HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN THE USSR DURING THE SEVEN YEAR PLAN 1959-65
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Release Decision:
RIPPUB
Original Classification:
C
Document Page Count:
38
Document Creation Date:
December 27, 2016
Document Release Date:
July 29, 2013
Sequence Number:
2
Case Number:
Publication Date:
January 1, 1962
Content Type:
REPORT
File:
Attachment | Size |
---|---|
![]() | 1.7 MB |
Body:
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
ZOICTFtb-ENT-UL_ N? 83
Economic Intelligence Report
HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN THE USSR
DURING THE SEVEN YEAR PLAN
1959-65
CIA/RR ER 62-2
January 1962
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
-CONFIDENT-T-IAL_
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
CONFIDENTIAL
Economic Intelligence Report
HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN THE USSR
DURING THE SEVEN YEAR PLAN
1959-65
CIA/RR ER 62-2
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
CONFIDENTIAL
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
FOREWORD
This report is concerned with Soviet production of refrigerators,
washing machines, sewing machines, and vacuum cleaners -- the only
large household appliances now being produced in significant quantities
in the USSR. Electrical cooking appliances in the USSR usually are
hot plates rather than regular cooking ranges, and such items as
freezers, clothes dryers, and air conditioners are almost unknown in
Soviet households. Consumers in the USSR have been promised a large
increase in the availability of electrical appliances. This report
discusses the current availability of household appliances in the USSR,
the plans for increasing their production, and the feasibility of the
plans.
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
CONTENTS
Summary and Conclusions
Page
1
I.
Introduction
5
II.
Goals
5
A.
Seven Year Plan (1959-65)
5
B.
Consumer Goods Decree of 1959
6
C.
Establishing an Appliance Industry
7
Growth of Output and Supply
8
A.
Production
8
B.
Use Pattern
10
1. Over-All Distribution
10
2. Restrictions Imposed by the Supply of Electric
Power
11
3. Urban-Rural Differences
11
4. Problems of Servicing and Repair
12
Feasibility of Goals
12
Appendix A.
? Appendix B.
Appendix C.
Appendixes
Design and Production Characteristics of
Household Appliances in the USSR
15
Major Producers of Household Appliances in
the USSR, 1961 23
Methodology
50X1
27
-v -
C -0 -N-F -I -D -E -N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Illustrations
Page
Figure 1. USSR: Production of Household Appliances,
1955, 1958-60, and 1961 and 1965 Plans (Chart) 1
Figure 2. Models of Refrigerators Produced in the USSR,
1950-60 (Photograph) following page . . . . . . 18
Figure 3. Models of Refrigerators Introduced in the USSR,
1960-61 (Photograph) following page 18
Figure 4. Washing Machines of the Wringer Type Produced in
the USSR, 1950-61 (Photograph) following page . 20
Figure .5. Washing Machines with Centrifugal Wringing
Devices Produced in the USSR Since 1959 (Photo-
graph) following page 20
Figure 6. Sewing Machines of Full-Size Model Produced in
the USSR Through 1961 (Photograph) following
page 20
Figure 7. Portable Sewing Machines Produced in the USSR
Since 1957 (Photograph) following page 20
Figure 8. Vacuum Cleaners Produced in the USSR, 1950-61
(Photograph) following page 21
- vi -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN 1HE USSR DURING THE SEVEN YEAR PLAN*
1959-65
Summary and Conclusions
The only large household appliances produced in significant quantities
in the USSR are refrigerators, washing machines, sewing machines, and
vacuum cleaners.** Production of these items since 1955 and the planned
goals for 1961 and 1965 are shown in the accompanying chart, Figure 1.
1,611
Thousands ot Units
2,686
539
360
245
2,941
724
426
368
3,096
953
530
454
3,470
1,700
796
.14
5,10
4,550
2,570
Washing Machines
1,450
Refrigerators
Sewing
Machines
840
Vacuum
Cleaners
1955 1958 1959 1960 1961 1965
PLAN PLAN
Figure I. USSR: Production of Household Appliances, 1955, 1958-60, and 1961 and 1965 Plans
35810 2-62
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best
judgment of this Office as of 1 January 1962.
** Unless otherwise indicated, the term appliances as used in this
report includes refrigerators, washing machines, sewing machines, and
vacuum cleaners that are designed for household use.
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Production of sewing machines was underway in the USSR before World
War II, but development of other household appliances has been largely
a postwar phenomenon. In line with the recent policy of granting more
concessions to Soviet consumers, the Seven Year Plan (1959-65) called
for large-scale production of appliances by 1965. In 1959, after the
visits of Mikoyan and Khrushchev to the US, a Consumer Goods Decree was
issued that raised the goals for 1961 for production of appliances and
implied considerably higher rates of increase than those implicit in the
original goals of the Seven Year Plan.
How this accelerated program ultimately will affect the goals for
1965 is not clear, but the higher rates of increase have not yet been
achieved completely, and it is unlikely that they could be maintained
during the entire 7-year period. The original goals for 1965, however,
have not been revised and probably will be fulfilled. At this pro-
jected level of production, Soviet officials estimate that the availa-
bility of appliances to households in 1965 will be as follows: refrig-
erators, one to every five urban households; washing machines, one to
every three urban households; and sewing machines, one to every two
households, both urban and rural. Few rural families now have appli-
ances except sewing machines, but the expansion of electric power is
opening the prospect of household appliances in rural areas.
Although consumers in the USSR are anxious to own appliances, they
are often dissatisfied when they finally obtain them. Few of these
appliances would be salable in retail markets in the US. They are
poorly designed, crudely built, and subject to breakdowns. Soviet
refrigerators have a small amount of usable space in relation to their
size and weight. The washing machines seldom have automatic devices
that require timing mechanisms, many have roller wringers that are
operated by hand, and only 10 percent of those now being produced incor-
porate centrifugal wringing devices. Soviet vacuum cleaners are heavy,
bulky, and noisy, and the electric sewing machines have been so unre-
liable that many housewives are returning to treadle machines. Even in
the urban areas the usefulness of these appliances is limited by the
undependable nature of the Soviet supplies of electric power, the flow
of current being erratic and the voltage uneven.
Both the availability and quality of Soviet appliances have been
influenced adversely by the preoccupation of planners with heavy indus-
try and the general neglect of the consumer goods industries. As such,
there are no appliance industries charged with the design, development,
and production of household appliances. Instead, production has been
relegated to subsidiary shops of plants that specialize in other types
of machinery. Because of its low priority, such production has not been
allocated the engineering talent and the capital necessary for efficient
- 2 -
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
operation. Production is unorganized, there is little coordination
among producers, and inadequate specialization has led to high costs.
Until these deficiencies are rectified, Soviet consumers will find
that household appliances are scarce, expensive, and of poor quality.
- 3 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-NT-I-A-L
I. Introduction
Shortages of consumer goods in general and the scarcity of house-
hold appliances in particular are a legacy of the Soviet preoccupation
over the years with building heavy industry and expanding scientific
frontiers. Except for sewing machines, scarcely any household appli-
ances were produced in the USSR before World War II, and the only large
appliances developed and produced since the war are refrigerators,
washing machines, and vacuum cleaners. Soviet planners have not seen
fit to establish an appliance industry in the Western sense but have
relegated such production to the part of industry that comes closest
to having the engineering skills and capital equipment needed to handle
the task -- the machine building industry. Even then, this industry
has not been provided with the able designers, the specialized equip-
ment, and the materials needed to support first-rate production of
appliances. Thus production of appliances has developed as a side-
line in subsidiary shops of automobile, electrical machinery, and other
machine building plants. For designs and engineering technology,
manufacturing plants have been forced to depend on technical publica-
tions from the West and outright copying of Western models of appliances.
In view of the current pressures to expand production of household
appliances, Soviet officials deplore the lack of specialization that
exists throughout much of this area of production. Not a single plant
exists in the USSR that specializes, for example, in the manufacture
of refrigerators, and a similar lack of specialization of production
is typical for most of the other appliances except sewing machines.
II. Goals
A. Seven Year Plan (1959-65)
By the end of the 7-year period 1959-65, sales of appliances
are scheduled to be substantially above the level achieved in the pre-
ceding 7 years (1952-58). Sales of refrigerators are to be six times
as great; sales of washing machines, nine times; and sales of sewing
machines, two times. If these goals are achieved, the total stocks
of these appliances will have reached sizable proportions. According
to Soviet estimates, 1/* more than 7.6 million refrigerators, 12.3 mil-
lion washing machines, and 4o million sewing machines will be available
by 1965. Soviet officials claim that in 1965 there will be one refrig-
erator for every five urban households, one washing machine for every
three urban households, and one sewing machine for every two households,
-5-
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
both urban and rural. Although this inventory compares unfavorably
with present US inventories,* it approaches the current level of availa-
bility of these appliances in the UK and some of the other European
countries.** .3../
B. Consumer Goods Decree of 1959
Following Mikoyan's visit to the US in January 1959 and Khru-
shchev's visit in the summer, a decree was issued in October calling
for improvements in the quantity, quality, and variety of a wide range
of household goods including electrical appliances. This sequence of
events suggests that the Soviet leaders were seriously concerned about
the lagging production of consumer goods in the USSR. Targets for
1961, spelled out by the decree, showed that production of appliances
was being stepped up sharply.*** Although no increases in goals for
1965 were announced, the annual increases needed to achieve the new
goals for 1961 were considerably higher than those required to fulfill
the Seven Year Plan. The following tabulation shows the average annual
increases required by the Seven Year Plan and those required by the
Consumer Goods Decree (based on new goals for 1961):
Average Annual Rate
(Percent)
Seven Year Plan Consumer Goods Decree
(1959-65)
(1959-61)
Refrigerators
22
30
Washing machines
25
311'
Sewing machines
7.8
8.9
Vacuum cleaners
19
28
* Soviet planners point out that it is not desirable that Soviet
industry compete with the US in production of electrical appliances
for consumer use. 2/ Although officials are reluctant to admit it,
Soviet industry cannot really compete in this area (1) because the
restricted living space prohibits the use of appliances in such size
and number as are used in the US and (2) because the government
officials want to deemphasize individual ownership of goods in the
Communist way of life.
** Production goals for the Seven Year Plan for household appliances
are discussed in III, A, p. 9, below.
xxx See the tabulation in III, A, p. 9, below.
t A subsequent revision increased the goal for 1961 for washing
machines.
- 6 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
How the accelerated program for appliances ultimately will af-
fect the goals for 1965 is not clear. Developments thus far suggest that
upward revisions of the goals for appliances may be expected in 1962 or
1963, but Soviet officials may decide to leave the goals of the Seven
Year Plan unchanged in order to announce fulfillment of plans early in
1964. If the higher rates of increase could be maintained throughout
the 7-year period, the goals for 1965 would be exceeded by far, but
such performance is unlikely. Plans for production of refrigerators
and washing machines were reported underfulfilled in 1960/ more than a
year after the decree, and although official reports indicate that major
increases had been achieved, they also admit that production of refrig-
erators and washing machines was still lagging in mid-1961.
C. Establishing an Appliance Industry
Up to the present time, Soviet production of household appli-
ances has lacked efficient organization and administration. Soviet
machine building plants continue to operate subsidiary shops for pro-
ducing appliances, and these shops are relatively isolated from other
enterprises producing appliances. There is no planned and coordinated
program of development. Small plants operate at high costs, and gross
inefficiency and waste result from crude or inefficient production
techniques and from inadequate specialization of processes. Inputs
of materials and labor admittedly are excessive, and finished products
often are poorly constructed and perform badly. In an effort to over-
come these weaknesses, planning officials stress the need for building
large specialized appliance plants in major industrial centers, par-
ticularly for production of refrigerators and washing machines. 1j
The officials also propose that "material encouragement" be given to
designers to stimulate the creation of new household appliances which
are suitable for mass production and which promise to be acceptable
to consumers. The names of designers soon may be atached to outstand-
ing contributions, adding the incentive of personal prestige to that
of material reward.
Other measures are aimed at improving the organization of pro-
duction. At the beginning of the Seven Year Plan, certain committees
attached to the Council of Ministers* were charged with the tasks of
(1) creating new designs for appliances suited to mass production,
(2) coordinating the work of the designing and producing enterprises,
and (3) giving technical aid and assistance to the producers. Such
work would be carried out at research institutes under the direction
of these committees. By mid-1961, however, it was reported that not a
* These committees included the State Committee on Automation and
Machine Building, the State Committee on Electronic Technology, and
the State Committee on Defense Technology.
- 7 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
single institute had yet been organized for these types of research and
coordination. 2/
Except in production of sewing machines, plants producing house-
hold appliances do not specialize in production of a single type of
appliance or even in the general field of household appliances. Spe-
cialization is evident only in sewing machine plants, where the number
of producing plants is small and the size of their production rela-
tively large. Production of household sewing machines makes up the
total production of these plants except at the Podol'sk Machinery Plant,
where industrial sewing machines are produced as well.
There are many plants, such as the Riga Electrical Machine
Building Plant and the Batumi Electrical Engineering Plant, which are
engaged primarily in production of other kinds of machinery but pro-
duce appliances as well. The few plants that do specialize in produc-
tion of washing machines produce in such mall quantities that they
are less efficient than the major producers mentioned above. No single
plant is devoted exclusively to production of refrigerators. The lead-
ing Soviet producer of refrigerators is the Moscow Motor Vehicle Plant,
and other producers of refrigerators also are engaged primarily in
building other machinery or industrial goods. Production of vacuum
cleaners is scattered throughout various Soviet plants that produce
other electrical equipment. '
III. Growth of Output and Supply
A. Production
The Seven Year Plan calls for rapid growth in output of major
household appliances. From fairly low bases of production in 1958,*
production should continue to increase rapidly throughout the 7-year
period, in spite of some underfulfillment, as indicated by growth since
1958 and by the production goals. The following tabulation shows pro-
duction since 1955 and planned goals for household appliances**:
* Except for sewing machines, which have been produced since the
early 1900's.
** For detailed information on the various types and models of Soviet
household appliances, see Appendix A, p. 15, below.
- 8 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Thousand Units
1961 1965
1955 1958 1959 1960 Plan Plan
Refrigerators
151
360
426
530
796
1,450
Washing machines*
87
539
724
953
1,700**
2,570
Sewing machines
1,611
2,686
2,941
3,096
3,470
4,550
Vacuum cleaners
131
245
368
454
510
840
The effects of the planned acceleration in production have
been spotty thus far. At mid-year, fulfillment of the goals for 1961
appeared doubtful. Plants producing refrigerators and sewing machines,
for example, were failing, as of mid-1961, to achieve the annual rates
of growth required to meet the goals for 1961, even though substantial
increases had been achieved. For washing machines the rate of growth
required by the 1961 plan had been achieved, but production still was
reported underfulfilled. This development indicated a still further
increase in goals for washing machines, which in fact has been men-
tioned but is not widely publicized. .?../ By the third quarter, reports
indicated that production of washing machines was increasing more
rapidly, but the outlook for fulfillment was still doubtful because of
the increased goals. No reports were given for sewing machines and
vacuum cleaners.
If the production goals for household appliances are reached
by 1965, four times as many refrigerators will be produced as were
built in 1958, almost five times as many washing machines, and more than
three times as many vacuum cleaners. These increases are indicated in
Figure 1.*** Increases in production of sewing machines will be rela-
tively less because of the larger volume of production in 1958. Indexes
of production, based on achievements since 1958 and goals for 1961 and
1965, are as follows:
1958 = 100
1961
1965
1958
1959
1960
Plan
Plan
Refrigerators
100
118
147
221
403
Washing machines
100
134
177
315
477
Sewing machines
100
109
115
129
169
Vacuum cleaners
100
150
185
208
343
* The category of washing machines includes, in addition to clothes
washers, (1) dishwashers in small numbers and (2) "washing instruments"
(electrical hand appliances of the vibrating type, costing half the price
of a washing machine).
** The plan as stated in the 1959 decree was 1,215,000 washing machines,
but this goal was revised upward.
*** P. 1, above.
- 9 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
B. Use Pattern
1. Over-All Distribution
Demand for electrical appliances is growing rapidly in the
USSR as new housing becomes available and as the purchasing power of
the population increases. Distribution of the increasing supplies of
appliances thus becomes a matter for official planning. The Soviet
pattern for distribution of household appliances, for both present
and future use, is based on a three-way approach to supplying the
needs of the population: (1) private ownership, (2) communal use,
and (3) service on a rental basis.
The number of appliances that can be owned outright is
limited first of all by the living space available per family unit.
Even where the dwelling space is a new single family apartment (more
often, apartments have common kitchen and bathroom facilities), the
area allotted per family is often too small to accommodate appliances.
Recognizing this inconsistency in planning, officials now ask that
appliances be reduced in size and weight. Refrigerators are in greatest
demand for private ownership, and families often wait several years for
delivery on their orders.* Washing machines, although sometimes pri-
vately owned, are more often set up for communal use. Plans call for
the expansion of "the network of communal laundries," which can accom-
modate numbers of families, thus solving some of the problems of limited
space and inadequate plumbing. By Soviet experience, one washing
machine can serve as many as 25 to 35 families.
In order to reduce the demand for privately owned machines
and appliances, rental services for a wide range of household goods
have been provided in a number of cities. Such items as vacuum cleaners,
floor polishers, sewing machines, washing machines, and a wide range of
smaller items for household use are available for rent at a small cost.
These rental services are scheduled to be expanded during the 7-year
period.
In spite of the widespread demand for household appliances,
which will considerably exceed supply in the foreseeable future, con-
sumers often are displeased with the product that they have waited so
long to own. Consumer acceptance thus becomes another factor to be
dealt with in planning but one that has received little real attention.
So far, annual sales of household appliances are about equal to produc-
tion, after adjustments are made for foreign trade balances. Foreign
* To limit the demand in the future for kitchen equipment, the plan
is to provide food preparation centers for carry-home meals and a wide
range of packaged prepared foods for sale in retail stores.
- 10 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
trade in these appliances is not significant except for a small import
of sewing machines and parts. In the future, however, rejection by
consumers of appliances that do not meet their requirements (as is the
case with electric sewing machines)* could result in an accumulation
of stocks of unwanted goods in retail trade channels. Continuing
pressure by the planning organizations to increase the annual output
of appliances at the expense of improved quality and design and at
the neglect of consumer desires and needs may result in a situation --
not unique in Soviet retailing experience -- where consumer rejection
and oversupply persist concurrently, even when the demand for these
commodities is high.
2. Restrictions Imposed by the Supply of Electric Power
The use of household appliances is restricted to some ex-
tent by the supply of electric power. Even where electricity is avail-
able there are problems of erratic flow of current and fluctuations in
voltage that result in part from inadequate wiring and improper dis-
tribution of current. Gosplan officials are concerned about consumer
demands on the supply of electricity and particularly about the waste
of electricity through use of household appliances. Officials com-
plain: "Much electricity is consumed unjustifiably as the result of
the instability of electric systems ... . The people are forced to
buy voltage stabilizers and transformers [the use of which] ... causes
the deterioration of the operation of electric networks." More.than
800,000 such devices were boueit during 1959 alone. I/
The capacity of apartment lead-ins is inadequate to sup-
port large numbers of household appliances, in particular those with
heating elements. In the large-scale construction of housing, there
has been a notable lack of planning for adequate wiring -- in the
Soviet view/ a "failure to take into consideration the possibilities
for the electrification of daily living." Inadequate electric
power will continue to restrict the use of household appliances by
individual families in the years to come.
3. Urban-Rural Differences
Most of the household appliances produced by Soviet indus-
try are used by the urban population. Except for sewing machines,
which are divided about equally between urban and rural families, few
durables have been available outside the cities. Allocations of goods
to rural trading organizations have included almost no household appli-
ances except sewing machines, although it is expected that rural retail
outlets will offer refrigerators, washing machines, and other appliances
* See Appendix Al 31 p. 20, below.
-11-
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
for sale before the end of the 7-year period and that installment buy-
ing, now possible only in urban stores, will be extended to rural shop-
pers.
The use of appliances also will be restricted by the lack
of electric power in some rural areas and by the need for modernizing
rural housing. Khrushchev has emphasized the need to construct "city-
type houses" in the country with running water, central heating, and
sewer systems "in order to free the peasants from daily cares." Khru-
shchev also has promised that consumption of electric power "in the
countryside" during the 7-year period will be three times that con-
sumed during 1952-58, 2/ an estimate that probably takes into account
electric power for operating increasing numbers of household appli-
ances. The vast difference between living conditions in rural and
urban areas is recognized officially, and planned equalization of
urban-rural living levels is to be effected in part by making avail-
able more electrical household equipment.
4. Problems of Servicing and Repair
Severe problems of servicing and repair of appliances in
the USSR arise first of all from the faulty production of appliances
themselves and secondly from the paucity of repair facilities. The
number of defective household appliances entering the trade channels
is excessively high, primarily because of inadequate quality control
at the producing plants. In Moscow, for example, 16,000 Saratov re-
frigerators were delivered to customers in 1960, and 13,000 calls for
services were registered at repair shops for these appliances. But
in other cities, there are often no repair facilities at all for
appliances, and reportedly the "output of spare parts necessary for
repair ... is badly organized at present."
The owner of a new appliance knows that a factory guarantee
for 6 months means only that a repair shop is obliged to rectify manu-
facturing defects for that period of time. Because the guarantee is
honored at a repair shop and not at the factory itself, the producing
plant is relieved of the responsibility for servicing the goods that
it produces. Although plants may have some financial responsibility
for such repair, plant managers do not seem to have the motivation to
foster needed improvements in quality control but rather are content
with production of inferior goods as long as quantity goals are
reached.
IV. Feasibility of Goals
The Soviet goals for 1965 for production of household appliances
are feasible and, indeed, may be exceeded unless they are revised
-12 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
upward. These goals, however, were set before Khrushchev's intensified
interest in production of consumer goods came about and were therefore
commensurate with performance in production of appliances in the years
before 1959. Production rates called for by the plan -- for example,
annual increases of 22 and 25 percent, respectively, for refrigerators
and washing machines -- were not high considering the relatively mall
bases of production at the beginning of the 7-year period. These goals
probably could have been met with the investment of a fairly small
amount of capital if existing production facilities were expanded and
production techniques in general were improved.
Under the accelerated program in the Consumer Goods Decree of 19592
the goals for 1961 require increases much higher than those scheduled
for the Seven Year Plan and probably will not be met for most of the
appliances. The stepped-up program has resulted in some substantial
increases in production using present facilities, but these increases
will be short of the goal and probably cannot be maintained up to 1965.
Repeated underfulfillment of plans for refrigerators and washing
machines in 19592 in 19602 and through mid-1961 clearly shows that the
targets for those appliances will not be reached. The goals for 1961
for refrigerators and washing machines require annual increases of
30 percent or more; smaller increases are required for sewing machines
and vacuum cleaners. The goals for washing machines were raised still
again in 1961 after good performance was achieved in 1959 and 1960.
Production called for in 1961 is, in fact, 1.8 times production in
1960, and underfulfillment of the goal will be due to the late revision
and not due to the lack of over-all progress. In view of these de-
velopments it appears that there may be a deliberate policy of exert-
ing pressure on producing plants by raising goals and reporting under-
fulfillment of production.
If the higher rates of increase of the Decree of 1959 are to be
maintained throughout the 7-year period, more extensive effort will
be required to increase the capacity for production, and greater in-
vestment of capital will be required to meet the programs of new con-
struction and modernization. No mention has been made of providing
such funds. Plants will need to move more rapidly toward special-
ization of production, but there has been little evidence of efforts
directed toward specialization. A research and development program
must be organized, and closer coordination must be promoted between
plants producing appliances, but there has been little progress in
these directions. Planning and production officials openly recognize
these requirements for achieving the desired increases, but measures
taken so far have been inadequate to assure meeting the goals of the
accelerated program.
-13 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
1
C -0 -N-F -I -D-E-N-T -I -A -L
APPENDIX A
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN THE USSR
1. Refrigerators
a. Production
Series production of household refrigerators began in the USSR
in 1951 in various plants of the machine building industry. Soviet
engineers have claimed "unprecedented progress" in household refrig-
erators, but the Soviet refrigerator is in no way a product of original
Soviet effort or creative engineering skill. It is patterned after
early Western models in both cabinet design and cooling system. Even
now, with a total production of more than half a million units a year,
the USSR still has no facilities for the design and development of
household refrigerators.*
Soviet household refrigerators are produced in shops located
at 19 different plants of the machine building industry, and several
additional plants are scheduled to begin production soon. The Motor
Vehicle Plant imeni Likhachev (Zavod imeni Likhacheva ZIL) in
Moscow is the largest single producer of refrigerators and is respon-
sible for almost one-fourth of the total production. Other large
producers are the Saratov Machine Building Plant in the Lower Volga
Region and the Dnepropetrovsk Machine Building Plant No. 192 in the
Ukraine. Plants in the Ukraine produce about 25 percent of the total
production. Further information on individual plants producing re-
frigerators is given in Appendix B.**
* To evaluate the net advantage to the USSR of Western engineering
experience in home refrigerators, it is helpful to review major steps
in the Western development and research. Refrigeration engineering
has evolved over a period of some 4o years through research efforts
carried on largely in the US. For example, in 1926 the original wood
refrigerator cabinet was replaced by a metal cabinet. The following
year the first exterior finish of porcelain-on-steel was introduced.
In 1929 the temperature-control mechanism with defrosting was provided.
Hydrators came in 1930; the sealed compressor and new refrigerant,
Freon (still in general use), was developed in 1931. Automatic de-
frosting was introduced in 1952, and the frost-free system and foam
insulation were introduced in 1958.
** P. 23, below.
-15-
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
The Consumer Goods Decree of 1959 directs the industry to
design and produce "the most economical compression and absorption
refrigerators, including small and built-in models, making the most
efficient use of refrigerator space, ... reducing metal inputs and
power consumption, and making more use of plastics and new insulating
materials ... ." 12/ The planners thus indicate some of the outstand-
ing deficiencies of Soviet refrigerators and point out the need for
modernizing production processes through increased specialization and
improved organization.
Advanced production techniques typical of Western practice
are not in evidence in Soviet production of refrigerators. In the
use of materials and the methods of construction, Soviet techniques
in many ways resemble Western practices of 30 or 40 years ago. Often,
expensive materials are used, raising the costs of production need-
lessly. Evaporators (freezing compartments) in some models are of
stainless steel, whereas aluminum is lighter, more economical, and
more than adequate. Condensors sometimes are of copper tubing instead
of steel, which is less expensive and equally reliable. Compressors
are constructed of castings that are heavier than needed and make the
refrigerator unnecessarily heavy in relation to its capacity.
In order to achieve a high volume of production at a lower
cost, certain production techniques are needed in the Soviet processes.
The electrostatic process for applying enamels, for example, and the
vacuum-forming of plastic for interior door panels are techniques yet
to be introduced into the production processes. Smaller thermostatic
devices are needed, as are improvements in insulation materials.
Glass fiber and foam insulation are poor in quality and inadequate
in supply.
b. Description
The first refrigerators produced during the early 1950's were
crudely built, highly simplified models of questionable reliability.
Even now, Soviet refrigerators resemble those produced by Western in-
dustry during the 1930's. They tend to resemble European rather than
American prototypes and are designed first of all to conform to re-
strictions of living space. In the USSR, as in Western Europe, refrig-
erators are smaller than in the US, reflecting the habit of daily
shopping for food. In the more advanced European countries the average
refrigerator has a capacity of 5 cubic feet. 11/
Changes in the design of refrigerators during the 10 years of
production have not been extensive. Nevertheless, the well-known
models of household refrigerators have undergone partial modernization,
directed basically toward lowering the cost of production -- that is,
-16-
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
more economical metals and plastics, simpler motors, redesigned parts,
and the like have been introduced. These changes, however, have re-
sulted in little change in the general design and appearance of the
refrigerators, which, except in a few models introduced in 1960 and
1961, continued to be essentially the same appliances that they were
almost 10 years before -- heavy, bulky, and with small storage capacity
relative to their dimensions. The size of refrigerators has tended to
increase somewhat (capacities range from 2 to 8 cubic feet), and a few
new features such as interior lights and door shelves have been intro-
duced.
Most of the Soviet refrigerators have cooling systems of the
compressor type, but refrigerators of the absorption type also are
produced.* Although absorption refrigerators are economical to pro-
duce and operate because of their simpler mechanism, they are less
effective in hot weather and generally are not in great demand. The
compressor refrigerator is more expensive to produce but is effective
in all climates and has proved to be more popular. Models of Soviet
refrigerators in production during the 1950's are shown in Figure 21**
and some of the models introduced in 1961 and 1962 are shown in
Figure 3.**
c. Outlook for the Future
The immediate goal of Soviet officials is to increase output
of refrigerators so that almost a million and a half will be produced
annually by 1965. The number of designs and models will be limitcd,
and standardization of parts will be stressed. Specialized sales and
service facilities also are planned. Refrigerators of both compressor
and absorption types will be produced, but compressor types probably
will continue to predominate by about four to one.
Soviet engineers have proposed a few new ideas that may even-
tually be worked into the plans for home refrigeration. For example,
a unit combining a gas-operated refrigerator and cooking range (now
produced in Email lots) could prove to be an acceptable appliance for
the crowded urban kitchen. li/ The idea of "centralized cold" has
been proposed -- a system in which a central compressor would pipe
* The compressor type of refrigerator uses a cooling system in which
the refrigerant, usually Freon (a US trade name for a group of fluo-
rinated hydrocarbons), is circulated by means of a compressor. In
the absorption type of refrigerator the refrigerant, ammonia, is cir-
culated by the simple application of heat, either gas or electric.
This system is free from moving parts and is almost noiseless.
** Following p. 18.
-17-
C-0-N-P-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
cold air to built-in boxes in each kitchen. Such systems would be
planned and installed during construction of apartment buildings where
savings could be realized in electricity and inputs of materials,
especially compressors required for building an equivalent number of
single-unit refrigerators.
Another proposed innovation is the casting of a one-piece re-
frigerator box of microporous plastic that would integrate the outer
surface, the liner, and insulating materials into a single casting.
Molded doors of plastic would complete the unit. Soviet engineers
anticipate that these refrigerators would have the advantages of lighter
weight, lower thermal conductivity, and a lower consumption of electric
power.
2. Washing Machines
a. Production
Production of washing machines in the USSR rose from about
1,000 units in 1950 to nearly 1 million in 1960, an increase in pro-
duction of which Soviet management is proud. Few improvements in de-
sign or quality have been made during 10 years of production. These
appliances are hardly comparable to models produced in Western coun-
tries and generally would not be salable in Western markets. Most of
the machines currently produced are wringer washers; many of the earlier
models had no equipment for wringing. A separately built centrifugal
wringer, for which there is no counterpart in the West, is being pro-
duced for use with these early models. Only 10 percent of the total
production is classed as semiautomatic washers -- that is, washers
equipped with centrifugal wringing devices, timers, and pumps.
More plants are engaged in production of washing machines than
in any of the' other household appliances (for a listing of major pro-
ducers, see Appendix B*). In 1960, as many as 45 plants reportedly
were producing washing machines, but fewer than half of these could be
called major producers in a class with, for example, the Riga Electrical
Machine Building Plant and the Batumi Electrical Engineering Plant.
Many of the plants are small producers that build fewer than 10,000
machines annually and are characterized by obsolete production techniques,
low rates of output, poor quality of product, and production costs that
often exceed the price on the retail market. 12/
Soviet officials are under pressure to improve the productive
capacity for washing machines through reorganization, consolidation,
and specialization. The goal is high-volume production on a more
* P. 23, below.
- 18 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
ZIL MOSKVA: Compressor Refrigerator;
Capacity, 5.8 Cubic Feet
Saratov 2: Compressor Refrigerator;
Capacity, 3 Cubic Feet
Sever 2. Absorption Refrigerator Powered by
Electricity; Capacity 1.6 Cubic Feet
Ukraine 2: Absorption Refrigerator Powered by Gas;
Capacity, 2.5 Cubic Feet
FIGURE 2. MODELS OF REFRIGERATORS PRODUCED IN THE USSR, 1950-60
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
ZIL MOSKVA KKh 240: Compressor Refrigerator;
Capacity, 8.5 Cubic Feet
Orenburg: Table top Absorption Refrigerator
Powered by Electricity; Capacity, 2.4 Cubic Feet
Saratov 3: Compressor Refrigerator; Capacity, 6.2 Cubic Feet
FIGURE 3. MODELS OF REFRIGERATORS INTRODUCED IN THE USSR, 1960-61
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
profitable basis, but progress in this direction appears slow. The
lack of coordination in the development and application of efficient
production methods has resulted in experimentation by individual plants
and widespread disagreement as to methods of production and efficient
use of materials. Some machines consequently are "overbuilt" and ex-
cessively heavy, whereas others are light, cheaply built, and less
durable. Availability sometimes dictates the choice of materials or
components as in the use of a motor, heavier than needed (or lighter
than needed), for the workload of a given washing machine.
On the whole, the producing plants continue to wrestle with
problems of how to produce a simple, cheap, agitator washer, while at
the same time planners note that "in the US, with growth of the output
of automatic machines, the output of nonautomatic machines dropped
off."1.)1/ Even though Soviet consumers, too, desire a better product,
planners continue to direct the industry primarily toward turning out
a large number of units and secondarily toward improving their design.
Producers, nevertheless, also are urged to increase production of
machines "with centrifugal wringing devices, while insuring smaller
dimensions, lighter weight, ... and increased efficiency of motors." 15/
b. Description
Early models of Soviet washing machines were simple, round tubs
with agitator washing action and washing capacities of 4 to 6 pounds of
dry laundry.* Most of the washing machines produced are still of this
general type with the addition of hand wringers and in some cases pumps
for emptying the tubs (see Figure )4.**). Some producers make tubs of
stainless steel at excessive cost, whereas other producers use aluminum
or enameled iron. Plastics have been used experimentally for construc-
tion of washing tubs in an attempt to lower the cost of production.
Motor-driven roller wringers, so long in use in washing
machines in the West, seldom appear on Soviet washing machines. In-
stead, hand-operated wringers, which are still in general use, are to
be replaced in more advanced models by motor-driven centrifugal spin-
ners. In Soviet experience, "It has been demonstrated that ... wring-
ing clothes centrifugally (by means of a perforated metal cylinder
rotating at rapid speed) operates many times better and faster than
rubber rollers ... ." 1?_/
The more advanced models of Soviet washers are referred to by
producers as semiautomatic. The machine is enclosed in a square or
* Wringer washers in the US usually can accommodate 9 to 12 pounds
of dry laundry, and automatic machines 8 to 10 pounds.
** Following p. 20.
- 19 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E7N-T-I-A-L
rectangular cabinet, modern in exterior design, and consists of a tub
(square or L-shaped) with a plastic or metal agitator and a centrifugal
spinner basket (see Figure 5*). A simple timing device and an automatic
pump for emptying the water are included. The fully automatic washing
machines common in the US are not produced in the USSR.
3. Household Sewing Machines
Household sewing machines have been produced in the USSR on a fairly
large scale since the beginning of the twentieth century. One of the
oldest and still by far the largest Soviet producer is the Podol'sk
Machinery Plant imeni Kalinin. This plant was built by an American
company, the Singer Manufacturing Company, in 1901 and operated by that
company until 1918, when it was confiscated by the new Soviet government
in its program of nationalizing Russian industry. The USSR now produces
more than 3 million sewing machines annually, of which the Podol'sk plant
accounts for more than 80 percent. Four other plants, located at Rzhev,
Khar'kov, Orsha, and Tula (see Appendix B**)1 are small producers by
comparison but are scheduled for considerable expansion by 1965.
The simple straight-stitch sewing machine operated by a treadle
(see Figure 6*) makes up the largest share of machines produced, al-
though more modern and more complicated electric models in both port-
able and cabinet designs are in limited production. The machine most
advanced in design is the Tula Model 6 (see Figure 7*), which has a
zigzag stitching mechanism capable of performing 12 sewing operations.***
By comparison with the versatile zigzag machines produced in Western
Europe, Japan, and the US, the Tula is not an elaborate sewing machine.
? To the great dismay of Soviet production and marketing officials,
the demand for electric sewing machines is dropping off sharply, and
housewives are returning to the old-fashioned treadle machines. Offi-
cials investigating the problem attribute this dissatisfaction with
electric sewing machines to their unreliable performance, which in turn
stems from faulty construction of the electrical systems and the in-
stability of electric current. The lack of control of the operating
speed and the uneven starting and stopping are particularly common
complaints by housewives. Furthermore, untrained users find that they
are not furnished with the technical information and instruction re-
quired for effective operation of the new types of electric machines
and the even more complex zigzag machines.
* Following p. 20.
** P. 23, below.
xxx In addition to straight sewing, this machine is said to perform
such operations as embroidering, darning, "whip-stitching," sewing on
buttons and hooks, and making button holes.
- 20 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
I
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Batumi 59: Wringer Washer Similar
to the Late Model Riga
Riga: Various Models of Washing Machines and a
Spin Dry Type of Wringer
Ural: A Wringer Washer ot Modern Design.
The Hand Wringer Folds Inside When
the Machine is not in Use.
FIGURE 4. WASHING MACHINES OF THE WRINGER TYPE PRODUCED IN THE USSR, 1950-61.
THE WASHING CAPACITY OF THESE MACHINES IS ABOUT 5 POUNDS OF DRY CLOTHES.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
to; j
Zarya
Tula 60
Sibir'-3
Snezhinka
FIGURE 5. WASHING MACHINES WITH CENTRIFUGAL WRINGING DEVICES PRODUCED
IN THE USSR SINCE 1959. THE WASHING CAPACITY OF THESE MACHINES
IS 31/2 TO 5 POUNDS OF DRY CLOTHES.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
I
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Podolsk Ekstra: A Treadle Machine
Podolsk Basic Sewing Machine Head
Podolsk Kabinetnaya Driven by an Electric Motor
FIGURE 6. SEWING MACHINES OF FULL-SIZE MODEL PRODUCED
IN THE USSR THROUGH 1961
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Tula, Model 6: A Multi-stitch Type of Sewing Machine With a Zigzag Stitching Mechanism
Volga: A Straight Stitch Machine
Karkov: A Straight Stitch Machine
FIGURE 7. PORTABLE SEWING MACHINES PRODUCED
IN THE USSR SINCE 1957
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
The body, or head, of the Soviet sewing machine usually is con-
structed of cast iron (the traditional method), although cast aluminum,
used widely in Western production in postwar years, is employed to some
extent in the USSR, especially where weight is important as with the
portable models.
The standard, or full-size, models of Soviet-made sewing machines
in treadle and cabinet designs are shown in Figure 6,* and Soviet
portable sewing machines are shown in Figure 7.*
4. Vacuum Cleaners
The USSR currently produces about half a million vacuum cleaners
a year, a comparatively small number by US standards. The Soviet
vacuum cleaner is a tank type of machine, either cigar-shaped, such
as the Dnepr and the Raketa, or spherical, such as the new Sputnik.
Some 10 different models of vacuum cleaners are produced at about as
many different plants, usually electrical machinery plants (see Appen-
dix B**). Little adverse criticism is heard from consumers about
cleaning performance, although complaints frequently concern the poor
finish, the noisy operation, and the excessive weight of vacuum cleaners.
Because of the storage problem in small living quarters, some thought
is being given to production of smaller vacuum cleaners, simpler in
design, and perhaps to production of hand models. Various models of
Soviet vacuum cleaners are shown in Figure 8.***
* Following p. 201 above.
** P. 232 below.
xxx Following p. 21.
- 21 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Dnepr
....... """"$M10%4*4 .........
Sputnik
Raketa
FIGURE 8. VACUUM CLEANERS PRODUCED IN THE USSR 1950-61
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
APPENDDC B
MAJOR PRODUCERS OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN THE USSR
1961
Refrigerators
Estimated
Production
(Thousand
Location and Name
Units)
Product Name
50X1
Baku
Consumer Electric Appliances Plant
15
Baku
Chelyabinsk
Yuryuzan' Kirov Engineering Plant
25
Yuryuzan'
Dnepropetrovsk
75
Dnepr
50X1
Leningrad
15
Leningrad
50X1
Minsk
Gas Apparatus Plant
10
N.A.
Mo scow
Motor Vehicle Plant imeni
120
Zil Moskva
Likhachev (ZIL)
Mo scow
Gas Apparatus Plant
10
Sever
Murom
Refrigeration Plant imeni
60
Oka
Ordzhonikidze
Orenburg
Refrigeration Equipment Plant
6
,Orenburg
Orsk
Prokop'yevsk
Electrical Apparatus Plant
25
Kuzbass
Rostov-na-Donu
Proletarskiy Molot Plant
10
Rostov Don
Saratov
Machine Building Plant
50 to 75
Saratov
Vasil'kov
Refrigeration Plant
30
Ukraina
Zaporoth'ye
Melitopol' Industrial Combine
10
N.A.
- 23 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Location and Name
Batumi
Electrical Engineering Plant
Chelyabinsk
N.A.
Frunze
Krasnyy Metallist
Khar'kov
Galvanized Ware Plant
Irkutsk.
Angara Washing Machine Works
Kishinev
Electrical Machinery Plant imeni
Kotovskiy
Mo scow
Kommunalfnik Machine Building
Plant
Moscow
Washing Machine Plant
imeni Vladimir Il'idh
Nithniy Tagil
Omsk
Washing Machine Plant
Riga
Electrical Machine Building Plant
Rostov-na-Donu
Washing Machine Plant
Sverdlovsk
Ural Electrical Appliance Plant
Washing Machines
- 2)4. -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Estimated
Production
(Thousand
Units)
Product Name
20 Batumi
10 Zarya
25 Kirgiziya
N.A. Kharikov
3 Khar'kov Khemz
12 N.A.
20 Nistru
4Dnestr
25 Snezhihka
25 )SIvIR
)SMM
N.A. Ural
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
25 Sibir'
200Riga 55
Riga 60
16 N.A.
37 Ural
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Location and Name
Tambov
Revtrud Plant
Tula
Stamp Plant
Location and Name
Ktartkov
Sewing Machine Plant
Orsha
Sewing Machine Plant
Podoilsk
Machinery Plant imeni Kalinin
Rzhev
Sewing Machine Plant imeni
Petrovskiy
Tula
Weapons Plant
Location and Name
Batumi
Electric Instruments Plant
Dnepropetrovsk
Radio Plant
Washing Machines
(Continued)
- 25 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Estimated
Production
(Thousand
Units)
Product Name 50X1
25 Tambov
N.A. Tula
Estimated
Production
(Thousand
Units)
70
Product Name
.4)1Kdar'kov
Bel'ka
200 Belarus'
)
1TUla
2,500 Volga
Podol'sk
20 Volga
200 Tula
Estimated
Production
(Thousand
Units)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
Product Name
N.A. N.A.
N.A.
Raketa, Sputnik
Dnepr 50X1
Raketa
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Location and Name
Leningrad
Electric Metalworking Plant
Mednogorsk
Ural Electric Motor Plant
Miass
Electrical Apparatus Plant
Moscow
Aviation Plant 43
Prokop'yevsk
Electric Machinery Plant
Pushkino
Consumer Electrical Appliance
Plant
Vil'nyus
Electric Welding Equipment Plant
Vacuum Cleaners
(Continued)
- 26 -
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
Estimated
Production
(Thousand
Units) Product Name 50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
70
Vikhrt
N.A. Uralets
N.A. N.A.
N.A. Chayka
N.A. Buran
50 EShch P-1
83 4Neris
Venta
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-T-A-L
APPENDIX C
METHODOLOGY
Much of the information in this report was obtained from overt source
material, including Soviet newspapers, periodicals, trade journals and
handbooks.
-27-
C -0 -N-F - I-D -E -N-T - I -A-L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
50X1
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
R
Next 2 Page(s) In Document Denied
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/29:
CIA-RDP79R01141A002300080002-5