NOVAYA ZEMLYA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 56
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 18, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1958
• Content Type: IR

Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : C
SECRET
GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
NOVAYA ZEMLYA
CIA/RR-G-1 8
January 1958
N? 3
NO CHANGE tN CLASS.
7 DECLASS;F;EC
CLASS. CHANGED TO: TS S C
NEXT REVIE+V DATL:
ai Ffl-l ua 7n_, /1
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
25X1 C
XRF 79T01018A000200070001-5
SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
ERRATA
On pages iii and 1, the orientation map number
12697 should read 26170.
On page v, footnote, change "coordinate" to
"coordinated".
On page 7, line 36, "winter" should read
"summer".
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
CIA./RR-G-18
January 1958
Office of Research and Reports
25X1 C
25X1 C
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Page
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Air Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A. Distribution of Air Facilities . . . . . . . . . 3
B. Environmental Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1. Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Terrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
III. Naval Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
IV. Support Facilities for Air and Naval Operations. . . . . 16
A. Polar Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
B. Communications and Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1. Communications and Radar . . . . . . . . . . 22
2. Radar Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
C. Ports and landings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
V. Current Scientific Role of Novaya Zemlya . . . . . . . . 26
A. Nuclear Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B. International Geophysical Year Observations. . . 27
VI. Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
VII. Economic Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A. Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? . 32
B. Collecting Furs and Hides. . . . . . . . . . . 34
C. Procuring Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Appendixes
Appendix A. Gaps in Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Appendix B. Sources and Evaluation of Sources. . . . . . . . 41
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
Photographs
(abbreviated titles) Page
Figure 1. Airfield at Belush'ya Guba (1943) . . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 2. Seaplane station at Belush'ya Guba (1943) . . . . . 4
Figure 3. Coastal terraces along Proliv Matochkin Shar. . . . 9
Figure 4. The surface of a terrace near Belush'ya Guba. . . .
Figure 5. The mountainous interior of Novaya Zemlya . . . . . 10
Figure 6. A glacier, probably Lednik Rozhdestvenskogo,
entering the Kara Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 7. View of the eastern part of Proliv Matochkin Shar . 13
Figure 8. The steep headland of Mys Zhelaniya . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 9. Terrain near Mys Zhelaniya . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 10. The western part of Proliv Matochkin Shar . . . . . 15
Figure 11. Lednik Shokal'skogo as it enters Zaliv Russkaya
Gavan ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 12. The settlement of Russkaya Gavan' . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 13. Mys Zhelaniya polar station (1937). . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 14. The central meteorological building at Mys Zhelaniya 19
Figure 15. Aerial view of Matochkin Shar polar station . . . . 20
Figure 16. The radio station and tower at Matochkin Shar polar
station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 17. Aerial view of Mys Stolbovoy polar station. . . . . 21
Figure 18. A windmill of D-12 type at Mys Zhelaniya. . . . . . 23
Figure 19. A part of Belush'ya Guba settlement . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 20. A Nentsy family and its small boats . . . . . . . . 29
Figure 21. The fishing settlement of Russanovo (1945). . . . . 29
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Page
Figure 22. A distant view of the settlement of Lagernoye
(1937) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 23. The town hall of Lagernoye . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 21-. The boarding school at Belush'ya Guba. . . . . . . 31
Figure 25. Arctic fox pelts hanging from wires at a dwelling
at Krasino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Figure 26. A captured polar bear near Mys Zhelaniya . . . . . 35
Figure 27. Part of a reindeer herd on Novaya Zemlya . . . . . 38
Figure 28. A bird bazar near Malyye Karmakuly . . . . . . . . 38
Figure 29. Packing guillemot eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 30. Guillemots hanging from and stored on a roof at
Lagernoye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Following page
Novaya Zemlya (orientation map) (12697). . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Guba Be lush' ya Area (25993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Novaya Zemlya (25881) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Proliv Matochkin Shar (25882) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
NOVAYA ZENLYA*
Summary
Novaya Zemlya, a long, mountainous archipelago consisting of two
major islands and a number of smaller ones strategically located off
the Soviet Arctic mainland, has become a center of Soviet polar air
operations despite its cold, inhospitable climate and rugged terrain.
At present the landing, weather, and communications facilities of the
islands are used by aircraft bringing supplies to the drifting sta-
tions and weather and ice reconnaissance missions in the Arctic Basin.
In the event of a future global conflict, however, the archipelago
would probably serve as a link in an early warning system and perhaps
as the site of a defensive base for fighter-interceptor aircraft,
even though its usefulness is currently limited by logistic and
surveillance problems. At least one airfield, Belush'ya Guba (Bay),
is now capable of supporting jet fighters and piston medium bombers;
and several others may also be suitable for aircraft of these types.
The airfields would probably not be expanded to accommodate inter-
continental bombers since these would no doubt be based deep within
the USSR and would refuel from mainland bases. Ten polar stations
and nine probable radar sites are scattered throughout the length
of the islands and support air operations. Additional support is
provided by radio facilities at all airfields and settlements.
Novaya Zemlya has recently become an important nuclear testing
area for the Soviet Union. The archipelago's isolated position makes
it a valuable test site since there is less danger of radiation fall-
out and foreign surveillance. The first test was detected in late
September 1955, and four additional detonations have occurred since
then, during September and October 1957.
The high latitudinal position of the archipelago produces many
environmental problems. The climate of the islands is characterized
by brief, cold, foggy summers; long, cold, humid winters; ever present
clouds; and incessant winds. The persistent high winds often reach
velocities that prohibit air operations. Low winter temperatures hamper
outdoor activities; when accompanied by strong winds, all operations,
including flying, are curtailed. Ice-free navigation is possible for
only a few months during the summer, and maritime activity is limited
to pelagic fishing and passenger and supply service. Seasonal varia-
tions in the length of daylight, which culminate in a 2- to 3-month
period of total darkness in winter, affect all activities in the islands.
*D GG has coordinate this report with the appropriate components
of ORR, OCI, and OSI.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
The economy of the islands does little to support present
military and scientific activities. Minerals are found on the
islands but their exploitation is limited by the isolated position
of the archipelago and by the poor quality of the deposits, which
include iron, coal, gold, and uranium. With the exception of coal,
which is burned locally, the minerals produced are sent to the main-
land. The native Nentsy and some Russians are engaged in trapping,
herding, hunting, and fishing; but the products of these activities,
most of which are consumed locally, provide only a small portion of
the islands' food requirements. The remainder must be imported.
The population of Novaya Zemlya, although the largest of any of
the Arctic island groups, is sparse and is limited to a few coastal
settlements. Soviet personnel and forced laborers constitute
the largest part of the population, the Nentsy being found only in
small numbers living at a near-subsistence level. Soviet personnel
man the polar stations, airfields, and other installations that
require skilled or trained workers; forced labor is used in mining.
The islands are under the political administration of
Arkhangel'skaya Oblast', but control is probably exercised by
military forces and by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea
Route (GUSMP), whose headquarters are in Moscow.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
I. Introduction
Novaya Zemlya is an area of increasing importance to the USSR
as both a northern frontier and a link in the expanding network of
Soviet Arctic activity. The position of the archipelago as the
westernmost island group in the Arctic defense chain of the Soviet
Union gives Novaya Zemlya a unique strategic value that in many
respects outweighs its environmental disadvantages. The chief
deterrent to its military development is the harsh northern climate,
which curtails the navigation season and presents serious problems
to air activity. These handicaps, though critical, are being
materially reduced as a result of an extensive program of Arctic
research.
The spectacular scientific and technological advances of the
past decade have made possible more intensive utilization of all
Arctic bases, including Novaya Zemlya. Although serious considera-
tion of the Arctic region by the Russians began in the late nine-
teenth and early twentieth centuries, not until recently did its
full potentialities emerge. The Arctic now provides a maritime
transportation route of increasing significance, a potential
intercontinental air route, and an accessible source of raw
materials and semifinished products. The recognition of these
potentialities is reflected in Soviet military strategy. The
five major Arctic island groups and the northern littoral have
become integral parts of the northern offense-defense perimeter
of the Soviet Union (see Map 12697).
The Arctic offense-defense perimeter, which at this latitude
(70?-77?N), extends nearly half way around the world -- facing
Greenland, Canada, and Alaska across the Arctic Basin. Although
military activity is increasing, the airfields and radar stations
scattered throughout the length of the Soviet Arctic could not at
present defend transpolar approaches to industrial centers on the
mainland. The existing distribution would provide a relatively
good defense in the western sector, which includes Novaya Zemlya,
but large gaps still occur in the central and eastern sectors.
From the standpoint of offense, the role of all areas along the
northern perimeter is limited by logistic problems arising from
their severe climate and great distances from centers of supply.
Intercontinental bombers are and probably will continue to be
based in the interior of the country near sources of supply, even
in the event of open hostilities.
Unlike some of the other island groups, Novaya Zemlya has
always been undisputedly under Russian sovereignty. Proximity to
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
the mainland has lent tacit approval to Russian jurisdiction since the
early days of polar exploration. The discovery and early history of
Novaya Zemlya are not recorded. In the sixteenth century, however, it
was a source of walrus tusks, seal skins, and seal oil for Russian
traders. In the seventeenth century gold, silver, and precious stones
were the object of several expeditions, and the search for a Northeast
Passage also brought many ships to the islands. From the 18th
century to the present, many government expeditions have made
mapping surveys of the topography and geology and have studied the
flora and fauna. J*The first permanent settlers began to arrive
in the late 19th century, and the population has continued to grow
as polar stations and airfields have been established.
Novaya Zemlya stretches for 620 miles (1,000 kilometers) in a
curving northeast-southwest direction and varies from 40 to 90
miles (64 to 145 kilometers) in width (see Map 25881). The total
area is 31,374 square miles (81,280 square kilometers). The two
major islands -- North and South Islands -- are separated by the
narrow, winding Proliv (Strait) Matochkin Shar. An axial mountain
range extends nearly the entire length of the islands and reaches
its greatest height near the strait. About 25 percent of the land
is ice-covered. The remainder has a cover of tundra vegetation
consisting of mosses, lichens, and shrubs; a brilliant display of
ephemeral flowers appears in spring. Brief, cold, foggy summers
alternate with long, cold, and humid winters; clouds and incessant
J
winds are characteristic of both seasons. 2
* For serially numbered source references, see Appendix B.
Approved For Release 200'0l'O591 E dIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved F-Ur RUIPSISO 2000105112
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
II. Air Operations
The current Soviet program of establishing and expanding
airfields in the Arctic has resulted in the development of at
least one major airfield on Novaya Zemlya; and, in the event of
a hot war, many of the small airfields could be quickly expanded.
Novaya Zemlya could thus serve as a forward base for jet interceptor
fighters. The airfields of Novaya Zemlya, together with the radar
installations, would contribute materially to the defense of the
western sector of the Soviet Arctic against approaching aircraft.
At first glance the location of the archipelago appears
particularly favorable, since it lies north of the mainland and
points toward the North Pole. However, the susceptibility of the
islands to various forms of surveillance reduces their utility for
military air operations. Logistic difficulties also are a serious
deterrent to the development of intercontinental bomber bases on
Novaya Zemlya. Bulk commodities in large quantities can be brought
to the islands only during the summer navigation season. Furthermore,
several airfields on the mainland are nearly as far north as Belush'ya
Guba (Bay) airfield on Novaya Zemlya and are connected by year-round
transportation routes with industrial and supply centers of the
Soviet Union. Two of the largest airfields of the Kol'skiy Poluostrov
(Peninsula) on the Soviet mainland, Severomorsk and Pechenga, are
supplied by the Murmansk Railroad; but, like the bases on Novaya
Zemlya, also are open to occasional foreign observation. Consequently
intercontinental bombers would have to be based farther inland. On
a transpolar air strike, these bombers would probably refuel from
Severomorsk, Pechenga, and other airbases along the northern edge
of the mainland before continuing across the Arctic Basin.
A. Distribution of Air Facilities
Air facilities, consisting of airfields and seaplane stations,
are distributed along the coastal perimeter of Novaya Zemlya.
Originally they were built to serve nearby settlements and polar
stations. In recent years, however, some of the airfields have
been expanded and at least one is now probably capable of supporting
jet fighters and piston medium bombers.
The largest airfield and seaplane station on Novaya Zemlya is
located several miles northeast of the settlement of Belush'ya Guba
(see map No. 25993). During World War II, the airfield consisted
of two intersecting strips oriented NW-SE and E-W (Figure 1), but
their alignment may have been changed since then. The NW-SE runway
was 6,600 feet (2,000 meters) long and 450 feet (137 meters) wide,
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
Figure 1. Airfield at
Belush'ya Guba (1943).
Arrow points to the
barracks area.
Figure 2. Seaplane station at Belush'ya Guba
(1943). Note the three amphibious aircraft and
two freighters anchored in Bukhta Samoyed.
Approved For Release 6i s1i : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12ii VDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
Sketch Map of
THE GUBA BELUSH'YA AREA
Seaplane
station
Bukht
S.-O
P O L U O S T R O V
ROGACHEVA
5? T
'3o Airfield
25993 6-57 OCT
Approved For Release 2000/05/125EED- DP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
S -E -C-R-E -T
and the E-W runway measured 2,250 feet (685 meters) by 330 feet
(100 meters). L Only the former could handle fighters and piston
medium bombers. Helicopters, which are used extensively in the
Arctic, are undoubtedly based here and would not require a large
landing space. Both airstrips have natural gravel and earth
surfaces; in winter, they are covered with packed snow and could
be extended to accomodate larger aircraft. The runways are not
serviceable during the spring thaw from mid-May to mid-June.
Facilities at the airfield probably include POL storage tanks,
repair shops, barracks, and various storage buildings. A wireless
transmitter and ieteorological station provide communications and
weather information. Three radar sites are known to be in operation
near Belush'ya Guba, and there may be others that have not been
reported. J
During World War II, a seaplane station was located on Bukhta
(Bay) Samoyed at the western edge of Belush'ya.Guba settlement
(Figure 2). The bay provided unlimited landing space during the
summer, and the installations at that time included a landing ramp,
a parking apron, cranes, barracks, and several small repair sheds.
The station is probably not used at present since seaplanes have
been replaced to a great extent by helicopters, which are more
versatile.
The remaining airfields on Novaya Zemlya are small and little
is known about them. The airfield and seaplane station at the
Krasino polar station were first noted in 1948. J The air
facilities were under the direction of the Chief Directorate of
the Northern Sea Route (GUSMP) at this time; but they are not
listed on a 1956 map of GUSMP polar stations, which suggests
that the facilities have been taken over by some other service,
probably the navy.
The airfield at Mys (Cape) Zhelaniya is located near the
polar station. It has a natural-surfaced runway that is usually
swept clear of winter snows by the persistent winds. In the late
1930's landings were reportedly difficult for 4-engine aircraft,
but recent notices of landings indicate that the airfield is still
in operation. J "Flying observatories" bound for the North Pole
and planes conducting ice reconnaissance use the facilities of the
field.
An airstrip has been reported near the Matochkin Shar polar
station, which is on the route to Ostrov (Island) Rudol'fa in
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa. The strip is less than 2,000 feet (610 meters)
long and is used by the station for supply and other functions. 8/
Although large aircraft cannot land here, they would probably use
the stations radio signal to orient their northward flight.
Several polar stations are known to have small airstrips used
for delivery of supplies and transfer of personnel. The strips are
probably about 2,000 feet (610 meters) long and would accomodate
only light transports. Facilities for some aircraft maintenance
and necessary servicing are installed at the polar stations. Runways
are located at Mys Karmakuly, Mys Stolbovoy, and Russkaya Gavan'
(Harbor) and small airstrips at the settlements of Smidovich,
Krestovaya Guba, Lagernoye, Zaliv (Gulf) Nordenshel'da, and Ostrov
Pakhtusova.
Air operations, which provide the primary physical link between
Novaya Zemlya and the mainland, have been developed under severe
climatic and terrain conditions. Cold temperatures, high winds,
fog, and icing conditions produce flying and maintenance problems.
The mountainous interior and marshy, frozen coastal plain limit the
choice of airfield locations and affect their maintenance.
The high latitudinal position of Novaya Zemlya (70? to 77?N)
gives it an arctic climate tempered only slightly by the surrounding
seas. Brief, cold summers with drizzling rain and many fogs alter-
nate with long, cold, humid winters. The transitional seasons of
spring and fall are very brief. Because the Nordkap Current of the
Gulf stream flows to the west of Novaya Zemlya, the temperatures are
slightly higher along the west coast than along the east coast.
Temperatures are 5 to 7 degrees colder in the northern part of the
islands than in the southern part. Mys Zhelaniya at the northern
tip of North Island is coldest during March, when temperatures
average -4?F (-20?C); but the lowest temperature ever recorded,
-330F (-36?C), occurred in January. August is the warmest month,
averaging 36?F (2?C); and the warmest temperature ever experienced
at Mys Zhelaniya was 59?F or 150C. Ozernoye, at the southern end
of South Island, is coldest in March, when the average temperature
is 1?F (-17?C), with an absolute minimum Of -27?F (-33?C). The
warmest month is July, when temperatures average 43?F (6?C); the
absolute maximum 63?F (17?C), was recorded in August. J
The most characteristic feature of the climate is the persistence
of strong winds, which occur throughout the year but most frequently
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
from November to March. They reach their greatest intensity at
Malyye Karmakuly, where the wind velocity averages 20 miles per
hour (8.9 meters per second) throughout the year. The effects of
the wind on air operations are more apparent when individual storms,
rather than annual averages, are considered. The most frequent
storm is the bora, known locally as the stok. During such storms,
winds descend from the axial mountain chain to the coastal areas and
then move out to sea. The winds gradually abate as they move sea-
ward, and complete calm prevails 10 to 15 miles (16 to 21- kilometers)
from land. The occurrence of a bora can often be predicted 6 to 8
hours in advance on the basis of meteorological changes that precede
the storm -- marked decreases in air pressure, temperature, humidity,
and cloudiness. As the storm begins cloudiness increases and air
pressure becomes higher. 10/
During a bora, wind velocities reach speeds up to 83 miles per
hour (38 meters per second). The winds do not blow steadily but in
gusts separated by intervals of relative calm. During the gusts,
any unsecured object is carried away; and blowing dust, sand, and
snow limit visibility to a few feet. Boras usually last about 24
hours, but some have continued for as long as 6 days; in 1935, a
bora at Malyye Karmakuly blew for 12 days in succession. Flying
during such high winds is impossible, and all aircraft must be
grounded and tied down securely. In spite of precautions, aircraft
may be damaged by flying pebbles and sand. Maintenance work must be
conducted indoors during a bora.
Precipitation has a minor affect on air operations since snow
and rain restrict visibility only temporarily. Over 75 percent of
the precipitation falls as snow and the remainder as drizzly rain.
The annual amount varies from 4.6 inches (115 millimeters) at Mys
Zhelaniya to 9.5 inches (238 millimeters) at Malyye Karmakuly.
These measurements are only approximate since the severe winter
winds are likely to blow some of the snow out of the measuring
gauges.
Cloud and fog are common on the islands. Clouds, which usually
form as low stratus decks, reach their maximum extent during the
winter, when 80 percent of the days are cloudy. Cloudiness is at
a minimum of 60 percent in early spring; but, with the onset of the
spring thaw, cloudiness increases. Fog occurs chiefly in summer
when air activity is at its height, and flying is often hampered by
poor visibility. The fog forms when warm air from the land passes
over the relatively cooler seas. Most fogs last only 12 hours, and
visibility is restricted to 660 to 1,6-0 feet (200 to 500 meters).
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Mys Zhelaniya, with 114 days of fog a year, is the foggiest spot on
the islands and has a maximum of 22 days of fog a month during July
and August. Elsewhere on Novaya Zemlya fogs occur less frequently.
Matochkin Shar, with 60 days of fog annually, is one of the stations
with least fog because it is dispersed by winds blowing through the
strait. 11/
During the summer, rime ice and hoarfrost form on aircraft
surfaces when fog and cloud are present. Accumulations of ice
must be removed before the aircraft can take off; and, after the
craft is airborne, ice must not be allowed to accumulate on the
wing and tail surfaces. The Russians are currently experimenting
with a method of removing rime ice and hoarfrost from grounded
aircraft by the use of hot air pipes and covers. 12/ However,
the more laborious method of sweeping off the surfaces by hand
is probably more common.
Scattered, low coastal terraces and other flat areas provide
a number of possible sites for airfields. The coastal terraces
scattered throughout the littoral areas of Novaya Zemlya reach a
maximum width of 7 miles (11 kilometers) at Krestovaya Guba. They
are usually flat and some rise in a series of steps to more than
250 feet (76 meters) above sea level (Figures 3 and 4). These
terraces, which consist of unstratified deposits of sand, gravel,
and boulders up to 100 feet (40 meters) in thickness, are particu-
larly favorable sites for airfields because their level surface and
homogeneous composition make possible the construction of airstrips
with a minimum of effort. However, the permafrost that underlies
all of the islands and the mountainous glacier-covered interior
necessitates special construction and maintenance techniques.
From the coast, the land surface of Novaya Zemlya rises
gradually to the central mountain chain and reaches a maximum
height of 4,000 feet (1,219 meters) at Gora (Mount) Srednyaya,
east of Krestovaya Guba (Figure 5). This point also marks the
southernmost penetration of extensive glaciers. Farther north,
glaciers fill entire valleys; and beyond 75?N an ice sheet covers
the land. The average height of this sheet is about 2,625 feet
(800 meters), and its thickness varies from 1,300 to 1,500 feet
(400 to 460 meters). Numerous glaciers branch from the ice sheet and
descend to the sea (Figure 6). Between the tongues of ice are small
areas of clear land. Near its northern end the ice sheet diminishes
in size and ends about 10 miles (16 kilometers) south of Mys Zhelaniya.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 3. A series of coastal terraces along
P-1oliv Matochkin Shar.
Figure 1+. The flat, gravel surface of a terrace
near Belush'ya Guba.
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 5. The mountainous interior of Novaya
Zemlya near Proliv Matochkin Shar.
Figure 6. A glacier, probably Lednik
Rozhdestvenskogo, entering the Kara Sea.
- 10 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Since permafrost occurs throughout much of Arctic and sub-Arctic
USSR, special research and experimentation is being directed towards
the improvement of techniques for the construction and subsequent
maintenance of airfields under permafrost conditions. The techniques
developed on the mainland are equally applicable to Novaya Zemlya.
The runways are usually made of strips or pads of gravel. The surface
layer of matted vegetation is left undisturbed so as not to destroy
its insulating property. If the vegetation is removed the permafrost
melts during the long summer days, and the ground surface becomes a
quagmire. At Belush'ya Guba the runways are made of graded natural
material, and the other airstrips on Novaya Zemlya are probably con-
structed in a similar manner. Such airfields are usable throughout
the summer, but they cannot be used in spring until the thawed surface
has dried out thoroughly. These unpaved surfaces also cause problems
in aircraft maintenance, since loose gravel is likely to be sulked
into jet-engines and damage the turbine blades.
S -E-C -R -E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
III. Naval Activities
Although naval activity is usually limited to local shipping and
Northern Sea Route traffic, naval maneuvers were held in the area during
September and October 1957. Newspapers announced that the Northern
Fleet would conduct training exercises with. up-to-date weapons in the
Barents and Kara Seas and warned all Soviet and foreign ships and air-
craft away from a large area surrounding Novaya Zemlya. 15 The weapons
tested were no doubt atomic since dates of the maneuvers coincide with
those of nuclear tests held in the area.
Supply ships from the mainland visit polar stations and other
settlements along the coast during the summer navigation season to deliver
food, medical supplies, and new personnel. In 1955 the Chiaturi, a com-
bination freighter and passenger ship powered with diesel-electric engines,
delivered supplies of fresh vegetables and consumer goods from Arkhangelsk
to Novaya Zemlya, calling at Rusanovo, Malyye Karmakuly, Krestovaya Guba,
and other points. The Chiaturi probably made only two trips during the
navigation season since its second voyage began in late September. Sea
traffic was no doubt considerably heavier than normal in 1955 and 1957,
since the atomic tests conducted at Novaya Zemlya required special
deliveries of construction material and research equipment.
Northern Sea Route ships can pass Novaya Zemlya by three routes:
between the two islands via Proliv Matochkin Shar, around the southern
tip at Proliv Karskiye Vorota (literally, Gate), or around its northern
extremity at Mys Zhelaniya. Ice conditions prevailing at the time
determine which route will be used. Most traffic uses the Proliv
Matochkin Shar and Proliv Karskiye Vorota routes since they are
blocked with ice less often that Mys Zhelaniya.
Proliv Matochkin Shar is a narrow, winding strait 62 miles
(100 kilometers) long and 0.25 to 3 miles (0.4 to 5 kilometers) wide
(see map No. 25882 and Figure 7). Anchorages are found throughout
the strait and depths vary from 33 to 656 feet (10 to 200 meters).
During the navigation season (late July to the end of October),
navigation lights and beacons are displayed along the entire length
of the strait, and ships can sail through without assistance. 14
Proliv Karskiye Vorota lies between Novaya Zemlya and Ostrov
Vaygach. The strait extends in a northeast-southwest direction for
17 miles (27 kilometers) and is 32 miles (53 kilometers) wide. On
both sides the strait is fronted by numerous islands and shoals
reducing the usable width to only about 13 miles (21 kilometersj.
A number of large above-water rocks and a shoal area lie north-
east of Mys Zhelaniya, but ships of any draft can pass north of this
area (Figure 8).
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C -R-E-T
Figure 7. View of the eastern part of Proliv Matochkin
Shar looking westward from Mys Snezhnyy.
Figure 8. The steep headland of Mys Zhelaniya
with above-water rocks lying close off shore.
- 13 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Novaya Zemlya is well located for use as a base for naval opera-
tions in the Barents and Kara Seas, but no available information indi-
cates any such use at present. Many deep, sheltered coastal fiords
could serve as anchorages for both surface vessels and submarines.
During World War IT, German U-boats based on Novaya Zemlya operated in
the southern Barents Sea and in the Kara Sea as far east as Proliv
Vil'kitskogo. In the summer of 1943, there were bases at Mys
Konstantin, Mys Sporyy Navolok, and Mys Pinegina. A total of 6 sub-
marines operated from these bases. In three seasons, they sank 11 mer-
chant ships, 1 destroyer, and 2 survey vessels; shelled the station
at Malyye Karmakuly; and laid numerous mines in Proliv Matochkin Shar
and Proliv Karskiye Vorota. 15
The factor most important in limiting the use of Novaya Zemlya as
a naval base is the short ice-free navigation season. Vessels can
operate for only a few months during the summer without the risk of
becoming frozen in the ice. Ice conditions vary greatly from year to
year, and these conditions are further complicated by interrelations
of the relatively warm Nordkap Current of the Gulf stream, the cold
Kara Sea, and changing winds. Generally the west coast is not free
of ice until the beginning of July but in some years the coast is
entirely ice-free by the end of May. In recent years, the sea north
of Novaya Zemlya has usually been ice-free in summer, but occasionally
it is blocked all summer. (Figure 9). Because of the cold water of
the Kara Sea, ice conditions are more severe on the east coast than
on the Barents Sea coast. In most years, ice is found along the east
coast until August or September; but offshore winds can temporarily
move the ice several miles out to sea. For Novaya Zemlya as a whole,
optimum conditions occur in the fall after the old sea ice melts and
before the young ice forms. At this time, it is sometimes possible
to circumnavigate the islands.
After the coastal areas have cleared, the sea swell and relatively
warm surface water breaks up and melts the ice in the bays. The
western part of Proliv Matochkin Shar becomes clear of consolidated
ice about the end of May or the beginning of June and the eastern part
in early July. The strait is almost always free of ice from late
July until the end of October. By mid-November it is entirely frozen
(Figure 10). 16/
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 9. Terrain near Mys Zhelaniya. A stream
with braided channels drains the inland ice cap,
and a narrow belt of open water separates sea
ice from the mainland.
Figure 10. The western part of Proliv Matochkin Shar, showing
scattered ice remaining in late August. Arrow indicates the
settlement of Lagernoye.
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
IV. Support Facilities for Air and Naval Operations
Air and maritime operations in the Novaya Zemlya area are served
by a well-developed and coordinated system of support facilities, in-
cluding polar stations, radio and radar networks, and ports and land-
ings. Polar stations are scattered throughout the length of the
islands from Mys Zhelaniya to Mys Men'shikova. The radar system has
expanded in recent years, and Novaya Zemlya is now completely covered
by an aircraft control and warning system. 17/ A network of radios
connects many of the inhabited areas of the islands and also links the
islands with the mainland. Only a few locations on Novaya Zemlya have
port facilities at present, but many other anchorages and landing areas
could be developed.
The polar stations on Novaya Zemlya conduct meteorological,
hydrological, aerological, cryological, actinometric, and magnetic
observations. Current data on weather and ice conditions are broad-
cast to nearby aircraft and ships, and weather observations are sent
to collection points on the mainland to be coordinated with data from
polar stations in other parts of the Arctic.
Of the 10 polar stations currently operating on Novaya Zemlya, l8
7 are under jurisdiction of the GUSMP -- Malyye Karmakuly, Russkaya
Gavan', Mys Zhelaniya, Matochkin Shar, Mys Vykhodnoy, Mys Stolbovoy,
and Mys Men'shikova. The remaining three -- Belush'ya Guba, Zaliv
Blagopoluchiya, and Krasino -- were formerly under the GUSMP but
are now probably under the control of the military forces.
Malyye Karmakuly (72o22'N-52o42'E) was the first polar station
established in the Soviet Arctic (1882). It is located on a small
promontory on South Island and is protected from the open sea by
several nearby islands. 19/ The terrain near the station is rolling,
but about a mile to the east the land becomes hilly and farther inland-
rises sharply to the mountains in the interior. 20/ The station made
its first observations in 1882 during the First International Polar
Year, and continuous observations were initiated in 1896. The program
of the station includes geomagnetic research in addition to meteoro-
logical and hydrological observations.
The Russkaya Gavan' station (76?14'N-62?39'E) was set up in 1933
at the base of Poluostrov Goryakova, a narrow peninsula jutting into
Zaliv Russkaya Gavan'. 21/ Its primary function at that time was to
study Lednik (Glacier) Shokal'skogo, which reaches the bay about 1,640
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
feet (500 meters) south of the station (Figure 11). In 1935 the
original function was expanded to include both meteorological and
hydrological observations. 22 The settlement of Russkaya Gavan'
is located on the eastern shore of the bay (Figure 12).
The polar station at Nays Zhelaniya (76057'N-68o34'E) lies
between two small lakes on a low isthmus that separates the Barents
Sea from Bukhta Pospelova (Figure 13). It was established in 1931
to carry out observations in hydrology, hydrography, actinometry,
and meteorology (Figure 14). At that time it included 15 buildings
and the number has probably not increased since then. In 1956, all
of the buildings were repaired and a tide gauge was reportedly
installed. / According to an early announcement the gauge was
to be used in connection with the Soviet program for the
International Geophysical Year (IGY), but no mention of its
use has appeared in recently published IGY notices.
The station at Matochkin Shar (73016'N-56?24'E), located about
5 miles (8 kilometers) from the eastern entrance to Proliv Matochkin
Shar (Figures 15 and 16), was established in 1923 as a geophysical
laboratory but also conducted meteorological and aerological observa-
tions. In 1933, it was taken over by GUSMP. Shortly thereafter two
substations were set up at N}rs Vykhodnoy and Nays Stolbovoy to aid
the Matochkin Shar station in its work. Only the magnetic and some
meteorological functions were retained by Matochkin Shar, probably
because observations were affected by its unfavorable position in
the strait. Pilot balloons especially, were influenced by winds
funneling through the strait. 24
The polar station at Mys Vykhodnoy (73?14'N-56?43'E) is located
on a headland bluff on the northern side of the eastern entrance to
Proliv Matochkin Shar. The station took over the bulk of geophysical
and meteorological work from Matochkin Shar since its more exposed
position was better suited for making observations. After World
War II, Mays Vykhodnoy gradually assumed nearly all the functions
of Matochkin Shar. 25
Mys Stolbovoy polar station (73?17'N-53?56'E) is located on
the south shore at the western end of Proliv Matochkin Shar
(Figure 17). It was established in 1934 as a substation of
Matochkin Shar and during its early years made hydrometeoro-
logical observations. Since recent reports give no indication
of current subordination to any other station, it can be assumed
Nays Stolbovoy now operates independently and continues to record
hydrological and meteorological data. 26
- 17 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S -E-C -R -E -T
Figure 11. The front of Lednik Shokal'skogo as it
enters Zaliv Russkaya Gavan'.
Figure 12. The settlement of Russkaya Gavan'
on the east shore of the bay.
- 18 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
Figure 13. Mys Zhelaniya polar station
(1937). The station, which lies between
two small lakes, has probably not expanded
beyond its original fifteen buildings.
Figure 14+. The central meteorological building at Mys
Zhelaniya. The track in the foreground is used to
transport supplies from the beach to the station.
- 19 -
S -E -C -R-E -T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 15. Aerial view of Matochkin Shar polar station.
Figure 16. The radio
station and tower
at Matochkin Shar
polar station.
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 17. Aerial view of Mys Stolbovoy polar station (arrow).
In the early 1940's the station consisted of eight buildings.
The polar station at Mys Menshikova (7oo42'N-57o36'E) is situated
near the southern tip of South Island. The first indication of a
station at this site was its identification on a 1956 map. 27/ It
probably was established to replace the old station at Ozernoye (also
known as Karskiye Vorota) 13 miles (21 kilometers) to the southwest.
The move may have been made to furnish a better landing site for air-
craft since Poluostrov Piritovy, on which the Ozernoye station was
located, appears to be too hilly for the construction and operation
of a suitable airstrip. A point near the Ozernoye station site where
the peninsula is less than 2 miles (3 kilometers) wide has an eleva-
tion of 213 feet (65 meters). At Mys Men'shikova and to the west and
northwest of it the land is more nearly level and provides a number
of potential sites for airstrips. 28/
The three polar stations not shown as under GUSMP jurisdiction
on the 1956 map -- Belush'ya Guba, Zaliv Blagopoluchiya, and
Krasino -- were probably taken over by Soviet military forces; it is
unlikely that their extensive scientific facilities would be closed
down completely.
S-E-C -R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
The Belush'ya Guba polar station (71?31'N-52?19'E) was estab-
lished during World War II and at that time had a staff of 17
people. It carried on general meteorological observations; aero-
logical work, including radiosonde and pilot balloon flights; and
hydrological work such as observations of water temperature and
level, sea waves, and ice conditions. The station was also
capable of doing actinometric work on special request. 29
Belush'ya Guba is now probably operated by the Soviet Navy.
The polar station at Zaliv Blagopoluchiya (75?42'N-63?41'E) on
the eastern shore of Zaliv Blagopoluchiya, sometimes called Poluostrov
Somneniy, is the only station on the east coast of North Island between
Mys Zhelaniya and Mys Vykhodnoy. It was set up in 1936 to make
meteorological and hydrological observations. In the late 1930's the
station supplied weather data 8 times a day to special aircraft
flights in the area. 30/ At present, the weather reports are of im-
portance to aircraft flying the following routes, all of which pass
near the station: (1) Amderma-North Pole, (2) Dikson -- Zemlya
Frantsa-Iosifa, and (3) Kol'skiy Poluostrov-Severnaya Zemlya and
points east.
The third polar station no longer listed as under the authority
of the GUSMP is at Krasino (70?45'N-54?25'E), a hunting and fish-
ing village on the western shore of Guba Chernaya. It was established
during World War II and is now the site of an airfield and seaplane
station.
B. Communications and Radar
Radio facilities have been reported at nearly every settlement,
airfield, and polar station on Novaya Zemlya. There are probably
other communications facilities on the archipelago, but they either
have not been registered with the International Telecommunications
Union or have never been intercepted.
Novaya Zemlya lies in the zone of maximum auroral activity and
is subject to magnetic storms which disrupt radio communications.
The interruptions may last from a few minutes to several days, during
which communication is "blacked out." Since low-frequency radio is
affected less by such storms than is high-frequency, the Russians are
gradually converting the Novaya Zemlya stations to the low-frequency
system. 31/ The radio stations are probably battery-powered since the
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 18. A windmill of
D-12 type at Mys Zhelaniya.
Most of the electricity on
the islands is obtained from
windmill-generated batteries.
strong and almost incessant winds operate windmills that provide
practically unlimited power for generating electricity (Figure 18).
Radio communications are of three categories -- air, maritime,
and point-to-point. The air network is primarily used for ground-to-
air communication over medium distances. Maritime radio facilities
furnish weather and ice information to ships on the Northern Sea
Route. The domestic point-to-point facilities integrate stations on
the islands with those on the Soviet mainland. Nearly all transmitters
provide radiotelephone and continuous wave or modulated continuous
wave radiotelegraph service. Many of the stations provide more than
one type of service, many using the same transmitter and call signs
with differences sometimes only in frequencies and in power. 32/
Mys Zhelaniya is the only transmitter officially acknowledged to
be operating at as much as 1 kilowatt, but the other stations may be
operating at more than their listed power. The range of the Mys
Zhelaniya station extends for a considerable distance into the Arctic
Ocean and serves as a navigational aid to aircraft on polar flights.
- 23 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
The Soviet Arctic is reportedly guarded by radar throughout most
of its extent, and the cover is complete from Dikson westward to the
Norwegian border. 33/ Nine radar sites have been identified on Novaya
Zemlya and there are very probably others. Mys Middendorfa has an
Early Warning (EW) radar, and at least three radars -- two Ground
Control Intercept (GCI) and one EW -- are in operation at Belushya
Guba. 34/ At 5 of the sites -- Krasino, Mys Chernyy, Mys Brandta,
Krestovaya Guba, and Mys Zhelaniya -- the type and function of the
radar is unknown. 35/
C. Ports and Landings
No ports and landings have been developed on Novaya Zemlya, but
numerous deep, sheltered anchorages could provide sites for naval
bases or landings for airfields and polar stations. Such developments
will probably be undertaken only if required on a high priority basis
because of the difficult climatic and ice conditions.
The only known port facilities on Novaya Zemlya are at Belush'ya
Guba. Ships can anchor anywhere in the northern part of the bay, Guba
Belush'ya, beyond the shoal water bordering the shore. The bay has
sufficient space for anchoring 10 ships, each with a free-swinging
radius of 450 feet (137 meters). Vessels can also anchor nearer to
the settlement which is located on Bukhta Samoyed, an arm of Belush'ya
Guba (Figures 2 and 19). The curving shore along the eastern side of
Bukhta Samoyed forms a bight 3,000 feet (914 meters) long. A single
wooden wharf 200 feet (69 meters) in length with alongside depth of
16 feet (5 meters) has been built along the bight, which may have been
dredged in recent years to allow freighters of deeper draft to anchor.
Guba Belush'ya, including Bukhta Samoyed, is often free of ice from the
end of June to the beginning of November. The date on which the bay
becomes clear of ice depends on the wind; northerly winds drive ice
out of the bay, whereas southerly winds force ice to reenter it. Guba
Belush'ya is well sheltered, and only the infrequent southerly winds
raise large waves. 36/
Near the wharf are eight large fuel tanks. Tankers and barges
are probably used to increase the POL storage space. Coal is used for
heating the buildings and is probably stored in widely scattered dumps
to minimize the danger of fire.
Port facilities at Bukhta Nikitina have also been described, but
their existence is doubtful. According to a PW report the bay con-
tains several wooden wharves, traveling steam-powered cranes, small
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 19. A part of Belush'ya Guba settlement
viewed from a ship anchored in Bukhta Samoyed.
floating cranes, and several long, wooden, one-story warehouses. 37/
Since there are no indications of military, scientific, or economic
activities in the area and since no overland transportation is avail-
able, the report is probably erroneous. The source may have been
describing Belush'ya Guba.
Sheltered anchorages are numerous in the coastal indentations of
Novaya Zemlya, especially on the southern and western coasts of the
two main islands. Nearly all offshore waters along the entire eastern
coast of North Island are too deep for anchoring, but some coastal
indentations provide shelter. Polar stations usually have favorable
anchorages nearby. The northeastern shore of Zaliv Russkaya Gavan',
which is 10 miles (16 kilometers) long and 5 miles (8 kilometers)
wide, provides good anchorage for the station; and Mys Zhelaniya uses
the northeastern shore of Bukhta Pospelova. 38Z
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S -E -C -R-E -T
V. Current Scientific Role of Novaya Zemlya
Novaya Zemlya has become an important area in two current Soviet
scientific programs -- nuclear testing and participation in the IGY.
Nuclear explosions have occurred on North Island and in the offshore
waters south of the islands. IGY observations are being made at several
polar stations on North Island.
A. Nuclear Tests
Five nuclear explosions have occurred in or near Novaya Zemlya since
1955. On 21 September of that year, an explosion yielding about 20 kilo-
tons took place underwater off the southern tip of South Island. The
settlement of Krasino and its airfield and polar station facilities
qualify as the support area for this test. Recording and measuring
instruments could be flown or shipped to the settlement and personnel
could temporarily be housed there.
Nuclear tests in the Novaya Zemlya area were resumed in the fall of
1957, when 4 explosions occurred. On 7 September, a weapon yielding
about 25 kilotons was detonated near the site of the earlier underwater
test. On 24 September and 6 October, weapons yielding about 3 and 4
megatons, respectively, were tested at a new proving ground on North
Island at 73?48'N-54?24'E. On 10 October, an explosion with a yield
of about 20 kilotons occurred at 70?36'N-54?12'E and appeared to have
been detonated underwater. The location, size, and position of this
test were similar to those of the first one, conducted in September
1955 near Krasino.
The nuclear tests conducted on Novaya Zemlya thus far suggest two
types of use. The two high-yield explosions conducted at a weapons
proving ground on North Island were probably for research purposes.
The tests in the waters off the southern coast of South Island were
very likely associated with naval activities. The 21 September 1955
test was probably a naval directed explosion. The explosions on
7 September and 10 October 1957 were undoubtedly associated with the
up-to-date weapons used during naval maneuvers held in the Barents
and Kara Seas from 10 September to 15 October.
Novaya Zemlya has several advantages that make it a suitable nuclear
test site. Favorable upper air trajectories carry radiation fallout away
from the mainland. The barren landscape and sparse population also favor
its use. According to one report the evacuation of the present mea er
population is being considered in preparation for further tests. 40
The island's isolated position provides a testing area with minimum
possibility of foreign surveillance. During the 1955 test the coastal
waters on the southern tip of Novaya Zemlya and Proliv Karskiye Vorota
were closed. 41 Prior to the 1957 tests the entire coastline and large
- 26 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
areas of the offshore waters of the islands were closed, and on the
western coast the boundary of the restricted zone was placed more than
200 miles (320 kilometers) from the islands. L2
B. International Geophysical Year Observations
During the IGY, an extensive program of scientific observations
is in operation at the Mys Zhelaniya, Russkaya Gavan', and Nays
Vykhodnoy polar stations. 1+3/
Meteorological observations are made at Mys Zhelaniya and
Russkaya Gavan'. Standard observations are made four times daily
and include air temperature and pressure, wind velocity and direction,
cloudiness, visibility, type and quantity of precipitation, amount of
snow cover, and duration of sunlight.
Geomagnetic observations are carried out at Mys Vykhodnoy.
Magnetic measurements are now in progress, and the installation of
a storm magnetograph which will record extraordinary magnetic dis-
turbances is planned.
Aurora studies are planned for Mys Zhelaniya, where an all-sky
camera (C-180?) will take motion pictures of the sky at specific
intervals on all clear nights.
Oceanographic observations, which include measuring the
temperature and salinity of the water as well as fluctuations in
sea level, are in progress at Russkaya Gavan'.
Extensive glaciological investigations will also be undertaken
at Russkaya Gavan'. A glaciological expedition of the Institute of
Geography of the Academy of Sciences will establish a camp on Lednik
Shokal'skogo, 2,520 feet (770 meters) above sea level, where ice
temperatures within the glacier and other glacial phenomena will be
measured. Changes in the glaciation of Novaya Zemlya can be deduced
by comparing these data with those collected during the Second
International Polar Year, 1932-33. 1+1+
S -E -C -R-E -T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
VI. Population
Novaya Zemlya has the largest population of any of the islands
in the Soviet Arctic. The first permanent settlers- arrived in 1869.
Before this, Russian and Norwegian hunters, fishermen, and traders
visited the islands but did not remain through the winter. L5/ As
Nentsy and Russians migrated to the islands the population gradually
increased and by 1937 numbered about 400 -- 300 Russians and 100
Nentsy. Since then, the population has probably increased many fold
as more Russians arrived to operate the airfields, polar stations,
and other installations and PW's were sent to work in the mines.
The number of Nentsy has probably increased very little. Some may be
employed in nontechnical tasks at polar stations and airfields, but
the majority are probably hunters, herders, trappers, and fishers
living at a near-subsistence level (Figure 20).
Most of the population is concentrated at polar stations and
other settlements along the coast of the islands. The interior is
uninhabited except for migratory Nentsy reindeer herdsmen and
occasional seasonal hunters. Most of the polar stations are staffed
with 4 to 10 persons, but some of the larger ones such as Belush'ya
Guba may have more. The only other settlements consist of a few
houses inhabited by Russians or Nentsy engaged in fishing, hunting,
and trapping (Figure 21).
Forced labor, which comprises a large part of the population, is
used chiefly in prospecting and mining. Six camps are known to be
located on the island and there are possibly more. Prisoners from a
camp north of Zaliv Rogacheva were engaged in prospecting for oil in
1949, but no evidence indicates that their efforts were successful.
L6/ in 1951, a camp near Matochkin Shar polar station housed 850
prisoners who worked in a nearby copper-pyrite quarry. L7/ The 1,500
to 2,000 prisoners assigned to a large camp near the southwestern
coast of North Island in 1952 worked in an iron mine and ore process-
ing plant. L8/ Three other camps on North Island have not been
located, but they are probably near Russkaya Gavan'. 49
The free population is organized into collectives which import
supplies and export hunting products to various cities on the main-
land. The population is governed by an island soviet (council), which
until recently met annually in early May at Belush'ya Guba. 50 Meet-
ings are probably now held at Lagernoye, a more centrally located
settlement (Figures 22 and 23). The soviet controls the education,
medical service, political indoctrination, and cultural activities of
the natives. 51
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S -E-C -R -E -T
Figure 20. A Nentsy family and its small boats at
Guba Ch&naya.
Figure 21. The fishing settlement of Russanovo near the
southern tip of Novaya Zemlya (19+5).
- 29 -
S-E-C-R -E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 22. A distant view of the settlement of
Lagernoye (1937).
Figure 23. The town hall of Lagernoye.
The timbers were numbered to facilitate
the assembling of the building.
- 30 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Most settlements have schools and a 7-year boarding school is
located at Belush'ya Guba (Figure 211.). The current Soviet goal is a
universal 7-year education, but this will be difficult to achieve on
Novaya Zemlya since the small population is scattered over a large
area. A few Nentsy receive a higher education and are trained as
teachers and scientists. They attend the Peoples of the Extreme
North Section of the A.I. Gertsen (Hertzen) Pedagogical Institute in
Leningrad. 52
Figure 21-. The boarding school at Belush'ya Guba.
Infirmaries and first aid stations are scattered throughout
Novaya Zemlya, a doctor is available in every settlement, and a ma-
ternity home has been established for the islands. Hospitals are
located in Belush'ya Guba and Lagernoye, the latter having a 30-bed
capacity.
The inhabitants of the islands usually travel by motor boat or
dog team. Boats are used during the summer for coastal travel and
dog teams are used in the winter or for inland travel. Reindeer,
airsleighs, and caterpillar tractors are also used for transportation.
- 31 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
The local economy of Novaya Zemlya currently provides little
support for air and naval activities of the islands; and the Russians
who operate the airfields and polar stations and the forced laborers
who work in the mines contribute little to the local economy. The
native Nentsy live off the land and sea at a near-subsistence level,
their only export of importance being hides and furs and their only
contribution to the Soviet population being meat and fish. The
Russians, on the other hand, import most of the food they consume
and other materials they require. Of the minerals exploited, only
coal is consumed locally; other mining activity is dictated by over-
all Soviet planning.
A. Mining
Mines are located at several points along the western coast of
Novaya Zemlya, and their distribution seems to indicate they were
discovered by prospecting at preselected sites. Probably the geolo-
gists who did the field work were based at polar stations during the
summer, and their investigations were limited to areas adjacent to
the stations. The two richest sites are near Belush'ya Guba and
Russkaya Gavan'. The islands are no doubt richer in minerals
than current exploitation indicates, but any new discoveries are un-
likely to be exploited because of the isolated position of the archi-
pelago. Many of the mineral resources may never be exploited; others,
such as uranium, have strategic value sufficient to justify exploita-
tion regardless of their location. Materials that can be used for
building purposes are found throughout the islands, but they are
little used and most of the materials for housing are imported from
the mainland.
Uranium is probably the most strategic mineral found on the is-
lands, and an unlocated mine was reported to be in operation in 1949.
It was worked by forced laborers who stockpiled the ore during the
winter and loaded it on ships for transport to the mainland during
the ice-free season. 1/
Deposits of copper, lead, and zinc ores have been discovered
near Proliv Matochkin Shar, but their exact locations are not known.
There is no evidence that these deposits are of economic importance.
54 Copper has also been found at Poluostrov Mednyy on the northern
shore of Guba Propashchaya, and mines were opened there in the early
1930's. The copper content ranged up to 1.47 percent, but the aver-
age was 0.3 to 0.5 percent. In view of the limited accessibility of
the site, the ore is of only marginal economic value. 55
- 32 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C -R-E-T
A mineral containing a high percent of vanadium is found east
of Guba Beluzh'ya near the eastern end of Proliv Matochkin Shar, but
the economic value of the ore is doubtful since Soviet reserves of
vanadium on the mainland appear adequate.
North of Guba Rakovaya, fluorite is found as separate crystals
or in dikes 12 to 16 inches (30 to 40 centimeters) thick.
Two possible iron ore mines have been reported on Novaya Zemlya.
The locations of the mines are not pinpointed, but the most likely
sites are near Russkaya Gavan' and Belush'ya Guba.56 Although the
mines, ore-washing plants, and other installations are described,
it is doubtful whether iron ore is actually produced here. Iron
mining in such an inaccessible area would not be economically
justifiable in view of the richer deposits available elsewhere
in the Soviet Union. The magnitude of the installations suggests
that the ores may contain rarer metals.
Nonmetallic minerals such as oil, coal, asbestos, and gypsum are
also found on Novaya Zemlya. The sedimentary basin containing the
Pechora oil field may possibly extend to the archipelago making it
part of this "Third Baku." There are no known producing wells on
Novaya Zemlya. Since World War II, oil prospecting has been active
north of Zaliv Rogacheva, but the results are not known. Although
oil seeps have been found near Zaliv Inostrantsev on North Island,
the low holding capacity of the rock would prevent any large
accumulation of oil. 57
Three open-pit coal mines have been reported 2 miles (4 kilo-
meters) from a port on North Island, probably Russkaya Gavan'. Three
daily shifts of forced laborers working by hand load the coal into
trailers, which are taken to the port by tracked vehicles. 58 Coal
has also been found in alluvial or glacial deposits at several other
places, but the quantities are insignificant.
Building materials -- including limestone, slate, marble, and
gypsum -- have been noted at several locations on Novaya Zemlya and
are undoubtedly found in many other parts of the islands. Gypsum
beds 100 feet (30 meters) thick occur along the western shore of
Zaliv Makarova, and the Ostrova Alebastrovyye (Alabaster Islands)
appear to be largely alabaster, a variety of gypsum.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
B. Collecting Furs and Hides
Furs and hides currently comprise the major item of export from
Novaya Zemlya, and their procurement is therefore an important part
of the local economy. The most valuable fur-bearing animal is. the
arctic fox. It is about the size of a small dog and has smoky brown
fur that turns white in the winter. The fox is omniverous and feeds
on small rodents, birds and their eggs, berries, crabs, mollusks, and
carrion. It does not hibernate in winter but roams the snow-covered
land and sleeps in abandoned animal burrows. The fox is hunted from
December until the middle of March, when its fur is thick and white.
In the fall, trappers put out food near their camps to attract the
foxes and catch them in steel traps baited with a variety of food.
Foxes are caught in large numbers, and 2,000 pelts were exported from
the islands annually during the early 1940's (Figure 25).
Other animals furnishing furs and skins include polar bears,
reindeer, and seals. Polar bears were formerly a major source of furs,
but in recent decades they have decreased in number. In 1932, about
200 live bears and over 1,900 pelts were taken. At present, only a
few are shot, and these usually come from the northern and eastern,
coasts (Figure 26). 59 Reindeer hides are also exported to the
mainland to be made into suede and leather goods of various types.
Hides produced in Novaya Zemlya are of good quality since the
climate is too cold for the survival of gadflies. These insects
lay their eggs in the animal's hair; when the larvae hatch, they
bore into the reindeer's skin, leaving it full of holes and worth-
less for leather. The Greenland seal, bearded seal, and arctic
ringed seal are hunted for their skin as well as their oil and
meat. Their fur is not so luxurious as that of the fur seal of
the Far East; but their hides are made into straps, belts, and
other leather articles.
Eider down, obtained from abandoned nests of the eider duck,
was formerly collected on the islands and exported to the mainland.
The largest eider duck bazar, estimated at 1,000 nests, is on
Ostrov Pukhovyy at the southern end of Novaya Zemlya. At present,
no eider down is collected or processed, but the Russians hope to
revive and to develop the industry. 60/
C. Procuring Food
The majority of foodstuffs consumed on Novaya Zemlya are imported
from the Soviet mainland. Fresh vegetables and fruits and canned
goods are shipped in during the short navigation season. Additional
-34 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Figure 25. Arctic fox pelts hanging from wires at a dwelling at
Krasino, where a polar station is located.
Figure 26. A captured polar bear near Mys Zhelaniya.
Though once fairly common, polar bears are now seldom
found on Novaya Zemlya.
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
vegetables are grown in greenhouses and hot beds, but they satisfy
only a small part of the population's needs. The islands and the
surrounding seas, however, could provide much of the meat and fish
required by both the native population and the official personnel.
The bearded seal, arctic ringed seal or hair seal, and Greenland
seal are found in abundance along the shores. The bearded and arctic
ringed seals remain at Novaya Zemlya. throughout the winter feeding
beneath the sea and breathing through air holes in the ice. The
Greenland seal migrates in early spring from Kol'skiy Poluostrov and
the White Sea to Novaya Zemlya, Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, and Severnaya
Zemlya. When winter ice begins to form in late fall the seals return
to the south.
Walrus herds have been greatly reduced and are now found along
the northeastern coast and only occasionally in other areas. They
probably are not an important source of food since the meat, although
palatable, is tough.
The belukha or white whale lives in large herds, which frequent
coastal waters and river estuaries and often travel upstream in
search of fish. Although their meat is tough, it is eaten fresh or
canned.
Caribou -- or "reindeer," as the domestic animals are called --
were found in large numbers up to the nineteenth century, when Russian
and Norwegian hunters almost exterminated them. In 1928, a herd was
introduced from Ostrov Kolguyev, and a reindeer farm was organized.
The numbers have increased since then, and the animals now provide
the island inhabitants with meat, hides, and milk (Figure 27). The
upland tundras in the eastern part of the islands are the best pas-
ture areas, the tundra pastures south of the Savina River being
especially rich. 61
Fish are found in the waters surrounding the archipelago and are
especially numerous in the relatively warm Barents Sea. Char are
caught chiefly in the fall when they migrate from the sea to inland
lakes and rivers and in the spring when they return to sea, but some
are also caught beneath the ice during the winter. Cod, herring,
mackerel, and pollack are ocean fish; they are caught with nets towed
by motor boats and launches. The fish are eaten fresh or are smoked
and salted for future use.
Bird eggs form an important part of the native diet, and they
are probably also consumed by the Soviet population. Large colonies
or bazars of birds inhabit the steep, rocky cliffs on the western
36
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
coast of Novaya Zemlya (Figure 28). In 1950, nearly 2,000,000 birds
were estimated to be living in WI bazars; the largest colony, con-
sisting of 350,000 birds, was located at Guba Bezymyannaya. 62
The most common bird nesting in the bazars is the guillemot, which
is about the size of a duck but has a smaller head and a pointed
beak. The upper body, head, and wings are black; and the remainder
of the body is white. Guillemot eggs are collected in large numbers
and eaten by the local inhabitants. They are twice the size of
chicken eggs and are equally tasty and nutritious (Figure 29). In
the late 1930's, nearly one-half million eggs were collected
annually, but in recent years the number has decreased. The birds
are used only as dog food since their meat has a strong fish flavor
and is not palatable to humans. Until needed, the birds are stored
on house roofs out of reach of the dogs (Figure 30).
S-E -C -R-E -T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C -R-E-T
Figure 27. Part of a reindeer herd on Novaya Zemlya.
Figure 28. Abird bazar near Malyye Karmakuly.
- 38 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E -C -R -E -T
Figure 29. Packing guillemot eggs.
Figure 30. Guillemots hanging from and stored
on a roof at Lagernoye. They are used for dog
food since their strong fishy flavor is not
palatable to humans.
- 39 -
S-E-C -R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R-E-T
Although an increasing amount of material on the Soviet Arctic
is beginning to appear, recent information on Novaya Zemlya is very
scarce. Data on economic development is limited to a great extent to
prewar sources. Current information on airfield development as well
as population growth is sparse and spotty. Information on radar and
radio facilities is recent but incomplete.
-1o-
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
S-E-C-R E-T
SOURCES AND EVALUATION OF SOURCES
1. Evaluation of Sources
Much of the information used in the study came from classified
PW reports and intelligence reports and publications. A small portion
of the information used was derived from unclassified periodicals and
books in Russian and English.
World War II German aerial photography provided a substantial
amount of data on air facilities. The information on mining was
obtained for the most part from PW reports, and the information on
the nuclear test was derived wholly from classified reports. The
discussions of climate, terrain, polar stations, hunting, and herding
are based largely on unclassified textual material.
The finished intelligence and PW reports are all of recent date,
but most of the unclassified sources are of immediate prewar or
earlier date. The sources used are generally reliable, but locations
given in the PW reports are often vague.
Evaluations, following the classification
'Eval, If
have the following significance :
entry
and designated
Source of Information
A
- Completely reliable
1
- Confirmed by other sources
B
- Usually reliable
2
- Probably true
C
- Fairly reliable
3
- Possibly true
D
- Not usually reliable
4 - Doubtful
E
- Not reliable
5
- Probably false
F
- Cannot be judged
6
- Cannot be judged
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this report
and apply only to the specific information incorporated into this re-
port. No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the
evaluation of the cited document.
S-E -C -R-E -T
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 25X1A
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
Next 3 Page(s) In Document Exempt
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
 NOVAYA ZEMLYA
o Polar station
ri Radio station
-4 Airfield
Radar station
Seaplane base
'F German submarine base
in World War II
Q Iron
Q Vanadium
Copper
Ph Lead
Zinc
0 Gold
Astronomic point ? Settlement
een Spot elevation (in meters) -e^e'- Bathymetric contour; form line
a Navigation light 71 Sounding (in meters)
A Coal
o Oil
Asbestos
$ Gypsum
Fluorite
scale 1:1,000,000
5 10 Iles
0 ilameb.e
SECRET
YY Gusinyy Nw"
dl
eh
kh.py.s y~evi
s
e);
~J
eryyV/ OsM1Or~i
Oleniy
~?Pyniny~ ~
O
?orin
I 10:
SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 0
54-
B ~e
0, 54?
"irk ? o~
3d
y
\_
q-Ma/ke k-
PROLIV MATOCHKIN SHAR
,
0
a
M ly h v K.-..'
Q Polar station
P 1` i ae
9Fr
f LI d i
9~ a~~-~~/ U
c4ft
'
stl '
* Navigation light
Settlement
P,ol MA,.. in
Sho Area
xw a s
s5a
y
.- (Ilveny qua
Quo SneMysika
Ch
( Go tae,
?y`` j2hdo ko~, 2
~r~) I^ ~y
Glacier Marsh
Sounding, and he'ryM,'n.0-
T
AU
~
a G tazhk'no
B
4\
~
~
y s
M5'
~ P ! A l
~J
ra dad
~~ crera ore.o]~7
~.
~~
. A \ 1
~ ?
',1 l~` 1~
Goo K y Y a
) ~~A;~ ~n
wome.o
SECRET
?
' r. N
Iti
55?30, 57'W
j?373
my
Li
,a
S dla\\:1
11P
Chern ~C~~
I`P
s8
y3sM
l;
v
0111",
My I r~: ~ ^
~~
M e
v h d
~
,
lm
0
~!
r 7}
'+
? o
y
MY.,
.p A0
r n
,~wk" y 5 ~j.
Gom Moiseyew \ \
V '. dw+~
";.15 MR!A'?rH, 1
'M+5 h
o Goro PI tso
(1'.
~a
it 1
o
'.z~, '
~ t
~
1 ~r
VkMd oy Y.
M1Na
F
.ks4'a I'SS'z =
ho
%y
J
b ~' ego
1
oA1y'
1
m- ?
uo
R
Y
w y'v~r
' sNf
omorsN
0
r
2~A~
my. Pep a ]Y`
t
61 Cwlro t
~~
~w
J
I ~
\\~ 4
i
a? x 154 R:~ D t ~~~ y s
\8
Ma
Gora
Nosilova
aaa
sW
~
ab
`~
~~
7
~a ~ 0 ~~
~ .; , e~ ~
^' y.
2 ~ 'yS'
< ~
~ u ,a MVs ,
.l,F d
~
k~
~
N IW j
5ffa"~~^y
f~y~M~~
73?
77
44:?
a,
5] 00'
14 51?00' 54? 55 56 ' 563
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/05/12 : CIA-RDP79TO1018A000200070001-5
SECRET 25X1 C
NOFORN
t
25X1 C
NOFORN
SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/05/12 CIA-RDP79T01018A000200070001-5