CIVIL DEFENSE IN POLAND

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A001700100001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 41
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 21, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 1, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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Economic Intelligence Report
CIVIL DEFENSE IN POLAND
CIA/RR ER 60-24
September 1960
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
RETURN TO RECORDS CENTS*
IMMEDIATELY AFTER USE 4
JOB` 7 7-r- //Y.,/ Box,/ 7
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Economic Intelligence Report
CIVIL DEFENSE IN POLAND
CIA/RR ER 60-24
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
SECRET
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CONTENTS
Summary
I. Concept and Missions
Page
3
A.
Effectiveness Against Atomic Attack
3
B.
General Mission
3
C.
Necessary Measures
D.
Organizational Responsibility
4
II.
Organization
5
A.
National Civil Defense Headquarters (Main Command
of TOPL)
5
B.
Military Units of TOPL
7
C.
Provincial Commands of TOPL ?
7
D.
City and County Commands
7
E.
Industrial Civil Defense
8
III.
Instructions and Training
9
A.
Staff and Command
9
B.
Industrial Civil Defense
10
C.
City Services and Civil Defense Battalions ? . .
10
D.
Drills and Demonstrations
11
E.
General Public
11
IV.
The Category System
12
A.
City Categories
13
B.
Plant Categories
14
C.
Shelter Categories
16
V.
Types of Civil Defense Construction
16
A.
Basement Shelters
16
B.
Detached Underground Shelters
17
C.
Observation Shelters
18
D.
Light Command Posts
18
E.
Heavy Bunkers
18
F.
Other Types of Civil Defense Structures
18
G.
Filter Ventilators for Air-Raid Shelters ? ? ? ?
19
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Page
VI.
Implemented Air-Raid Shelter Construction .
. ?
?
19
A. Command Posts
19
B. Plant Air-Raid Shelters
19
C. Basement Shelters
20
D. Filter Ventilators
21
E. Statements on Amount of Shelter
21
VII.
Other Aspects of Civil Defense
22
A. Fire Defense
22
B. Warning and Communications
23
C. Blackout
24
D. Supply
24
Figure 1.
Figure
Illustrations
Poland: Organization of Civil Defense
Chart)
2. Poland: Reported Organization of the
tional Headquarters of Civil Defense
(Chart)
Figure 3.
Figure
Na-
Poland: A Basement Air-Raid Shelter
(Sketch from Memory)
4. Poland: Typical Layout of an Independent
Air-Raid Shelter (Sketch from Memory) .
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6
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Figure
5.
Poland: Double Vestibule Entrance of an
Independent Air-Raid Shelter (Sketch
Following Page
from Memory)
18
Figure
.
Poland: Observation Air-Raid Shelter
(Sketch from Memory)
18
Figure
7.
Poland: Light Command Post (Sketch from
Memory)
18
Figure
8.
USSR: Heavy Air-Raid Shelters (Sketch) .
18
Figure
9.
Poland: Location of RepOrted Air-Raid
Shelter Preparation (Map)
20
Figure
10. Poland: Organization of TOPL Wire Com-
munications System (Chart)
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- CIVIL DEFENSE IN POLAND*
Summary,
Poland has been conducting civil defense preparations since about
1950. The USSR has furnished some guidance for these preparations,
and it must be assumed that the broad aspects of the program have had
Soviet approval. Increased civil defense efforts have been evident
in Poland since 1956.
Civil defense has been given more publicity in Poland than in
other countries of the Soviet Bloc. Published or broadcast statements
indicate that civil defense officials consider warning, shelter,
evacuation, supply, and training to be the principal components of a
civil defense system. Publicity also has been given to civil defense
achievements, referring to the accomplished preparation of "many" air-
raid shelters, to training completed and in progress, to the manufac-
ture in Poland of civil defense supplies, and to past research in the
civil defense field.
A priority system governs the preparations made for Polish civil
defense. This system places the defense of important cities and in-
stallations before that of the public at large -- a fact that is not
publicized. Industrial cities and important factories have been ac-
tive in organizing for civil defense and in providing air-raid shel-
ters. Preparations in smaller cities and throughout rural areas are
essentially unmentioned and probably exist in less organized fashion
where they exist at all.
As in other countries of the Soviet Bloc, the responsibility for
Polish civil defense preparations has been assigned to a staff sub-
ordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The staff is composed
of headquarters personnel who are assigned at all levels of govern-
ment from the national to the city level. Local civil defense opera-
tive units are based largely on civilian groups the peacetime func-
tions of which are related to civil defense. Such groups include
fire and police departments, medical agencies, and the like. In ad-
dition, the Poles have been organizing military civil defense units,
most of which units probably are reserve battalions.
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best
judgment of this Office as of 1 August 1960.
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The first civil defense training conducted in Poland was given to
industrial workers and in government offices. The Polish paramilitary
society, firefighting organizations, the Red Cross, schools, and the
Boy Scout movement have been used in promoting and conducting training.
Civil defense training programs for the general public have not been
very effective in urban areas and probably have been negligible in
rural areas. Staff and supervisory personnel, however, have been
training for several years in civil defense schools and courses. De-
scriptions of drills and competitions for operative civil defense
units have appeared in Polish publications during the past 2 years.
Again, the units most frequently identified have been those from in-
dustrial enterprises.
Announced Polish civil defense goals, published statements on air-
raid shelters, and information from former residents combine to demon-
strate that Poland has been constructing new air-raid shelters and re-
building World War II shelters for some time. As in several other
countries of the Soviet Bloc, the most frequently reported new shel-
ters are basement shelters in masonry buildings, shelters in important
industrial installations, and shelters for personnel important to
government and civil defense control. There is not enough information
available from which to derive a definitive estimate of the present
capacity of air-raid shelters in Poland. The amount of shelter fur-
nished with filter ventilation is unknown, but the manufacturing of
ventilators and filters is reported as well as the installation of
this equipment in some instances.
A civil defense warning system based on alert by the military
forces has been or is being developed in Poland. Sirens were installed
in larger cities, beginning about 1955. Blackout in case of air alert
is still planned, and some preparatory steps already have been taken.
Fire defense volunteers are enrolled in large numbers, and it is re-
ported that expanded firefighting forces will be stationed outside
Warsaw in case of mobilization to fulfill civil defense roles after
air attack.
Civil defense preparations similar to those in the USSR are being
developed as part of a long-term Polish defense program. Although the
more important elements of the Polish population already have some
protection, the majority of the population is unprotected and largely
untrained. There is little evidence that a state of emergency readi-
ness is planned in the near future. Continuing efforts have been
undertaken, however, to improve the Polish civil defense situation
through expanded training, increased construction of air-raid shel-
ters, and other measures.
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I. Concept and Missions
During 1958 and 1959, Poland indulged in publicity concerning
civil defense that probably is unique among members of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc. A number of radio broadcasts and newspaper interviews
outlined the broader concepts of Polish civil defense.
A. Effectiveness Against Atomic Attack
In the published material on civil defense in Poland that
has been examined, stress is placed principally on "modern" defense
against air attack and atomic weapons, with occasional mention of the
possibility of chemical or biological attack.
Complete protection against nuclear attack is recognized as
impossible. For example, the national civil defense commander in Po-
land stated that there is no "absolute, one-hundred-percent defense"
for the population against presently available means of attack. 1/*
Polish publications have pointed out that, although.the greatest pos-
sible number of people should be protected, the accomplishment of
civil defense preparations in Poland would serve only to greatly
curtail "losses." ?../ Potential loss of life would be reduced by more
than one-half if Polish cities were to complete planned preparations
for atomic defense, in the opinion of unidentified "specialists." 1/
B. General Mission
Polish publicity most often has stressed the saving of lives
and the minimizing of casualties as a mission of civil defense. Al-
though certainly a valid aim, this stress on the possibility of sur-
vival probably is used to encourage public support on humanitarian
grounds and as an appeal to self-interest.
In one instance the civil defense commander of Warsaw used a
sentence reminiscent of Soviet statements on civil defense missions.
He said, "The basic tasks of civil defense in the event of war will
include the protection of the urban population from air attacks, help-
ing the wounded, protection of state and public property, 5/117 the
protection of industry.")1/ Inasmuch as civil defense preparations
in places of work generally have preceded all others in the Soviet
Bloc, it is suggested that the two tasks mentioned last actually may
have the higher priority.
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C. Necessary Measures
In general, Polish publicity concerning civil defense meas-
ures of protection is similar to that concerning civil defense goals --
it stresses, almost exclusively, the protection of the population.
The principal means for protecting the population are said to be urban
evacuation and the use of air-raid shelters. 2/ The elevation, in
Polish publicity concerning civil defense, of urban evacuation to a
parity with the use of air-raid shelters is unique among the countries
of the Soviet Bloc. (A limited strategic evacuation concept was in-
troduced in the USSR in 1958, but thus far only brief statements on
the subject have been found in Soviet civil defense literature.)
Polish civil defense evacuation has been stated to apply par-
ticularly to "all children, their teachers, the sick, aged persons,
cripples, and so on." ?I One newspaper article implied that prepara-
tion for evacuation might be limited to "exposed centers" 1/ -- prob-
ably meaning likely target cities.
The Poles envision a number of specific measures, prepared or
projected, as the principal components of the civil defense system.
These measures include, in addition to preparations for partial urban
evacuation, the following: (1) the preparation of a suitable alert
system capable of informing the people in time of threatening danger
from the air, (2) the construction of an "appropriate" number of air-
raid shelters and protected places resistant to the action of atomic
weapons, (3) instruction and training for the entire population in de-
fense against air attack and atomic weapons, ()-i-) the preparation of
civil defense forces and means suitable for rescue work and rendering
assistance to people in contaminated areas, J.,/ (5) the creation of a
blackout system for the entire country, (6) furnishing the population
with appropriate civil defense equipment, and (7) the development of a
command system for controlling civil defense "forces and means." 2/
D. Organizational Responsibility
The civil defense organization in Poland is called Local
Antiair Defense (Terenowa Obrona Przeciwlotnicza TOPL). At the
national level there is the national civil defense headquarters, or
Main Command of TOPL (Komenda Glowna TOPL), under the Ministry of In-
ternal Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnecznych). According to pub-
lished information, this Main Command is responsible for directing
and coordinating all the work in preparation for air and atomic de-
fense.
At the provincial level the responsibility rests with TOPL
commands under the presidiums of the peoples councils. 12/ Cities
and industrial districts also have local commands of TOPL.
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Large industrial plants have trained civil defense organiza-
tions, 11/ the setting up of which is the responsibility of a TOPL
office in the ministry to which the plant is subordinate. 12/
Military units of TOPL are subordinate to the Main Command of
TOPL 11/ but are "under the framework" of the Internal Security Forces
(Wojska Wewnetrzne). These units are said to have appropriate equip-
ment and to be trained for action in contaminated areas.1)21 It is
implied that they have the mission of rescue work in areas damaged by
air attack. 12/
General civil defense training for the population, although
under TOPL direction at all levels, is based on the cooperation of a
number of organizations and governmental units. Included are the
Polish paramilitary society (League of Soldiers' Friends -- Liga
Przyjacial Zolnieiza), the Polish Red Cross (Polski Czerwony Krzyz),
the ministries of education and higher education, firefighting organi-
zations, and others.
II. Organization*
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civil defense was controlled by the Ministry of Defense 50X1
(Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej), it was legally subordinate to the
Chairman of the Council of Ministers. On 4 December 1954 a Council of
State decree transferred civil defense activities to the Ministry of
Internal Affairs. 22/
It is probable that Soviet-Polish coordination in civil defense
matters has increased since the change in jurisdiction. 21/ About
50 Polish civil defense officials have taken courses in the USSR, 22/
usually at the Leningrad School for Local Antiair Defense. 21/ Ac-
cording to one report, a group of Soviet civil defense colonels was
sent to Poland in 1955 to "organize and direct the Polish headquarters
on nuclear defense." 21J
A. National Civil Defense Headquarters (Main Command of TOPL)**
The Polish national civil defense headquarters, or Main Command
of TOPL, is under the direct control of a Deputy Minister of the Minis-
try of Internal Affairs. The Commander-in-Chief (Colonel Alexander
Cesarski), the Chief of Staff (Major Stanislaw Gruntowski), and the
11/. See the chart, Figure 1, following p. 6. 11.8/
** 22/. For the organization of the Main Command of TOPL, see the
chart, Figure 2, following p. 6.
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Chief of the Mobilization Department (Lieutenant Colonel Stepnowski)
constitute a Command Council (Kolegium Kiernownicze) for policy formu-
lation. In addition to carrying out general responsibilities for
supervising staff and subordinate units, the Main Command of TOPL con-
ducts annual inspections of provincial headquarters and submits annual
reports to the Minister of Internal Affairs and to the government be-
fore the budget debate. the fol- 50X1
lowing subordinate departments at headquarters, estimated to employ
100 persons:
1. The organizational department is divided into general
and operational sections and has responsibility for developing civil
defense doctrine.
2. The training department has under it the public train-
ing section, responsible for training the entire population; the staff
training section, which supervises courses and excercises for command
and staff personnel at all echelons; and the Central Training Base at
Otwock, which employs about 25 instructors. Two types of courses, of
3 months duration each, are given at the base, one for staff members
at national and provincial headquarters and another for employees of
industrial plants, ports, and the like.
3. The operational department includes sections for opera-
tions, communications and warning, and planning and mapping. It is
responsible for developing civil defense plans consistent with the
characteristics of the areas involved and for planning the warning
system to include coordination with the air force and the preparation
of wireline and radio links.
4. The technical department includes sections for con-
struction of air-raid shelters and technical inptallations. It is
responsible for preparing shelter plans and serves as the approving
authority for production of civil defense equipment in industrial
plants.
5. The finance department plans and supervises civil de-
fense expenditures.
6. The research department is said to engage in research
on foreign civil defense preparations and to receive instructional and
training material from the USSR and other countries of the Soviet Bloc.
7. The mobilization department is responsible for prepar-
ing plans for the mobilization of manpower and equipment for civil de-
fense purposes. Increased activity was noted in this department in
1956 as a result of the planned organization of civil defense "reserve
battalions." The department in 1956 also had at least temporary re-
sponsibility for planning urban evacuation.
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Poland: Organization of Civil Defense
MILITARY UNITS
TOPL
MINISTRY
OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS
COUNTY
COMMANDS
CITY
SERVICE
RURAL INDEPENDENT
DEFENSE GROUPS
29077 9-60
MAIN COMMAND
OF TOPL
COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF
PROVINCIAL
COMMANDS
MUNICIPAL
COMMANDS
CITY DISTRICT
COMMANDS
INDEPENDENT DEFENSE
GROUPS:
APARTMENT HOUSES
ENTERPRISE
MANAGEMENT
AND THE LIKE
Figure 1
OTHER MINISTRIES
- - - - - - - -
MINISTERIAL DIVISIONS
TOPL
TOPL INSPECTORATES:
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
OF RAILROADS, INDUSTRIAL
COMBINES, AND THE LIKE
_...? TOPL UNIT COMMANDS
(BLDGS. AND THE LIKE)
MUNICIPAL BRANCHES:
LEAGUE OF
SOLDIERS' FRIENDS
RED CROSS
TOPL UNIT COMMANDS
(BLDGS. AND THE LIKE)
CITY DISTRICT
BRANCHES: LEAGUE OF
SOLDIERS' FRIENDS,
RED CROSS
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---P DIRECT COMMAND
POLICY GUIDANCE
COOPERATIO"
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Figure 2
Poland: Reported Organization of the National Headquarters of Civil Defense
MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS
DEPUTY MINISTER FOR TOPL
COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF TOPL
CHIEF OF STAFF
Organizational
Department
Central Training
Base
Training
Department
General
Operational
Public Training
Staff Training
Operational
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
29078 9.60
Operational
Department
Communications
and Air Warning
Section
Finance
Department
Research
Department
Mobilization
Department
Independent
Planning
Department
Planning and
Mapping
Section
Atomic and
Chemical Defense
Department
Technical
Department
Shelter
Section
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Technical
Installations
Section
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8. The function of the independent planning department
is not clear, it prepares plans for the de-
velopment of air defense "networks."
9. The atomic and chemical defense department operates
in close coordination with scientific and technical establishments
and has planned for production of "antiatomic equipment."
B. Military Units of TOPL
Polish publications have noted that Poland has military units
of TOPL and also have stated that such specially organized and trained
civil defense units exist in the USSR and in other European Satellite
countries. 21/
The concept of military civil defense battalions was introduced
in Poland in 1956. A cadre of officers was sent to the USSR for civil
defense training in the same year. This civil defense corps reportedly
will consist of three regular battalions stationed at Warsaw, Katowice,
and Szczecin and about 40 reserve battalions. 28/ The three regular
battalions were organized in 1957. Although they were Internal Security
Forces for the purposes of administration and discipline, they were sub-
ordinate to TOPL for operations and training. 29/ The battalions will
be subordinate to regional headquarters should they be called up in an
emergency. L/
Within a civil defense battalion, there are reported to be the
following subordinate units: (1) a heavy earth-moving equipment com-
pany (literally, "bulldozer company"); (2) an antinuclear and anti-
chemical company; (3) a motor transport company; and (4) a services
company the functions of which include communications and supply. 21
C. Provincial Commands of TOPL
There are 17 provinces (wojewodztwos) in Poland, and each has
a civil defense headquarters employing about 5 to 10 persons. 12/ Ac-
cording to one report, the provincial civil defense command functions
additionally as the command for the provincial capital city. 33/
Warsaw, the capital of Poland, is reported to have special status under
the national headquarters. For civil defense purposes, the city is
divided into two sections, Warsaw and Praga, each having a civil de-
fense headquarters. 111/
D. City and County Commands
About 50 city headquarters of civil defense are reported in
Poland. _L/ The city headquarters at Gliwice had 10 employees in
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1956 A large city may have subordinate 50X1
district commands if the city is so divided for civil defense plan-
ning. E./ As in the case of provincial capitals, it is probable that
capital city commands of counties are identical with the county head-
quarters. 1?./
City services of a civil defense nature are stated to include
those for (1) security, (2) medical aid, (3) fire defense, (4) rescue
(5) warning and information, and (6) disinfection and decontamina-
tion. 22/ "Special TOPL services" (Specjalne Sluzby TOPL) have been
formed, using such organizations as the Health Service, the fire de-
partments, and the Citizens' Militia as bases.)i2/
Aid from a variety of Polish agencies has been sought to sup-
port the general civil defense training effort. The League of Sol-
diers' Friends, the Polish Red Cross, firefighting organizations, the
Union of Polish Scouts, the Society for General Knowledge, aero clubs,
the Union of Socialist Youth, the Union of Rural Youth, the ministries
of education and higher education, the army, trade unions, the press,
and radio and television media are all listed in one periodical as
being asked to participate in a drive to expand civil defense training
for the general public. LI./ Specific mention has been given to the
civil defense training accomplished by the League of Soldiers' Friends,
the Red Cross, the fire department, and the Union of Polish Scouts.
The use of so many organizations in civil defense training
seems to have made necessary special committees for coordination. Ac-
cording to one publication, coordinating committees, "on the basis of
a statute and their own plans of operation ... function under the
leadership of the appropriate commands of TOPL." 12/ These committees
are made up of representatives of the organizations listed in the
preceding paragraph.
E. Industrial Civil Defense
Industrial civil defense is specially organized in Poland and
probably has a much higher priority than civil defense for the general
population. Each ministry is reported to emplOy five civil defense
specialists, one of whom must be an engineer. 132 This group is re-
sponsible for preparing civil defense directives in its field and
issues orders to its subordinate units or installations. L01/
the specific duties of civil defense 50X1
offices of the various ministries included "enforcing all TOPL head-
quarters orders, supervising the construction of air-raid shelters,
selecting personnel for warden courses, maintaining a current list of
all air-raid wardens of organizations subordinate to the ministry,
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procuring protective equipment such as gas masks, and keeping TOPL
headquarters informed of all civil defense activities within their
ministry." L.,51 Additionally, industrial construction organizations
employ civil defense monitors to insure the inclusion of civil de-
fense measures in building plans.1-1/
Plant managers in Poland (as in the USSR) are responsible for
all civil defense preparations in their installations. /i// A sub-
ordinate official, however, usually is specifically charged with civil
defense preparations. Li-L3/
The organization of civil defense in plants includes units for
the following functions: (1) protection of order, (2) firefielting,
(3) medical services and first aid, (4) rescue work, (5) disinfection
and deactivation, 49 / (6) communications, (7) emergency repair and
7
construction, and ) camouflage and blackout. 50/
III. Instructions and Training -
A. Staff and Command
A number of Polish civil defense officers were trained in the
USSR, and Soviet officials have visited Poland to give guidance in
civil defense preparations, as noted above.* Staff training also is
conducted at a Polish civil defense installation near Warsaw. Courses
are of 3 months duration. 21/ Continuing staff training also has been
indicated in the form of periodical tactical exercises (without troops)
at the national and regional levels. 22/ (This type of training is
consistent with that prescribed for civil defense officials and head-
quarters in the USSR.)
In 1958 a special 10-week course was organized at the Polish
Institute for Nuclear Research by the civil defense command. The pur-
pose of the course was stated to be the preparation of an adequate
cadre with knowledge of atomic defense problems. Students were to be
familiarized with principles of dosimetry and decontamination and
"basic provisions pertaining to radiological defense." The classes
are evidently mall -- the Polish periodical describing the activity
noted that 18 students of the second group attending completed the
course with favorable results. Graduates are to conduct training
courses in their home regions, using the knowledge gained in this
special course.
* See II, A, p. 5, above.
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B. Industrial Civil Defense
"In general, civil
air raid defense in Poland was well organized within industrial in-
stallations -- especially those producing military equipment."2/2/
Publicity given to civil defense training exercises in Poland fre-
quently mentions units from industrial plants.
At least two special courses in civil defense have been re-
ported for plant leaders. One is a 3 months course at the national
civil defense training base, and the other, for "wardens," is a
3 or 4 weeks course that takes into account special problems peculiar
to the installations of particular ministries. Since 1953, graduates
of the latter course are reported to have numbered 20,000 annually. 2g
Training of instructors and steps toward the organization of
civil defense appear to have been general in Polish industry and
transportation during 1953-55. 2// Mass training for the workers,
however, several times was reported to be primitive, cursory, and
frequently boring.
Since 1955 the training of teams and workers has been intensi-
fied, and workers from many plants report taking civil defense courses
and the occurrence of periodic air raid drills. Zi Courses for workers
have become compulsory, .25" and workers in one plant were threatened
with discharge for nonattendance. 60/ Defense measures against atomic
weapons are now a part of instruction.
Publicity given civil defense in Poland also indicates rather
well-advanced training preparations in industrial units. In mid-1958
the Polish civil defense commander-in-chief stated that "several" hun-
dred thousand factory workers were organized and trained. .g." Drills
and competitions, specifically including industrial civil defense
units, were given publicity during 1958 and 1959.
Both interrogation reports and publicity, therefore, agree that
there is increasing activity in civil defense training for industrial
and other economic enterprises, although some reports still note poor
performance at particular installations.
C. City Services and Civil Defense Battalions
Specific details of training for operative units of a city or
region and for civil defense battalions have not been publicized in
Poland. It is not demonstrable whether this omission is a reflection
of Polish security restrictions or of a lack of activity. Descriptions
of civil defense drills in Poland strongly suggest that such units are
trained sufficiently to engage in rather full-scale exercises.
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D. Drills and Demonstrations
Civil defense drills and demonstrations have been reported
from Poland since 1955. 63/ According to a published article,
equipped personnel of the TOPL services paraded on May Day 1958 in 11
communities. Lq An air-raid drill in Wroclaw in June 1958 involved
militia, fire departments, the Polish Red Cross, and "forces" of TOPL.
Activity during the drill included sounding of sirens, troops appear-
ing in protective clothing, simulated firefighting, rendering first
aid, a disinfecting operation by the "chemical section," and rescue
work by an "engineering section." This "atomic" drill lasted 4 hours
but was criticized as not being entirely successful, because the
general public was not prepared to participate. ..6_2/
Units of TOPL and "corresponding formations from factories and
ports" took part in civil defense exercises in Czestochowa in Septem-
ber 1958. .61.6_/ In Gdansk a civil defense exercise in 1958 involved
1,500 persons from local services and groups from "some" installa-
tions.
Ninety civil defense units from all parts of Poland competed
at Lodz in August 1959. Competition was by sections, including sec-
tions for communications, firefighting, first aid, decontamination,
and deactivation. L?_/
E. General Public
The League of Soldiers' Friends in Poland, with about 1 mil-
lion members, 69/ frankly acknowledges that it is patterned after the
Soviet Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the Army, Air Force,
and Navy (Dobrovol'noye Obshchestvo Sodeystviya Armii, Aviatsii i
Flotu DOSAAF), an organization that is heavily involved in popular
civil defense training in the USSR. Evidence indicates that the
League of Soldiers' Friends has been given similar missions, as fol-
lows: (1) premilitary training for Polish youth; (2) training its
own members in military specialities (radio communications, vehicle
operation, seamanship, and the like); and (3) assisting in the civil
defense training program.
Another large organization that fulfills a role in Polish
civil defense training is the Polish Red Cross. This society, with
more than 2 million members, /1/ conducts first aid training for the
population. /2/ In 1957 it was stated that the Red Cross would give
assistance for medical civil defense training as part of the larger
training program under the general supervision of the League of Sol-
diers' Friends. 73/
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Revived after the 1956 "peaceful revolution," PI/ the Polish
Boy Scout movement also has been enlisted to engage in civil defense
training. 12/ Special efficiency badges are to be awarded to scouts
completing civil defense training in a variety of subjects. After
training, it is expected that scouts will take part regularly in
civil defense exercises. 16./
The numbers of the general public in Poland trained in civil
defense are unknown and, on the basis of presently available informa-
tion, do not appear to be substantial. In early 1958, Polish pub-
licity on civil defense decried the general lack of public knowledge
of civil defense, although "several hundred thousand members" of TOPL
units had been trained and "many" civilians had received training
given by the League of Soldiers' Friends and the Red Cross. /1/ The
"several hundred thousand" trained most probably are workers in im-
portant plants rather than the general public. /Li/ One published
article seemed to reflect an element of apathy on the part of the
Polish public, stating that a special law was now needed compelling
people to take part in civil defense work.
Only general statements on popular training appeared in the
Polish press during 1958 and 1959. An article published in early
1959 notes that training was given to "several thousand" instructors
and teachers and to more than 1,000 persons from the instructors'
cadre of the Polish scouts and also that training in civil defense was
given in various specialist courses organized by the League of Sol-
diers' Friends, the Red Cross, firefighting organizations, and
others.p The coverage of the article seemed to indicate that the
year 195 was used for instructor and operative training rather than
for universal public training. An exception probably is the inclusion
of air defense training for students. LI In January 1959 the train-
ing of 40,000 young people in air and atomic defense was publicized in
Warsaw. ,12./ These and several thousand adults were said to have been
trained by the League of Soldiers' Friends, industrial enterprises,
and the Red Cross.
It can be concluded only that Poland is making preparations
for civil defense training for the general public but that truly uni-
versal civil defense training was only at an early stage in 1959.
IV. The Category System
It is becoming increasingly evident that several countries of the
Soviet Bloc, including Poland, assign a civil defense category to each
city and economic installation. This category determines the civil
defense preparations to be carried out in the city or enterprise.
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A. City Categories
It is only reasonable that Polish cities should conduct vary-
ing civil defense preparations depending on the possible size and type
of attack. It would be illogical, for example, to invest in massive
blast shelters in a town not large enough or important enough to
justify heavy air attack. Similarly, complex rescue organizations and
communications need not be organized in smaller communities, where the
most probable attack would involve targeting of specific points such
as bridges, powerplants, or small factories.
The city category system has only been hinted at in open Pol-
ish publications. Particularly, special civil defense procedures,
which stress the importance of certain localities, have involved
evacuation and shelter preparations. For example, the commander-in-
chief of Polish civil defense stated on one occasion that "evacuation
of particularly exposed* centers" and other measures would greatly
limit losses. 83/ A civil defense pamphlet published in 1958 connects
projected evacuation with the population of larger cities* but notes
that shelters capable of withstanding the effects Qf atomic weapons at
short distances from the blast are being provided for the personnel
who must remain in the city to perform essential functions. 84/
the existence of a list of cities, ori- 50X1
ginating from the national civil defense office in 1958, which listed
the cities in three categories -- special, first, and second. 50X1
Warsaw, Gdynia, 50X1
Gdansk, Katowice, Gliwice, and Bytom were among those in the "special"
category, and the cities of the first and second category that were
recalled ranged downward in population to as low as 31,000.**
two zones, "A" and "B," in late 1957.
Poland was divided into 50X1
Zone "A" included cities and
* Analyst's underlining.
** An East German civil defense document states that categorization
of cities in East Germany is to be accomplished, taking into account
their "political, economic, and geographic structure and their signifi-
cance to the defense of the country." The document also states that
the classification of cities and of production and supply installations,
by the degree of air attack danger and vulnerability, is intended to
establish the extent of required protective measures. Czechoslo-
vak cities also are categorized by degree of importance for civil de-
fense. 87/ Because civil defense in the European Satellites is guided
by the USSR, it is highly probable that the Polish category system is
based on a like principle.
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industrial areas that are likely targets of atomic attack, and zone
"B" included the rest of the country. .1,Li/*
50X1;
city TOPL head- 50X1
quarters were maintained in cities with more than 4o,000 popula-
tion. 91/ Polish population figures for 1957 indicated that there
were 49 cities in Poland with a population of more than 40,000. 22/
This information does not necessarily mean that only all points with
a population of more than 40,000 are estimated to be likely atomic
targets. Factors other than size probably influence the estimated
target importance of a city and the civil defense measures planned.
B. Plant Categories
Polish industrial plants (and probably other economic instal-
lations such as ports, mines, rail terminals, and communications in-
stallations) are assigned to civil defense categories (I through IV).
Installations in Category I are said to include industrial
plants engaging in military production or those that could be con-
verted for military manufacture. Also included are powerplants and
steel mills and plants manufacturing machine tools, electrical equip-
ment, locomotives and railroad cars, and chemical products.
Plants in Category II are those of less importance to national
defense, such as cable plants, large repair shops, construction ma-
terial plants, and some mines.
Plants in Categories III and IV are described only as those
less important to the national defense effort.
Industrial plants in Category I are required to meet the fol-
lowing civil defense specifications:
1. Electric power -- two separate sources of electricity,
each capable of furnishing 100 percent of the electrical needs of the
plant. Each line would have an independent transformer room.
* The East German manual mentioned in the second footnote on p. 13,
above, also refers to a "zoning" of the entire country in addition to
the classification of cities. Secondary zones are implied to be "less
endangered areas" that are of civil defense significance for storage
and warehousing purposes. 89/
** Czechoslovak, 11/ Soviet, 22/ and Hungarian 191.,/ plants also are
categorized for civil defense purposes, and an East German planning
document 2// indicates an extensive civil defense scheme based on the
categorization of industrial plants and other economic installations
in East Germany.
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2. Water -- two sources, each capable of fulfilling all
needs of the plant. The general inadequacy of Polish water systems
has prevented realization of this requirement. Some plants have pro-
jected deep wells.
3. Air-raid shelters -- underground gas-proof shelters
for 50 to 60 percent of the workers on the largest shift. Plans have
been developed to adapt basements or to build trench shelter for the
rest of the work force.
4. Required civil defense installations (other than the
above shelters) include a civil defense collunand post, first-aid posts
(both in shelters), a decontamination bathing point, an observation
point, a clothing decontamination point, a vehicle and rail decon-
tamination point, civil defense storage facilities, and a chemical-
bacteriological-radiological laboratory.
Industrial plants in Category II are required to meet the fol-
lowing civil defense specifications:
1. Electric power -- there must be two sources of power,
but only one transformer installation is required.
2. Water -- same as for Category I.
3. Air-raid shelters -- underground gas-proof shelters
for 40 to 50 percent of the workers on the largest shift. Facilities
for the rest of the work force are the same as for Category I.
4. Other required civil defense installations -- same as
for Category I.
Industrial plants in Category III are required to meet the fol-
lowing civil defense specifications:
1. Electric power -- same as for Category II.
2. Water -- same as for Category II.
3. Air-raid shelters -- underground gas-proof shelters
for 25 to 4o percent of the workers on the largest shift. Facilities
for the rest of the work force are the same as for Categories I and II.
4. Other required civil defense installations -- same as
for Category I.
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Industrial plants in Category IV are required to meet the fol-
lowing civil defense specifications:
1. Electric power -- no special requirements.
2. Water -- no special requirements.
3. Air-raid shelters -- underground gas-proof shelters
for 25 to 30 percent of the workers on the largest shift.
4. Other installations -- plans for these were reported
to be only "paper" plans.
C. Shelter Categories
Poland (as well as some other countries of the Soviet Bloc
has a variety of designs for air-raid shelters divided into four types
according to protective strength. 22/ Types I and II probably are
bunkers. Type III is said to be able to withstand 11.4 pounds of
pressure per square inch (8 metric tons* per square meter). 100/ The
meager description that is available of Type IV makes it appear to be
generally similar to the lightest basement shelter in the USSR, with
16 centimeters (cm) (6.3 inches) of concrete for the roof.
it can "withstand pressures" of 5 pounds per square
per square meter).
inch (3.5 tons
V. Types of Civil Defense Construction
A variety of shelter types may be expected to result from the
category system in Poland. References to variations in shelter
strength and in specifications for air raid shelters have not been
found, however, in open Polish publications, although numerous de-
fectors describe varying types of air-raid shelters.
A. Basement Shelters
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Although basement shelter designs in Poland differ in several
details, the descriptions generally are consistent 50X1
with one another and with known Soviet designs.
Instructions commonly call for shelters to be built during new
construction as part of the basements of apartment houses. 101/ Shel-
ters also have been built in other new structures such as plants,
stores, and government buildings.
* Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
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A typical Polish basement air-raid shelter (see the sketch,
Figure 3* 102/) contains one or more shelter rooms, a lavatory, a
filter-ventilation room, an emergency exit tunnel, and an entrance
with double airtight doors of steel or reinforced concrete. 103/
Various ceiling thicknesses are given -- in a typical case the ceil-
ing was stated to consist of reinforced concrete 20 cm (7.9 inches)
thick. The length of the escape tunnel usually is determined by the
height of the building -- it must be one-half as long as the building
is higb. In a number of cases, ceilings for basement shelters have
been reported of reinforced concrete ranging in thickness up to 80 cm
(31.5 inches). 104/ Some ceilings are of three layers, with sand 105/
or sawdust concrete 106/ between the shelter roof and the finished
first floor.
B. Detached Underground Shelters
The detached underground shelter in Poland is similar to the
basement type but may be described as an underground light bunker.
Its use is
most often associated with industrial plants, but its design probably
also is intended for residential areas where basements are inadequate
or nonexistent.
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this type of shelter is required to 50X1
meet the following civil defense specifications (see the sketches,
Figure 4* 108/ and Figure 5* 109/:
1. A capacity of 100 to 200 people.
2. Two entrances.
3. The ceiling to be reinforced concrete with resistance
of 4,500 kilograms per square meter (6.4 pounds per square inch) and
to be covered with at least one-half meter (19.7 inches) of earth.
4. Outer walls to be 72 cm (28.3 inches) thick and inner
walls 51 cm (20.1 inches) thick. The walls usually are of brick.
5. Shelter rooms not to exceed 40 square meters (431
square feet) in area. Six-tenths square meter (6.5 square feet) of
floor area and 1.4 cubic meters (49.4 cubic feet) of air space per
person.
6. Water tanks both for drinking and for sanitary pur-
poses, the drinking-water tank to contain 1 liter (1.06 quarts) of
water per person.
* Following p. 18.
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7. Electric lights supplied with electricity from the
normal lines and flashlights to be provided for emergencies.
8. Ventilation through ducts induced by a fan that can
be operated by electric power or by hand. Expansion chambers and
filter canisters are part of the ventilating system.
C. Observation Shelters
As in Hungary, a small one-man or two-man shelter has been
designed for Polish workers who must remain at their jobs during air
attacks. Such workers probably include essential guards and those
required to maintain watch on furnaces in foundries and on distribu-
tion boards in powerplants.
A shelter of this type is essentially an anchored concrete
cone with vision slits and a small iron door (see the sketch, Fig-
ure 6* 110/). The only equipment specified for these shelters was
a flashlight (in 1958). 111/
D. Light Command Posts**
A variation of the light bunker or "independent shelter" is
the reported command post shelter for industrial establishments in
Poland. Its variation consists principally of special equipment and
a room arrangement suitable for civil defense operations (see the
sketch, Figure 7* 113/). Decontamination showers and clothing changes
are prescribed for those who must enter from contaminated surroundings.
E. Heavy Bunkers
Heavy bunkers probably are used for major civil defense, air
defense, and government headquarters in Poland. These bunkers may be
similar to bunkers built in Hungary and sketched in Soviet civil de-
fense literature 114/ (see the sketches, Figure 8* 115/). Such shel-
ters are characterized by extremely heavy construction -- walls about
4 meters (13 feet) thick and full appointments. 116/ The latter may
include a complete filter ventilating system, an emergency generator,
telephone and radio communications, a deep well for water supply, and
stocks of food.
F. Other Types of Civil Defense Structures
A number of other types of civil defense structures have been
reported from Poland, including protected medical aid points, vehicle
* Following p. 18.
** 112/
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50X11
Cut A
Poland: A Basement Air-Raid Shelter
Emergency exit
Cut A-B-C-D
50cm
Emergency exit
House entrance
51cm
B?
Staircase
Ventilation shaft
3.5m
10cm
77cm
180cm
120cm
Toilet
Toilet
_J
?1.4m
Air-lock
lcm
38cm
51cm
Sanitary room
Water tank
Figure 3
51cm
Ventilation shaf
Air-raid shelter
51cm
--7,1r,Ventilation shaft
12cm
1.5m
77cm
Ventilation shaft
First floor
Air-raid shelter 2.2m
Air-raid shelter
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Figure 4
Direction of air flow into shelter
Air-intake
rr
I
I I
I I
I
I I
Air-filter
and ventilation room
Air
expansion
room
No. 1
X
and
No. 2
Shelter room for personnel
Gasproof doors
Vestibule
Vestibule
Entrance
.4?Air-intake
>2?
Shelter room for personnel
Normal doors
Shelter room
for personnel
32cm?
Shelter room for personnel
>ND<
Entrance
Vestibule
Vestibule
Small opening in door or wall
Shelter room for personnel
Normal wall
Latrine
6-2Arm)g
64cm Exhaust
Poland: Typical Layout of an Independent Air-Raid Shelter
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2m
Figure 5 50X1
Air-intake vent
Soil (at least one-half meter thick)
Reinforced concrete roof with resistance of 4500 kg per sq m
29081 9-60
Concrete stairs
Inside shelter
Poland: Double Vestibule Entrance of an Independent Air-Raid Shelter 50X1
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Floor level
Figure 6
View of the observation slit from inside the shelter
29082 9-60
>
i-12cm.-1
--L icm
F-- 60cm --1
Door. to the shelter
Poland: Observation Air-Raid Shelter
80cm
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Figure 7
29083 9-60
Manhole cover (opens inward)
17rn
77cm!brick
Room of the Commander
or Chief of Staff
Offices
Telephone exchange
Accumulator
(battery)
MOM
Vestibule
[?
\ Emergency
,
\ exit
Ga stightil____
doors
\ ,
?-
r r
Toilet
Dressing room
Shower
MOM
Undressing
MOM \
Store
MOM
Corridor
Portable reservoirs
for drinking water,
(50 L. capacity)
Operations room
Reporting room
WindoWindow through which
reports and orders
w
passed
Couriers room
Second
vestibule
Filtro-ventilation
chamber
FiItro-ventilation
device
Furnace
Central heating First \
room n vestibule \I-
10m
1.5m
Poland: Light Command Post
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Figure 8
Solid-Type Shelter
johtual0.4...?.44i I ? ? .414,
"6.k4s4"41"..4: ? .**41?
???? ? :
Layer-Type Shelter
USSR: Heavy Air-Raid Shelters
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and personnel decontamination points, and permanent and emergency
trench shelters. The trench shelters are covered with earth and are
lined with concrete or wood.
G. Filter Ventilators for Air-Raid Shelters
Filter ventilators for Polish air-raid shelters are reported
to be of the Soviet type. As designed, these include an air intake,
a dust filter, antichemical filters, a fan and a motor, and the nec-
essary ducts for air distribution. Exhaust vents are customarily
located in lavatories. When operating properly, the air pressure in-
side the shelter should be slightly higher than outside.
VI. Implemented Air-Raid Shelter Construction
As in other countries of the Soviet Bloc, security measures in
Poland prevent an accurate assessment of the amount of air-raid
shelter built and fitted for use. It is certain that some shelters
have been constructed, and many have been reported (see the map,
Figure 9*).
A. Command Posts
Civil defense command posts have been constructed for Warsaw
and for each of the 17 provinces in Poland.
these posts were egaipped with air-raid shelters and
cost more than 5 million zlotys** each. Supporting information has
been received which indicates that such command posts are located in
Szczecin 118/ and near Katowice. 119/ The latter is described as a
particularly heavy underground bunker. A third command bunker is re-
ported to be in Gdansk. 120/
50X1
50X1
A recent Polish news story describes the opening of a new
civil defense school building near Warsaw as containing a "training
command post." 121/ an underground 50X1
headquarters command post for TOPL was to be built in this area. 122/
B. Plant Air-Raid Shelters
Interrogation reports are in general agreement that the con-
struction of air-raid shelters in Polish plants has enjoyed a higher
* Following p. 20.
** Except where otherwise indicated, zloty values in this report are
given in terms of 1957 zlotys and may be converted to US dollars at
the rate of 4 to 1. This rate of exchange, however, does not neces-
sarily reflect the dollar value.
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priority than that accorded to shelters for the general population.
Plant air-raid shelters are located in about 40 Polish cities and
towns, and a number of de-
fectors state that they worked on planning and designing of indus-
trial air-raid shelters. 123/
C. Basement Shelters
Preparation of air-raid shelters in basements of masonry
buildings has been carried on in Poland for several years. De-
fectors occasionally report that general orders for providing such
shelter during the course of new construction are not always fol-
lowed. Since 1957, however, increased attention has been given to
this matter.
According to a Wroclaw newspaper in 1957, the Polish Council
of Ministers "ruled" that any building containing 3,000 square meters
(32,000 square feet) must have an air-raid shelter. It was noted
that such regulations in the past had not been carried out in all
cases. 124/ Similarly, it was reported that in 1957 a letter from
Warsaw directed that all new apartment houses designed to house four
or more families had to be equipped with air-raid shelters. The
specifications were described as "rigid," and it was stated that there
were only occasional defects in construction. 125/
Poland is unique among the countries of the Soviet Bloc in
having published or broadcast information about air raid shelters.
The head of Polish civil defense stated in 1958, "Air raid shelters
are ... being constructed. In ... shelters constructed in new
housing, ... the requirements of antiatomic defense are being taken
into consideration. In old housing districts, so-called separate
shelters will be constructed." 126/ He also stated, "There are many
antiaircraft shelters in towns ... ." 127/ In 1959 a Polish pamphlet
contained the following statement: "Shelters are constructed in every
newly constructed apartment or office building." 128/
On at least two occasions, concern has been publicly expressed
over vandalism in apartment shelters. For example, a Warsaw broadcast
of 8 May 1958 stated, "Last year, thousands of cases of damage and
theft of equipment from shelters were noted. Motors for filters and
ventilation were destroyed as well as various other equipment, includ-
ing wash basins and even toilet bowls ... ." 129/ In the same year a
"letter to the editor" in Warsaw complained that tenants in new hous-
ing could not use basements for storage, because of air defense regula-
tions. The editor's reply stated that basement space would be made
available to the tenants "as soon as special defense equipment is
installed." 130/
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Poland
Figure 9
Locations of Reported Air-Raid Shelter Preparation
*MI
? Zielona Gore
A. 2agah
Gdyro *An
NA
Lebork?A
jElbleg
*. Poznan
?Bydgoszcz
Kalisz
?LifidE
??Ketrzyn
*M
iErlsTyn
MA* 1Zeran
WARSAW e- Milosna Stara
,Bialystok
,Lublin
Swiebodzice?? *
wr,r7ab,EA* epsie Pole
?Liplu leielce
? ??Watbrzych ? n l!Dobrodzien
biierioniew?? 1??*,,zimeir
0 1?:,ii.? g A., Zawadzkie
-/'
Hysae. Lab cc,isoe Gary
,-
,?? u _
C \ 'Zdzieszowice? 9c(1.? es? A' Poreba
, _
29085 9-60
e.laworzno
111-44.
* Nowa Huta Rzeszawl.*
Krak6w?.
??Mielec
?40togew Malopolski
Ais Bielsko-Biala
* Government and Civil Defense Headquarters Shelter
? Shelter in Economic Enterprises
? Basement Shelter in Apartments or Public Buildings
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some basement shelters were under construction in principal cities as
early as 1952. There is, however, a discernible increase in the amount
of such construction reported since 1956.
The designs of basement shelters, when described, are gener-
ally consistent with one another, with shelter descriptions from other
countries of the Soviet Bloc, and with sketches appearing in Bloc manu-
als. Many of the Poles describing basement shelter were formerly con-
nected with the construction industry, either as designers and engi-
neers or as workers in building trades.
D. Filter Ventilators
Although some major air-raid shelters in the Soviet Bloc (such
as tunnels or bunkers for government use, communications, and major
plants) are reported to be provided with filter ventilation, basement
air-raid shelters have not often been reported to be so equipped.
Evidence from Poland, however, indicates that filter ventilating
equipment is being installed in basement air raid shelters. The in-
stallation of filter ventilation in shelters significantly increases
the protection afforded against radioactive fallout as well as against
chemical and biological agents.
Evidence that filter ventilation is being installed in Polish
basement air raid shelters since 1957 includes the following: (1) the
news releases mentioned above* concerning vandalism in connection with
ventilator motors in Polish shelters and the installation of equip-
ment, (2) several interrogation reports in which defectors describe
the installation of filter ventilator systems, 131/ and (3)
Polish plants are manufacturing filter ventilating equipment for
installation in air raid shelters. 132/
E. Statements on Amount of Shelter
Several factors operate against making a definitive estimate
of the amount of air-raid shelter presently available in Poland. These
include the following: (1) Polish security restrictions on civil de-
fense information, (2) reliance on individual reporting by defectors
or repatriates who can have only individual knowledge of one or a few
specific installations, and (3) the lack of any reporting from many
areas of the country. The volume of individual reports of shelter
* See C, p. 20, above.
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preparation is substantial, however, and several additional factors,
Idhich follow, indicate a considerable amount of construction.
1. Orders -- decrees or orders to build air-raid shelters in
plants or dwelling units have been reported several times and in at
least one instance have been mentioned in a Polish publication.
2. Published statements -- Polish press accounts or radio
broadcasts have stated or implied that "many" or "thousands" of air-
raid shelters exist and that construction is continuing.
3. Estimates by defectors -- one Polish engineer stated in
1958 that, in his opinion, only about 10 percent of the urban popula-
tion was provided with adequate air-raid shelters. This figure did
not include industrial employees. 70 per- 50X1
cent of industrial establishments were equipped with air-raid shel-
ters. 133/
Standards reported for shelter construction indicate,
however, that formal shelter is to be provided for only about 40 per-
cent of the workers on the largest shift in a plant. (In 1960, Po-
land had 13.9 million urban residents and 2,972,000 industrial
workers. 13)--/) Another engineer defector "figured" that shelter
built to 1958 may have been adequate for 3.5 million persons. 135/
On the other hand,
were
basements were prepared. basements were
generally constructed under new masonry dwellings. 136/
4. In addition to new construction,
suitable World War II shelters have been cleaned out, repaired, and
readied for use. As with new shelters, most of these older shelters
are in major urban areas or at industrial installations.
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from 1952 until 1957, command posts and factory shelters bUAl
being constructed but that very limited amounts of shelters in
VII. Other Aspects of Civil Defense
A. Fire Defense
The Polish firefighting organizations have made an impressive
recovery from the situation at the end of World War II, when the re-
treating Germans confiscated or destroyed most mobile firefighting
equipment. Initially, new equipment was purchased abroad. The na-
tional firefighting headquarters was transferred from the Ministry of
Communal Economy to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in December 1954,
at about the same time that Polish civil defense was subordinated to
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applied to defense information such as that on state reserves and
civil defense probably account for the paucity of information.
Polish civil defense officials several times have made state-
ments to the effect that an essential part of civil defense preparations
includes "the stocking of resources for rescue work" and providing "the
civilian population with appropriate equipment." The commander-in-chief
of Polish civil defense noted on one occasion that Polish industry was
"turning out a number of means and installations necessary for anti-
atomic defense." He specifically mentioned protective clothing and
geiger counters. 158/ Detection instruments were displayed at a Pol-
ish civil defense exhibit in November 1958.
The primary recipients of civil defense supplies thus far are
believed to be various civil defense headquarters and major plants. No
supplies have been reported being issued to the general public.
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Poland: Organization of TOPL Wire Communications System
Warsaw Telephone
Exchange
MAIN COMMAND OF TOPL
(WARSAW)
Praga* TOM.
Control Center
Factory TOPL
Control Centers
Factory
Switchboard
City TOPL
Shelters
County Seat
Telephone Exchange
PROVINCIAL HEADQUARTERS
OF TOPL
County Seat TOPL
Control Center
Factory TOPL
Control Centers
Factory
Switchboard
City TOPL
Shelters
Warsaw TOPL
Control Center
Figure 10
Warsaw Telephone
Exchange
City TOPL
Shelters
Provincial Capital City
TOPL Headquarters
Factory TOPL
Control Centers
Factory
Switchboard
Capital City
Telephone Exchange
City TOPL
Shelters
*For civil defense purposes, the city of WARSAW is divided into two sections, WARSAW and PRAGA.
29086 9-60
Factory TOPL
Control Centers
Factory
Switchboard
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SECRET
SECRET
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