SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FUELS AND POWER INDUSTRIES OF THE USSR IN 1961

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A002400070001-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 35
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 26, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 1, 1962
• Content Type: REPORT

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i
SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS
IN THE FUELS AND POWER INDUSTRIES OF THE USSR
IN 1961
July 1962
NOT TO BE REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR
IN PART WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF
THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
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This report has been loaned to the recipient
by the Central Intelligence Agency. When it
has served its purpose it should be destroyed
or returned to the:
C.I.A. Librarian
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington 25, D. C.
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SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS
IN THE FUELS AND POWER INDUSTRIES OF THE USSR
IN 1961
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Crude Oil and Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. Crude Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
B. Refining of Crude Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
C. Oil Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
D. Natural Gas Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
II. Solid Fuels (Coal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
III. Electric Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
IV. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A. Crude Oil and Petroleum Products . . . . . . . . . . 21
B. Coal and Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Appendix
Source References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Tables
1. Estimated Production of Primary Energy in the USSR, by
Source of Energy, 1958-61 and 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Estimated Production of Crude Oil in the USSR, 1955,
1958-62, and 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Estimated Production of Natural and Manufactured Gas in
the USSR, 1955, 1958-61, and Plans for 1962 and 1965 . .
4. Estimated Yield of Principal Petroleum Products in the
USSR, by Type of Product, 1958-61 and 1965 . . . . . . .
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Page
5. Estimated Increments in Refining Capacity in the USSR,
by Type of Process, 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Estimated Trunk Oil Pipelines Available and Commissioned
for Use in the USSR, 1955-61 and Plans for 1962 and
1965 .......................... 13
7. Estimated Transmission Gas Pipelines Available and Com-
missioned for Use in the USSR, 1955-61 and Plan for
1965 .......................... 15
8. Estimated Production of Coal and Coking Coal in the USSR,
1959-61 and Plans for 1962 and 1965 . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. Estimated Production of Electric Power by Thermal Elec-
tric and Hydroelectric Powerplants in the USSR, 1958-61
and Plans for 1962 and 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
10. Estimated Capacity of Thermal Electric and Hydroelectric
Powerplants in the USSR, 1958-61 and Plans for 1962 and
1965 .......................... 20
11. Estimated Trade in Crude Oil and Petroleum Products by
the USSR with the Free World and with the Sino-Soviet
Bloc, 1955-61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
12. Estimated Trade in Coal and Coke by the USSR with the
Free World and with the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1958-61 . . . 24
Figure 1. USSR: Estimated Production of Primary Energy,
by Source of Energy, 1958-61 and 1965 (Chart)
Figure 2. USSR: Construction Status of Major Petroleum
Pipelines Planned for Installation Through 1965
(Map) inside back cover . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 3. Central Asiatic USSR: Natural Gas Transmission
Pipelines, 1961 (Map) inside back cover
Figure 4. Western USSR: Natural Gas Transmission Pipe-
lines, 1961 (Map) inside back cover
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SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FUELS AND POWER INDUSTRIES
OF THE USSR IN 1961
Sunmiary and Conclusions
The estimated production of primary energy in the USSR in 1961 in-
creased 6.4 percent above production in 1960 and reached about 763 mil-
lion metric tons* of standard fuel.** Greater production of crude oil
and natural gas accounted for most of the increase, and their combined
share represented more than 40 percent of the total output of primary
energy in 1961 compared with only about 37 percent in 1960. The share
of coal declined to about 49 percent of the energy produced in 1961
compared with 52 percent in 1960, but coal continued to be the principal
source of energy.
All goals for production of energy in 1961 were achieved with the
exception of those for coal and natural gas. The goal for producing
511.7 million tons of coal was underfulfilled by nearly 2 million tons
as production declined to 510 million tons, an amount more than 3 million
tons below the level of production in 1960. The USSR produced 59 bil-
lion cubic meters (cu m) of natural gas in 1961 -- about 14 billion cu m
more than were produced in 1960 and about 4 percent below the plan of
61.4 billion cu m. Production of crude oil reached 166 million tons --
2 million tons above the plan and 18 million tons above production in
1960. The generation of electric power reached the planned level of
327 billion kilowatt-hours (kwh), an increase of about 35 billion kwh
above production in 1960, in spite of the fact that the plan for in-
stalling new generating capacity was underfulfilled for the fourth con-
secutive year. The other less important sources of energy -- peat, oil
shale, fuelwood, and hydroelectric power -- represented about 11 percent
of the total primary energy, about the same share as in 1960, and in
absolute quantities only hydroelectric power showed a significant change,
increasing from an estimated production of 23.9 million tons of standard
fuel in 1960 to 26.7 million tons in 1961.
The most significant fact concerning the fuels and power industries
of the USSR in 1961, as shown in Table 1,*** was the continuation of an
earlier pattern of development in which the share of oil and gas in the
Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
Standard fuel has a calorific value of 7,000 kilocalories per
kilogram.
Table 1 follows on p. 2.
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Estimated Production of Primary Energy in the USSR, by Source of Energy a
1958-61 and 1965
1960__
1961 b/
Million Metric
Tons of
Percent
Million Metric
Tons of
Percent
Million Metric
Tons of
Percent
Million Metric
Tons of
Percent
Million Metric
Tons of
Percent
Source of Energy
Standard Fuel ~/
of Total
Standard Fuel 2/
of Total
Standard Fuel L/
of Total
Standard Fuel c/
of Total
Standard Fuel I/
of Total
Coal
362.1
56.7
370.0
54.3
373.1
52.1
372.3
48.8
423.8 d/
39.6
Crude oil
161.9
25.3
185.3
27.2
211.4
29.5
237.4
31.1
379.0 e/
35.5
Natural gas
33.9
5.3
42.5
6.2
54.4
7.6
7o.8
9.3
162.0 f/
15.2
Peat
21.1
3.3
23.0
3.4
20.4
2.8
21.7
2.8
27.0
2.5
Shale
4.5
0.7
4.6
0.7
4.8
0.7
5.0
0.7
7.5
0.7
Fuelwood
32.9
5.2
34.0
5.0
28.7
4.0
28.7
3.8
25.7
2.4
Hydroelectric power
22.3
3.5
21.8
3.2
23.9
3.3
26.7
3.5
41.0
3.8
Nuclear electric power h/
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
Negl.
3.0
0.3
Total
638.7
100.0
681.2
100.0
716.7
100.0
762.6
100.0
1,069.0
100.0
a. Unless otherwise indicated, data are based on source 1 (For serially numbered source references, see the Appendix.)
b. Estimated on the basis of data in source 2/.
c. The term standard fuel refers to a measure adopted by Soviet authorities for the purpose of comparing fuels on the basis of their calorific values. Standard
fuel is defined as having a calorific value of 7,000 kilocalories per kilogram.
d. Computed on the basis of an estimated production of 565 million metric tons in 1965. The plan is 600 million to 612 million metric tons.
e. Computed on the basis of an estimated production of 265 million metric tons in 1965. The plan is 240 million metric tons.
f. Computed on the basis of an estimated production of 135 billion cubic meters in 1965. The plan is 148.3 billion cubic meters.
9 .3 /
h. Estimated.
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total production of primary energy has been increasing as the share of
coal has declined (see Figure 1). Perhaps the most important aspect of
Natural Gas
Other
25%
27%
3096
3196
356
596
8%
'--
13i
/
13
'--
9%
0
109"0
11%
1596
_---
1096
57%
54916
52%
49o
i
40%
1958 1959 1960 1961 1965
USSR: Estimated Production of Primary Energy, by Source of Energy,
1958-61 and 1965
36163 4-62
the continuing pattern of development was the increase in Soviet oil ex-
ports. Compared with 1960, net oil exports to the Free World increased
by 28 percent and are estimated to have reached 25.6 million tons in 1961.
Oil has been the major export item in Soviet trade agreements with many
industrialized Western countries, and the expansion of such exports to
these countries enhances Soviet capabilities to buy industrial equipment
and supplies, including tankers, large-diameter steel pipe, and pipeline
equipment needed to expand and improve the transportation system associ-
ated with the Soviet oil export program. The USSR continued to improve
its trade relations with less developed countries in part by offering to
exchange oil for local commodities for which no world market is readily
available, by reducing oil prices, and by accepting payment for oil in
soft currencies.
The gas industry continued to be plagued by a shortage of compressor
equipment for pipelines, by inadequate city distribution systems, and
by a lack of gas-consuming equipment, all of which contributed to the
underfulfillment of the plan for production of gas.
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Approximately 7,800 kilometers (km) of oil and gas pipelines were
completed for use in 1961 compared with only about 5,000 km in 1960.
It is estimated that 3,600 km were trunk oil pipelines and the remain-
ing 4,200 km were transmission gas pipelines. The oil pipeline con-
struction effort was concentrated on the Brody-to-Uzhgorod section of
the "Pipeline of Friendship" being constructed between Kuybyshev and
the European Satellites, the crude oil line to Irkutsk, the product
line to Chita, and the crude oil line to Leningrad. The gas pipeline
construction effort appears to have been concentrated on the second
line from Shebelinka to Dnepropetrovsk and the initial lines from
Serpukhov to Noginsk and from Gor'kiy to Cherepovets.
Over-all developments in the coal industry probably were a dis-
appointment to the USSR. Inadequate additions to capacity undoubtedly
contributed to failure to fulfill the plan for production of coal. Very
little progress was made in hydraulic mining, and the costs of produc-
ing coal showed only a slight decline from the 1960 levels. As yet,
costs in the Seven Year Plan have not been reduced below the costs of
production of 1958.
Although no new petroleum refineries were commissioned for use in
1961, it is estimated that refining capacity in the USSR increased to
168.2 million tons and processed l13 million tons of crude oil charge.
The percentage yields of light products continued to decrease relative
to the percentage increase in heavy diesel fuel and fuel oils. This
trend toward less emphasis on light products reflects both domestic
demand patterns and also limited secondary refining facilities. A
continuation of this trend may permit the USSR to reduce the time re-
quired for constructing refineries by permitting concentration on less
complex refineries.
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I. Crude Oil and Natural Gas
A. Production
1. Crude Oil
Production of crude oil in the USSR in 1961 reached 166 mil-
lion tons, 2 million tons above plan and 18 million tons, or 12 percent,
above production in 1960. J In 1962, production of crude oil reportedly
will increase more than 19 million tons, j/ which indicates a goal of
more than 185 million tons. However, in the light of past performance,
it is estimated that the goal for production of crude oil for 1962 may
be overfulfilled and that production may reach about 188 million tons.
Soviet successes in overfulfilling annual plans for produc-
tion of crude oil in the past form the basis for estimating a signifi-
cant overfulfillment of the goal of producing 240 million tons of crude
oil in 1965. It is estimated that the 1965 goal for production of crude
oil may be overfulfilled by as much as 25 million tons and that produc-
tion may reach 265 million tons, a level that can be achieved by an
average annual increase slightly in excess of 12 percent. The estimated
production of crude oil in the USSR in 1955, 1958-62, and 1965 is given
in Table 2.
Estimated Production of Crude Oil in the USSR
1955, 1958-62, and 1965
Amount
1955
70.8
1958
113.2
1959
129.6
1960
1+7.9
1961
166 W
1962
188 c/
1965
265 c/
a. Unless otherwise indicated, data are from
source 6/.
b. 7/
c. Estimated.
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The much-publicized discoveries of crude oil at Zhetybay
on the Mangyshlak Peninsula in western Kazakhstan and at Shaim and
Megion in the western Siberian lowlands are not yet making any sig-
nificant contributions to.the national output. Development of produc-
tion in these regions will be particularly important in increasing pro-
duction of crude oil after 1970.
The volume of exploratory and developmental drilling for
crude oil and natural gas in 1961 was 8.7 million meters (m) -- 0.3
million m below the goal for total drilling, 9 million m. The short-
fall resulted largely from a failure to meet the plan for exploratory
drilling. Total exploratory and developmental drilling for crude oil
and natural gas in the USSR during 1959-61 and plans for 1960-62 and
1965 are as follows:
Thousand Meters
1959
7,148
1960 Plan
8,124
1960
7,715
1961 Plan
9,000
1961
8,700
1962 Plan 8/
9,300
1965 Plan
16,042
It is extremely doubtful if the USSR can achieve the 1965
Plan for drilling. To the extent that the underfulfillment is in ex-
ploratory drilling, as expected, it will not have an adverse effect on
production of oil at least through 1965. Exploitation of fields now
defined probably would permit achievement of the goals. Moreover, the
USSR has been able to increase the productivity of existing wells sub-
stantially by an extensive pressure maintenance program.
2. Natural Gas
Production of natural gas in the USSR in 1961 amounted to
59 billion cu m, falling short of the planned 61.4 billion cu m by about
4 percent. J The USSR is planning an increase in production of gas of
only about 11.5 billion cu m in 1962. 10/ This figure represents the
smallest planned annual increase in production of gas during the Seven
Year Plan and may allow the natural gas industry to overfulfill its
production goal for the first time. Anything short of a major over-
fulfillment of the goal of about 70.4 billion cu m in 1962, or a sig-
nificant shift in priorities during 1963-65, would indicate that the
-6-
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1965 goal for producing 148.3 billion cu m of natural gas is unattain-
able. It is estimated that production of natural gas in the USSR in
1965 may be about 10 percent below plan and may reach only about 135
billion cu in. The estimated production of natural and manufactured
gas in the USSR in 1955, 1958-62, and 1965 is given in Table 3.
Table 3
Estimated Production of Natural and Manufactured Gas in the USSR a/
1955, 1958-61, and Plans for 1962 and 1965
Year
Plan
Actual
Natural Gas
Manufactured Gas b/
1955
N.A.
10.356
8.981
1.375
1958
31.2
29.892
28.084
1.808
1959
41.1
37.267
35.391
1.876
1960
53.3
47.214
45.303
1.911
1961
63.2
60.9
59
1.9 c/
1962
72.4
72.4
70.4 c/
2.0 c/
1965 c/
150
137
135
2
a. Unless otherwise indicated, data are from source 11 .
b. From shale and the underground gasification of coal.
c. Estimated.
Although there has been no official indication of a reduc-
tion in the plan for gas extraction in 1965, certain regional shifts
in extraction for that year have been announced. These announced re-
visions called for increases of 3.3 billion cu m in Uzbek SSR and 4.5
billion cu m in the Ukrainian SSR, 12/ compensating for a reduction in
the planned extraction of natural gas primarily in the Urals-Volga area.
These regional shifts reflect the geographic pattern of success achieved
in making additions to proved reserves during 1959-60.
The principal reasons for failure to achieve plans for
production of natural gas continue to be shortcomings in transmission
and consumption. Although the gas transmission lines constructed and
commissioned for use during 1959-61 probably were more than adequate
to transport the planned increases in production of gas during the
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period, the theoretical throughput capacities were not being achieved,
either because compressors were not available or because potential con-
sumers were not prepared. In 1961, as in 1960, gas turbine compressors
were in short supply. Although the substitution of electric drive com-
pressors has partially alleviated the problem, the construction of
electric power transmission facilities paralleling the gas lines has
not developed at planned rates. 13/
In the first half of 1961, lack of consuming equipment led
to an underfulfillment of 1 billion cu m in the plan for production of
natural gas at the Shebelinka field in the eastern Ukraine. Except for
this lack of consumer preparation, the Shebelinka field would have ful-
filled the plan. The Kharkov Sovnarkhoz officials responsible for the
region were particularly perturbed when the field organizations were
criticized for not fulfilling the plan, and, in replying to this criti-
cism, the Chairman of the Khar'khov Sovnarkhoz stated that there was no
one brave enough to petition the Council of Ministers, USSR, to reduce
the plan for production of natural gas in the Shebelinka area. 14
B. Refining of Crude Oil
It is estimated that the USSR had a yield of 131.6 million tons
of refined products in 1961, 12 million tons (or 10 percent) above
1960. 15 The percentage yield of light products and lubricant stocks
continued to decrease, but there continued to be an increase in the
relative output of heavy diesel and residual fuels. Present demand
patterns developing in the USSR do not reflect very substantial re-
quirements for high-octane gasoline. The USSR is attempting to shape
the domestic demand for petroleum products to compensate for the rela-
tive scarcity of secondary refining -facilities. The yield of gasoline,
kerosine, and light diesel fuel declined from 50.4 percent in 1960 to
48.8 percent in 1961, and concomitantly the yield of residuals increased
from 33.6 to 35.0 percent. Proportionally smaller yields of light prod-
ucts will result in improvements in quality and may permit future con-
struction of less complex refineries to be accomplished in a relatively
short period of time. The estimated yields of principal petroleum prod-
ucts in the USSR during 1958-61 and 1965 are given in Table 4.*
It is believed that the quality of refined products improved in
1961 primarily as a result of the rehabilitation, modernization, and
better use of existing refineries and, to a lesser extent, as the re-
sult of the installation of new catalytic refining capacity. 16/ The
average octane rating of gasoline increased and the sulfur content of
light diesel fuel decreased. It is also significant that the freezing
point of winter-grade light diesel fuel was lowered -- possibly as a
result of blending with low-grade gasoline. 17
* Table+ follows on p. 9.
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Estimated Yield of Principal Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Type of Product
1958-61 and 1965
Product
Million
Metric Tons
Percent
of Total
Million
Metric Tons
Percent
of Total
Million
Metric Tons
Percent
of Total
Million
Metric Tons
Percent
of Total
Million
Metric Tons
Percent
of Total
Distillates
Light products
Gasoline
22.5
21.6
24.1
20.8
26.0
20.0
27.6
19.3
35.4
16.5
Kerosine
12.5
12.0
13.8
11.9
15.3
11.8
16.7
11.7
24.0
11.2
Light diesel fuel
21.2
20.4
22.6
19.5
24.2
18.6
25.5
17.8
31.8
14.9
Subtotal
56.2
54.0
60.5
52.2
65.5
50.4
69.8
48.8
91.2
42.6
Heavy diesel fuel
3.5
3.4
4.2
3.6
4.9
3.8
5.9
4.1
11.2
5.2
Total distillates
.59.7
57.4
64.7
55.8
70.4
54.2
75.7
52.9
102.4
47.8
Lubricant base oils
56
4`4
4L-I
5-5
4.2
5-9
4.1
7.9
3.7
Residuals and other products
31.4
30.2
37.0
31.9
43.7
33.6
50-2
35.0
86.3
40.5
Total output of petroleum products
95.7
2.0
106.7
2.0
119.6
92.0
131.6
2.0
92.0
Gas and loss
8-3
8.0
9-3
8.0
10.4
8.o
11.4
8.o
17.0
8.0
Grand total
104.0
100.0
116.0
100.0
130.0
100.0
143.0
100.0
214.0
100.0
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Total primary refining capacity in the USSR in 1961 is esti-
mated to have amounted to 168.2 million tons,* 10.9 million tons above
that in 1960. It is believed that no new refineries were put into
operation in 1961. Frequently in the USSR, partially completed re-
fineries are commissioned with the expectation that they will be raised
to full capacity at a later date. Although in 1961 work at most of the
refineries in operation but still under construction proceeded at an
accelerated pace, 12 of the 14 refineries commissioned for use during
the postwar period were estimated to be operating at considerably less
than design capacity. The estimated increase in primary refining
capacity in the USSR in 1961 is believed to have resulted primarily
from the completion of new refinery processing sections at the pre-
viously commissioned refineries in Perm', 19/ Angarsk, 20 and Novo-
Gor'kiy. 21/ Significant increases in refinery output -- especially
at the Novo-Ufimskiy, L2/ Baku, 23 Moscow, 24 and Kuybyshev 25/ re-
fineries -- reportedly resulted primarily from automation and, to a
lesser extent, from process innovations and new construction.
Six major refineries which have not yet been put into opera-
tion were under construction in the USSR in 1961. Initial construc-
tion was begun on the 6.6-million-ton Kirishi refinery, and construc-
tion was continued at the other five inoperative refineries 26 as
follows :
Probable Final Capacity
Location of Refinery (Million Tons)
Kremenchug 27 6.6
Novo-Yaroslavl' 28 6.6
Pavlodar 29 6.6
Polotsk 30 6.6
Kritovo 31/ 2.6
Construction also continued at the operating refineries at
Fergana, Omsk, Ryazan', and Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad). In
addition, the Soviet authorities announced that six new refineries,
probably including the one under construction at Kremenchug, were to
be constructed in the Ukraine. 32
Serious lags in the completion of secondary refining capacity
in the USSR continued in 1961. 33 There continued to be an imbalance
* Based on an estimated crude oil charge of 143 million tons and an
assumed operation at 85 percent of refining capacity -- a level of
operation which has become common in the USSR. 18/
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between secondary and primary refining facilities, and the total
secondary refining capacity probably still was below the level re-
quired to achieve the desired qualities and proportions in the prod-
uct mix. There was official criticism of the frequent early comple-
tion of the relatively simple and less costly primary facilities
concomitant with the deferred completion of the relatively complex
and more costly secondary facilities needed to raise the quality of
petroleum products. 34/ The estimated increments in refining capacity
in the USSR for 1961, by type of process, are shown in Table 5.
Estimated Increments in Refining Capacity in the USSR, by Type of Process
1961
Refining Capacity
Increase in 1961
(Million Metric Tons)
Type of Process
1960
1961
Million Metric
Tons
Percent
Primary distillation
157.3
168.2
10.9
6.9
Secondary process
Thermal conversion
31.5
33.6
2.1
6.7
Catalytic cracking
22.0
26.1
4.1
18.6
Catalytic reforming
5.4
6.7
1.3
24.1
Catalytic hydrotreating
12.4
16.1
3.7
29.8
C. Oil Pipelines
The length of crude oil and petroleum product pipelines com-
pleted for use in 1961 probably exceeded the 1960 level by 3,000 km. A
preliminary estimate indicates that perhaps as much as 3,600 km* were
* Soviet pronouncements in various technical journals regarding both
oil and gas pipeline construction and/or oil and gas pipelines com-
missioned for use are often confused and conflicting. Many of these
Soviet statements on pipelines cannot be reconciled. A notable example
follows: Various Soviet announcements indicate that a total of about
11,200 km of oil and gas pipelines was commissioned for use in 1959 and
1960. It was announced that 7,800 km 35 of pipelines were commissioned
for use in 1961, making a total of 19,000 km commissioned for use during
1959-61, the first 3 years of the Seven [footnote continued on p. 12]
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completed for use in 1961,* compared with only 600 km reported in
1960. 37/ It is probable that 20,900 km of trunk crude oil and petro-
leum product pipelines were available for use in the USSR at the end
of 1961. Trunk oil pipelines available for use and commissioned for
use annually in the USSR during 1955-61 and planned for 1962 and 1965
are given in Table 6.**
The total oil pipeline construction planned for 1961 was
2,775 km. 38 In 1962, work is to be initiated on 5,107 km of oil
pipelines, 39 but only 2,000 km are planned to be completed for use
in that year.-- 41 The accompanying map, Figure 2,t shows the major
oil pipelines available for use at the end of 1961 and planned for
installation by the end of 1965.
The oil pipeline construction effort in 1961 was concentrated
on the Brody-to-Uzhgorod section of the "Pipeline of Friendship" being
constructed between Kuybyshev and the European Satellites, the crude
oil line to Irkutsk, the product line to Chita, and the crude oil line
to Leningrad. The "Pipeline of Friendship" is to fulfill the three-
fold purpose of supplying Soviet crude oil to the European Satellite
countries, linking export bases on the Baltic with the producing fields,
and contributing to a more adequate distribution of crude oil internally.
The 324-km Brody-Uzhgorod portion on the southern branch of the system
was completed for use in 1961, almost 10 months ahead of schedule.
Until the remaining parts of the entire system are finished, Soviet
crude oil will be delivered by rail tank car to Brody, at which point
Year Plan. Early in 1962 it was announced that more than 16,000 km -3- 7
of oil and gas pipelines were constructed and commissioned for use dur-
ing the first 3 years of the Seven Year Plan. Although these two fig-
ures cannot be reconciled, it is believed that the construction and
commissioning of 19,000 km of pipelines during the 3-year period is
probably more nearly correct -- at least, annual announcements on
pipeline construction and commissioning during 1959-61 indicate a total
closer to 19,000 than to 16,000 km. An estimate of total oil and gas
pipelines commissioned for use in 1961 based on a summation of the lengths
of the individual lines believed to have been brought into service is in
agreement with the Soviet announcement of having brought 7,800 km of oil
and gas pipelines into service in 1961.
* A good portion of the 3,600 km of oil pipelines completed for use in
1961 probably was installed in the earlier years.
Table 6 follows on p. 13.
It also has been reported in Soviet publications that a maximum of
only 800 km of trunk oil pipelines will be commissioned for use in
1962. LO/
t Inside back cover.
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Table 6
Estimated Trunk Oil Pipelines Available and Commissioned for Use
in the USSR
1955-61 and Plans for 1962 and 1965
(1)
(2)
(3)
Year
End-of-Year
Availability
Commissioned Annually
1955
l0.4
N.A.
1956
11.6
1.2
1957
13.2
1.6
1958
14.4
1.2
1959
16.7
2.3
1960
17.3
0.6
1961
20.9
3.6 Cl
1962 Plan
22.9 d/
2.0 e/
1965 Plan
45.4 f/
N.A.
a. Unless otherwise indicated, data are from source L2/.
b. Unless otherwise indicated, data are derived from column 2.
c. The USSR announced that 7,800 km of gas and oil pipelines were
commissioned for use in 1961. A total of 4,200 km is estimated to be
gas lines on the basis of a summation of the individual gas lines be-
lieved to have been put into operation, and the remaining 3,600 km
are estimated to be oil pipelines. However, a Soviet official reported
that more than 20,000 km of trunk oil pipelines were available for use
at the end of 1961, 43 and this statement would indicate that the USSR
may have commissioned only about 2,700 km of trunk oil pipelines in
1961.
d. Computed from the 1962 plan for commissioning 2,000 km of oil
pipelines.
e. 44/. It also has been reported that a maximum of only 800 km of
trunk oil pipelines will be commissioned for use in 1962. 45/
f. Computed on the basis of the Seven Year Plan for constructing and
commissioning 31,000 km of pipelines during 1959-65-
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the crude oil will be placed into the pipeline for transport to
Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, and eventually to Szazhalombatta, Hungary.
Also during 1961, construction was begun on the 475-km section from
Mozyr' to Brest and on the 250-km section designed to transport crude
oil from the producing fields at Al'met'yevsk into Kuybyshev, the
origin of the "Pipeline of Friendship" system. 46/
Reports indicate that both the Tuymazy-Irkutsk crude oil pipe-
line and the separate but parallel petroleum product pipeline under
construction to Chita probably have been completed as far as Uyar, 47/
about 100 km east of Krasnoyarsk. At Uyar a large storage base is being
constructed for use as a transfer point. At this point and until the
crude line is completed to Irkutsk, the crude oil will be transferred
to rail tank cars for delivery to the Angarsk refinery. Construction
of the crude oil pipeline to Irkutsk has met with considerable diffi-
culty, largely because of severe climatic conditions and a lack of
steel pipe. Originally scheduled for completion in 1960, it now appears
doubtful that the pipeline will be finished until 1963.
A significant effort was expended in 1961 to install a consider-
able portion of the 1,500-km crude oil pipeline from Al'met'yevsk to
Leningrad. The 580-km section from Al'met'yevsk to Gor'kiy was com-
pleted and work was begun on the 300-km link between Gor'kiy and
Yaroslavl'. L8/ If current constilu.ction rates are maintained, it is
probable that the final section, Yaroslavl' to Leningrad, may be com-
pleted by early 1963. In addition to supplying refineries under con-
struction at Gor'kiy, Yaroslavl', and Kirishi, the completed pipeline
will greatly augment Soviet capabilities for export of petroleum,
particularly to the Scandinavian countries.
Finally, of lesser importance than the Leningrad line, but with
possibly some bearing on the capability of the USSR to export petroleum,
is a 190-km, 20-inch crude oil line which was completed in 1961 to allow
transportation of crude oil from Ozek-Suat in Stavropol'skiy Kray to oil
refineries in Groznyy. From Groznyy, petroleum products may be trans-
ported by existing pipelines to Trudovaya and further to the export bases
of Novorossiysk and Tuapse on the Black Sea.
D. Natural Gas Pipelines
On the basis of preliminary reports it is estimated that
4,200 km of gas transmission pipelines were commissioned for use in
1961, compared with the plan calling for commissioning of 3,700 km. L9/
About 25,700 km of gas transmission pipelines are estimated to have
been available for use at the end of 1961.
The original Seven Year Plan calling for the construction and
commissioning of 26,000 km of gas transmission pipelines during 1959-65
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is believed to have been revised upward by 3,500 km to 29,500 km. 50/
Transmission gas pipelines available and commissioned for use in the
USSR during 1955-61 and planned for 1965 are given in Table 7.
Table 7
Estimated Transmission Gas Pipelines Available and Commissioned
for Use in the USSR a/
1955-61 and Plan for 1965
(1)
(2)
(3)
Year
End-of-Year
Availability
Commissioned Annually
1955
5.9
N.A.
1956
7.9
2.0
1957
10.1
2.2
1958
13.2 J
3.1
1959
17.1
3.9
1960
21.5
4.4
1961
25.7
4.2
1965 Plan
42.7 d/
a. Unless otherwise indicated, data are from source .2-1/.
b. Derived from column 2.
c. 52/.
d. Revised figure. The original Seven Year Plan for constructing and
commissioning 26,000 km of transmission gas pipelines during 1959-65 is
believed to have been revised upward to 29,500 km. A summation of the
length of individual gas transmission pipelines apparently planned for
construction indicates that if they are all completed by 1965, the re-
vised plan goal will be overfulfilled.
The large-diameter (28-inch to 40-inch) transmission gas pipe-
lines commissioned for use in the USSR in 1961 include the following:
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Origin
Diameter
(Inches)
Length
(Kilometers)
Belgorod
Ostrogozhsk 53
40
170
Shebelinka
Dnepropetrovsk No. 2
54/
32
21.2
Serpukhov
Noginsk
32
207
Gor'kiy
Cherepovets 56
Probably 28
600
Kumertau
Ishimbay 7
28
100
Tashkent
Chimkent 755b/
28
134
It is estimated that only about 400 km of 40-inch transmission
gas pipelines were installed in 1961, of which about 200 km were installed
on the Gazli-Urals transmission gas line system. Transmission gas pipe-
lines available for use in 1961 and planned for installation by 1965 in
the USSR are shown in the accompanying maps, Figures 3 and 4.*
II. Solid Fuels (Coal)**
In 1961 the plan for production of coal -- 511.7 million tons --
was underfulfilled by about 2 million tons. Production of coal de-
clined to 510 million tons compared with a figure of 513.2 million
tons in 1960. 59/ This is the second consecutive year that the plan
for production of coal has been underfulfilled. Although the total
production of energy coal is estimated to have been reduced by 5 mil-
lion tons, falling from 403 million tons in 1960 to 398 million tons
in 1961, the domestic supplies of energy coal are believed to have
been more than adequate.
A good deal of the reduction in production of energy coal probably
occurred in the Moscow Basin, where production of high-cost lignite
was scheduled to decline in accordance with the objectives of the Seven
Year Plan. In the Donets Basin the USSR had a surplus of anthracite
fines, an energy coal which is used best in electric power stations.
Because both Bulgaria and Hungary reportedly are planning to build
electric power stations with the expectation of using Donets coal, an
excess of this coal over domestic requirements is expected to continue
well into the future.
Inside back cover.
Except for the data on production of peat, shale, and fuelwood
given in Table 1, p. 2, above, the discussion of solid fuels in this
report is limited to coal.
Production of lignite in the Moscow Basin, according to the Seven
Year Plan, is to decline from about 47 million tons in 1958 to 35 mil-
lion tons in 1965. During 1959-60, production of lignite in the Moscow
Basin was reduced by 4.4 million tons.
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The supplies of coking coal in the USSR in 1961 were barely suf-
ficient to meet the demand. The total production of raw coking coal
was 112 million tons, or about 2 percent more than in 1960. Because
of difficulties in the Donets Basin, which normally contributes about
58 percent of the total output of coking coal in the USSR, the plan
for production of coking coal probably was underfulfilled. Signifi-
cantly, new deposits of coking coal with reserves estimated to be
40 million to 50 million tons 60/ were discovered in the Urals, an
area with no previous known reserves of coking coal.
During 1961, there was continued emphasis on production of better
quality coal, a higher degree of mechanization and automation, an
increase in labor productivity, and a reduction in costs. The gain in
labor productivity was about 3.6 percent, and the average monthly out-
put per worker reached 44.4 tons, compared with about 42.9 tons in
1960. Employment evidently declined, although the industry still had
more than 1 million workers on production of coal. The Seven Year
Plan called for a 12-percent reduction in the cost of producing coal.
In spite of reductions in costs in 1960 and 1961 of 2.4 and 1.25 per-
cent, respectively, the cost of producing coal remains about 3 percent
above the 1958 level. As a result of the conversion to a shorter work
week and the upward revision of wage rates, the cost of producing coal
increased about 6 percent in 1959, the first year of the Seven Year
Plan. Very unsatisfactory progress in the development of hydraulic
mining has retarded the expected reduction in costs. Production of
coal by the hydraulic method was 3 million tons in 1961, only 1.2 mil-
lion tons more than production by this method in 1960, and the 1965
target of 41.6 million tons appears to be unattainable. 61/
The 1962 Plan calls for production of coal to increase by 6.4 mil-
lion tons, indicating a probable target of about 516 million tons.
Presumably, all of the increment will consist of coking coal, in view
of the planned expansion in output of pig iron and the commensurate
increase in requirements for coke.* The chronic lag in construction
of mining and preparation facilities, especially in the Donets Basin,
may affect the supply of coking coal in 1962. Table 8 shows produc-
tion of coal and coking coal in the USSR for 1959-61 and the plans for
1962 and 1965.
III. Electric Power
Production of electric power in the USSR in 1961 reached the
planned level of 327 billion kwh, an increase of about 35 billion
kwh, or 12 percent above 1960.. The estimated production for 1959-61
Production of pig iron, according to plan, will increase from
approximately 50.9 million tons in 1961 to 56 million tons in 1962. 62
Table 8 follows on p. 18.
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Estimated Production of Coal and Coking Coal in the USSR
1959-61 and Plans for 1962 and 1965
Coking Coal
Coal
Percent of
Year
(Million Metric Tons)
Million Metric Tons
Total Coal
1959
506.6 a/
100.8 J
19.9
1960
513.2
110.2 a
21.5
1961
510.0 b/
112 c
22.0
1962 Plan
516.4
119 J
23.0
1965 Plan
565 f/
153 E/
27.1
a. 63
b. /
c.
d. An increase of 6.4 million tons compared with 1961. L61
e. Estimate based on planned increase in production of pig iron
compared with 1961 Plan and on other factors. 67/
f. Estimated. The official plan calls for 600 million to 612 million
tons. L8/
g. The midpoint of the official plan, which calls for 150 million to
156 million tons. 69
and that planned for 1962 and 1965 are shown in Table 9.* The plan for
producing electric power in 1962 calls for an increase of 11.9 percent,
the same as in 1961, to a production of 366 billion kwh. An average
annual increase of about 12 percent during the last 3 years of the
plan period will be required to reach the planned goal of 520 billion
kwh.
New generating capacity installed by the Soviet electric power in-
dustry during 1961 was reportedly more than 7,000 megawatts (mw), 70
about 800 mw below the plan for installing 7,800 mw. Continued failure
* Table 9 follows on p. 19.
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Table 9
Estimated Production of Electric Power
by Thermal Electric and Hydroelectric Powerplants in the USSR
1958-61 and Plans for 1962 and 1965
Type of 1962 1965
Powerplant 1958 J 1959 a/ 1960 a/ 1961 Plan 2/ Plan J
Thermal electric. e/ 188.9 217.5 241.4 270 300 420
Hydroelectric 46.5 47.6 50.9 57 66 J loo
Total 235.4 265.1 292.3 327 366 520
a. 71
b. 72/
c. 73//
d.
e. Residual.
f. Increments based on estimated production of new capacity given in
Table 10, p. 20, below.
to install capacity as planned can be offset only to a limited degree
by a more intensive utilization of existing capacity. Powerplant
utilization in the USSR increased from 53 percent in 1957 to 55 per-
cent in 1961. Fifty percent of national capacity is found in the
public utility thermal electric powerplants, which can operate at up
to 90 percent of capacity. It is at these powerplants that the Soviet
authorities hope to increase the national average for powerplant utili-
zation up to 57 percent in 1965. It is doubtful that any significant
increase above this level can be attained during the Seven Year Plan
period because about 50 percent of capacity is found in hydroelectric
powerplants and in small scattered powerplants where the more intensive
utilization of capacity is limited by the water flow and by the load
factor of the consumer, respectively.
The underfulfillment was primarily a result of the failure to in-
stall large turbogenerators as planned and to a lesser extent the
failure to install hydrogenerators. For the fourth consecutive year
the installation of new capacity for generating electric power was
inadequate. The estimated total capacity for 1959-61 and the plans
for 1962 and 1965 are shown in Table l0.*
* Table 10 follows on p. 20.
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Estimated Capacity of Thermal Electric and Hydroelectric Powerplants
in the USSR
1958-61 and Plans for 1962 and 1965
Megawatts
Type of
1962
1965
Powerplant
1958
1959.a/
1960 a/
1961 /
Plan a/
Plan
Thermal electric
42,778
46,557
51,940
57,400
63,900
88,000
Hydroelectric
10,863
12,710
14,781
16,400
18,800
25,000
Total
53,641
59,267
66,721
73,800
82,700
113,000
a. 75
b.
c. Based on the planned addition of 8,900 mw, of which 6,500 mw is
thermal capacity, 77 to the estimated total for 1961.
d. Derived from the planned increase of 58,000 to 60,000 mw during
the Seven Year Plan. 78 Increases in hydroelectric generating
capacity during the period will be approximately 14,000 mw. 79
During 1961, several significant developments occurred in the
electric power industry in the USSR, as follows: The first 900 mw
of generating capacity were placed in operation at the Bratsk Hydro-
electric Powerplant at the end of 1961; upon its completion in 1963,
the plant will be the largest powerplant in the world, with a capacity
of 4,500 mw. The first stage of the 500-kv network in East Siberia
was placed in operation from Bratsk to Angarsk in Irkutskaya Oblast.
The network will eventually transmit power to the European part of the
country and will thus represent one of the most important projects in
the planned development of electric power in the USSR. It is esti-
mated that in 1961 the USSR placed six 200-mw turbogenerators in
operation. In view of the fact that the first such unit was planned
to be in operation in 1959 and was not actually operational until the
end of 1960, the 1961 performance indicated that the USSR has finally
mastered the techniques of serial production, installation, and opera-
tion of these larger units. The planned installation of a 300-mw unit
did not take place, however, indicating technical problems in units of
the next larger size. The USSR also did not place in operation the
first sections of the Beloyarsk and Novo-Voronezh nuclear powerplants
as had been planned. During 1961 the electrification of the Trans-
Siberian Railroad from Moscow to Lake Baykal, a distance of 5,500 km,
was completed, making this line by far the longest electrified rail-
road in the world.
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A. Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
The export of crude oil and petroleum products from the USSR
continues to be an important factor in the economy of the country and
in the furthering of Soviet political ambitions. In 1961, as in pre-
vious years, trade agreements with the industrialized countries of the
Free World often involved a large Soviet oil export quota as a means
of helping to finance imports of industrial goods and equipment needed
to support the planned levels of industrial growth. Under the terms
of many of these agreements the USSR is acquiring material and equip-
ment such as large-diameter steel pipe, pipeline equipment, and tankers
needed to develop and expand a transportation system for exporting oil.
In accordance with a barter agreement, the USSR is to supply Italy with
12 million tons of oil during 1961-64 in exchange for 240,000 tons of
40-inch steel pipe, pipeline equipment, and rubber. Italy shipped the
first of the 40-inch steel pipe to the USSR late in 1961. In January
1962, Sweden made the first delivery on an agreement to supply 135,000
tons of large-diameter steel pipe to the USSR. Also, it is estimated
that during 1959-61 the USSR received about 500,000 tons of 40-inch
steel pipe from West Germany which is believed to have been used in
constructing transmission gas pipelines. The terms of trade offered
to less developed countries also were especially attractive, in that
the USSR was able to offer a market for local commodities that other-
wise might have been difficult to dispose of, was able to offer oil at
reduced prices, and/or willingly accepted payment for the oil in soft
currencies.
In 1961 the total Soviet net exports of crude oil and petro-
leum products are estimated to have increased by 6.6 million tons, to
35.6 million tons. Net exports to other countries of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc are estimated to have reached about 10 million tons, an increase
of 1 million tons, or 11 percent above the 1960 level. The greatest
increase in exports was shown in the deliveries of crude oil and petro-
leum products to countries of the Free World. The total Soviet net
exports to the Free World in 1961 increased 5.6 million tons, or by
about 28 percent, to a total of 25.6 million tons.* About 15 million
tons, or 60 percent, represented crude oil and the remainder, about
10 million tons, or 40 percent, represented petroleum products. Italy
is estimated to have imported 6.3 million tons of oil from the USSR in
1961, about 90 percent of which was crude oil, and was the USSR's
leading customer in the Free World. Cuba was second and is estimated
* Net exports by the Soviet Bloc of petroleum products and crude oil
to the Free World in 1961 are estimated to be 29.4 million tons, the
Soviet share of which amounted to about 87 percent.
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to have imported about 4 million tons of oil, about 70 percent of which
was crude oil, from the USSR in 1961. One country, Burma, that did not
import Soviet oil in 1960 was included among the importers in 1961, and
three Free World countries, Argentina, Portugal, and Lebanon, that
previously imported Soviet oil were not among the Soviet oil importers
in 1961. The estimated trade in crude oil and petroleum products by
the USSR with the Free World and with the Sino-Soviet Bloc during
1955-61 is shown in Table ll.* As in past years, Soviet oil sales
in the Free World caused a variety of reactions that ranged from the
level of consumers interested in lower priced products to the level
of national governments concerned about increasing their dependence
on the USSR for fuels. In general, Soviet sales constituted one of
the major "problems" under discussion by the major oil producers of
the Free World.
B. Coal and Coke
In 1961, Soviet exports of coal continued to increase and are
estimated to be 8.2 million tons. Imports of coal from Communist China
were probably 0.2 million tons, so that total net exports of coal
amounted to 8 million tons. Shipments of coal to the Free World
reached 5.3 million tons, of which 4.7 million tons were supplied to
11 European countries and 0.6 million tons to Japan. Soviet net ex-
ports of coal to the European Satellites in 1961 amounted to a little
more than in 1960 and are estimated to be 2.9 million tons. Except
for about 1 million tons of energy coal going to Czechoslovakia,
Soviet exports of coal to the European Satellites are believed to be
for coking purposes.
In recent years the USSR reportedly has been competing with
Poland for coal markets. It is believed that in 1961 the USSR gained
access to the Swedish energy coal market by undercutting the price of
Polish coal. Sweden, however, is still not a major consumer of Soviet
coal. It is possible that this type of competition will continue, par-
ticularly since the USSR is expected to continue to have excess stocks
of energy coal in the European part of the country.
Soviet exports of coke in 1961 are estimated to be 1.9 million
tons, about the same as in 1960. The Free World received about 0.4 mil-
lion tons, of which more than half was taken by Denmark and Sweden.
The estimated Soviet trade in coal and coke with the Free World and
the Sino-Soviet Bloc during 1958-61 is given in Table 12.-*-
Table 11 follows on p. 23.
Table 12 follows on p. 24.
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Estimated Trade in Crude Oil and Petroleum Products by the USSR
with the Free World and with the Sino-Soviet Bloc a/
1955-61
Trade
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
Imports
0.5
1.4
1.3
1.0 -
1.0
1.0
0.8
Exports
3.1
4.6
7.9 21
9.6 c/
14.6
21
21.0 c/
26.4
Net d/
2.6
6.6
8.6
13.6
20.0
25.6
Imports
3.8
3.9
3.0
2.9
4.4
3.0
3.2
Exports
2.1
4.1
5.8
8.5
10.8
12.0
13.2
Net 21
-1.7
0.2
2.8
~.6
6.4
9.0
10.0
0.9
3.4
9.4
14.2
20.0
29.0
35.6
a. Unless otherwise indicated, data are estimated from source 0 except for 1961, which was estimated on
the basis of preliminary reports.
b. Austrian reparations.
c. Residual.
d. Net imports are designated by the use of a minus sign.
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Estimated Trade in Coal and Coke by the USSR with the Free World
and with the Sino-Soviet Bloc a/
1958-61
Trade 1958 1959 1960 b/ 1961 21
Coal Coke Coal Coke Coal Coke Coal Coke
Exports 3.6 0.4 4.2 0.4 5.0 0.4 5.3 0.4
Imports 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Net 3.6 0.4 4.2 0.4 5.0 0.4 5.3 o.4
With the Sino-Soviet Bloc
Exports
2.8
1.3
2.7
1.4
2.8
1.5
2.9
1.5
Imports
0.2
0
0.2
0
0.2
0
0.2
0
Net
2.6
1.3
2-5
1.4
2.6
1.5
2.7
1.5
Total net trade
6.2
1.7
6.7
1.8
7.6
1.9
8.0
1.9
a. Data are adjusted to exclude the reported imports from Poland and most of the reported exports to
East Germany because the Polish coal is shipped directly to East Germany.
b. 81
c. Estimated on the basis of data in source 82/.
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1.
USSR. Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1960 godu, statisticheski
yezhegodnik (National Economy of the USSR in 1960, A Statistical
Handbook), Moscow, 1961. (hereafter referred to as The National
Economy)
CIA. CIA/RR ER 61-29, Significant Developments in the Fuels and
Power Industries of the USSR in 1960, Jun 61, p. 3.
2.
Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
3.
World Power Conference, Madrid. Principles of Compiling Energy
Balance in the USSR, 9 Jun 60, p. 10.
4.
Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
Ekonomicheskaya gazeta, 21 Dec 60, p. 2.
5.
Pravda, 7 Dec 61, p. 2-8.
6.
The National Economy (1, above), p. 262.
7.
Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
8.
Pravda, 7 Dec 61, p. 2-8.
9.
Gazovaya promyshlennost', May 61, p. 56.
Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
10.
Moscow Radio Broadcast, 6 Dec 61.
11.
Gazovaya promyshlennost', Jun 60, p. 56.
Ibid., may 61, p. 56.
UN. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Mar 62, p. xxxii.
12.
Gazovaya promyshlennost', Aug 1.
13.
Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov, Apr 61, p. 2.
14.
Izvestiya, 5 Sep 61, p. 3.
15.
Neftyanoye khozyaystvo, Jan 61, p. 1-7.
16.
Khimiya i tekhnologiya topliv imasel, Sep 61,
p. 1-7.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Neftyanoye khozyaystvo, Jan 61, p. 1-7.
19.
Moscow Radio Broadcast, 2 Jan 62.
20.
Stroitel'naya gazeta, 24 Dec 61, p. 1.
21.
Gor'kiy Radio Broadcast, 23 Nov 61.
22.
Erdoel Dienst, Vienna, 4 Jan 62, p. 3.
23.
Baku Radio Broadcast, 17 Dec 61.
24.
Voprosy ekonomiki, no 8, 1961, p. 28.
25.
Kuybyshev Radio Broadcast, 11 Nov 60.
26.
Lvov Radio Broadcast, 26 Mar 59.
27.
Moscow Radio Broadcast, 16 Feb 61.
Kiev Radio Broadcast, 29 Nov 61.
28.
Stroitel'naya gazeta, 9 May 58.
29.
Ibid.
30.
Moscow Radio Broadcast, 16 Nov 59.
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31. Stroitel'naya gazeta, 9 May 58.
32. Kiev Radio Broadcast, 29 Nov 61.
33. Neftyanoye khozyaystvo, Jan 62, P. 1-5.
34. Khimiya i tekhnologiya topliv i masel, Sep 59, p. 1-9.
35. Ekonomicheskaya gazeta, no 5, 29 Jan 62, p. 4.
36. Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov, no 1, Jan 62, p. 1.
37. The National Economy (1, above).
38. ibid., no 2, Feb 61.
39. Ibid., no 9, Sep 61, p. 2-3.
40. Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov, no 1, Jan 62, p. 1.
41. Ibid.
42. The National Economy (1, above), p. 552.
43. Gudok, 28 Jan 62, p. 3.
44. Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov, no 9, Sep 61, p. 2-3.
45. Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov, no 1, Jan 62, p. 1.
46. Ekonomicheskaya gazeta, no 14, 6 Dec 61, p. 24-25.
47. Nedelya, no 3, 22-2 Oct 61, p. 2.
Leningrad Radio Broadcast, 25 Oct 61.
48. Leningrad Radio Broadcast, 27 Sep 61.
49. Gazovaya promyshlennost', may 61, p. 56.
50. Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
51. Gazovaya promyshlennost', may 61, p. 56.
52. -Ibid., Jun 60, p. 56.
53. Ekonomicheskaya gazeta, 24 Feb 61, p. 1.
54. Kiev Radio Broadcast, 19 Aug 61.
55. Izvestiya, 19 Feb 61, p. 5.
Stroitel'naya gazeta, 13 Oct 61, p. 1.
56. Moscow Radio Broadcast, 16 Dec 61.
Tbid., 5 Jan 62.
57. Sovetskaya Rossiya, 2 Feb 61, p. 4.
58. Ekonomicheskaya gazeta, 14 Aug 61, p. 2.
Alma-Ata Radio Broadcast, 26 Jul 61.
59. Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
60. ibid., 18 Nov 61.
61. Ugol', no 1, Jan 62, p. 1-6.
62. Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
63. The National Economy (1, above), p. 257-59.
64. UN. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Mar 62, p. xxxii.
65. Ugol', no 1, 1962.
66. Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
Pravda, 23 Jan 62, p. 1.
67. Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
68. Ugol', no 2, Feb 59, p. 1.
69. Zasyad'ko, A.F. Toplivno-energeticheskaya promyshlennost' SSSR
(Fuel and Energy Industry of the USSR), Moscow, 1959, p. 91-92.
70. Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
71. The National Economy (1, above), p. 269.
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72. Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
73. Ibid., 6 Dec 61.
7L.. Pravda, 18 Oct 61, p. 5.
75. The National Economy (1, above), p. 269.
76. Moscow Radio Broadcast, 23 Jan 62.
77. Ibid., 6 Dec 61.
78. Izvestiya, 18 Aug 61, p. 1.
79. Gidrotekhnicheskoye stroitel'stvo, Jan 61, p. 2.
80. USSR. Vneshnyaya torgovlya SSSR (Foreign Trade of the USSR),
Moscow, 1956-60.
81. Ibid.
82. Interior, US Bureau of Mines. International Coal Trade, vol 30,
no 10, p. 69.
ECE. Coal/CTSC/no 103/Add-1, 6 Jun 61.
ECE. Coal/CTSC/no 106/Add-1, 27 Sep 61.
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