SUPPORT FACILITIES AT THE SOVIET SENSITIVE OPERATIONS COMPLEXES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T00909A001100010015-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 47
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 15, 2008
• Sequence Number: 15
• Content Type: REPORT

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IMAGERY ANALYSIS SERVICE
SUPPORT FACILITIES
AT THE
SOVIET SENS I T VE OPERAT ONS COMPLEXES
Sbh1ARY
This study provides additional details on the nature and extent of the
support facilities at the II Soviet Sensitive Operations Complexes (SOCs), This
includes housing, administration, utilities, transportation, security, and com-
munications facilities, The average estimated population at these complexes is
2,310 In the main housing area and 1 030 in the military housing area, The
utilities available are generally consistent with the needs of a population of
this size and are not capable of supporting any large-scale manufacturing process.
All of the SOCs have rail facilities, either within the complex itself or
nearby, and a heliport is present at all sites except one (which is still in
early stages of construction). Communications facilities have been identified
at most of the sites, including several hardened (buried) antennas. Security
measures in the support areas include a single fence or wall around certain
facties and check-points at the main entrances to the complex. Multiple
fencing is present at the Operations Area where the large bunkers are located.
The findings of this study, while not providing a firm identification of
the function(s) of these complexes, are not inconsistent with the conclusion
stated in earli r S re ort 2
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CONTENTS
IMAGERY ANALYSIS SERVICE
Page
Summary ......................................................................
ntrcduction ................................................................. 4
Comparative Analysis
Housing .................................................................
Administration .......................................................... 5
Utties ............................................................... 5
Communications .......................................................... 6
Transportation ..........................................................
Security ................................................................ 7
Site Cescr!ptions
Be!ev ................................................................... 7
Berezovka ............................................................... II
Bcrisoglebsk ............................................................ 6
Bulyzhino ............................................................... 20
Cne'nsara ................................................................ 23
Solovchiro .............................................................. 27
Vallr . ....................................... ..
khaylovka ............................................................. 30
Nyandoma ................................................................ 33
Rechitsa ................................................................ 36
Zhukovka ................................................................ 42
Tab es
Table I. Approximate Floorspace and Estimated Capacity of the
Housing Areas of the Soviet Sensitive Operations
Complexes ..................................................... 5
Table 2. Communications Facilities at the Soviet Sensitive
Operations Complexes .......................................... 6
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lustrat ions
Page
Figure I. Sensitive Operations Complexes, USSR
(Location lap) ............................................... 4
Figure 2. Belev Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR,
(photograph) .................................... 8
Figure 3, Belev Support Area (line drawing) 9
Figure 4.
Belev Construction Workers Housing Area No. I,
(photograph) ................................. 0
Figure 5. Belev Construction Support =acllitles,
(photograph) .................................. 12
Figure 6.
Berezovka Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR,
(photograph) ................................... ;3
Figure 7. Berezovka Vain Housing and Administration Area
(line drawing) ...............................................
Figure B. Berezovka Mtary Housing Area,
(photograph and line drawing) ................................ 15
Figure 9. Berezovka Rail Facil
(photograph and line drawing) ................................ 15
Figure 10. Borisoglebsk Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR,
(photograph) .................................... 17
Figure IH Borisoglebsk Ra'I Facility, Main Housing and
Administration Area (line drawing) ...........................
Figure 12. Bcrisoglebsk Military Housing Area,
(photograph and line drawing) ................................ 9
Figure 13. Bulvzhinve Operations Complex, USSR,
(photograph) ................................... 21
Figure 14. Bulyzhiro Support Areas (line drawing) 22
Figure 15. Chebsara Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR,
(photograph) ................................... 24
Figure 16. Chebsara
n Housing and Administration Area,
(photograph and line drawing) ................... 25
Figure 17. Chebsara Military Housing Area,
(photograph and line drawing) ................................ 26
Figure 18. Chebsara Rail Facility,
(photograph and line drawing) ................................ 27
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lustrat ions
Page
Figure 19. Golovchino Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR,
(photograph) ................................. 28
Figure 20. Golovchino Support Areas (line drawing) 29
Figure 21. Malin Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR,
(photograph) .............................. 31
Figure 22, Malin Support Areas (line drawing) .............................. 32
Figure 23, 'a"ikhaylovka Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR
(photograph) ............................... 34
Figure 24, knaylovka Support Areas (line drawing) ......................... 35
Figure 25. Nyandoma Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR
(photograph) ..................................... 37
Figure 26. NyandomaRail Facility, Main Housing and Administration
Area (line drawing) .......................................... 38
Figure 27. Nyandoma Military Housing Area,
(photograph and line drawing) ................................ 39
Figure 28. Rechltsa Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR,
(photograph) ................................... 40
Figure 29. Rechitsa Support Areas (line drawing) ............................ 41
Figure 30. Zhukovka Sensitive Operations Complex, USSR,
(photograph) ................................... 43
Figure 31. Zhukovka Pall Facility, Vain Housing and
Administration Area (line drawing) ........................... 44
Figure 32. Zhukovka Ullitary Housing Area,
(photocraph and line drawing ................................ 45
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FIGURE 11. BORISOGLEBSK RAIL FACILITY, MAIN HOUSING AND ADMINISTRATION AREA,
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FAGOT/FRESCO AIRCRAFT
RAIL FACILITY
' CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FABRICATION AND HANDLING AREA
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CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
HOUSING AREA NO2 .(RAZED
TEM
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IMAGERY ANALYSIS SERVICE
TO MAIN HOUSING AND
ADMINISTRATION AREA
(2.5 NAUTICAL MILES)
ICATIONS FACILITY
ATHLETIC FIELD
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ANIMAL PENS
FLNCT ON/REMARKS
WATER TREATMENT
REVETTEO AMMO STOR
ROSS 80Q-TYPE UNIT
STEAMRLANT
2 PROS SLRIEO POL TANKS
STOR SHED
EAR', H-BANKEO STOR
PROS GREENHOUSE
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FACILITY
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FIGURE 12, BORISOGLEBSK MILITARY HOUSING AREA,
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FLJNCT ON REMARKS
VEHICLE STORAGE
VEHICLE STORAGE
FIRE STATION
MESS HALL
U/I
U/I
3 STORY BKS
U /I
ADM N
POSE RECREATION HALL
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istration Area and 2 three-story barracks in the Military Housing Area (Figures
II&12). An estimated 2,400 people could be accommodated in the former area and
1,180 military personnel could be housed in the latter area. Administration of
the complex is apparently based in a U~shaped building located at the entrance
to the Main Housing and Administration Area. One other building located in this
same area probably houses additional administrative offices (item 74,
Figure II) Additional support facilities in the Main Housing and Administration
Area include a nursery school, a club-commissary, a primary-secondary school, a
possible hospital, a water treatment facility, and two probable greenhouses
(Figure Il), Extensive recreational facilities in the same area consist of a
skating rink, tennis court, basketball court two volleyball courts, a soccer
field, track, and a probable gymnasium.
Other support facilities in the Military Housing Area include a mess hall,
a water treatment facility, an administration building, sewage treatment plant,
a probable greenhouse, a fire station; two garages, and a possible recreation
hall (Figure 12).
Utilities. The water source for the Main Rousing and Administration Area is
comprised of at least nine wells, eight of which are connected to a water treat-
ment facility by probable buried pipelines (_Figure II). The water treatment
faciIit consists of a building, two earth covered tanks/basins and
a standpipe for clear water storage. The simplicity of the
facility suggests that the water is of relatively high purity requiring a minimum
of clarification and chemical treatment. A pipeline-ditch leading away from the
facility is probably for drainage of either overflow from the standpipe or
residue from the treatment process. Three wells, a water treatment facility, and
a standpipe provide clear water for the Military Housing Area
(Figure 12).
At least three of the four bunkers in the Operations Area have probable
wells associated with them (Figure 10). Probable buried pipelines can be iden-
tified leading from nearby wells to Bunkers 3 and 4. Probable buried tanks are
also located near each of the bunkers. They do not, however, appear to be
connected to the probable water pipelines at Bunkers 3 and 4 and therefore are
probably for storage of something other than water (perhaps POL),
Both the Main Housing and Administration Area and the Military Housing Area
are provided with sewage treatment plants. The former plant consists of a coarse
solids removal unit, two earth-mounded sludge digestors, a
dewatering building, and a 60-by 35-foot segmented overflow basin. (See the
section on comparative analysis for a discussion of the sewage treatment pro-
cesses in use at the SOCs.) The sewage plant servin the MiIitar Housing Area
is comprised of a coarse solids removal unit, one earth-mounded
digestor, a small overflow basin and four sludge lagoons with a total surface
area of 75,700 square feet.
A low-voltage powerline, which enters the site from the northeast, origin
hates at a substation located on the outskirts of Gribanovskiy (Figure 10).
Another low-voltage line can be seen leading from the vicinity of the Rail
Facility toward the Military Housing Area.. No powerlines were identified in the
Operations Area.
Oil fired steam plants are located in both the Rail Facility and the Milir
Lary Housing Area. The Rail Facility plant serves the Main Housing and Adminis-
tration Area as well as the Motor Pool and Rail Facility, A buried steamline
can be traced from the plant into the Main Housing and Administration Area.
Communications, A communications facility is located at this complex near
the Military Housing Area (Figure 12). The facility consists of a control bunker,
a day/night pair of horizontal dipoles, a vee (quadrant) antenna, and a probable
hardened (buried) antenna. The dipoles are 218 and 120 feet long and have an
azimuth of 330/150 degrees. The vee antenna is 120 by 120 with azimuths of
325/145 The probable hardened antenna is approximately 125
feet long and the width is undetermined. Approximate azimuth of this antenna is
Transportation. Roads throughout the complex are primarily two-lane, all-
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weather roads of concrete construction. The complex Motor Pool, which is
located near the Rail Facility, contains four vehicle storage buildings
and one
vehicle maintenance building which provide a total of approximately 72,130 square
feet of floorspace.
The Rail Facility serving this complex is typical of those seen at the other
complexes. The facility is located near the Main Housing and Administration Area
and it consists of a four-track railcar holding yard, a traveling bridge crane, a
locomotive shed, nine warehouses/storage buildings, loading platforms, and
several additional unidentified buildings (Figure II). A fire station is
also located across the road from this facility (Item 30, Figure II).
A T--shaped, concrete heliport located near the Military Housing Area is the
only air-transport-related facility at the complex (Figure 10).3/ Anapparently
unused natural surface landing strip located west of the complex is probably not
associated with,the complex since the two are not connected by good quality roads.
This strip was present on the previously mentioned 0 coverage. Fagot/
Fresco aircraft have been observed at this complex, as they have at three other
complexes. A special concrete hardstand has been constructed within the Rail
Facility for these aircraft (Item 9, Figure II) and on photography of
~
968 one Fagot/Fresco and four Fagot/Fresco fuselages were present there,
Security. Perimeter security for the Operations Area is provided by two
fences and a patrol road/trail which completely encircle the area (Figure 10).
Additional fences secure each of the four bunkers. A checkpoint limits access
to this area at its only road entrance. Although a perimeter fence could not be
identified around the support areas, checkpoints are present at appropriate
points to limit road and rail access to the site. It should be pointed out,
however, that heavy tree cover in this area might obscure such a fence.
Individually secured sections within the support areas are shown in Figures II
and 12.
Bu lyzhino
The Bulyzhino Sensitive Operations Complex is located in a wooded area approxi-
mately 5 nm southwest of the city of Sebezh (Figure 1). 10/ This complex is comprised
of the three major components seen at the other ten complexes. These are the Main
Housing and Administration Area, the Military Housing Area, and the Operations
Area (Figure 13). Additional support facilities at the complex include a rail
facility, motor pool, sewage treatment plant, a heliport, and construction support
facilities which have for the most part been razed (Figure 14). Significant
geographic coordinates are as follows; Main Housing and Administration Area, 56-15-
20N 028-19-45E; Operations Area, 56-13-ION 028-19-OOE; Rail Facility, 56-14-30N
028-18-25E. The support areas of the complex were under construction when first
observed on KEYHOLE photography of 30 August 1961, but construction in the Operations
Area was not evident until when photography showed at least two
bunker excavations present. The complex appeared complete for the most part on
photography of
Housing and Administration. Housing in the Main Housing and Administration
Area of the complex is composed of 10 four-story apartments, 10 two-family units,
and 4 single-story BOQ-type units which provide accommodations for an estimated
2,020 people. Other facilities in this area which support the personnel housed
here include a possible hospital, nursery school, a primary-secondary school, and
a club-commissary (Figure 14). A fire station is also located in this area.
Administration of the complex is apparently directed from the main administration
building (Item 82) and possibly one other building (Item 78) located in this area
(Figure 14).
Facilities in the Military Housing Area include 2 three-story barracks
which house an estimated 1,090 military personnel, an administration building,
a possible recreation hall, a messhalI, fire station, and vehicle shed.
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IMAGERY ANALYSIS SERVICE
Utilities. The water source for the support areas of the complex could
not be identified. The only component of the water supply system observed was
a standpipe situated in the Main Housing and Administration Area.
Probable wells are located near Bunkers 3 and 4 in the Operations Area, and
probable buried tanks can be identified near all six bunkers (Figure 13). The
probable buried tanks are not necessarily for water storage, however, as indicated
previously in the description of similar facilities near the Borisoglebsk bunkers.
The only sewage treatment plant at the complex is located between the Main
Housing and Administration Area and the Rail Facility. This plant consists
of a coarse solids removal unit, two 25-foot-diameter digestors, a small segmented
overflow basin and 10 large sludge lagoons with a total surface area of 388,000
square feet.
A low-voltage powerline/communications line entering the complex at its north
entrance is the only visible evidence of an outside power source. In addition,
a small diesel power plant located in the Rail Facility probably
provides a limited back-up source of power. No substation or high-voltage lines
could be identified in the immediate vicinity of the complex. Utility poles
could not be identified in the Operations Area.
An oil-fired steam plant located in the Rail Facility provides steam to all
areas of the complex (Figure 14). The operations support buildings within the
Operations Area are also provided with steam from this plant, but steamlines
could not be traced to the bunkers.
Communications. A control bunker and a possible hardened (buried) antenna
are the only identifiable communications facilities serving the complex. Identification
of a possible hardened antenna is based primarily on the location and approximate
size of a rectangular-shaped cleared area near the bunker. Dimensions and azimuths
of the possible hardened antenna could not be determined from available photography.
Above-ground antennas could rot be identified in any area of the complex.
Transportation. The main roads throughout the complex are all-weather, mostly
two-lane roads of concrete construction. The motor pool at the complex is located
near the Rail Facility and it consists of six vehicle storage buildings and one
vehicle maintenance building with a total floorspace of approximately 91,070
square feet.
A typical SOC-type Rail Facility is located between the Main Housing and
Administration Area and the Military Housing Area (Figure 14). The
facility consists of a 7-track railcar holding yard, a locomotive shed, a traveling
bridge crane, and several warehouses.
This complex has a T-shaped heliport typical of most of the later complexes. 3/
No other air-transport-related facility could be identified at the complex. The
nearest airfields of any significance are at Folotsk and DaugavpiIs approximately
46 nm southeast and 58 nm WSH of the complex respectively.
Security. Perimeter security for the Operations Area is provided by at least
two fences which enclose the entire area. A patrol road/trail is visible between
the fences only on two sides, but may be present but obscured by heavy tree cover
in the other perimeter areas. The six large bunkers are also separately fenced
for added security (Figure 13). The two additional closed fences within the
Operations Area do not appear to secure any permanent structure and therefore may
function as temporary storage or holding areas. A checkpoint limits access to
the Operations Area at its only road entrance. Security fences and walls which
could be identified in the support areas are shown in Figure 14.
Chebsara
The Chebsara Sensitive Operations Complex is situated along a road leading
southwest from the city of Chebsara (Figure I). II, 12/ The complex consists of
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three widely separated components: the Rail Facility at 0.5 nm, the Main Housing
and Administration Area at 3.5 nm, and the collocated Operations Area and Military
Housing Area at approximately 8 nm from Chebsara. Geographic coordinates of the
complex components are: Main Housing and Administration Area, 59-09-20N 038-43-4OE;
Operations Area, 59-06-OON 038-37-DOE; and the Rail Facility, 59-II-ION 038-48-50E.
Primary support facilities in addition to housing and administration include the
previously mentioned Rail Facility, a motor pool, sewage treatment plant, a heliport,
and construction support facilities. This complex was first observed on poor
quality photography of at which time it appeared to be in an early
stage of construction. The next photographic coverage dated showed
the complex was in the mid stage of construction with at least two bunkers under
construction in the Operations Area and numerous apartments and barracks already
completed in the support areas. Construction continued at a slow pace from that
point on until the last bunker to be constructed Bunker 4 was observed in the
process of being earth covered on coverage of thereby indicating that
completion. All construction appeared complete on Mission
However, this same photography showed that the earth
covering had been removed from Bunker 3, possibly to effect repairs on the roof.
The earth covering had been replaced on this bunker by
Housing and Administration. The main housing facilities consist of 24
multistory apartments of various sizes, 5 two-family units, and I single-family
unit which together provide housing for an estimated 2,230 people. Administration
of the site appears to be centered in a 2-story U-shaped building (Item 34) and
several other administration and/or institutional-type buildings located in the
Main Housing and Administration Area (Figure 16).
Housing facilities in the Military Housing Area consist of three-story
barracks, 2 two-story barracks and I BOQ-type unit providing accommodations for
an estimated 720 military personnel. Other facilities in this area include an
administration building, a messhall, a possible recreation hall, fire station, and
a vehicle storage building (Figure 17).
Utilities. Three wells located near the Operations Area apparently provide
water for all areas of the complex except the Rail Facility (Figure 15). Probable
buried pipelines can be traced from the wells to the Operations Area, the AMI itary
Housing Area, and the Main Housing and Administration Area. Water standpipes are
located in the latter two areas. The Rail Facility has its own well which appears
to be directly connected to a standpipe (Figure 18). No water
treatment facilities were iden i ie a the comp ex, which may be an indication
that the water is used directly from the wells, possibly with some chlorination
being accomplished in the well houses.
The sewage treatment plant serving the complex is located in the Main Housing
and Administration Area and it consists of a coarse solids removal unit, a
digestor, a dewatering building, and six sludge drying beds (Figure 16).
The process utilized in this and other types of plants seen at the SOCs is discussed,
in the section on comparative analysis. Inc final effluent waste water from the
plant is discharged into the Ugla River via a system of buried pipelines and ditches
from the dewatering building.
The primary source of electric power for the complex is a 35-kv powerline
which approaches the Main Housing and Administration Area from the west and terminates
at a substation located in that same area. A diesel power plant, probably for
stand-by purposes, is also located in this area adjacent to the substation. Similar
plants have been identified at Bulyzhino, Golovchino, and Nyandoma.
Coal-fired steam plants located in the Main Housing and Administration Area,
the Military Housing Area, and the Rail Facility provide steam to those areas. The
Military Housing Area plant, however, also provides steam to the bunkers and
operations support buildings in the Operations Area (Figure 15). Only those
steamlines which are above ground could be traced because of the lack of suitable
snow-cover photography required for locating the buried lines.
Communications. A communications control bunker (Item 14), a probable VHF
antenna, and at least three probable horizontal dipoles are situated in the Military
Housing Area (Figure 17). The presence of the dipoles is indicated by the ground
scars (possibly feed lines) leading out from the bunker and by faintly visible
cleared traces at the ends of these scars. Antenna masts were not visible,
however, so antenna dimensions and azimuths could not be determined.
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MYA
ricA
PLANT
FIGURE 15, CHE!SARA SENSITIVE OPERATIONS COMPLEX, USSR,
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MAIN HOUSING AND ADMINISTRATION AREA
LJTY (3 NAUTICAL MILES
USE
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NIMAL PENS
STRUCTION WORKERS
DUSING AREA
0.2
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FAGOT/FRESCO AIRCRAFT
UN CATION
4CILITY
HELIPORT
NDER CONSTRUCT
QR0EALE
VHF MAST
FOSS RECREATION HALL.
ADMIN
MESS ALL
FIRE STATION
SHED
U I
STORAGE
FOSS ? STORY HOUSING
STEAM PLANT
FIGURE 17, CHEBSARA MILITARY HOUSING AREA,
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OPERATIONS AREA
a
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ATHLETIC EIEk;:rt l
GROUND SCARS
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