THE SYNTHETIC RUBBER INDUSTRY IN THE USSR DURING THE SEVEN YEAR PLAN

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• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 1, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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N~ 3
THE SYNTHETIC RUBBER INDUSTRY IN THE USSR
DURING THE SEVEN YEAR PLAN
1959-65
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR
IN PART WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF
THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
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CIA Librarian
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington 25, D. C.
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. _ ~.~~
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
19 January 1962
MEMORANDUM FOR: Recipients of CIA~RR ER 61-~+9, The Synthetic
Rubber Industr in the USSR. During the Seven
Year Plan, 1959- 5, December 1961, UNCLASSIFIED
SUBJECT Correction of CIA~RR ER 61-~+9
Delete the classification, SECRET, at the top and the bottom of
page 11.
FOR THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, RESEARCH AND REPORTS:
STAT
Chief, Publications Staff
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THE SYNTHETIC RUBBER INDUSTRY IN THE USSR
DURING THE SEVEN YEAR. PLAN
1959-65
CIA/RR ER 61-49
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of .Research and Reports
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CONTENTS
Page
Stunmary and Conclusions.
1
I.
Status of the Soviet Rubber Industry
3
II.
Production
~+
A.
Production Facilities .
~+
B.
Synthetic Rubber
~+
C.
Reclaimed Rubber
8
III.
Trade in Natural and Synthetic Rubber
8
A.
Imports of Natural Rubber
8
B.
Imports of Synthetic Rubber
10
C.
Exports of Rubber
10
IV.
Supply and Consumption of Rubbery 1955-~
10
V.
Raw Material Base .
12
VI. Problems Encountered by the USSR in Expanding
the Synthetic Rubber Industry
13
A.
Equipment
13
B.
Lagging Technology
l~+
1. Polyisoprene
2. Butadiene .
l~+
15
3. Oil-Extended Rubber
15
C.
Labor
16
VII.
Prospects
16
Appendixes
Appendix A.
Types of Synthetic Rubber in the USSR
19
Appendix B.
Plants for Producing Synthetic Rubber i.n the
USSR: in Operations Under Construction
-
or Planned ...
23
Appendix C.
Source References
25
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Tables
1. Estimated Production of Synthetic Rubber in the USSR,
1950-6o and 1965 Plan
2. Distribution of. Synthetic Rubber Produced in the USSR,
by Type, 1 January 1959 and 1 January 1965. .
Page
3. Imports of Natural Rubber by the USSR,
195o and 195.5-60 . ... 9
~+. Estimated Availability and Constunption of New Rubber
in the USSR, 1955-~ ]_]..
Planned Development of the Raw .Material Base of the
Synthetic Rubber Industry in the USSR, 1958, 1959,
and 1965. . 12
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THE SYNTHETIC RUBBER-INDUSTRY IN THE USSR DURING THE SEVEN YEAR PLAN
1959-65
Summary and Conclusions
The USSR has established very ambitious goals for development .of
its lagging rubber industry during the Seven Year Plan (1959-65)?
Production of synthetic rubber is scheduled to increase about 170.per-
cent, from an estimated level of about 300,000 tons in 1958, about
one-fourth of that in the US, to an estimated level of almost 800,000
tons in 1965. In addition to the quantitative increase, a broader
spectrum of improved types of rubber is planned, including most types
of general-purpose and special-purpose rubber made in the Free World.
A significant feature of the plan is the emphasis devoted to produc-
tion of synthetic polyisoprene rubber, a possible substitute for
natural rubber, that is scheduled to comprise about 25 percent of .the
total Soviet production of synthetic rubber by 1965. Other striking
characteristics of the ambitious plan include the scheduled changeover
to the predominant use of petrochemical raw materials in the manufac-
ture of rubber and the adoption of more modern production processes.
At present, the USSR is the second laxgest producer and consumer
of rubber in the world, but the Soviet rubber industry can scarcely
be said to meet modern standards of efficiency or quality. Synthetic
rubber. is produced primarily by a high-cost process that utilizes
ethyl alcohol as a raw material. In addition, the quality of Soviet
rubber has been markedly inferior to the rubber produced in the US or
Western Europe -- a situation that is reflected in the poor road life
of Soviet tires and in the unsatisfactory performance of other rubber
articles.
Confronted by the increasing requirements for rubber in a rapidly
expanding economy and harassed by a domestic synthetic rubber industry
that failed to keep pace with these new demands, the USSR has in
recent years been a rather sizable importer of natural rubber. The
major part of this rubber has been imported from Malaya, with smaller
quantities coming from Indonesia, Ceylon, and Thailand and, in the
form of reexports, from Communist China and the UK. Soviet imports
of natural rubber rose from 35,000 tons in 1955 to an average of
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about 250,000 tons in 1958 and 1959, accounting in 1958 for 3.5 percent
(by value) of total Soviet imports. Imports of natural rubber de-
creased by about 50,000 tons in 1960, probably reflecting an improved
level of stockpiles as a result of the large imports in 1958 and 1959
and possibly reflecting as well a sensitivity to the relatively high
world prices for rubber that prevailed in 1960.
In addition to its imports of natural rubber, the USSR also buys
synthetic rubber from East Germany and from the Free World. Soviet
purchases of synthetic rubber from East Germany amounted to about
25,000 tons annually.in 1955-x? Since at least 1958 the USSR also
has imported small quantities of synthetic rubber from the Free World.
A recent contract promulgated with Italy calls for delivery by Italy
of 50,000 tons of synthetic rubber to the USSR in 1961-65, reflecting,
at least in part, the lagging domestic program for production of
synthetic rubber.
The total consumption of new rubber- in the USSR in 1960 is esti-
mated to have-been about 575,000 tons in contrast to an estimated- level
of 31+0,000 tons in 1955? By 1965, Soviet requirements for rubber may
be approximately 900,000 to 1 million tons. By comparison, consumption
of new rubber in the US in 1960 was about 1.6 million tons.
Currently, deficiencies in technology and shortages of equipment
continue to impede the Soviet rubber industry, and considerable delays
have been encountered in building new facilities for manufacturing
rubber and bringing them successfully to projected capacity. Mastery
of technology for production of major intermediates such as butadiene
has been slow and painful. To alleviate this situation, the USSR has
purchased equipment and process data. from the Free World and apparently
is interested in continuing such purchases. At present, the purchases
do not appear to have been sufficient to offset the lags in domestic
development, and the goal for production of synthetic rubber in 1965
probably will not be attained, particularly the plan to have polyiso-
prene comprise about 25 percent of the total rubber produced. The
failure of this plan should result in a continuing high Soviet re-
quirement for natural rubber through 1965, probably at least 150,000
tons annually. In spite of probable underfulfillment of plan, the
high priority afforded the rubber industry should permit relatively
rapid rates of growth for several years ahead, as the USSR seeks to
match the West in production of consumer-oriented products that, in
turn, contribute to the present lead in living standards in the West.
Parallel incentives for developing the Soviet rubber industry doubt-
less will be the growing requirements for high-temperature, corrosion-
resistant materials for industrial and military goods and the desire
to reduce dependency on large imports of natural rubber.
Excluding reclaimed rubber.
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I. Status of the Soviet Rubber Industry
The USSR is the second largest producer and consumer of rubber in
the world, but .its production of synthetic rubber is only about one-
fourth of that in the US, and the Soviet rubber industry can scarcely
be said to meet modern standards of efficiency or quality. Although
the USSR was a pioneer in production of synthetic rubber with a commer-
cial facility starting up in-1932, as late as 1959 about 50 percent of
the total Soviet production consisted of sodium butadiene rubber, the
original type developed by the USSR and a type very inferior to types
currently made in the West.*
In addition to shortcomings in the quality of Soviet rubber, pro-
duction costs are high because synthetic rubber is being produced
primarily by an expensive process that uses ethyl alcohol as a mayor
raw material. Moreover, a considerable part of the alcohol utilized
in production of rubber is derived from edible .agricultural products,
thus constituting a significant drain on the economy. In 1957, 1.7
million metric tons- of grain were consumed in producing industrial
ethyl alcohol that was used chiefly for production of synthetic rubber.
The high cost of producing rubber is reflected in the prices of ma3or
rubber products -- the cost of tires, for example, reportedly repre-
senting 25 to 32 percent of the cost of mass-produced Soviet trucks. ~-~-
To supplement the domestic production of synthetic rubbery the
USSR has in recent years imported substantial quantities of natural
rubber to meet the growing requirements. for rubber for industrial,
conswner, and military applications.t In. 1958 and 1959 the USSR im-
ported natural rubber at an average of about 250,000 tons per year,
well above previous levels of imports.
-~ For designations and types of Soviet synthetic rubbers produced
commercially or under development, see Appendix A. ,
~ Tonnages are-given in metric tons throughout this report.
For serially numbered source references, see Appendix C.
t In addition to the conventional use of rubber in military trans-
port, rubber has applications in guided missiles, where resistance to
corrosion or high temperature is desired, and in fuel-binders for
solid propellants.
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. The USSR is now in the midst of a program directed toward a rapid
expansion and modernization of its r4zbber industry during 1959-65?
Investment in synthetic materials (rubbery plastics and fibers) is
scheduled .to absorb 50 percent of the total investment in the chemical
industry., Much larger quantities of improved copolymer (butadiene-
styrene) general-purpose rubbers are to be produced along with
synthetic "natural" rubbery (polyisoprene) and special-purpose types
such as butyl, nitrile, silicones and urethane rubber. Production of
some of the above types by the most efficient methods requires wide-
spread use of refinery and natural gases as raw materials, a condition
that portends the development of a large petrochemical industry in the
USSR. New rubber-producing facilities are being located essentially
in areas where oil or gas is available. In addition to the construc-
tion of new plants for producing rubbery the USSR is planning a sizable
expansion and modernization of facilities at many existing plants.
IL .Production
A. Production Facilities.
1959, at the onset of the Seven Year Plans seven plants pro-
ducing synthetic rubber were in operation in the USSR with at least six
others planned for initial operation dosing 1959-65?~
B. Synthetic Rubber
Statistics in absolute terms for production of synthetic rubber
are not released by-the USSR although percentage increases above pre-
vious periods. occasionally have been reported. Based on a tentative
estimate of production in 1955, together with Soviet reports on planned
or actual percentage increases for other years, Soviet production of
synthetic rubber is believed to have risen to about 350000 tons in 1960
from a level of approximately 1~+0~000 tons in 1950. A further increase
to almost 800,000 tons is believed to be called for by 1965.E In the US,
production of. synthetic rubber in 1960 amounted to about 1.5 million tons.
The estimated production of synthetic rubber in the USSR in 1950-60 and
the plan for 1965 are shown in-Table 1,
* The so-called synthetic "natural" rubbers comprise types that have
been developed rather recently with properties approximating and in some
cases exceeding those of natural rubber, thus opening the possibility of
more fully replacing natural rubber in some applications.
~' For the locations of Soviet plants producing synthetic rubber -- in
operations under constructions or planned -- together with an indication
of the types of rubber produced and changes in production planned by 1965,
see Appendix B.
Table 1 follows on p. 5.
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Estimated Production of Synthetic Rubber in the USSR
1950-6o and 1965 Plan
Index
Year
Thousand Metric Tons
(1950 100)
1950
144 ~
loo
1951
172 ~~ ~
119
1952
188 ~
131
1953
212 >,
147
1954
214 ~ ~
14g
1955
2~0 ~
167.
1956
237 J
165
1957
273 c/
190
1958
293 ~
203
1959
323 e/
-224
1960
350 ~
243
1965 Plan
790 ~
549
a. The estimates of production in absolute terms may be in
error by as much as 20 percent, but the index of production
is considered to be more accurate.
b. Production in ;1950-55 was computed as follows. An esti-
mate was made for production of .synthetic rubber in 1955
based on a Soviet report during 1956 that half of the ethyl
alcohol produced in the USSR was used in production of syn-
thetic rubbers. ~, -Half of the total output of ethyl alcohol
produced in 1955 would amount to 504,000 tons. ~ Another re
port indicates that 2.2 tons of ethyl alcohol are used in
the USSR to produce .l ton of rubber, ~ resulting in an
estimate .of 228,000 tons of rubber derived from alcohol. A
small amount of chloroprene rubber (not derived from alcohol)
also was produced in 1955, making the estimate for the total
production of rubber about 240,000 tons. Estimates for
1950-54 were then based on percentage increases reported in
Soviet newspapers, ~ working back from the estimate for 1955?
c. Production. in 1956 was based on the report that produc-
tion in 1957 was planned to be 15 percent more than that in
1956, the estimate for 1957 having. first been derived from a
Soviet index showing that production in 1957 was 45 percent
greater thasi that in 1952? ~ ,
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r
Estimated Production of Synthetic Rubber in the USSR
1950-60 and 1965 Plan
(Continued)
d. A Soviet journal published late in 195 stated that the
Soviet synthetic rubber industry was producing 22 percent
more than in 1955?
e. A Soviet index of production for rubber shows production
in 1959 to have been 72 percent greater than in 1952.
f. No Soviet reports are available on the increment in pro-
duction of synthetic rubber in 1960, but the increase is be-
lieved to have been modest, not exceeding 10 percent, because
three of the four plants planned for initial operation in
1960 failed to open as scheduled.
g. Based on a statement in a Soviet journal that production
of synthetic rubber in 1965 was scheduled to be 2.7 times
that in 1958: 10 Somewhat conflicting reports on the
planned increase in capacity for rubber (as opposed to pro-
duction) have been published by the USSR, oi~,e report stating
that the capacity for synthetic rubber in 1965 would be 3.~+
times that in 1957 and another that the capacity in _1965
would be 3.7 times that in 1958. Thus. the scheduled increase
in production also may be subject to change.
The rapid increase in production of synthetic rubber planned
during 1959-65 is to be accompanied by signi~ieant changes in the com-
position of the total output. Perhaps the most striking feature of the
developmental program. is the plan to bring capacity for production of-
polyisoprene to 25 percent of the total capacity for synthetic rubber.
Polyisoprene is one of the new synthetic "natural" rubbers, and imple-
mentation of this plan potentially could have a marked effect on Soviet
imports of natural rubber in 1965.-x- A number of other changes in the
composition of output are planned. Capacity for production of the in-
ferior sodium butadiene rubber is scheduled to fall from about 50.7
percent of the total capacity for synthetic rubber in 1959 to about
8.5 percent- in 1865. 12 Capacity for production of copolymer
-~ For a discussion of the difficulties encountered by the USSR in
developing commercial production of polyisoprene, see VI, B, p. 14,
below.
~' One Soviet source predicts a decline to 9.5 percent of the total
capacity in 1965. 11
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(butadiene-styrene) rubber is to rise from 33 percent of the total out-
put in 1959 to 60 percent in 1863, then fall somewhat as a percentage of
the total output by 1965, 13 presumably as a result of the rising pro-
duction of polyisoprene. Improved processes axe to be used in production
of copolymer rubber, with the so-called "cold"~~oil-extended rubber
scheduled to comprise g4 percent of the total copolymer rubber by 1963 as
opposed to only 57 percent in 1860. 14 Of the oil-resistant rubbers,
capacity for Soviet chloroprene rubber (US neoprene) is scheduled to
increase about fivefold by the end of the Seven Year Plan compared with
capacity in 1959. 15 Capacity for butyl rubber is variously reported
to face a 28-fold or 40-fold increase by 1965, 16 reflecting the low
production base in 1958, when production probably was little more than
1,000 tons. The planned changes in the composition of Soviet capacity
for synthetic rubber between 1 January 1959 and 1 January 1865 are
shown in Table 2.
Distribution of Synthetic Rubber Produced in the USSR, by Type
1 Januaxy 1959 and 1 January 1965
Type of Rubber
1 January 1959
1 January 1965
Copolymer and latices
(slGS)
38.3
43.6
Polyisoprene (SKI)
Negl.
25.0
chloroprene (Nairit)
6.4
11.7
Sodium butadiene (SKB)
50.7
8..5
Butyl
0.4
5.3
Nitrile (SKN)
3.8
2.9
Polyisobutylene
0.4
1.3
Other special-purpose
Negl. _
1.7
a. This table refers to changes in capacity for rubber rather than
actual production, and the time periods vary slightly from those of
the Seven Year Plan (1959-65), but the figures are considered to be a
reliable guide to trends in production during the period. For example,
the official Seven Year Plan calls for polyisoprene to comprise 23.8
percent of the total production of rubber in 1965.
-~ The term cold as applied to rubber refers to a superior copolymer
rubber that is polymerized at lower temperatures than the earlier types
that were developed.
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C. Reclaimed Rubber
The USSR produced 76,000 tons of reclaimed rubber in 1956 and
91,000 tons in 1958, 18 production in 1958 being about one-third of
that in the IJS. Reportedly the supply of reclaimed rubber is inade-
quate, and production in 1965 is scheduled approximately to double the
quantity produced in 1958. ~ Plants producing reclaimed rubber,
which are scheduled for expansion or modernization.in 1959-65, include
those at Orenburg, Chekhovo, and Kiev.
III. Trade in Natural and Synthetic Rubber
A. Imports of Natural Rubber
Imports of natural rubber contribute substantially to the
total supply of rubber in the USSR and at the same time represent a
significant element in Soviet foreign trade, especially with under-
developed countries. Imports of natural rubber rose from 35,000 tons
in 1955 to an average of about 250,000 tons in 1958* and 1959? ~
1959, imports comprised almost one-half of the total supply of rubber,
accounting for about 3.3 percent of the total Soviet imports and 26 per-
cent of Soviet imports from underdeveloped countries. ~ Imports of
natural rubber by the USSR in 1950 and 1955- are shown in Table 3.~*
The sharp rise in imports in 1958 and 1959 apparently was caused by the
failure of the Soviet synthetic rubber industry to keep pace with the
mounting requirements for rubber by the industries procucing tires and
other rubber articles. The large amounts of rubber imported in 1958
-and 1959 are believed to have resulted in addition in a surplus of the
total available rubber above consumption, permitting the accretion to
stockpiles in the 2 years to total an estimated .quantity of 70,000 to
.100,000 tons.t Thus, in 1960, when Soviet imports of natural rubber
dropped by about 50,000 tons, the replenished stockpiles. of rubber were
drawn on to help fill the ga,p. An additional factor in the Soviet
decision to cut back on imports of rubber in 1960 may have been the
high world prices of natural rubber that prevailed for most of the
year. In the first 8 months of 1961, Soviet imports. of natural rubber
were well above the level of imports in the first 8 months of 1960,
possibly in response to the lower world price for rubber.
~ In. 19~ imports of natural rubber accounted-for 3.5 percent (by
value) of the total Soviet imports.
~--~ For further discussions see IV, p. 10, below.
Table 3 follows on p. 9.
t This figure is based on the estimated requirements by the Soviet
tire industry in 1958 and 1959 and on a Soviet statement indicating
that tires probably account for about 60 percent of the total rubber
consumed. See Table 4, p. 11, below.
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Table 3
Imports of Natural Rubber by the USSR
195o and 1955-60
Thousand Metric .T
ons
1950
85
1955
35
1956
141
1957
146
1958
259
1959
242
1860 .
191
a. 21
Malaya has been the principal source of natural rubber for the
USSR, accounting for perhaps 70 to 75 percents of the total imports of
rubber by the USSR in 1955-60,. The USSR also imports natural rubber
produced in Indonesia, Ceylon, and Thailand.. A part of the rubber sup-
plied to the USSR in the form of reexports is from Communist China and
the UK. Soviet purchases of natural rubber from the UK amounted to
almost 50,000 tons in 1860, doubling the level of 1959. 23
'The USSR apparently plans to curtail its large purchases of
natural rubber as soon as domestic production of synthetic rubber can
be expanded sufficiently to meet a larger .share of. its requirements. In
1959 a Soviet journal declared that the large imports of natural rubber
were "a .temporary market-based phenomenon" and that the planned expan-
sion of the synthetic rubber industry would permit a sharp reduction.in
the use of natural rubbery leadin to a considerable reduction of the
"unjustifiably" large imports. 24 Viktor Fedorov~ Chairman of the
State Co~nittee.for Chemistry declared early in 1959 that the USSR
would cease to need imports of natural rubber in the course of the Seven
Year Plan. 25 The statement is believed to have been based on hopes
that by 19 5 the USSR would achieve production of polyisoprene rubber on
a very large scale. Fedorov's statement, however appears to be contrary
~- Derived from Soviet trade statistics. 22~ The figure should be con-
sidered an approximation because Soviet trade statistics do not show the
true country of origin for natural rubber imported-from Communist China.
-9-
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to a Soviet plan calling for natural rubber to comprise 24 percent of
the total rubber used in the tare industry in 1965. 26
B. Imports of Synthetic Rubber
The USSR imported about 25,000 tons of synthetic rubber
annually from East Germany during 1955-x? ~~ quantities of syn-
thetic rubber have been imported from Canada since 1958, and 8,000
tons were imported from Italy in 1959? Apparently, Soviet interest
in importing synthetic rubber from the Free World has been increas-
ing, presumably to cover the domestic lag in construction of new
facilities for producing rubber. A recent contract concluded
between Italy and the USSR calls for delivery by Ita],y of 50,000 tons
of synthetic rubber to the USSR during 1961-65. 2~ In addition,
shipments of synthetic rubber from the US to the USSR were licensed
during 1961, and the USSR signed a contract with Japan whereby Japan
will export 2,000 tons of synthetic rubber to the USSR in August and
September 1961. 28
C. Exports of Rubber
Small quantities of both natural and synthetic rubber are
exported by the USSR, principally to the European Satellites. Soviet
exports of rubber rose moderately from about 34,000 tons in 1955 to
49,000 tons in 1960, with Czechoslovakia and East Germany receiving
about half of the total exports. 2g
IV. Supply and Consumption of Rubber, 1g55-~
Consumption of synthetic and natural rubber in the USSR during
1955-~ rose from an estimated total of 340,000 tons in 1955 to about
575,000 tons in 1960.- In 1955-57 and in 1960 the USSR may have
drawn on dam~estic stockpiles of rubber to meet part of its require-
ments. The substantial imports of rubber in 1958 and 1959, however,
are believed to have resulted in an excess of supply above consump-
tion for those years and permitted an accretion. to stockpiles
possibly on the order of 70,000 to 100,000 tons for the 2-year period.
The estimated availability and consumption of new rubber in the USSR
during 1955-~ are shown in Table 4.~-
~ By comparison, consumption of new rubber in the US in 1960 was
1.6 million tons. 30
~' Table 4 follows on p. 11.
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Table 1+
Estimated Availability and Consumption of New Rubber in the USSR
1955-~
Production of
Possible Changes
Year Synthetic Rubber
~,/
Imports J
Exports b~ Availability
Consumption , ~
in Stockpiles J
1955
21+0
61
31+
267
31+0
-73
1956
237
167
1+6
358
378
-20
1957
273
170
1+7
396
1+26
-30
1958
293 ~
285
1+2
536
1+80
+56
1959
323
275
52
546
516
+30
1960
350
228
1+9
~ 529
573
-1+1~
a. Excluding reclaimed rubber.
b. Including both natural and synthetic rubber.
c. Estimates of consumption are based both on an assumption that on the. average 20 kilograms
of rubber are used in a Soviet tire and on a Soviet report indicating that consumption of
rubber for tires probably accounts for about 60 percent of the total consumption of. rubber.
A Chinese source, apparently using Soviet factors, also suggests that 20 kilograms of rubber
are used per tire, although the USSR is not specifically mentioned. 32 Production of tires
in the USSR in 1955-60 was as follows (in thousand units):
1955:
10,190
1957:
12,786
1959:
15,1+81
1956 ~
~-, 331+
1958 ~
11+, 395
1960:
17, 200
d. 'I'Yie estimates of changes in stockpiles are potentially subject to a-large margin of error,.
for both production and consumption of rubber in the USSR must be estimated.
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The USSR apparently failed to meet the total requirements for rubber
articles during 1955-60 in spite of the accretions to rubber stockpiles
during part of this period. Reports in the Soviet press reveal that
many agricultural and industrial vehicles have been idle .because of a
lack of tires and that criticism continues concerning the limited road
life of tires and the poor quality of other rubber articles such as
belting.
V. Raw Material Base
A dramatic shift in the raw material base of the Soviet synthetic
rubber industry is planned during 1959-65? Butadiene, a vital inter-
mediate for production of general-purpose rubber, is .scheduled to be
produced largely from natural and refinery gases rather than by using
expensive ethyl alcohol. In addition, acetylene, a product used in
producing oil-resistant types of rubber, is planned for production
largely from hydrocarbon gases rather than from calcium carbides which
requires large inputs of electric power. The planned changes in the
raw material base of the rubber industry by 1965 are shown in Table 5.
Table 5
Planned Development of the Raw Material Base
of the Synthetic Rubber Industry in the USSR
1958, 1959, and 1865
Percent of Capacity
Total
a.
~ In some cases the poor quality of Soviet rubber goods is caused not
only by inferior rubber but also by the inadequate quality of other
component materiels such as carbon black or textile cord.
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VI. Problems EncQUntered by the USSR in Expanding the Synthetic Rubber"
Industry
The USSR has been traditionally slow in building facilities for
production of synthetic rubber, and construction periods of 5 to 8 years
have not been unusual. Progress remained unsatisfactory even follow-
ing the announcement early in 1958 of the decision to accelerate the
development of the chemical industry. In 1959,.1ags occurred in the
construction of new plants~at Stavropol', Sterlitamak, and Karaganda
and in the expansion of existing facilities at Krasnoyarsk and Sumgait.
Similarly, in 1960, three of the four plants scheduled to begin pro-
duction -- those at Omsk, Karaganda, and Stavropol' -- failed to do so,
although-all had been listed as "particularly important" construction
projects. The one plant going into operation on schedule, that at
Sterlitamak, imported its major raw material, butadiene~* because its
own facilities for producing butadiene were not in operation in 1960.
For the second consecutive year,.-plans to commission the rubber plant
at Karaganda failed to materialize. 3~+ At Omsk, after 8 years of
construction, the rubber plant was still not ready for operation, and
some of the original designs had become outmoded. 35 Facilities for
production of butyl rubber, planned to be in operation at Sumgait as
early as 1957, still had not been completed by the end of 1960.
The lengthy .delays experienced by the USSR in building new plants
and bringing them into successful operation axe symptomatic of a
number of serious problems confronting the Soviet chemical industry in
its efforts to implement the ambitious 7-year goals for producing
rubber. The most pressing of these problems concerns the adequacy of
present Soviet technology and capacity for production of chemical
equipment. Other factors that will affect fulfillment of the plan in-
clude the pace of development of -industries producing the necessary
raw and other materials and the availability of skilled personnel,
both for adapting new processes to commercial. plants and for manning
the completed plants. Some of these major problems are discussed
briefly below.
A. Equipment
The Soviet rubber industry continues to be handicapped by
shortages of equipment, and the effects of these shortages are intensi-
fied by faulty installation and by defects in certain equipment, the
latter probably caused by-the forced tempo of operation of the chemical
machine building industry and its relative inexperience with many of the
newer varieties of equipment required by the chemical industry. Alarmed
at the general shortages of chemical. equipment,. Soviet authorities at the
* The butadiene probably was procured from another plant in the USSR,.
for there is no evidence of such imports from abroad.
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June 1959 Plenum of the Communist Party approved measures to expedite
construction of new chemical machine building plants and to divert
to the chemical industry a larger share of production from existing
machine building plants. ..The situation has remained unsatisfactory
in spite of these measures. In 1960 the plan for supplying equipment
on a scheduled priority to 33 chemical projects in the- RSF`SR
(including a number of facilities for producing rubber) was fulfilled
by only 82.5 percent. An early end to the difficulties in procuring
equipment is not yet in .sights particularly as more than one-third of
the new Soviet chemical machine building facilities failed to begin
their scheduled operation in 1960.
Recognizing that the difficulties already experienced with
chemical equipment may persist and seriously affect the fulfillment
of the long-range plan for chemicals, the USSR is making strenuous
efforts to purchase equipment for production of a number of chemical
products, including rubber. One Western firm has contracted to supply
the USSR with equipment for processing butyl 'rubber, and negotiations
were underway in 1961 with another Western firm to supply equipment
for producing styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber. ~ Other contracts
have been signed for the sale of technical data and equipment to the
USSR for the rubber products industry, and one large automated facility
for production of tires, purchased in this manner, has already gone
into operation. Some equipment for the Soviet rubber industry also is
being imported from the Satellite countries -- both Czechoslovakia and
East Germany, for example, having supplied equipment for the Soviet
rubber plants at Stavropol' and Sumgait.
B. Lagging Technology
The USSR has found the development and perfection of advanced
processes for production of rubber or. its intermediates to be a very
decided bottleneck in the projected expansion of the synthetic rubber
industry. Difficulties are apparent particularly in the engineering
and design work required to transform a laboratory or pilot-plant
operation to one permitting production on a commercial scale. Techni-
cal lags in the development of certain types of rubber or its inter-
mediates have included the following problems.
1. Polyisoprene
_ Early commercial development of polyisoprene rubber, one
of the so-called synthetic "natural" types, is of paramount importance
if the USSR is to achieve its plan to have. this rubber constitute 25
percent of the total capacity for production of'rubber by 1965.
Experimental production of polyisoprene (SKI) was achieved as early as
~195~+ at a rubber plant. in Yefremoy and subsequently at a plant in
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Voronezh, but apparently either the product or the process was not satis-
factory. In ]-959 the subject of the development of a suitable process
for producing polyisoprene occasioned a sharp exchange of views. between
the President of the Academy of Sciences and the Chairman of the State
Committee for Chemistry. 38 The USSR announced in March 1960 that an
improved polyisoprene rubber (SKZ-3) had been developed, 39 but an
article in the Soviet. press in August 1960 admitted that the problem of
producing isoprene rubber had not yet been solved.
In August 1961, however, development of a new, continuous,
highly automated process for production of polyisoprene rubber was
reported at an institute in Leningrad, with the new process allegedly
permitting production at one-fifth the cost of other processes 'currently
available. ~1 The magnitude of the reduction in cost suggests, by
inference, that previously developed processes for polyisoprene in the
USSR may have been quite inefficient and may have contributed to the
delay in attaining production on a commercial scale. In the West a num-
ber of new processes that have been developed recently show promise of
very economical production of polyisoprene, and it is not yet clear how
production costs of the new Soviet process will compare with these.
Another mayor technological hurdle facing the USSR is pro-
duction from natural and refinery gases of butadiene, a key intermediate
in the manufacture of general-purpose synthetic rubber. As late as 1959
the USSR produced 86 percent of its synthetic rubber from butadiene
obtained by processing ethyl alcohol. The basic process adopted by the
USSR for producing butadiene in 1959-65 is a two-step operation, proceed-
ing from butane to butadiene via butylene. The first shop to use the
new process was completed at Sumgait in October 1959, at least a year
later than scheduled, but the actual output is not believed to have been
attained until some time in 1960. Subsequently, there has been criticism
of the quality of the rubber manufactured by the Sumgait plant. Diffi-
culties at this plant may have accelerated Soviet efforts to develop a
one-stage route to butadiene, perhaps similar to a one-stage process in
use in the US. In 1861 the USSR announced that scientists at Sumgait
had discovered a method of producing synthetic rubber from natural gas
by a single-stage process, ~ but no indication was given of the time
that would be required to achieve commercial production.
3. Oil-Extended Rubber
Certain oils can be added to types of copolymer (butadiene-
styrene) rubber to extend the amount of rubber produced. In addition,
these oil-extended rubbers have a lower buildup of heat than conventional
types of rubber and thus have a favorable effect on the life of tires.
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The rubber produced in the largest amounts in the USSR, a sodium poly-
merized butadiene (SKB), apparently is not suitable for oil-extension,
and Soviet efforts in recent years have been directed to the applica-
tion of oil-extension to butadiene-styrene copolymer rubber (5KS).
Experimental production of oil-extended rubber began in 1955-56 at the
Voronezh Synthetic Rubber Plant, but a report in 1958 indicated that
the rubber proved to be unsatisfactory and that commercial production
was thereby delayed for several years. ~+3 One of the reasons for the
failure was the selection of an oil that lacked optimum properties
for such use. Other difficulties also were apparent, and as late as
October 1960 an excessive amount of substandard oil-extended rubber
was being produced by a shop at Sumgait, allegedly because of ineffi-
cient-performance in mixing the batches of materials. ~ A rather
interesting, if amusing, attitude toward quality control is discerna-
ble in the statement .attributed to employees of the quality control
department at the Sumgait plant -- "We cannot consider rubber as sub-
standard solely because it is sticky. It simply does not display the
necessary thermoplasticity and hardness." ~+5 Nevertheless, in the,
light of a report that the new plant at Sterlitamak produces an
improved oil-extended rubber, ~+6 Soviet scientists may have made some
progress recently in developing such a product.
C . Labor
A shortage of both technical and skilled labor in the Soviet
rubber industry may cause problems during the Seven Year Plan. .The
persistent complaints of the lack of technical designs may well indi-
cate a shortage of, qualified engineering personnel at the planning
institutes. In addition, some of. the complaints concerning the quality
of rubber produced appear to reflect a lack of experience on the part
of the workers. The turnover of labor at at least one of the new
Soviet rubbe-r plants is excessive, with a novice reportedly arriving
to replace one of every four workers in 1960. 1+7
VII. Prospects
Although this report has stressed some of-the present failings of
the Soviet synthetic rubber. industry, the continued high priority afforded
this industry should permit a relatively rapid rate of growth for the
next several years. In spite of this progress, however, the present
shortcomings in equipment and technology probably will result in an under-
fulfilhnent of the Seven Year Plan.
In spite of the reported development of. an improved process for
polyisoprene rubber, it is unlikely that the goal calling for this
product .to comprise 25 percent of the total capacity for .synthetic
rubber in 1965 will be attained. Inasmuch as the total Soviet
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requirements for rubber should.roughly.double by 1965* (suggesting a level
of consumption of about 900000 to 1 million tons), the failure to attain
the goal for production of polyisoprene should result in a continuing
high Soviet requirement for natural rubber through 1965, probably at
least 150,000 tons annually. Thus it appears unlikely that development
of the Soviet synthetic rubber industry will have a marked effect on the
structure of Soviet trade with the underdeveloped rubber-producing nations
by 1965, although natural rubber may well comprise a smaller share of the
total rubber consumed in the USSR in 1865. More difficult is an assess-
ment of developments after 1965, but it appears likely that. the USSR will
become increasingly independent of purchases of natural rubber, with
political considerations laxgely determining the level of imports.
In the immediate period ahead, the USSR may be expected to continue
its efforts to purchase technology and equipment for rubber from the
Free World. Primary areas of interest probably will be the newer syn-
thetic-rubbers such as polyisoprene and advanced processes for produc-
tion of intermediates such as butadiene and acetylene. In addition,
purchases will be attempted for some of the lesser intermediates, such
as emulsifiers, or the technology required to produce them.
* Production of tires is scheduled to double in 1965 compared with 1958
and production of some other.ma~,or rubber articles is scheduled for an
even faster rate .of growth.
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APPENDIX A
TYPES OF SYN'I'f~TIC RUBBER IN THE USSR*
sx8 2G
sxs 25
SKB 30
sxB 35
SKB 40
SKB P40
sx8 45b
sxB P45
sxs Sob
sxB P5o
sx8 55b
sx8 45s
SKB 5os
SKB 55s
sxB 60
sx8 66
sxB 7P-5os
SxB 7P-55S
SKB 7P-60S
sxB SosR
General-purpose rubber used for tires, conveyor belting,
and other rubber articles
SKENTt Polybutadiene, lithium catalyzed For use at low temperatures
SKVrt, Polybutadiene, potassium catalyzed
SKS 10 10~ styrene
SKS 30 30~ styrene
SKS 30A 30~ styrene
SKS 30AM 30~ styrene, 14 to 22~i oil
SKS 30ARM15 30$ styrene, 15~ oil
SKS 40D 40~ styrene
SKS 50 50~ styrene
SKS 90 90~ styrene
Cold polymerized
Cold polymerized, oil-extended
Cold polymerized, oil-extended
Used for shoe soles
Used for caustic and acid-resistant hoses
Used for shoe soles
SKS 30P
30~
styrene
Sealant in food industry
SKS 30U
30~,
styrene
For adhesives
SKS 30K
30~
styrene
_
SKS 30Sh
30~
styrene
For tire cord, leather substitutes
SKS 30ShR
30~
styrene
For tire cord, leather substitutes
SKS 50I
50~
styrene
For wire and cable
SKS 50GP
50$
styrene
For adhesives
~ Including rubbers under development and possibly produced on a small scale in the USSR as well as those in
full-scale commercial production. The information was developed from a number of Soviet and Free World
publications.
~ The two-digit numbers.following SKB and SKV designations refer to the mA~*m,m plasticity of the given type.
*~ The terms rodless and rod are Soviet designations that apparently refer to types of rubber prepared by
different methods of polymerization. In the rod type the sodium polymerization catalyst is carried on steel rods.
t With designations ranging from 35 to 55 depending on the plasticity.
tt With designations ranging from 25 to 55 depending on the plasticity.
- 1.g -
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SKN 18
SKN 26
SKN 40P
SKN 40T
189 acrylonitrile
26~ acrylonitrile
40~ acrylonitrile
40~, acrylonitrile
Butadiene-Met
Typical uses of this class include oil-resistant
applications as seals or packing.
vl V' vl Pyridine Rubbers
SKNiVP 10
SKMVP 15
SKMVP 25
SKMVP'40
1C~ vinyl pyridine I
15~ vinyl pyridine l
25~ vinyl pyridine I(
4096 vix~yl pyridine
Hot polymerized (50o C), with very high abrasion
resistance
SKMVP l0A
SKMVP 15A
SKMVP 25A
SKMVP 40A
10'~ vinyl pyridine
15~ vinyl pyridine ~
25~ vinyl pyridine
40~ vinyl pyridine
Chloropre
Cold polymerized (5? C), with very high abrasion
resistance
ne Rubbers and Latices
Nairit
Nairit A
Nairit B
Nairit K
Nairit N
Nairit NT
Nairit L-2
Na}rit L-3
Nairit L-4
Nairit L-7
Nairit S
3 to 5~ styrene
Used for cable
Used for cable
Used for adhesives
A rubber latex
A rubber latex
A rubber latex
A rubber latex
A chloro rene-st
p yrene rubber
Butv1 Rubber
Butilkauchuk A
Butilkauchuk B
Butilkauchuk V
Pipervle
Molecular weight not less than-40,000
Molecular weight not less than 35,000
Molecular weight not less than 30,000 '
ne Rubber and Latices
SKP
DBP
DBP
Poly, 3-pentadiene
25
50
Butadiene-piperylene
Butadiene-piperylene
latex
latex
used in asbestos arti
l
DBP ~
Butadiene-piperylene
,
latex,
c
es
used'in the asbestos
___ Butadiene-Vi li
industry
dene Chloride Latex
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With applications at high temperatures and in electrical
work
SKF 3~ Typical properties of fluorine rubbers include resistance
to corrosive liquids and to high and low temperatures.
Silicone-Fluorine Rubbers
Used for heat-resistant seals
Isoprene and Polybutadiene Rubbers
SKI Polyisoprene Used for tires
SKI 3 Po>,yisoprene
SKD Polybutadiene Uses Ziegler catalyst and has high resistance to wear
SKLD Polybutadiene Uses lithium catalyst
P 85
P 118 Typical applications include anticorrosion coatings
p 155 acid-resistant hoses and insulation of cable.
P 200
Tiokol "Da"
Tiokol "Da" RVI~I
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PLANTS FOR PRODUCIlVG SYNTHETIC RUREER IN THE USSR:
IN OPERATION, UNDER CONSTRUCTION, OR PLANNED
Irkutsk areas
Kazan' SKB (sodium polymerized butadiene rubber)
Krasnoyarsk SKB
Omsk
Stavropol'*-~ Copolymer rubber based on butane
Sterlitamak Copolymer rubber based on butane
Sumgait Oil-extended copolymer rubber based on synthetic alcohol, nitrile rubber, and
copolymer rubber based on butane
Volzhskiy
Voronezh SKB, styrene-butadiene copolymer, oil-extended copolymer, latex, experimental
production of polyisoprene rubber
Yaroslavl' SKB, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, oil-extended frost-resistant rubber
Yefremov SKB, polyisobutylene, butyl rubber, experimental production of polyisoprene
rubber
Yerevan chloroprene rubber and latex
Production of oil-extended rubber is planned by the end of 1961. Capacity
of the plant is scheduled to be nearly doubled, possibly by 1965.
Under construction, with initial operation scheduled in 1960, but not in
operation as of mid-1961.
Initial production of latex was reported in May 1961 and of rubber in
June 1961.
Under construction. The initial production of rubber, based on imported
butadiene, was reported in April 1960. The first butadiene was produced
at this plant in January 1961 but meets only part of the plant's
requirements.
Production is scheduled to increase about 200 percent in 1959-65. Fixture
production is to include butyl rubber and polyisobutylene.
Originally scheduled for operation in 1959? The first butadiene was pro-
duced in June 1961, but rubber shops were not yet in operation. Fixture
production may include chloroprene rubber.t
Planned for construction as a multipurpose chemical combine,
Production of synthetic rubber is planned to double during 1959-65.
Production of bromobutyl rubber is planned.
Production is scheduled to double in 1959-65. The plant is scheduled to
convert from calcium carbide to natural gas as raw material for produc-
tion of the required acetylene.
~ Presumably located in Irkutsk Oblast, possibly north of the city of Irkutsk in the Angarsk-Uso1'ye area.
~*~ Referred to either as the Stavropol' Synthetic Rubber Plant or as the Kuybyshev Synthetic Rubber Plant.
**~*~ This plant also is referred to as the Karaganda Synthetic Rubber Plant.
t An oil-resistant rubber produced from acetylene and hydrochloric acid.
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SOURCE RFF'F'RFiyCES
1. Kauchuk i rezina, no 9, Sep 59, p. 1.
2. USSR, Ministry of Foreign. Trade. Vases a for ov a SSSR za
19 od (Foreign Trade of the USSR During 1959 , Moscow, 19
3. Voprosy ekonomiki, no 10, 1956, p. 25.
~+. USSR, Central Statistical Administration. Promyshlennost' SSSR
(Industry of the USSR), Moscow 1957, P? ~5?
5. Na stroitel'stve trubo rovodov, 11 Jul 58.
6. Pravda, 2 Jan 52.
Ibid., 23 Jan 53?
Ibid., 21 Jan 55?
Ibid., 30 Jan 56.
Planovo e khoz a stun, Jan 5~+.
7. Pravda, Feb. 57?
Fedorenko, N.P., and Savinskiy, E.S. Ocherki po ekonomiki
khimichesko r shlennosti (Notes on the Economics of the
Chemical Industry , Moscow, 1960, p. 206.
8. Kauchuk i rezina, no 11, Nov 58, p. 1.
9. Fedorenko and Savinskiy, off. cit. (7, above), p. 206.
10. Vneshnyaya torgovlya, no g, 1959, P? 17?
11. Kauchuk i rezina, no 2, Feb 59, P? 2.
12. Ibid., no 10, Oct 58, P? 5?
13. Ibid., no 2, Feb 61, p. 1.
14. Ibid., p. 3.
15. Voprosy ekonomiki, Jul 58, p. 30.
16. Kauchuk i rezina, no 2, Feb 59, p. 2.
Ibid., no ,Aug 58, p. 21-22.
17. Ibid., no 10, Oct 58, P? 5?
18. Ibid., no 1, Jan 59, p. 60.
lg. Ibid., no 12, Dec 58, p. 2.
20. USSR, Central Statistical Administration. Narodno e khoz ay ystvo
SSSR v 1958 godu (National Economy of the USSR in 195 ,,Moscow,
1959?
21. USSR, Ministry of Foreign Trade. Vneshr~yaya for ovl a SSSR
za 1956 god (Foreign Trade of the USSR During 195 ,Moscow,
1957, P? 29?
Ibid., Vases a a for ovl SSSR za 1 8 od (Foreign Trade of
the USSR Dosing 195 ,Moscow, 1959, p. 20.
Ibid., Vases a for ov SSSR za 1 60 od (Foreign Trade of
the USSR During lg , Moscow, 19 1, p. 33?
22. Ibid.
23. Rubber Statistical Bulletin, vol 15, no 6, Mar 61, p. 17.
Ibid., vol 1 , no 5, Feb , p. 17.
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2~+.
Khimicheskaya nauka i promyshlennost', no 1, 1959, p. 6-14.
25.
TASS, Moscow, 16 Max. 59?
26.
Fedorenko, N.P. Narodno-khoz a stvenn e znacheni e sinteti-
cheskikh materialov The Significance of Synthetic Materials
for the National Economy), Moscow, 1958,
p. 41.
27.
Chemische Industrie, no 2, 1961, p. 47.
28.
Rubber World, Aug 1, p. 127.
29.
USSR, Ministry of Foreign Trade. Vnes
a.tor ovlya SSSR
za 1 6 od (Foreign Trade of the USSR During 195 ,Moscow
60
d
8
1
1
, an
9
.
. ,
957, p?
Ibid., Vnes a for ovl SSSR za 19 8 od (Foreign Trade
of the USSR During 195 ,Moscow, 1959, P? 19, 83, and 1~+2.
Ibid., Vnes a for ov a SSSR za 1 60 od (Foreign Trade
of the USSR During 19 , Moscow, 19 1, p. 21, 86, and 130.
30.
Rubber World, Feb 61, p. 131.
31.
Fedorenko and Savinskiy, off. cit. (7, above), p. 181+.
32.
Hua-hsueh kung-yeh (Chemical Industry), no 15, Peiping, 6 Nov 58,
p. 8.
33?
Fedorenko and Savinskiy, off. cit. (7, above), p. 220.
3~+.
Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 11 Dec ~0.
35?
Ekonomicheskaya gazeta, 10 Sep 60.
36.
Stroitel'naya gazeta, 29 Mar 61.
37?, Chemical Age, 29 Jul 61, p. 157.
Oil Paint and Dru Re orter, 28 Aug 61, p. 7.
38. Pravda, 2 Jun 59.
39? Kauchuk i rezina, no 3, Mar 60, p. 1.
~+0. Ekonomicheskaya gazeta, 17 Aug 60.
1+1. Leningrad, Radiobroadcast, 26 Aug 61.
42. Chemical Age, ~+ Mar 61, p. 369.
1+3. Kauchuk i rezina, no 9, Sep 58, p. ~+.
~+. Trud, 25 Oct 0.
~+5. Ibid.
~+6. Ekonomicheskaya gazeta, 22 Nov 60, p. 1.
~+7. Bakinskiy rabochiy, 23 Mar 61, p. 3.
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