POSTWAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE 'WESTERN TERRITORIES' OF POLAND

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• Publication Date: January 1, 1958
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' N? 167
GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POSTWAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE
"WESTERN TERRITORIES" OF POLAND
CIA/RR-G-1 9
January 1958
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This material contains information affecting
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CON ROE
N
RL
GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POSTWAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE
"WESTERN TERRITORIES" OF POLAND
CIA/RR-G-19
January 1958
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
J1, ?~' r r
E-T
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
III. Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A. Geographic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
B. Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
IV. Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
A. Prewar Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
B. Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
C. Coke Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
D. Power Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
E. Iron and Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
F. Non-Ferrous Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
G. Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
H. Industrial Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
I. Light Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
J. Construction-Materials Industry . . . . . . . . . 19
V. Postwar Urban Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Appendixes
Gaps in Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References for Statistical Information . . . . . . . . . . 27
S-z'T
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CoL
Photographs
Page
Figure 1.
Plowing on a former German estate near
Dzierzoniow
5
Figure 2.
Rye field near Opole . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Figure 3.
Screening plant of a coal mine in Zabrze . . .
12
Figure 4.
Mieszko coke plant in Walbrzych . . . . . . . .
12
Figure 5.
Czechnica powerplant southeast of Wroclaw . . .
14
Figure 6.
Bobrek metallurgical plant . . . . . . . . . .
14
Figure 7.
Nitrogen-compound plant in Kgdzierzyn . . . . .
16
Figure 8.
Rotary kilns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Figure 9.
"Pafawag" state wagon factory . . . . . . . . .
17
Figure 10.
View along a main street of Stargard . . . . .
19
Figure 11.
View of Jelenia Gora . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Figure 12.
Reconstruction in a residential district of
Wroclaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Table 1.
Agriculture Land Use in the Western Territories
1938 and 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Table 2.
Crop Areas in the Western Territories
1938 and 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Table 3.
Crop Yields in the Western Territories
1935-39 and 1951-55 . . . . . . . . .
Table 4.
Livestock in the Western Territories
1938 and 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Table 5.
Share of the Western Territories in the Crop
Production of Poland 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Qw* -R-E-T
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Table 6. Share of the Western Territories in Prewar
German Industry 1938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 7. Production of Bituminous Coal in Poland
1945-1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to
Table 8. Production of Coke in Poland 19+6-1955 . . . . . 11
Table 9. Production of Construction Materials in Poland
1937-38 and 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Maps
Following page
Poland: Western Territories (26295) . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Poland: Soils (26296) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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POSTWAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE
"WESTERN TERRITORIES" OF POLAND
Summary
The unsettled legal status of the Western Territories, which
had been German territory before World War II, is a potential
political problem that may flare up in any official negotiations
between Poland and West Germany or in any discussions between East
and West Germany in which the Soviet sphere of influence is involved.
Postwar development of the territories by the Poles has been aimed
at transforming the region into a vital part of Poland, thereby
precluding any revision of the present boundary. The expulsion of
more than two-thirds of the German nationals after the war and the
resettling of the region with Poles has made the territories
ethnically Polish. The present population of 5-1/2 million, which
is 1-1/2 million less than the prewar population, has not had the
training or experience in modern agricultural and industrial methods
and techniques needed to utilize efficiently the resources of the
region. Present agricultural production is lower than the prewar
level; the amount of land in cultivation is less and the crop yields
have been markedly reduced. The region, nevertheless, supplies a
significant proportion of agricultural products of Poland. Postwar
industrial development has been characterized by uneven growth.
Impressive gains have been made in most sectors of heavy industry,
the products of which are essential to the rapid industrialization
program of the country. Light industry has not, in general,
recovered its prewar position, and many small enterprises in the
agricultural areas have been abandoned. This uneven industrial
growth has been reflected in the types and rate of urban reconstruction.
Important industrial towns have been rapidly reconstructed, whereas
rebuilding of smaller towns has been neglected. The present economic
program adopted by the Gomulka regime, however, provides for greater
emphasis on consumer-orientated industries, and the Western Territories
should benifit from this program. An increase in the number of
settlers as well as increased investments in housing construction,
agriculture, and light industry should gradually improve the economic
situation of many neglected areas and help develop a well balanced
economy within the Western Territories.
v
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I. Introduction
The so-called Western Territories* of Poland today play a major
role in the continued viability of the Polish state even though they
are not yet fully Polish in a legal sense and their future is still
subject to diplomatic negotiations. By the Potsdam Agreement of
19+5 the German territories east of the Oder-Neisse rivers were
placed under Polish administration, but the final determination of
sovereignty and settlement of the boundary were postponed until a
peace treaty for Germany should be negotiated. Continued failure
to settle the sovereignty question has led to conflicting claims by
the governments of Poland and West Germany (the German Federal
Republic, GFR). East Germany (the so-called German Democratic
Republic, GDR), on the other hand, disregarded the Potsdam Agreement
and concluded a bilateral agreement with Poland whereby the Oder-Neisse
boundary was officially recognized. This boundary appears to be
accepted by the Soviet Bloc generally. Numerous reports, articles,
and books on this problem by both Poles and West Germans indicate
that the de facto situation might continue to be a major source of
friction in any negotiations between Poland and the GFR regarding
the establishment of diplomatic relations, trade agreements, or
other matters. In any negotiations between the Soviet Bloc and
the West concerning German reunification, the question of the Western
Territories could probably arise in some form, and the Soviet Union
might use the territories as a pawn in such negotiations.
The repopulation of the Western Territories by Poles and the
considerable reconstruction and economic development that has taken
place since the war would doubtless have some influence on the course
of negotiations. It is therefore desirable to analyse postwar
developments both in the Western Territories as a whole and, insofar
as possible, in different areas within the Western Territories. Such
an analysis is now possible for the first time because of the
increasing flow of official information on the Western Territories.
Most of the early postwar official publications were limited to
discussion of the extent of the sociological and economic upheaval
undergone in the Western Territories and to plans for development
*This study encompasses only the "Western Territories" of Poland,
which include the Wojewodztwa of Koszalin, Szczecin, Zielona Gora,
Wroc4aw, Opole and part of Katowice. The term Western Territories
as used throughout the paper refers to this region, regardless of
its administrative status. Since the problems related to boundary
changes in the southern part of former East Prussia and Gdansk
Wojewodztwa are of a different nature from those associated with
the Oder-Neisse frontier, the area is not considered in this analysis.
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of a socialized economy for the country as a whole. Detailed
information available on sociological conditions, agriculture, and
industries was based on individual observations but did not represent
an adequate sample of the region as a whole. The publication of the
1955 and 1956 yearbooks and subsequent studies, however, provide
information by first-order administrative divisions that permits a
refined analysis and synthesis of the data on a regional basis.
The transfer of German territories to Polish administration
enlarged Poland's physical basis for development into an economically
stable and prosperous nation. By shifting the boundary 120 miles to
the west, Poland acquired a long seacoast with two important ports --
Szczecin and Gdansk -- and the potential for developing an important
maritime economy. Equally significant to Poland was the acquisition
of the highly industrialized German part of Upper Silesia with its
rich mineral resources and the large areas of improved agricultural
land, which partially compensated for the loss of the important
agricultural land in the Eastern Provinces that were ceded to the
USSR after the war.
The Polish Government, determined to retain the Western
Territories permanently, immediately inaugurated an ambitious
program aimed at transforming the region into an integral part of
Poland. The program included radical changes in the ethnographic
composition of the region, reorganization of its agricultural
structure along Soviet lines, and a reorientation of its industrial
development.
II. Population
In 1939, the population of what is now the Western Territories
of Poland was 7 million. 1/* Although the majority were German, an
important Polish minority was concentrated in Upper Silesia. When
the Poles occupied the Western Territories, they adopted the policy
of transferring all German nationals from the region and resettling
it with the Polish nationals who were forced to leave the former
Polish Eastern Provinces or the overpopulated agricultural areas of
central Poland. In order to maintain the social and economic
standards of the Western Territories, the population transfer
program had to be completed within a reasonable length of time.
It is estimated that, by 1950, more than two-thirds of the German
population had either fled from the Western Territories or been
deported J and that the remainder, primarily miners and industrial
workers, were subjected to intensive Polonization. Recent self-
*For serially numbered source references see Appendix B.
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N.
criticism by Communist party officials and evaluation of their
accomplishments suggest that the Polonization program has not been
successful, and many of the Germans who were permitted to remain in
the Western Territories are eager to migrate to Germany.
The plans for resettling the Western Territories have fallen
short of original expectations. The number of Poles available for
repatriation or resettling has not been large enough to complete
the occupation of the region. By 1955, the total population of the
Western Territories had reached 5-1/2 million, which is 1-1/2
million lower than the prewar population. 3/ Furthermore, the
present population figure includes natural growth, which has
averaged approximately 50 percent higher in the Western Territories
than in Poland as a whole. 2,3/ Since the end of World War II the
distribution of the population in the region has also been modified.
The former very densely populated industrial section of Upper Silesia
has gained in population, as have scattered industrial centers in
Lower Silesia. Other urban areas throughout the region are rapidly
regaining their prewar size. The sparsely populated agricultural
areas, however, have gained little in total population since the war,
and in some rural areas the population decreased during the period
between 19+9 and 1955.
A more serious aspect of the resettlement program has been the
disruption of the occupation structure of the area. The deportation
of the Germans from the region drained it of a large percentage of
trained agricultural workers and significant numbers of skilled
industrial workers. The resettlers, on the other hand, were largely
agricultural workers with little experience in the use of the
scientific agricultural techniques previously employed by the German
farmers in the Western Territories and none of the training or skill
needed in the industrial enterprises of Silesia.
III. Agriculture
A. Geographic Factors
Agriculture was highly developed in the Western Territories
prior to World War II even though the natural environmental conditions
are only moderately favorable for crop production. This high
standard of farming was achieved through careful management of the
land.
Except for the Sudeten Mountains in the south, the terrain of
the Western Territories is fairly level. Almost everywhere the
surface consists of glacial deposits laid down by ice sheets and
of sands and gravels deposited by rivers that drained the glaciers.
Soils that developed on these glacial deposits differ in fertility
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and constitute the most important physical factor effecting
variations in the type of land use within the region (see Map 26296).
In the north, in Pomerania, soils of moderate fertility formed from
the clay of the ground moraine alternate with sandy, infertile soils.
The heavy clay soils are suitable for the production of potatoes and
grain, whereas the sandy soils are generally pine covered, agriculture
being possible to only a limited extent.
South of the ground moraine, in the former German area of East
Brandenburg, sandy soils predominate. Much of this area has remained
in pine forests. Some of the wide east-west river valleys, however,
were converted into important farming and cattle-breeding areas
through extensive drainage and soil improvement. Farther south, in
Silesia, fertile loess as well as loams alternate with poorer soils.
Under German administration, large-scale prosperous agricultural
enterprises with intensive cultivation characterized the areas of
loess soils; and small, marginal farms predominated in areas with
poor soils.
Climatic conditions of the Western Territories, though not
ideally suited to agriculture, do not approach the danger point
for crop production. Total precipitation averages between 20 and
25 inches per year, with the maximum occuring during the growing
season. Nevertheless, a significant reduction in crop yields is
likely if the summer precipitation falls slightly below normal.
Average summer temperatures range between 50? and 65?F, and at no
time do they fall to a level where agricultural activity is seriously
endangered. Prolonged spells of extremely cold weather, however,
may occur in winter, and cause damage to orchards and winter-grain
crops. Late spring frosts may also occur, with a resulting reduction
of crop yields.
B. Land Use
When the Western Territories were placed under Polish
administration, the Communist government in Warsaw focused its
efforts on transforming the agricultural structure of the region.
At the same time, however, the government intended to retain the
existing land-use pattern and hoped it could maintain the prewar
level of production. The drive to collectivize the farms in the
Western Territories met with considerable superficial success
(Figure 1). By 1955, approximately 50 percent of the agricultural
area was collectivized as compared to 20 percent for all of Poland.
The presence of a large number of expropriated estates and the
influx of an agricultural refugee population were particularly
conducive to the creation of collective and state farms. Many of
the large estates were easily converted into state farms by merely
assigning their management to some deserving party members and by
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Figure 1. Plowing on a former German estate near Dzierzoniow
that has been converted into a state farm. (April 1953)
settling Polish refugees from the former Eastern Lands on the premises.
Because the new Polish landholders in the region lacked capital in
the form of the buildings, equipment, and draft power, they were
easily pressured into joining collectives. The recent dissolution
of the majority of the collectives in the Western Territories,
however, is proof of the failure of the government policy for
socializing agriculture.
In 1955, about 57 percent of the total area in the Western
Territories was utilized for agriculture. J The following table
gives a comparison of the agricultural land use of the region for
the years 1938 and 1955.
Agriculture Land Use in the Western Territories a/
1938 and 1955
1938
1955
Change
(Thousand hectares)
(Percent)
Arable land
3,718
3,12
-8
Pasture
170
180
+6
Meadow
650
613
-6
Remaining area
86
69
--
a. Sources: 3, ~+, 5.
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Bread grains (rye and wheat), fodder grains (barley and oats),
potatoes, and sugar beets are the most important crops grown in the
Western Territories. The total amount of land planted in these crops
has decreased since 1938, but the relative importance of the crops
has changed little during the postwar period (see Table 2). Furthermore,
the most important prewar crop-growing areas have retained their
relative positions. Thus, the northeast section of Pomerania
(Koszalin Wojewodzstwo), former East Brandenburg (Zielona Gora
Wojewodzstwo), and Lower Silesia are still the most important
rye-growing regions. Silesia is the largest producer of wheat and
fodder grains, with Pomerania ranking second. These two sections
are also the leading producers of potatoes, and Silesia is the
dominant sugar beet area.
Table 2
Crop Areas in the Western Territories a/
1938 and 1955
1938
1955
Change
Crop
(Thousand hectares)
(Percent)
Bread grains
1,359
1,196
-12
Fodder grains
869
730
-16
Potatoes
705
493
-30
Sugar beets
117
119
Tl
a. Sources: 5.
The most serious failure in postwar agricultural development
in the Western Territories has been the inability of the present
inhabitants to maintain the prewar level of crop yields (see Table 3).
Table 3
Crop Yields in the Western Territories a/
1935-39 and 1951-55
a. Sources: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
b. Average crop yields for the period 1951-55 are based on 1955 data
for the Western Territories adjusted to the average for the country
for 1951-55.
1935-39
1951-55 b/
Crop
(Quintals per hectare)
Wheat
22
14+
Rye
16
12
Barley
22
13
Oats
19
13
Potatoes
171
106
Sugar beets
300
163
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The reasons for this failure are not only economic in nature
but also political, sociological, and psychological. In the first
place, the Poles who were resettled in these areas were pressured
into joining collectives or state farms. As a group, these settlers
felt insecure in their new habitats and were not convinced that their
status would be permanent. The methods of cultivation adopted
reflected this attitude of temporary occupance, and little effort was
made to improve the land farmed. Secondly, many of the resettlers
came from former eastern Poland, where agricultural methods were
simple and rather primitive (Figure 2), and they did not have the
Figure 2. Rye field near Opole, showing the crude
method used in shocking grain. (July 1955)
knowledge or skill to apply the methods of cultivation prescribed
by planning authorities. Thirdly, in order to maintain a high level
of productivity in the area, large quantities of artificial fertilizer
are needed and extensive use of modern machinery is required, but
Poland's industry is not in a position to deliver either.
Livestock raising, which had played an important role in the
prewar economy of the Western Territories, was drastically curtailed
during World War II. The livestock industry has increased at a
steady rate since the war, but the number of animals is still much
below the prewar level, as is indicated by the following table.
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Table 4
Livestock in the Western Territories a/
1938 and 1955
1938 1955
Change
)
e
T
(Thousand heads)
(percent
a
Cattle
2,736
1,431
-47
Hogs
3,816
2,083
-45
a. Sources: 3, 4.
In spite of the numerous serious shortcomings in postwar
development of agriculture in the Western Territories, this area
still plays a significant role in the agricultural economy of the
country as a whole. The following table gives the 1955 production
for each of the major crops in the Western Territories and indicates
its percentage of the total output of Poland.
Tab le 5
Share of the Western Territories in the Crop Production of Poland a/
1955
Crop
Wheat
Rye
Barley
Oats
Potatoes
Sugar beets
Production
(Thousand metric tons) Percent of Polish Total
624 28
1,037 14
310 25
498 21
3,478 11
2,019 27
Prewar industrial development in the Western Territories was
based on deposits of coal, iron, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc.
These deposits, which are concentrated in Upper and Lower Silesia,
favored the establishment of heavy industries dependent on local
raw materials. The high level of technological development of the
people, the government's goal of attaining economic self sufficiency,
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and the intensive armament program of the 1930's, however, stimulated
the development of new synthetic raw materials and provided an impetus
for the development of diversified industries throughout the Western
Territories. Thus, at the outset of World War II, industrial activity
was widespread, with a concentration of heavy industry in Silesia and
a wide range of miscellaneous manufactures in the more agricultural
northern areas. The following table indicates the region's share in
prewar German industry, with the commodities listed in order of their
present importance to Poland.
Table 6
Share of the Western Territories in Prewar German Industry a/
1938
Commodity
Percent of German Total
Coal
14
Zinc Ore
47
Lead Ore
22
Iron and Steel
4
Textiles
13
Glass
6-7
Alcohol
25
Paper and Wood Pulp
20
a. Information in this table refers to the entire German area that
is under Polish Administration, including East Prussia. The prewar
industrial output of the southern part of East Prussia, however, was
too small to have any effect on the percentages as given.
Source: 6.
When the Poles assumed the administration of the Western
Territories, they assigned top priority to the reconstruction and
rehabilitation.of heavy industry; and a considerable portion of the
postwar investment has been directed toward the reconstruction of
mining and the industries dependent upon it, notably the chemical
industry.
B. Coal Production
Coal is Poland's most important mineral resource. It is the
main source of industrial energy and the principal raw material for
the expanding chemical industry. Furthermore, coal is Poland's
chief export and source of foreign exchange. The coal deposits of
the Western Territories are located in the western part of Upper
Silesia (Figure 3) and in Lower Silesia. The western part of Upper
Silesia comprises about one-sixth of the entire coal basin that
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extends from the Western Territories eastward into prewar Poland
and southward into Czechoslovakia. This basin, estimated to have
the largest reserves in Europe, is noted for its thick coal seams.
A high-grade bituminous coal is mined, some of which is suitable
for coking. The Lower Silesian coalfield is located near Walbrzych
(Waldenburg) at the foot of the Sudeten Mountains. Here the seams are
thinner; and the coal, though poorer quality, is the best coking coal
in Poland.
The acquisition of these two coalfields after World War II has
substantially increased the coal-producing capacity of Poland. In
1938 the mines in the Western Territories produced 31.3 million
metric tons* of coal or 45 percent of the total coal produced that
year within the boundaries of present-day Poland. 8/ During the
early years of World War II, coal production increased markedly;
and in 1943, the peak year, the production from the area now comprising
Poland amounted to 91.6 million tons. Of this total, 33.9 million
tons or 37.1 percent was produced in the Western Territories. J
After the war the output declined as a result of labor shortage and
the departure of skilled German personnel, combined with the damage
to machinery and installations. Great efforts were expended to
remedy the situation, and the output increased rapidly until 1949,
after which the rate of increase slowed down, primarily as a result
of the inefficiency of the Polish coal industry (see Table 7).
Table 7
Production of Bituminous Coal in Poland a/
1945-1956
Million metric tons
1945
27.4
1951
82
1946
47.3
1952
84.4
1947
59.1
1953
88.7
1948
70
1954
91.6
1949
74.1
1955
94.5
1950
78
1956
95.1
a. Sources: 3, 8, 9, 10.
In 1955, the coal output from the Western Territories amounted to
30.3 million tons or 32.1 percent of the total Polish coal production.
ll
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C. Coke Production
Poland has the second largest coking-coal reserves in Europe.
The present coking capacity, which was greatly increased by the
acquisition of several major plants within the Western Territories,
is sufficient to meet domestic needs and provide a surplus for
export. Not all of the coal, however, is ideally suited for coking,
and Poland has to import coke from Czechoslovakia to meet special
requirements. A total of 22 major coke ovens are currently in
operation, 12 of which are located in the Western Territories. 12,13/
Of the 12 plants, 6 are situated at coal mines -- 4 in Wa~brzych
(Figure 4), 1 in Gliwice (Gleiwitz) and 1 in Makoszowy. Two plants --
at Bytom (Beuthen) and at Szczecin (Stettin) -- are associated with
metallurgical works. The remaining 4 plants -- 1 at Blachownia
(Blechhammer), 1 at Zdzieszowice (Odertal), and 2 at Zabrze (Hindenburg) are believed to be connected with chemical works.
In 1937, under German administration, coke production in the
Western Territories exceeded 3 million tons, whereas the production
from all plants located in prewar Poland was only slightly more than
2 million tons. 14,15,16/ By 1943 the combined production of these
two areas had increased to 6.9 million tons as a result of the
intensive exploitation of the mines during the early years of World
War II. The postwar output, as shown in the following table,
reflects the rate of reconstruction and expansion of existing
coking plants and the construction of new plants. By 1955 the
total Polish coke production was 10.04 million tons, of which
54.4 percent was produced in the Western Territories. 11/
Table 8
Production of Coke in Poland a/
1946-1956
Million metric tons
1946
3.57
1951
6.34
1947
4.46
1952
7.40
1948
5.09
1953
7.90
1949
5.75
1954
8.52
1950
5.98
1955
10.04
1956
10.50
a. Sources: 3, 7, 10.
D. Power Production
The addition of the Western Territories to Poland greatly
increased the power-generating capacity of the country. Many of
the plants acquired, however, had been severely damaged during the
latter part of the war and had been partially dismantled, first by
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Figure 3. Screening plant of a coal mine in
Zabrze, Upper Silesia. (1950)
Figure 4. Mieszko coke plant in Wa/brzych. (August 19+5)
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the retreating German forces and then by Russian occupation forces.
Output for the entire country did not regain its prewar level until
1949. Since then progress has been steady, and the 1955 production
was more than double that of the prewar period. 17 The majority
of the existing plants are located at industrial installations, with
a concentration of stations in Upper and Lower Silesia near the
coalfields. In the postwar power program the Western Territories
have been assigned a considerable share of the investment. Under
this program, existing stations were repaired (Figure'5), many were
expanded, and construction was undertaken on the Dychow (Deichow)
hydroelectric power station -- the largest in-Poland -- which is
located on the Bobrawa (Bober) River near Krosno Odrzanskie (Crossen).
The Polish iron and steel industry has expanded considerably
since the war. In 1938, the production of prewar Poland amounted
to 879,000 tons of pig iron and 1,441,000 tons of steel. 15,18,19/
In 1955, the output of pig iron within the present boundaries was
3,112,100 tons, and the output of steel was 4,426,400 tons. 3/ A
large part of this significant increase was due to the acquisition
of several large steel plants in the Western Territories, including
the Bobrek plant in Bytom (Figure 6), the Gliwice works, the Stalin
plant in aabedy (Laband), the Malapanew plant in Ozimek (Malapane),
the Andrzej in Zawadskie (AndreashUtte), two plants at Zabrze, and
the Szczecin blast furnaces. The 1938 production from these plants
amounted to 315,000 tons of pig iron and 511,000 tons of steel. 12,15
Postwar expansion has increased the output of these plants, and it
is estimated that their present production represents roughly 20
percent of the pig iron and 25 percent of crude steel output of
present-day Poland.
The only important non-ferrous metallic ores in the Western
Territories are the lead-zinc deposits located in the extreme
eastern section of former German Upper Silesia and the copper
deposits near Boles,Lawiec (Bunzlau). The lead-zinc ore reserves,
mines, and prewar concentrating plants in the Western Territories
were about equal to those within prewar Poland. Consequently,
Poland's capacity to mine and produce zinc and lead concentrates
has been doubled. The copper deposits of the Boles/awiec area were
first worked by the Germans in 1940, and by 1943 the production had
reached 391,000 tons. 15/ Since the war, production has steadily
increased, and by 1955 the output had reached 989,700 tons. 3/
Other non-ferrous ores in the Western Territories include small
tin deposits in the vicinity of Jelenia Gora (Hirschberg), deposits
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Figure 5. Czechnica powerplant, located 5 kilometers
southeast of Wroc/aw. This plant was dismantled by
the Soviet occupation forces and has been under recon-
struction since 1953. (1956)
Figure 6. Bobrek metallurgical plant, the largest iron
and steel plant in the Western Territories. (1956)
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of metallic arsenic associated with gold in Z/oty Stok (Reichenstein),
and small uranium deposits in the foothills of the Sudeten Mountains
in Lower Silesia. Although the reserves of all of these minerals
are small., they nevertheless are important because they are the major
source of supply within Poland.
G. Chemical
Postwar expansion of the chemical industry, which is scheduled
to become the second most important industry in the country, has
resulted in increased production of its principal commodities --
superphosphates, sulfuric acid, soda, coal tar, and dyes. The
addition of a large number of former German plants and the increase
in the supply of coke, limestone, gypsum, arsenic, copper, and
barite were largely responsible for rapid advances made in the
production of chemicals shortly after World War II. Although
two-thirds of Poland's chemical plants were destroyed or damaged
during the war, Polish production was greater in 1947 than before
the war. Slightly damaged plants in the main chemical centers of
Wroc/aw (Breslau), Wa;brzych, and Z'oty Stok were quickly repaired
and put into operation, and an extensive construction program
directed toward rebuilding important large enterprises was undertaken.
Under this program the Rokita plants at Brzeg Dolny (formerly
Anorgana works, Dyhernfurth), and the Kgdzierzyn nitrogen-compound
factory (formerly I. G. Heydebreck works) (Figure 7) were rebuilt
and enlarged, as was also the Wizow (Wiesau) (Figure 8) sulfuric-acid
works. In 1955 the Western Territories were responsible for 44.9
percent of the Polish sulphuric acid production and for 40.1 percent
of the superphosphate production. 11
In spite of the impressive recovery of the chemical industry
in former German areas, the overall Six-Year Plan for chemicals fell
short of fullfillment, and undoubtedly the plants in the Western
Territories shared in this failure. Further development and
expansion will probably continue until domestic needs, at least,
can be met; and it can be assumed that plants in the Western
Territories will share in this expansion.
H. Industrial Machinery
The industrial-machinery and equipment industry of the Western
Territories had attained a high level of production prior to World
War II, and the production of the region greatly surpassed that of
prewar Poland. Although war damages drastically reduced the producing
capacity of the industry, reconstruction was rapid after the war.
A determined effort was made to reconstruct those sectors of the
industry that supply special industrial machinery and equipment,
and considerable success was achieved.
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Figure 7. Nitrogen-compound plant in K2dzierzyn. (1950
Figure 8. Rotary kilns
at the sulphuric-acid
plant in Wizow. (April
1957)
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Several of Poland's main centers of the general and heavy
engineering branch of this industry in the Western Territories --
those that produce equipment for collieries, steel mills and
manufacturing plants -- have been reconstructed. Among these
centers are Bytom, Gliwice, Jelenia Gora, and Zabrze, all of which
are located near coalfields and iron and steel foundries. The main
rolling stock and equipment factory in the former German Territories,
located at the important railroad center of Wroc/aw, was completely
destroyed during the war. It was one of the first enterprises to be
rebuilt, however, and has become Poland's largest freight-car producer.
In 1955, the Wroc/aw plant (Figure 9), together with the former Beuchelt
Figure 9. "Pafawag" state wagon factory in
Wrocfaw. (1955)
works in Zielona Gora (Grunberg), produced 90.1 percent of the
freight-car output of Poland. 11 Two of Poland's major machine-tool
plants -- one in Wrocaw and the other in Kuznia Raciborskie
(Ratiborhammer) -- are former German enterprises that have been
reactivated and are currently being expanded.
Small prewar electro-technical industries in Wroclaw, Bielawa
(Langenbielau), $wiebodzin (Schweibus), Swidnica (Schweidnitz), and
Dzieriionow (Reichenbach) have been reactivated, and some have
developed into relatively important enterprises. Szczecin is the
only important industrial-machinery and equipment center that is
located outside of Silesia. The status of Szczecin as one of the
three important ports of Poland has stimulated the reconstruction
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of former German shipyards and has made possible the redevelopment
of industries that depend on cheap transportation of bulky raw
materials such as coal and iron.
I. Light Industry
The prewar status of light industry in the Western Territories,
which includes enterprises that produce a large variety of consumer
goods, was important enough to contribute significantly to the
development of a well-balanced economy of the various areas within
the Western Territories. For the most part, light industries were
initially based on local raw materials and resources such as food
and industrial crops, forests, sands, and kaolin. Thus, the deposits
of excellent sands and kaolin in Lower Silesia gave rise to an
important glass and ceramic industry; forests of the southern hilly
and mountainous region and of the areas of poor soils and gravel in
the northern and central agricultural sections led to the development
of timber and forest-product enterprises; and the extensive areas
of farmland provided a broad base for food-processing industries
and a nucleus for textile and leather manufacturing. In some
instances, notably textiles and leather-goods manufacturing, the
development of new branches of the industry and expansion of
existing plants required the importation of additional raw materials.
Although major centers of some branches of light industry tended to
concentrate in Lower Silesia, all parts of the Western Territories
engaged in the production of consumer goods, and all areas benefited
from the diversified economic activities.
Because light industry has been assigned a subordinate position
in the economic program of the country, the pattern for its development
has been focused on the reactivation of the larger and more efficiently
operable centers of production. Many of the larger enterprises were
put into operation soon after World War II, and their production has
steadily increased. In 1955 the Western Territories roduced 76.5
percent of all radio sets manufactured in Poland. 117 Many of the
smaller enterprises that were widely dispersed throughout the
Western Territories have been abandoned. Consequently, condition:
in parts of Koszalin (Koslin), Szczecin, and Zielona Gora Wojewodztwa --
where small, diversified industries were an integral part of the
economy -- have been severely depressed. Reports from official
travellers through this area have frequently emphasized the poor,
rundown appearance characteristic of most of the smaller towns,
with their uninhabited dwellings, unused factories, and shells of
damaged buildings (Figure 10).
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Figure 10. View along a main street of Stargard where
reconstruction activities have lagged. (July 1956)
The disregard for areal development in Koszalin, Szczecin, and
Zielona Gora Wojewodztwa has probably been one of the most serious
weaknesses of the postwar development program for the Western
Territories. Recent pronouncements from the present Polish Government
indicate an awareness of the seriousness of the situation, and steps
are reportedly being taken to remedy the condition. A program is
already in motion to reactivate 8 establishments in Koszalin, 10 in
Szczecin, and 16 in Zielona Gora.
J. Construction-Materials Industry
The highly developed prewar construction-materials industry of
the Western Territories provided a sufficient amount of cement,
bricks, and tiles to meet local needs and a large surplus that was
exported, largely to the Greater Berlin Area. The combination of
the construction-materials industry of the Western Territories with
that of prewar Poland has more than doubled Poland's productive
capacity for building materials. This increased capacity, however,
has not been fully used by the Poles during the postwar period,
and not until 1955 did the production of the major construction
materials approach that of prewar Poland and the Western Territories
combined (see Table 9).
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Table 9
Production of Construction Materials in Poland a/
1937-38 and 1955
Construction Material 1937-38 1955
Cement (thousand tons)
Prewar Poland 1,719)
Western Territories 1,782) 3,501
Bricks (million units)
Prewar Poland (1937) 1 848)
3,812.9
Western Territories 1,370) 3,218 2,564.1
Roof tiles (million units)
Prewar Poland (1937) 45)
Western Territories 265) 310
a. Sources: 3, 15, 18.
V. Postwar Urban Reconstruction
Progress in reconstruction of destroyed and damaged towns and
cities in the Western Territories reflects the overall postwar
development of the area. In the initial phase of reconstruction
(1945-1949) efforts were concentrated toward repairing industrial
enterprises and public utilities in cities that had experienced
little war damage. Zielona Gora, Walbrzych, Jelenia Gora (Figure 11),
and Kammiena Gora are important towns in this category. During the
same period, some key industries, public utilities, and transportation
facilities in the more severely damaged urban centers were also
repaired or rebuilt. This reconstruction included mining and heavy
industrial enterprises in cities such as Bytom, Wroclaw, Gliwice,
Zabrze, and Szczecin. In the initial stages, little or no attention
was given to repairing many of the smaller industries or residential
areas in any Polish towns. Consequently, many towns, especially
those in the northern and central agricultural areas, have remained
in disrepair. Buildings were abandoned, rubble often cluttered the
streets, and the cities had the general appearance of "dead towns."
Since 1950, reconstruction has progressed slowly, but more
industrial buildings have been repaired, rubble has been cleared, and
some residential construction has been undertaken (Figure 12). In
the large number of neglected, run-down cities that still remain,
however, a considerable amount of investment will be required before
the existing buildings can be fully utilized.
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Figure 11. View of Jelenia Gora, a town in the Sudeten
Mountains that suffered little war damage. (August 1954)
Figure 12. Reconstruction in a residential district of Wroc/aw
that was about 75 percent destroyed during the war. (1955)
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CONCLUSION
Reconstruction and development of the Western Territories under
Polish administration have been directed by two dominant objectives
of the Polish Government: (1) to transform the area into an ethnically
Polish region and (2) to expand heavy industry. Until the ascendancy
of the Gomulka regime, all other plans and goals associated with
socialized development of the region were relegated a subordinate position.
The deportation of most of the Germans from the Western
Territories and the incomplete resettlement of the region with
Polish repatriates and settlers from overpopulated agricultural
areas has resulted in the establishment of an ethnically homogeneous
population. This has been accomplished, however, at the expense of
the region as a whole -- by depriving it of adequately qualified
personnel in sufficient number for efficient well-rounded economic
development. All economic activities have been adversely affected
by the reduction in size of the population and the decline in skills.
The extent to which some segments of the economy have been able to
compensate for this disadvantage and to regain or surpass their
prewar level of production depended on the amount of investment
appropriated for and the manpower assigned to the particular branch
of economy.
Heavy industry has been highly favored in all postwar investment
programs and has made the most rapid advances. Intensive exploitation
of rich coal and mineral deposits and rapid reconstruction of key
industrial enterprises has enabled the Western Territories to raise
their industrial status almost to the prewar level. Production
methods, however, have remained inefficient, and the amount of labor
required has been unduly large. The recovery of light industry
has proceeded at a slower pace and unevenly. Investment was
concentrated on reactivating large centers of production, but a
large number of smaller enterprises in the same category were
abandoned. Agriculture, which was formerly an important part of
the economy of the Western Territories, has lagged behind industry
in rate of recovery and development. Decrease in the agricultural
population and the small amount of investment alloted to agriculture
have tended to increase the fear of the inhabitants that the present
occupance was of a temporary nature. The collectivization program,
which the people resented, further discouraged permanent settlement
on farms; and shortages of fertilizer and farm machinery greatly
handicapped efficient operation of farms and contributed to the
serious reductions in crop yields. Thus, although the aim of the
Polish Government to transform the Western Territories into an
integral part of Poland has been realized, the price exacted for
this integration has been a general lowering of the economic level
of the region.
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In view of the sparser population of the region and the reduction
in the productive capacity of both the individual and the community,
many years will elapse before the Western Territories can regain their
prewar social and economic standard. Nevertheless, the Western
Territories have contributed significantly to the rapid postwar
recovery of the Polish economy as a whole. The addition of a large
number of industries and resources provided Poland with many key
commodities needed for rapid industrialization of the country and
has supplied surpluses for export. Included in this group are
coal, coke, lead, zinc, railroad equipment, seagoing vessels, mining
machinery, and semifinished steel products. The acquisition of a
long seacoast with important ports and large amounts of fairly
productive agricultural lands also affords opportunities for further
economic development and growth. The present economic policy of
the Gomulka regime, which permits increased investment in consumer
industries, should promote the reactivization of a large number of
light industrial enterprises that have been abandoned and should
also encourage the development of sound agricultural practices
based on increased use of machines, fertilizers, and modern farming
methods.
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GAPS IN INTELLIGENCE
The scope of a geographic analysis of a region depends on the
completeness of the available physical, sociological, and economic
information. Prewar data for the Western Territories is adequate
in all three fields and permits an accurate evaluation of the
overall status of this region while it was a part of Germany. Early
postwar Polish information on the sociological and economic conditions
of the Western Territories, however, was general and incomplete.
Published statistics were usually limited to aggregate figures for
the country as a whole. Detailed information on individual towns
and industries was fragmentary and of undetermined reliability.
With the publication of the 1955 and 1956 Statistical Yearbooks
and subsequent studies, a sufficient amount of information was
presented on the most important economic activities by administrative
or economic units to permit an overall evaluation of the region.
The lack of detailed information for much of the postwar period has
prevented a precise appraisal of the rate and the pattern of
development within the Western Territories and reduces the reliability
of any estimate of the future trend in development.
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SOURCE REFERENCES
A large number of sources including books, magazine articles,
and intelligence reports describing personal observations provided
background information for this study. These background sources
are not listed or evaluated because, for the most part, they represent
individual impressions, opinions, and beliefs concerning the problem
of the Western Territories; their primary usefulness was to illustrate
the complexity of the problem and to point out the need for a more
precise appraisal of it. The sources listed and evaluated below
supplied statistical information, which served as a basis for
measuring the extent of development in the Western Territories.
Evaluations following the classification entry have the
following significance:
Source of Information
Information
A -
Completely reliable
1 - Confirmed by other
B -
Usually reliable
2 - Probably true
C -
Fairly reliable
3 - Possibly true
D - Not usually reliable
4 - Doubtful
E - Not Reliable
5 - Probably false
F - Cannot be judged
6 - Cannot be judged
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on
the cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of
this report. No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with
the evaluation of the cited document.
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1. Germany, Heidelburg. The Effect on Polish Economy of the Loss
of Her Former Eastern Territories and the Addition of the
Ex-German Territories, 36 p., S. encl to State, Heidelburg.
Dsp 169, 3 Apr 50, S.) Eval RR3.
2. Commerce, Bureau of Census. "The Population of Poland," by
W. Mauldin and D. Akers, Series P-90, No , p. 53-70-, 1954,
U. Eval RR2.
Poland, Warsaw. Rocznik Statystyczy, 1956, G/6wny Urzad
Statystyczny Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej, Warsaw, 1956,
U. RR3.
4. Seraphim, Peter-Hainz. Die Deutschen Ostgebiete, Stuttgart,
1952, v. 1, p. 11-31, U. Eval RR3.
5. Germany. Statistik des Deutschen Reich, Herausgegeben vom
Statistischen Reichsamt, Berlin, 1939, U. RR2.
6. State, OIR. Rpt 5399, 29 Nov 50, Polish-German Disputed
Territories, 22 p., S. Eval RR2.
7. Poland, Warsaw. Rocznik Statystyczy 1949, G,/6wny Urzad
Statystyczny Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej, Warsaw, 1949,
U. RR3.
8. Winston, Victor H. "The Polish Bituminous Coal Mining Industry,"
American Slavic and East European Review, v. XV, No 1,
Mid-European Studies Center, New York, Feb 56, p. 38-54,
25X1 A U. Eval RR2.
10.
25X1 C
11. Poland, Warsaw. Statystyka Przemyslu, 1945-1955, Gfcwny Urzad
Statystyczny, Warsaw, 195 U. Eval RR2.
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Gleitze, Bruno. Ostdeutsche Wirtschaft, Berlin, Deutsches
Institut Fur Wirtschaftsforschung, 1956, 220 p., U. RR2.
CIA. NIS 14, Poland, ch VI, sec 62, "Fuels and Power,"
Sep 52, 45 p?, S.
CIA. NIS 14+, Poland, ch VI, sec 64, "Manufacturing and
Construction," Feb 53, 74+ P., S.
19. CIA. NIS 14, Poland, ch VI, sec 63, "Minerals and Metals,"
Jan 53, 37 p., S.
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