NEW DIRECTIONS IN POLISH TERRITORIAL AND CIVIL DEFENSE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T01003A002400160001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 9, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 1, 1965
• Content Type: BRIEF

Approved Por Relea$e 200D/0~/1 ~~~[~P79T010~3A002400160001
NEWW DTREC'~IlJNS'
Copy 1~Io.
TERRITORIAL, ; ANL7 CIVIL D~~'EN~SE
II~IRE~TORA'~'E Off" IN`~`E~.LIGE~'~EK
C~~fice of Research anti ,Reports
SECI~.ET
dIEQUp `1
Exeivd~d from outpm
downgrading. and
pproved Fob Releasex2000/04/17 :CIA-RDP79741,OO~A002~4Q016Q001==7
 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 :CIA-RDP79T01003A002400160001-7
wARr~r~NC~
This material contains information aiiecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs, 7t~3 and ?94, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an amauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/1 ~~A,_7j9T01003A002400160001-7
NEW DIRECTIONS
IN POLISH TERRITORIAL AND -CIVIL DEFENSE>~~
In a move aimed at improving- rear area defenses, the Polish civil
defense organization is now-being incorporated into a larger rear area
defense organisation designated the National Territorial Defense (OTK)
system. ~~'~~ This- system was significantly strengthened earlier this year
by the transfer of two of its elements -- the Polish Internal Security
Corps (KBW) and the Border Guard '(WOP) -- to the Ministry of Defense,
and by the subsequent appointment of Lt. -Gen, Grzegor Korczynslzi. as a
Deputy Minister of National Defense and Chief Inspector of Territorial
Defense. These moves are part of an ambitious effort to consolidate
existing local forces into a unified system better able to cope .with the
effects of a-major war. A. second, obvious objective of the OTK system
is to free Polish and allied field forces for the accomplishment of their
primary missions and to keep them from becoming. embroiled in such
tasks as population control, guard duty, railroad and road repair, and
civil defense- operations. Moreover, -the OTK system probably is intended
to expedite the mobilization and movement of combat units in a threaten-
ing or wartime situation.
1. Background
The need for improved rear area defense. has been openly ackn.owL-
edged by the Poles far several years. Since early 19.62, Polish military
writers have called attention to the threat of bomber and missile at;taclcs
in afuture war, as well as to the danger of airborne or seaborne com-
mando and "terrorist-sabotage" operations against targets in Poland.
With the interior of the nation viewed as a distinct theater of war, it was
argued that rear area defense would require "suitable forces and systems
of command" and that every citizen should be trained in civil defense
tasks.
2. The OTK System
In a move to improve rear area defense, the Polish civil defense-is
being incorporated into a larger organization designated the National
t The estimates and conclusions in this brief represent the best judg-
ment of this Office as of 4 November 1965.
5~~>,< Reportedly, the old civil defense title, Local Antiair Defense (7,OPL),
will be retained only for the national civil. defense staff; nonmilitary
civil defense units in urban and rural areas. are to be called simply
"self-defense" units.
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Territorial Defense {OTK) system. By now, the transfer of forces into
the OTK has probably been substantially completed. The ?TK system,
under the direction of Lt, Gen. Grzegor Korczynski, was recently defined
as including the National Air Defense Forces, ~ the Internal Security
Forces, the Border Guard, the Territorial Defense Forces, and "o*}:~~r
military units" whose mission is to defend. the gopulace and state property
in the event of air or sea attack and to eliminate the effects of this attack.
Specialized units -- construction, medical, firefighting, and technical
rescue -- also are included, as are the factory and regional self-defense
(civil defense) units organized in industrial plants and. in the villages,
which are responsible for carrying out local civil defense tasks. In
addition, certain military signal troops have been identified as a part of
the OTK system.
A number of Polish. organizations which formerly supported the civil
defense effort are now charged with similarly supporting the OTK system.
These include the National Defense League {LCJK), the Polish Aero Club
{APRL), the Polish Red Cross {PCB), the Volunteer Fire Brigade Union
{ZOSP), the Volunteer Reserve of the Citizens' Militia (ORMO), and the
Polish Union of Short Wave Radio t}perators (PZK), The estimated
strength of selected Polish territorial defense elements is as follows:
Estimated Strength
Internal Security Corps (KBW)
Border Guard (W0P)
Territorial Defense Regiments
Civil Defense (TOPE) units
"Self-Defense" (Civil Defense) units
Supporting organizations
National Defense League (LOK}
Polish Aero Club (APRL}
Polish Red Cross (PCK)
Volunteer Fire Brigade Union (ZOSP}
a. Given in Polish publications,
25,000
20,000
24,000 to 36,000
x+00,000
210,000 J
1,200,000 J
8o,aoo g/
3,500,000 a/
400,000
~ Integrated Warsaw Pact air defense in wartime probably would limit
OTK authority aver active air defense units.
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Under the Ministry of Defense, the chain of command of the C7TK
system passes through the military district commands to the territorial
headquarters established at the province (wojewodstwo) and county
(powiat) levels. At the provincial and the county levels, the head of the
civil government is the official in charge, as was true in the former civil
defense structure. He is assisted in the exercise of (~TK command by a
chief of staff and other military officers. Each province and. county prob-
ably has territorial defense troops assigned to it in addition. to the civil
defense and other stationary unite available in the local area.
Combined territorial defense exercises, of which several have been
publicized, have replaced civil defense exercises to some extent this
year. According to the Polish press, participating units in one terri-
torial exercise included the Citizens' Militia, a territorial defense regi-
ment, fire brigades, medical services, self-defense units, and specialized
units (decontamination, rail, power, and "repair-construction").
3. Territorial Defense Regiments
a. Responsibilities
Since early lgb3 a new type of unit -- the territorial defense,
or OTK, regiment -- designed to augment rear area defense capabilities
has been developed in Poland. The draft law was changed in that year
to permit conscripting men deferred from regular military service to
serve in the territorial defense system. The territorial defense regi-
ments, as a combat force of the C?TK system, are reported to have the
following military missions. (1) to protect the population and state
property from nuclear attack and to "eliminate" the effects of these
attacks; (Z) to defend specific areas together with the other components
of the armed forces in the event of enemy penetration and to destroy
enemy landings and subversive groups, and (3) to safeguard and facili-
tate the operations of other military components. The first mission is
quite obviously one of civil defense -- shelter construction, warning,
control, and post-attack rescue and repair. The second includes com-
bating enemy commando-type landings and saboteurs or dissidents
activated among the indigenous population. The last includes such
operations as guard duty at supply depots and other vital installations,
maintaining the security and operational capability of communications
and transportation lines, and repair work on strategic factories and
installations.
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b, Training
25X1 X
The regiments apparently function as a unit for only six months
of the year, the winter months probably being devoted to cadre training
and preparations for the May-November period when the area draftees
are inducted. Regimental officers and noncommissioned officers are
chiefly reservists. Draftees-.are reported to be liable for serving three
six-month tours spread over a number of years. During their six
months' active service, they are given 14 days basic military training
and are then assigned to engineering construction work at economic
installations five days a week, with Saturdays reserved .for further
military training. According to the Polish press, territorial defense
units have been used in the construction of factories, .dams, roads, and
other projects.
From the foregoing, it seems clear that OTK regiments serve
as a paramilitary "job corps" far Polish youth. While in OTK service,
soldiers are given political indoctrination and vocational training.,
mainly through on-the-job training. Attempts also-are made to raise
the educational level of those with inadequate schooling. Training of a
military and civil defense nature prepares the draftee to perform as a
combat soldier, as a military guard, or as a relief and .rese.n,e worker.
In 1964y' the Poles claimed that about 9, 000 OTK servicemen had com-
pleted their basic education, while over 3, 000 had acquired occupational
skills.
c, Strength
The total strength of territorial defense regiments has not beexi
officially disclosed. In 1964-65 the Polish press identified 10 territorial
defense regiments, >~~ while two additional units, probably regiments, >,~'~~
have been reported by who claimed to have served in on.e
such unit during 1963. Therefore, there probably are at least 12 regi-
ments now in existence. According to the Polish weekly Czata, every
region of Poland -- province and county -- now has an organized and
trained defense force and thus an operational capability. If the report is
true that Warsaw has its own regiment, OTK regiments might number as
many as 18. Regimental strength has been reported to be 2, 000 men.
On the basis of these reports, it is estimated that 24, 000 to 36, 000
territorial reservists could presently be available for mobilization in
a.r~ emergency.
=~~ The regiments-are designated by the following city namese Kielce,
Krakow, Rzeszow, Mazowiecki, Szcecin, Opole, Lodz, Warsaw,
Bydgoszcz, and Gdansk.
>;;< Designated Biskupiec and Bialystok.
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4. Continued Growth of Civil Defense
While the expanded OTK rear area defense system has been
developing, the Polish press reports that citizen civil defense units
have been increasing in both size and activity. The largely rural self
defense units organized under the sponsorship of the National Deff;nse
League were recently reparted to have grown from 125, 000 members in
1963 to 210, 000 members in 1965. Factory civil defense units. have been
reported on several occasions to include 400, 000 members. About 3. 5
million citizens also have had basic civil defense training. Polish
authorities do not consider the number having civil defense training as
being satisfactory, and compulsory training of the population has been
proposed.
5. Implications
The development of the Polish OTK system of rear area defense
probably is being watched closely by the other Communist countries.
There has been an exchange of civil defense thinking, training, and pub-
lications among the USSR and the Eastern European Communist countries,
and problems in this field are expressed in similar terms. Solutions to
mutual problems will necessarily involve some system of integrating
elements of the economy, the civilian government, rear area military
units, pplice and paramilitary organizations, and civil defense units into
a viable structure under a coordinated command.
Analyst
25X1A
Coord: OCI
25X1A
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 Project No. 58.6157 Report Series _
Approv 00/04/17 :CIA-RDP79 -~?
Title: New Directions in Polish Territorial and Civi D f .n P -- NoVPr,-,hPr 1 q65
SE CRE T~
25X1A
Responsible Analyst and Branch P/SS
RECOMMENDED DISTRIBUTION TO STATE POSTS
Bloc Far East ARA
Berlin, Germany
Bucharest, Romania
Budapest, Hungary
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Prague, Czechoslovakia
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a- -?Warsaw, Poland
Europe
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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Brussels, Belgium
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Mexico
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~.~. ,.
2. CIA, FDD Sum 3536, Sina~=Soviet Bloc Military Report (~4), 20 Apr 62,
p, ~.zs,~ u .
3. CIA, FDD/EEPR/16 J 65, p~ 21;~ Off Use.
/~. CIA, FDD/EEPR/11 I~ug 65, p, 23, Off Use.
5 . Ibid . ~;~:s?.e .
CIA, FDD EED~'R/~ Mar 65, pr 36, Off Use.
25X1A
7. CIA, FDD/EEDP~2/~ Jun 65, p 22# Off Use.
~.
S. JPRS~ 21196.; M'lita Information on East Euro e (73), 24 Sep 63,
~5p~ 35-1.5 - U
t fi~~ ~.
g. CIA, FDD/FDPR/11~ay 65, p 31, Off Use.
10. CIA, FDD,EEDPR/1S A~~ 65, pr 25,, Off Use.
CIA, FDDx/EIDPR/20 Aug~~a65, p, 21, Off Use.
11. CIAO FI~b/EEPR/11 May
CIA, ~D/EIDPR/25 Mar 6
p -31,
p~ 55,
12. CIA, 'DD/EIDPR/9 Mar 65, p3'7, Off Use.
1 L,.. CI~;, FDD/EEPR/9 Mar
15. C~~A, FDD/EEPR/5 Oct
Off Use.
Off Use.
1/75765, 3 ~' t 61,, U.
16. ~ir, 7000 Sup W~~,? AF
17. ~CIA~ FDD/EIDPR/S Sep
65, p ~36~ Off Use.
65, p 416~ff Use.
65, p.34p Off'~Use.
18. ~ CIA. FDD/EIDPR/30 Sep 65, p.21~, Off ~?se.
9~ CIA, FDD/EEPR/1!~ Jul 65, p, 33, Off UsQ.
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