intake, a dust filter, antichemical filters, a fan and a motor, and the nec- essary ducts for air distribution. Exhaust vents are customarily located in lavatories. When operating properly, the air pressure in- side the shelter should be slightly higher than outside. VI. Implemented Air-Raid Shelter Construction As in other countries of the Soviet Bloc, security measures in Poland prevent an accurate assessment of the amount of air-raid shelter built and fitted for use. It is certain that some shelters have been constructed, and many have been reported (see the map, Figure 9*). A. Command Posts Civil defense command posts have been constructed for Warsaw and for each of the 17 provinces in Poland. these posts were egaipped with air-raid shelters and cost more than 5 million zlotys** each. Supporting information has been received which indicates that such command posts are located in Szczecin 118/ and near Katowice. 119/ The latter is described as a particularly heavy underground bunker. A third command bunker is re- ported to be in Gdansk. 120/ 50X1 50X1 A recent Polish news story describes the opening of a new civil defense school building near Warsaw as containing a "training command post." 121/ an underground 50X1 headquarters command post for TOPL was to be built in this area. 122/ B. Plant Air-Raid Shelters Interrogation reports are in general agreement that the con- struction of air-raid shelters in Polish plants has enjoyed a higher * Following p. 20. ** Except where otherwise indicated, zloty values in this report are given in terms of 1957 zlotys and may be converted to US dollars at the rate of 4 to 1. This rate of exchange, however, does not neces- sarily reflect the dollar value. - 19 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T priority than that accorded to shelters for the general population. Plant air-raid shelters are located in about 40 Polish cities and towns, and a number of de- fectors state that they worked on planning and designing of indus- trial air-raid shelters. 123/ C. Basement Shelters Preparation of air-raid shelters in basements of masonry buildings has been carried on in Poland for several years. De- fectors occasionally report that general orders for providing such shelter during the course of new construction are not always fol- lowed. Since 1957, however, increased attention has been given to this matter. According to a Wroclaw newspaper in 1957, the Polish Council of Ministers "ruled" that any building containing 3,000 square meters (32,000 square feet) must have an air-raid shelter. It was noted that such regulations in the past had not been carried out in all cases. 124/ Similarly, it was reported that in 1957 a letter from Warsaw directed that all new apartment houses designed to house four or more families had to be equipped with air-raid shelters. The specifications were described as "rigid," and it was stated that there were only occasional defects in construction. 125/ Poland is unique among the countries of the Soviet Bloc in having published or broadcast information about air raid shelters. The head of Polish civil defense stated in 1958, "Air raid shelters are ... being constructed. In ... shelters constructed in new housing, ... the requirements of antiatomic defense are being taken into consideration. In old housing districts, so-called separate shelters will be constructed." 126/ He also stated, "There are many antiaircraft shelters in towns ... ." 127/ In 1959 a Polish pamphlet contained the following statement: "Shelters are constructed in every newly constructed apartment or office building." 128/ On at least two occasions, concern has been publicly expressed over vandalism in apartment shelters. For example, a Warsaw broadcast of 8 May 1958 stated, "Last year, thousands of cases of damage and theft of equipment from shelters were noted. Motors for filters and ventilation were destroyed as well as various other equipment, includ- ing wash basins and even toilet bowls ... ." 129/ In the same year a "letter to the editor" in Warsaw complained that tenants in new hous- ing could not use basements for storage, because of air defense regula- tions. The editor's reply stated that basement space would be made available to the tenants "as soon as special defense equipment is installed." 130/ - 20 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Poland Figure 9 Locations of Reported Air-Raid Shelter Preparation *MI ? Zielona Gore A. 2agah Gdyro *An NA Lebork?A jElbleg *. Poznan ?Bydgoszcz Kalisz ?LifidE ??Ketrzyn *M iErlsTyn MA* 1Zeran WARSAW e- Milosna Stara ,Bialystok ,Lublin Swiebodzice?? * wr,r7ab,EA* epsie Pole ?Liplu leielce ? ??Watbrzych ? n l!Dobrodzien biierioniew?? 1??*,,zimeir 0 1?:,ii.? g A., Zawadzkie -/' Hysae. Lab cc,isoe Gary ,- ,?? u _ C \ 'Zdzieszowice? 9c(1.? es? A' Poreba , _ 29085 9-60 e.laworzno 111-44. * Nowa Huta Rzeszawl.* Krak6w?. ??Mielec ?40togew Malopolski Ais Bielsko-Biala * Government and Civil Defense Headquarters Shelter ? Shelter in Economic Enterprises ? Basement Shelter in Apartments or Public Buildings Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S-E-C-R-E-T some basement shelters were under construction in principal cities as early as 1952. There is, however, a discernible increase in the amount of such construction reported since 1956. The designs of basement shelters, when described, are gener- ally consistent with one another, with shelter descriptions from other countries of the Soviet Bloc, and with sketches appearing in Bloc manu- als. Many of the Poles describing basement shelter were formerly con- nected with the construction industry, either as designers and engi- neers or as workers in building trades. D. Filter Ventilators Although some major air-raid shelters in the Soviet Bloc (such as tunnels or bunkers for government use, communications, and major plants) are reported to be provided with filter ventilation, basement air-raid shelters have not often been reported to be so equipped. Evidence from Poland, however, indicates that filter ventilating equipment is being installed in basement air raid shelters. The in- stallation of filter ventilation in shelters significantly increases the protection afforded against radioactive fallout as well as against chemical and biological agents. Evidence that filter ventilation is being installed in Polish basement air raid shelters since 1957 includes the following: (1) the news releases mentioned above* concerning vandalism in connection with ventilator motors in Polish shelters and the installation of equip- ment, (2) several interrogation reports in which defectors describe the installation of filter ventilator systems, 131/ and (3) Polish plants are manufacturing filter ventilating equipment for installation in air raid shelters. 132/ E. Statements on Amount of Shelter Several factors operate against making a definitive estimate of the amount of air-raid shelter presently available in Poland. These include the following: (1) Polish security restrictions on civil de- fense information, (2) reliance on individual reporting by defectors or repatriates who can have only individual knowledge of one or a few specific installations, and (3) the lack of any reporting from many areas of the country. The volume of individual reports of shelter * See C, p. 20, above. - 21 - S-E-C-R-E-T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 50X1 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T preparation is substantial, however, and several additional factors, Idhich follow, indicate a considerable amount of construction. 1. Orders -- decrees or orders to build air-raid shelters in plants or dwelling units have been reported several times and in at least one instance have been mentioned in a Polish publication. 2. Published statements -- Polish press accounts or radio broadcasts have stated or implied that "many" or "thousands" of air- raid shelters exist and that construction is continuing. 3. Estimates by defectors -- one Polish engineer stated in 1958 that, in his opinion, only about 10 percent of the urban popula- tion was provided with adequate air-raid shelters. This figure did not include industrial employees. 70 per- 50X1 cent of industrial establishments were equipped with air-raid shel- ters. 133/ Standards reported for shelter construction indicate, however, that formal shelter is to be provided for only about 40 per- cent of the workers on the largest shift in a plant. (In 1960, Po- land had 13.9 million urban residents and 2,972,000 industrial workers. 13)--/) Another engineer defector "figured" that shelter built to 1958 may have been adequate for 3.5 million persons. 135/ On the other hand, were basements were prepared. basements were generally constructed under new masonry dwellings. 136/ 4. In addition to new construction, suitable World War II shelters have been cleaned out, repaired, and readied for use. As with new shelters, most of these older shelters are in major urban areas or at industrial installations. 50X1 from 1952 until 1957, command posts and factory shelters bUAl being constructed but that very limited amounts of shelters in VII. Other Aspects of Civil Defense A. Fire Defense The Polish firefighting organizations have made an impressive recovery from the situation at the end of World War II, when the re- treating Germans confiscated or destroyed most mobile firefighting equipment. Initially, new equipment was purchased abroad. The na- tional firefighting headquarters was transferred from the Ministry of Communal Economy to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in December 1954, at about the same time that Polish civil defense was subordinated to - 22 - S -E -C -R -E -T Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 S -E -C -R -E -T applied to defense information such as that on state reserves and civil defense probably account for the paucity of information. Polish civil defense officials several times have made state- ments to the effect that an essential part of civil defense preparations includes "the stocking of resources for rescue work" and providing "the civilian population with appropriate equipment." The commander-in-chief of Polish civil defense noted on one occasion that Polish industry was "turning out a number of means and installations necessary for anti- atomic defense." He specifically mentioned protective clothing and geiger counters. 158/ Detection instruments were displayed at a Pol- ish civil defense exhibit in November 1958. The primary recipients of civil defense supplies thus far are believed to be various civil defense headquarters and major plants. No supplies have been reported being issued to the general public. - 25 - Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 Poland: Organization of TOPL Wire Communications System Warsaw Telephone Exchange MAIN COMMAND OF TOPL (WARSAW) Praga* TOM. Control Center Factory TOPL Control Centers Factory Switchboard City TOPL Shelters County Seat Telephone Exchange PROVINCIAL HEADQUARTERS OF TOPL County Seat TOPL Control Center Factory TOPL Control Centers Factory Switchboard City TOPL Shelters Warsaw TOPL Control Center Figure 10 Warsaw Telephone Exchange City TOPL Shelters Provincial Capital City TOPL Headquarters Factory TOPL Control Centers Factory Switchboard Capital City Telephone Exchange City TOPL Shelters *For civil defense purposes, the city of WARSAW is divided into two sections, WARSAW and PRAGA. 29086 9-60 Factory TOPL Control Centers Factory Switchboard Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 _ Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 R Next 8 Page(s) In Document Denied Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 SECRET SECRET Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0 50X1 50X1